Ua ʻepekema nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo ke ʻano ʻike o nā mea nānā i nā holoholona ma kahi o 540 miliona mau makahiki i hala. I ka wā mua he hale maʻalahi ia, akā ma ka manawa ua lilo ia i mea paʻakikī a hoʻomaikaʻi i kēlā me kēia ʻano ʻike. No laila, no ka laʻana, ʻike ʻia nā iʻa nani i lalo o ka wai, nā ʻaeto mai kahi kiʻekiʻe e ʻike maʻalahi i kahi rodent liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻāina, a ʻo nā pōpoki ua hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi i ka pōʻeleʻele.

E nānā i kahi koho o nā maka holoholona hihiu maʻamau a ʻike i ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa a me ka naʻauao o Mother Nature!

1. ʻOhi kao.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia mākou ma kaʻoiaʻiʻo he ʻano pōʻaiie ka haumāna kanaka. Akā i ka hapanui o ka ungulates, ma ka aniani i ke kao kuahiwi, he ʻāpana ʻehā ia.

2. ʻO kēia haumana a me ka hiʻona paʻa maikaʻi ka ʻike maikaʻi loa i ke ola ma nā kūlana kuahiwi. No laila, me ka huli ʻana o kona poʻo, ʻike ke kao i puni iā ​​ia i 320-340 degere. No ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻike ke kanaka i ka 160-200 kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā holoholona me ke ʻano like o nā maka he mea nani ia e ʻike ʻia i ka pō.

3. Trilobite.
ʻO ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka puka ʻana o nā dinosaurs, ua noho ʻia ka honua āpau e nā trilobite kai lawaiʻa. Ua helu ʻia ʻo Paleontologist he 10,000 mau holoholona o kēia mau holoholona. I kēia manawa, ua pau kēia papa.

4. Kahi maka ole kekahi o nā mākeke o kēia papa, akā he mea nui ka maka o ka maka. ʻO ka lens o nā maka i loko o lākou e pili ana i ka calite. He ʻōmole waiʻala kēia, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka pena a me ka lime.
Kuhi o nā maka o nā invertebrates o nā manawa he chitin - kahi paʻakikī translucent paʻakikī. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho maʻamau o ka maka i hāʻawi i kēia mau arthropods i ka hiki ke hoʻomau i ka holo ʻana i nā mea i ka neʻe ʻana i nā mamao mamao a me nā wahi mamao. Loaʻa ʻia paha kahi ʻike trilobite i ka ʻāmi a i ʻole ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka pona. Akā e pili ana i kēia, ʻike ka holoholona i kahi mamao e like me ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o kona kino ponoʻī.

Aia i ka pahola, aia nā maka o nā trilobites ma waena o nā pūlima elongated, a uhi ʻia paha me nā uhi maka e pale ʻia mai ka lā aniani. Ua aʻo loio nui nā Paleontologists i ka ʻike o nā trilobites, no ka mea, mālama maikaʻi ʻia nā pōpoki calite.

5. Tarsier.
Kahi wale ka Tarsier i 9-16 cm kiʻekiʻe a kaupaona wale nō ʻo 80-150 mau mika a noho i nā mokupuni o ʻAsia Hema. ʻAʻole e pale i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i ka holoholona i kahi mea kahaki. Eia nō kekahi, ʻo ka poʻe tarsier wale nō ka primates i loko o ka honua e ʻai wale ana i ka meaʻai mai nā holoholona. Hāpai lākou nā manu kahawai, pepeke a hiki iā lākou ke hopu i kahi manu i ka wā o kona lele. Akā ʻo kā lākou hiʻohiʻona nui he mau maka maka nui i ka leoʻeleʻele. Hiki i lākou ke anana ke 16 mm. I ka ʻōlelo o ka nui o ke kino, ʻo ia nā maka nui loa o nā mamalia kaulana i ʻike ʻia.

6. Ke kūʻiʻo mau nei nā wahi, ʻo ka tarsier ka ʻelele o nā ʻuhane ʻino. A ʻo nā mākaʻikaʻi Pākīpika no ka manawa mua e ʻike ana i kahi haʻalulu pēpē pēpē a laila e hoʻomanaʻo i kēia hālāwai no ka manawa lōʻihi. Hoʻolālā a nui ʻoe i nā maka heʻe nui i luna o ke poʻo liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka lua, ke nānā nei ʻoe i ka holoholona i ke kua o ke poʻo. Ua hoʻololi wale ʻo ia i kona poʻo ... aneane i 360 mauʻu. Pīhoihoi

Eia kekahi, ʻo ka poʻe tarsier i ʻike maikaʻi i ka pō. E pili ana i kēia, ʻike nā ʻepekema i ka ʻike ʻana i nā holoholona i ka mālamalama ultraviolet.

7. Chameleon.
Nui ka poʻe i ʻike he hiki i ka chameleon ke hoʻololi i kala. No laila ua huna ʻo ia iā ia iho a hōʻike i kona ʻano a koi aku i nā lizards ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike ʻole ʻia ka hihiʻo i kēia mau holoholona - nā pale nā ​​uhi kuʻekuʻe e uhi ʻia i ka pulu manu holoʻokoʻa, e waiho wale ana i kahi wehe wale no ka haumāna.

ʻIke ʻole nā ​​maka o kēia mau lepa i waho o kā lākou mau orbits a hiki ke ʻōlohelohe kūʻokoʻa 360 degere.

8. Nānā nā maka o ke kamaliʻi i kahi ʻaoʻao wale nō ke kau ʻia ana kona maka i ka mea pio. Mālama ka palīpī i nā mea inikini a me nā kaiki liʻiliʻi. Hoʻomaopopo ka chameleon i kāna mea i hopu ʻia ma ka lōʻihi o kekahi mau mika. E like me ka tarsier, ʻike ia ka mālamalama ultraviolet.

9. Ko Kamaka.
ʻO ke kino o nā mea ʻona o ka manuā he ʻano kūikawā a ʻokoʻa hoʻi. Noho lākou a kokoke ka piha o ke poʻo o ka inikeni a hiki iā lākou ke uhi i ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka 360.

ʻO kēlā me kēia mūlani maka i nā 30,000 mau pihi kiʻi liʻiliʻi. Ma kahi o nā maka nui ʻelua, loaʻa iā ia nā maka liʻiliʻi 3. Hōʻike ka hihiʻo kūikawā i ka iniseti eʻelima kūlohelohe i hiki ke hoʻololi i kekahi neʻe i kekahi neʻe maoli i kahi lua.

10. Aia nō hoʻi nā manu lele e ʻoki maikaʻi i ka pō. Ma lalo o nā kūlana like, ʻaʻole lawa ke kanaka e ʻike.

11. Kākahu-leaf.
I nā mokupuni o Hawaiʻi, e ola ana nā geckos ʻole. He mea paʻakikī loa lākou e ʻike iā lākou, no ka mea ʻo ke ʻano a me ka kala o kēia holoholona like me ka lau maloʻo o kahi mea kanu. No ka maka nui nui, loaʻa i kēia mau reptile nā ​​inoa like ʻole "Satanic" a me "geckos" hanohano. Hoʻoikaika loa ka ʻike a kēia mau lihi. ʻO nā holoholona nocturnal ʻOiai i ka pōʻeleʻele piha, maʻalahi lākou e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea āpau a me nā kala.

12. No ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻike nā pōpoki ma nā kukui malamalama i ʻeono mau manawa ma mua o ke kanaka. Ma lalo o nā kūlana like, ʻike nā geckos i nā manawa 350 ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.

ʻAe ʻia kēia mau reptile i kēlā me kēia hiʻohiʻona kūikawā o ka haumāna.

13. Ka wahi nui o ka moana ke koʻo o ke kai.
ʻO ia ka holoholona ʻōpiopio nui loa i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻepekema. ʻO ia nō ka mea nona ka maka nui loa ma waena o nā ʻelele a pau o ka honua holoholona. Hiki i ke anawaena o kona maka ke hiki aku i 30 cm, a me ke haumana - ka nui o ka pūhihi nui. ʻO ka hihiʻo squid he 100 aila wale nō, ʻoiai ma ka mālamalama. He mea koʻikoʻi loa kēia nona, no ka mea, ʻo kēia mau holoholona e noho ana i kahi hohonu ʻaʻole o 2000 mau mika.

14. Ma waho aʻe o kēia, aia nā maka o kēia mau ʻōpala "kahi i kūkulu ʻia" kupanaha "i huli i ka lauʻele a hāʻawi i ka nui e pono ai ka mālamalama no kahi holomua holomua.

15. ʻO ka iʻa ʻehā maka.
He iʻa liʻiliʻi kēia a hiki i 30 cm ka lōʻihi, e noho ana i nā wai o Mexico a me ʻAmelika Hema. He mau pepeke nui kāna meaʻai nui, no laila hiki ke ʻike pinepine ʻia ma ka wai o ka wai.

16. ʻOiai ka inoa o nā iʻa, ʻelua mau maka wale nō. Akā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka ʻiʻo i nā ʻehā ʻehā. ʻO kēlā me kēia māhele i kona ʻike pono.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka wahi kiʻekiʻe o nā maka no ka ʻike ma ka lewa, ka lalo haʻahaʻa - no ka nānā o lalo o ka wai.

17. lele a ka maka lewa.
ʻO kekahi mākaʻikaʻi ʻokoʻa o ka honua holoholona. Loaʻa iā ia kona inoa no ka wīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwau o ke poʻo o ke poʻo. Ma nā kihi o nā wana he mau maka.
ʻO nā kāne a me nā wahine, ʻokoʻa ka maka o ka maka i ka lōʻihi a me ka mānoanoa. Koho nā wahine i nā kāne me nā hua lōʻihi.

18. I ka wā moe, hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kāne i kā lākou mau lāʻau. E lanakila, a hele lākou i ka hoʻopunipuni - hoʻopōkole lākou i ko lākou mau maka a ua ulu me ka ea, e hoʻonui ana i ko lākou nui a me ka, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua loaʻa ka manawa i kekahi wahine.

19. Nā lōlihi 19. Dolichopteryx.
ʻO kahi iʻa hohonu hohonu a hiki i ka 18 cm lōʻihi.

20. ʻO ka dolichopteryx wale nō ka ʻike kikoʻī. Hana kāna mau lālā ʻike i ka loiloi o kahi lens, a e ʻae i kahi mea kuhi liʻiliʻi e ʻike like ʻole ma luna o ka wai a i lalo o ka wai.

21. He mau pōkole nā ​​Spider.
Pono o kēia nā maka hālima. Akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā maka ākea o lākou ma mua o ke koena, no laila e ʻike ʻia ana nā maka ʻelua.
ʻO nā mea hoʻolaha ʻO Ogrynchnye. Hoʻopili ʻia nā maka o ka spider i kahi membrane o nā pakanui super, e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike maikaʻi i ka pō.

22. Ua manaʻo ʻo ʻepekema nei e hoʻokele nei kēia mau lawehala i ka pōʻeleʻele ma kahi o hoʻokahi mau manawa a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā kānaka.

23. Kapaka - Mantis.
ʻO ia nā ʻelele weliweli loa o nā arthropod i loko o ka wai moana. Me nā mea kīʻaha o lākou, hiki iā lākou ke haʻalele iki i kahi kanaka me ka ʻole o ka manamana lima. ʻO lākou nā mea nona nā maka nani loa i ka honua.

Kuhi ʻia ko lākou maka he mau ʻāpana 10,000 hypersensitive. Hoʻopau kēlā me kēia mau kikowaena i kahi hana kikoʻī. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona, he kuleana ke kuleana no ka wehewehe ʻana i ka mālamalama, ʻo nā mea'ē aʻe he mau kala. Lawe ʻia kēia ʻano crayfish i kahi pua o nā pua 4 mau manawa ma mua o ke kanaka.

ʻO lākou wale nō ka ultraviolet, infrared a me ka polar i ka manawa like. Eia kekahi, hiki i ko lākou mau maka ke huli i 70 lā. He mea kupanaha nō hoʻi ka ʻike i loaʻa mai i kēia mau maʻi i ka wā i lawe ʻole ʻia e ka lolo, akā e nā maka.

24. Akā ʻaʻole naʻe kēlā. Hiki i kēia mau maʻi keʻike trinocular. Ua ʻoka ʻia nā maka o ke kanesa i nā ʻāpana ʻekolu, a hiki ke ʻike i nā mea āpau e kū mai nā 3 wahi like ʻole o ka maka hoʻokahi.
ʻO ia ka hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka ʻōnaehana ʻike. ʻAʻole hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke wehewehe piha iā ia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.

Pēlā

He mea kupanaha nā maka nui o ka baki mai nā kihi. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻopau kēia amphibian i kahi manawa kūpono i ka wai. E ue i ka wai i piha i ka lepo, ʻekolu pōkole i mau kenekulia - ʻelua mau lepio a me ka eyelid translucent hoʻokahi. Hiki i kēia membus translucent ke kokoke loa e ʻae i ka baki e pale i kona mau maka ma lalo o ka wai.

Hāʻawi ka wahi maka o ka frog i kahi māla maikaʻi loa. Aia ka maka i ka ʻaoʻao a ke poʻo e loaʻa ai ka ʻike holoʻokoʻa 360. Hiki i nā baki ke ʻike i nā mea e kū mai ma waho o ka hoʻoilo ʻana i ka wai.

Tarsier

ʻO kahi kamaʻilio pili ʻo Tarsiers i loaʻa ma ka ulu lāʻau ʻo Asia Hema. ʻO kona hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona nui loa he mau maka maka nui, he ana ka lōʻihi a hiki i 1,6 cm. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o ke kino, ʻo ia nā maka maka nui loa o nā momi a pau ma ka honua. E like me ka owl, ʻaʻole hiki ke neʻe ka maka. No ka mea paʻa lākou i ka ʻīwī.

Eia, hiki i ka poʻe tarsi ke hoʻowalewale i ko lākou mau poʻo 180 tikelika hema a ʻākau. Mālama kēia iā lākou e ʻike i nā mea e hoʻopuni nei a puni. ʻO ia nā holoholona nocturnal i lilo i hana i ka pō wale ʻole. Hāʻawi nā maka nui iā lākou i ka hihiʻo maikaʻi loa i ka pō. Eia kekahi, makemake lākou i ka hoʻolohe ʻana. ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ʻelua e kōkua i ka poʻe ʻakaʻihā e nānā i nā mea i hōʻemi ʻia i nā kūlana haʻahaʻa.

E like me ka ʻike ʻana o nā manu

He ʻehā mau ʻano cone nā manu, a i ʻole e kapa ʻia nā mea hoʻonaʻauao kiʻi, ʻoiai he ʻekolu wale nō kānaka. A piʻi ka luna o ka hihiʻo i kahi 360%, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi kanaka, e like ana ia me 168%. ʻAe hiki kēia i nā manu ke hoʻokalakupua i ka honua mai kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe a ʻike nui ʻia a keu aku hoʻi i ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻike maka kanaka. Hiki i ka hapa nui o nā manu ke ʻike i ke kahe o ka ultraviolet. Ke kū mai nei ka pono no kēlā me kēia ke loaʻa i kā lākou ʻai ponoʻī. ʻO kā Berry a me nā hua ʻē aʻe kahi lōwili lilin e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ka ultraviolet, e kū ana iā lākou e kū'ē i ka kiʻi o nā lau kūpaʻa. Hoʻokomo pū kekahi mau pepeke i ka mālamalama ultraviolet, e hāʻawi ana i nā manu i hiki ke hōʻole ʻia.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema - eia ke ʻano o ka manu i ko mākou ao, ma ka ʻākau - kanaka.

He aha ka ʻike?

ʻO ka hihiʻo ke kaʻina hana o nā kiʻi o nā mea a puni ka honua.

• lawe ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana ʻike
• hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi i ka nui, ke ʻano a me ke kala o nā mea, ko lākou kūlana pili a me ka mamao ma waena o lākou

ʻO ke kaʻina hana ʻike nā:

• ka hele ʻana o ka mālamalama ma o ka media refractive o ka maka
• ʻoki ʻana i ka mālamalama
• ka hoʻololi o ka ikehu olakino i loko o kahi neʻe nano
• ka lawe ʻana i kahi neʻe a neʻe mai ka retina a i ka lolo
• ka ʻike ʻikepili me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke kiʻi ʻike

• ʻaʻama māmā
• ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā mea e neʻe ai
• ʻike ʻike
• ʻike kālā
• ke kala kala

ʻO ka ʻike kukui - ka hiki ke nānā i ka mālamalama a hoʻoholo i kahi ʻāpana like ʻole o ka ʻōlinolino.

ʻO nā maka he ʻelua o nā pūpū photosensitive (nā mea nānā): nā koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, nona ke aniani i ka pō (night), a me nā cones hōʻokoʻa, nona ke ʻano hihiʻo.

ʻO ke kaʻina o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka maka i nā ʻano kukui ʻokoʻa i kapa ʻia ka adaptation. Aia kekahi ʻanoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻohālikelike:

• i ka pōʻeleʻele me ka hoʻemi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomālamalama
• a i ka malamalama - me ka hoʻonui o ka nui o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana

ʻO ka ʻike māmā ke kumu o nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona ʻike a me ka ʻike, a keu hoʻi i ka pōʻeleʻele. ʻO nā mea like e:

• ka hoʻohele ʻia ʻana o nā koʻokoʻo a me nā cones (i nā holoholona, ​​ka ʻāpana waena o ka retina i 25 ° ka hapanui o nā koʻokoʻi, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka ʻike maka pō.
• ka ʻikeʻana o nā mea ʻike kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi i nā kumu lāʻau (ma nā ʻīlio, ka hoʻonaninani ʻana i ka māmā o nā lāʻau he 500-510nm, ma nā kāne 400nm)
• ke kuʻina o ka tapetum (ka tapetum lucidum) he lau kūikawā o ka choroid (ko ka tapetum e kuhikuhi i nā kiʻi i ka hoʻi ʻana i ka retina, e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou i nā ʻāpana resorum, e hoʻonui ana i ka photosensitivity o ka maka, i nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa loa he waiwai nui) i loko o nā pōpoki, e hōʻike ana i ka 130 manawa ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o nā kānaka (Paul E. Miller, DVM, a me Christopher J. Murphy DVM, PhD)
• haumana ʻano - ke ʻano, ka nui, ka nui a me ke kūlana o ka haumana i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe (ʻo ka haumana ua pōʻai, poepoe, rectangular, kū ākea, pihi)
• hiki i ke ʻano o ke haumana ke haʻi aku paha i ka holoholona i ka mea i loaʻa i ka mea i make a i ka mea make paha (ma ka mea kōkuhi, hoʻomāhele ka haumana i ke kaula kū, i nā mea ʻānō ma kahi kikoʻī - ua ʻike nā ʻepekema i kēia ʻōmole ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke ʻano o nā haumāna i ka 214 holoholona ʻano)

No laila, he aha nā ʻano o nā haumāna.

• Pō me nā pēpē i ulu ʻia - (i ka holoholona hihiu e like me nā ʻāpana hale, nā crocodiles, gecko lizards, snakes, sharks) e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻoponopono pololei i ka maka i ka nui o ka mālamalama, i hiki ai iā ʻoe ke ʻike lā i ka pōʻeleʻele a ma ka awakea

• ʻAi aku ka haumana - (no nā ʻīlio, nā ʻīlio, nā ʻiʻo nui - nā liona, nā tigers, nā cheetah, nā leopards, nā jaguars, nā manu) no ka mea ua aloha ʻia lākou i ka pono e ʻike pono i ka pōʻeleʻele

• Mālama ka haumāna i nā maka i nā mea e kokoke ana i ka lepo, a uhi ʻia i kahi panorama ākea o ka maka, pale ʻia mai ka lā pololei mai luna aʻe, hiki iā ia ke makapō i ka holoholona

Pehea e ʻike ai nā holoholona i nā mea e neʻe ai?

Pono ka ʻike ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana no ka mea ʻo nā neʻe ka mea neʻe i nā hōʻailona o ka pōʻino a i ʻole ka mea ai a ʻai paha ke koi i ka hana kūpono, ʻoiai ke hiki ke nānā ʻia nā mea kū.

No ka laʻana, hiki i nā ʻīlio ke hoʻomaopopo i nā mea e neʻe ai (ma muli o ka nui o nā lāʻau) ma ka mamao o 810 a 900 m, a me nā mea ʻole i ka holo a i ka lōʻihi o 585 m.

Pehea ka hana ʻana o nā holoholona i ke kukui uila (no ka laʻana, ma ke TV)?

ʻO ka hopena i ka mālamalama kukui e hāʻawi i kahi manaʻo i ka hana o nā koʻokoʻo a me nā cones.

Hiki i ka maka maka ke ʻike i nā kani o 55 hertz, a hiki i ka maka canine ke hopu i nā hiʻona ma kahi o ka 75 hertz. No laila, ʻaʻole like iā mākou, ʻike paha ka ʻīlio i ka flicker wale a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou ʻaʻole e nānā i ke kiʻi ma ka TV. Kuhi ʻia nā kiʻi o nā mea i nā maka ʻelua ma ka retina a hoʻouna ʻia i ka cortex cerebral, kahi i hui ʻia ai i hoʻokahi kiʻi.

He aha nā ʻike ʻike holoholona?

Kahua ʻike - ʻikea ka wahi i ʻike ʻia e ka maka me ka nānā paʻa. ʻE hiki ʻole i ʻelua mau hiʻohiʻona ʻike:

• hihiʻo binocular - ka ʻike i nā mea e hoʻopuni ana me nā maka ʻelua
• ka nānā ʻana monocular - ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea e hoʻopuni ana me ka maka hoʻokahi

ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka ʻike bolo ma nā ʻano holoholona āpau a hilinaʻi ma ka pili a me ke kūlana pili i nā maka ma ke poʻo. Hāʻawi ka Binocular i hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i nā neʻe i hoʻopulipū neʻe o nā mua, ka lele ʻana, maʻalahi ke neʻe.

Ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻo Binocular i nā mea o ka hiʻona i kōkua i nā mea kau e hoʻoponopono pololei ai i kahi mamao i ka mea i manaʻo ʻia a koho i ke ala hoʻokele kūpono loa. I nā ʻīlio, nā ʻīlio, nā coyotes, nā alopeke, nā ʻīlio, ke kihi o ka mahina kīleʻa he 60-75 °, ma nā bears 80-85 °. I loko o nā pōpoki, 140 ° (nā kīʻaha ʻike ʻelua o nā maka he ʻelua like me ka like.

ʻO ka hihiʻo Monocular me kahi mākeke nui e hiki i nā mea i hōʻeha ʻia (nā marmots, nā puʻuwai lepo, nā mea hū, ʻōpū, a me nā mea like) e nānā i ka pōʻino i ka manawa.hiki aku i ka 360 ° i loko o nā rodents, ma ka ihū 300-350 °, ma nā manu heʻe ma mua o 300 °. Hiki i nā Chameleons a me nā kai moana ke nānā i ʻelua ʻaoʻao i ka manawa hoʻokahi, no ka mea hele kaawale o ko lakou mau maka kekahi i kekahi.

Acuity ʻikeʻai

• ka hiki ke nānā i ka maka i ʻelua mau wahi ma kahi liʻiliʻi loa mai kekahi i kekahi, me ka hoʻokaʻawale
• ka palena liilii a ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana he ʻelua i ka maʻi anatomical a me ka physiological o nā retina

He aha ka mea e ʻike pono ai i ke ʻano ʻike?

• i ka nui o nā cones, ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka maka, ka laulā haumana, ka ʻike ʻana i ka kornea, ka ʻenima a me ka kino vitreous (hana i ka ʻoni-hoʻoneʻokeʻo māmā)
• ka kiko o ka cone e hoʻoholo i ka lōʻihi loa o nā mea ʻike (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke anawaena o nā cone, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike ʻike)

ʻO ka anggle o nāʻike he kumu kūʻokoʻa no ka hōʻike ʻana i ke ahonui maoli. ʻO ka palena o ka nānā ʻana o ka maka ʻana o ka hapa nui o ka poʻe he maʻamau 1. ʻO ke kanaka e hoʻohana i kahi papa Golovin-Sivtsev e loaʻa ana i nā leka, nā helu a i ʻole nā ​​hōʻailona o nā ʻano like ʻole e hoʻoholo ai i ka maʻi ac. I nā holoholona, ​​hoʻoholo ʻia nā hana acuity e hoʻohana ai (Ofri., 2012):

• hōʻike hoʻāʻo
• electroretinography

Loaʻa ke kōlea ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka ʻīlio ma 20-40% o ka ʻike maka ʻana o nā kānaka, i.e. hoʻomaopopo ka ʻīlio i ka mea mai 6 mau mika, ʻoiai ke kanaka e hoʻomaopopo mai i 27 m.

No ke aha i ʻike ʻole ai kahi ʻīlio i kahi ʻano ʻike o kekahi kanaka?

ʻO nā ʻīlio, e like me nā mamalia a pau, me ka ʻike ʻole o nā moʻo a me nā kānaka, nele i ka fossa waena o ka retina (ʻo ka ʻāina o ka puʻuwai ʻike kiʻekiʻe). Kahi ʻia ka hapanui o nā ʻīlio (hyperopia: +0.5 D), i.e. hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā mea liʻiliʻi a i kā lākou mau kikoʻī ma ka lōʻihi ʻaʻole kokoke i kahi mamao he 50-33 cm, nā kikowaena āpau e ʻike kokoke i ka lapuwale. Kākū ʻia nā lānika, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole lākou ʻike i nā mea mamao. ʻO ka hiki ke ʻike kūpono kokoke i ka lawaiʻa manu. He haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa nā lio a ʻike pokole ia. Pōhoihoi ʻia nā ferrets, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ke kānalua ʻole, he hopena no kā lākou hana ʻana i kahi ola maʻamau a me ka huli ʻana no ka waiwai ma ka honi. ʻO ka hihiʻo hihiu o nā ferrets ua ʻoi like me kā mākou, a emi pū kekahi.

No laila, ʻo ka ʻaeto nui ke ʻike ʻoi loa, a ma ka iho iho i lalo: falcon, ke kāne, ka lio, ka manu nunu, ka ʻīlio, ka pōpoki, ka pipi, ka pipi, ka elepani, nā iole.

ʻIke kala

Hōʻike ka ʻāpana kala me ka ʻike o ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa o ka honua. ʻO ka mahele ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa o nā hawewe electromagnetic e hana i kahi hoʻolālā kala me kahi neʻe neʻe mai ka ʻulaʻula i ka violet. ʻIli kukuna ʻōniʻoni ʻili. ʻEkolu mau ʻano o ka cones i loko o ke kanaka:

• ʻike ka mea mua i nā kala lōʻihi-ʻulaʻula a me kaʻulaʻula
• Hoʻomaopopo ka lua lua ʻānō i nā kala medium-wave - melemele a me ka uliuli
• ke kolu o nā cones ke kuleana no ka pupu pōkole pōkole - uliuli a me ka poni

Trichromasia - ka ʻike maka o nā kala ʻekolu
Dichromasia - ka ʻike maka ʻelua wale ʻo nā kala
ʻO Monochromasia - ka ʻike ka hoʻokahi wale nō lau

Lākoke Hammerhead

ʻO kahi hammerhead shark kekahi o nā poʻo nui akā kupaianaha hoʻi - i ke ʻano o kahi hamo i papa ʻia me nā maka ākea e kaawale. Akā ua hōʻike nā noiʻi i kahi kumu maikaʻi kēia poʻo ʻē. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i kahi hiaka hammerhead me kahi ʻike maikaʻi maikaʻi loa ma mua o nā ʻanoʻa manuahi. ʻOi aku ka pololei, nā maka ākea ākea i hāʻawi iā lākou i ka ʻike maikaʻi loa a me nā ʻike hohonu hohonu.

ʻOkiʻoki

ʻO Cuttlefish kahi mea lawaiʻa kupaianaha e hiki koke ke hoʻololi i kona kala. ʻAe kēia iā i ka cuttlefish e hūnā koke me nā mea kūʻai aku, e kāwili me ke kaiāī. ʻO kēia mana kupaianaha o ke ʻokiʻoki i ke kōkua o nā ʻili olelau loea a me kā lākou ʻike maikaʻi ʻole. He mau “w” manuʻaloko lākou i hoʻohilahila ʻia iā lākou. ʻO ka mahalo, hiki iā lākou ke ʻike i nā mea o hope.

Eia kekahi, hiki iā lākou ke ʻike i ke kukui polarized me ka ʻokoʻa kūpono. ʻOiai ka hoʻololi iki loa i ke kihi o ka mālamalama polarized. Hāʻawi kēia i ka cuttlefish i kahi manaʻo maopopo o nā mea e hana nei a puni lākou.

He mea ʻē paha nā keiki ʻehā ʻākoakoa iā ʻoe? Akā i ka manawa like, hāʻawi lākou i ʻike maka. No kahi holoholona ʻoi, e like me ke kao, ʻo ia ka mea i ʻimi nui ʻia.

No ka mea, ʻo ka loaʻa o nā maka maikaʻi, he nui ka kao i hiki ke pakele ai mai kahi predator. Hāʻawi ʻia kāna mau haumāna ʻākoakoa i kahi ʻike panoramic kikoʻī. Kōkua kēia i ke kao i ʻike i ka pilikia mai kahi lōʻihi aku. Eia kekahi, kōkua ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka maka i ka ʻike ʻana i nā neʻe ʻē aʻe i ka mahina, ʻoiai i ka wā hōʻiliʻili. No laila, lawa ka manawa lākou e pakele ai mai kahi holoholona hihiu.

Pehea e ʻike ai nā pepeke

He pūpū paʻakikī o nā pūlima o ka maka, nona ka mau tausani o nā lensa e hana ai i kahi papahele e like me kahi pōkā, a he "pixel" hoʻokahi mau lensa. E like me mākou, loaʻa i nā mea inikua he ʻekolu mau kiʻi aloha. ʻOkoʻa ka ʻike ʻokoʻa i ka ʻoni no nā pepona āpau. No ka laʻana, ʻo kekahi o lākou, nā pōpō a me nā pi, ʻike ʻia i nā kiko o ka ultraviolet, kahi e kūleʻa ai nā kukui o ke kukui ma waena o 700 hm a me 1 mm. Hiki i ka hiki ke ʻike i ke kala ultraviolet ke ʻike i nā meli e ʻike i ke ʻano ma ka petals, kahi e alakaʻi ai iā lākou i ka pollen. ʻO Redka ka waiho wale ʻana i ka ʻike ʻole ʻia e nā pi e like me ke kala. No laila, loaʻa pinepine nā pua ʻulaʻulaʻula i ka ʻike. ʻO kekahi mea pīhoihoi keu, ʻaʻole kahi pi e pani i kona mau maka, no laila e hiamoe ana me kona mau maka.

Ka ʻaoʻao hema - eia ke ʻano o ka pīhoihoi i ko mākou ao, ma ka ʻākau - he kāne. Maopopo? ʻO ka Mantis a me nā dragonflies ka nui loa o nā lensa a hiki i kēia helu he 30,000.

Kakaha

I nā wahi anu ʻoluʻolu loa o ka honua, 1,500 mau ʻano ʻehā like ʻole e ola ana. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā holoholona nocturnal. E hoʻopili pono i kēia ola, ʻike lākou i nā maka makana. ʻO ka pololei, ʻo kā lākou mau maka maka 350 mau manawa e ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka ʻike maka kanaka a me ka paepae o ka nānā aku kala. Hiki i nā Geckos ke nānā aku i nā kala i loko o ka māmā haʻahaʻa me ke ʻano kupaianaha. He ikaika paʻa loa kēia ma ke aupuni holoholona.

Koʻolauwi

ʻO kekahi mea kupaianaha e pili ana i ka dragonflies i ko lākou mau maka ākea nui. Hana ʻia kēlā me kēia maka o ka dragonfly 30,000 mau maka a aia ma nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole. ʻO ka hopena kahi meaʻike keu 360 degree kiʻekiʻe. ʻAe kēia iā lākou e ʻike i ka neʻe liʻiliʻi loa i kā lākou puni.

Hiki i nā ʻāpana manu ke ʻike i ka ʻāpana ultraviolet a me ka kukui polarized, aia ma waho o kā mākou ala ʻike. ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona a pau ka hana nui i ka hoʻokele o nā dragonflies.

He mea hoihoi nui nā maka o nā maka. Hāʻawi kēia wahi o nā maka i ka maikaʻi nui no nā owl - ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻike hihiu maikaʻi ʻole a i ʻole hiki ke ʻike i kahi mea me nā maka ʻelua me kahi hohonu hohonu. ʻO nā holoholona a me nā manu ʻē a ko lākou mau maka ma nā ʻaoʻao o ko lākou mau poʻo, ʻaʻohe o ko lākou ʻike maikaʻi loa.

ʻOi hiki ke kau ʻia ma kahi o nā maka aniani, ʻaʻole i nā maka o ka owl i ke ʻano o nā paipu. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hiki ke nānā aku ko lākou mau maka, e like me kā mākou. Akā hiki iā lākou ke neʻe i ko lākou poʻo 270 mau degere ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ka ʻaoʻao kūpono. No laila, loaʻa ka ʻike manuahi i kahi ʻike nui loa. No ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke ola nocturnal, loaʻa i ka ʻānee ka maikaʻi loa i ka pō, kahi e lawe ai i nā miliona o nā koʻikoʻi retinal rod.

Chameleon

Kaulana loa nā Chameleons i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻololi i ka kala. Akā he mea kupanaha ko kā lākou hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona e like me kā lākou hiki ke hoʻololi i ka kala. Hiki i kēia mau reptile ke neʻe i nā maka like ʻole o kēlā me kēia. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokū i nā mea ʻokoʻa ʻelua i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ʻelua i ka manawa like. Hāʻawi kēia mana chameleon nānā maikaʻi loa i kahi hiʻo 360 kiʻekiʻe. Hiki ke hoʻonohonoho pū i nā Chameleons i nā mea me ka wikiwiki maoli.

ʻO ke Kanesa Mantis

ʻO ka maʻi maʻi Mantis ka maikaʻi loa o ka ʻike ʻike i ka honua holoholona. ʻO mākou kanaka i ʻekolu ʻāpana ʻāpana. Akā, ʻo kēia crustacean maʻamau he 12 mau kālaiʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa. Ke ʻike nei kēia mau peʻahi i nā ʻano like ʻole i hiki ʻole iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo maopopo.

Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā maka nani a kūʻokoʻa mai kekahi i kekahi i nā kuhikuhi like ʻole i ka manawa like. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka maka ʻōlapa ʻana a hiki i 70 degere. Hāʻawi kēia i kahi ʻike maka nui o kēia mea liʻiliʻi. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke koena maʻi mantis, e like me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe me ka hihiʻo ʻē aʻe, hiki ke nānā i ka infra, ultraviolet, a me ka polarized light.

Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.

Pehea e ʻike ai nā ʻīlio

Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka ʻikepili lapuwale, manaʻoʻiʻo nui wale nō ka ʻike ʻīlio i ka honua i ka ʻeleʻele a me ka keʻokeʻo, akā he manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole kēia. ʻO ka mea hou aku, ua ʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka ʻīlio me ka ʻike maka, e like me ke kanaka, akā ʻokoʻa. ʻO nā cones i loaʻa i ka retina i liʻiliʻi i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā maka kanaka. Na lākou no ke kuleana launa ʻana. ʻO ka meaʻokoʻa o ka nānāʻana, ʻo ia ka nele o nā cones e ʻike ana i ka ʻulaʻula, no laila ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā kala-melemele a me nā kala-ʻula. Hoʻohālike like kēia me ka makapō ʻōwili i nā kānaka. Ma muli o ka nui o nā lāʻau, hiki i nā ʻīlio ke ʻike i ka iʻeleʻele i ʻelima mau manawa ma mua o mākou. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻike ka mea hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka mamao, kahi mea e kōkua nui iā lākou i ka ʻimi. Akā i ka ʻike ākea ʻike lākou i ka vaguely, pono lākou i kahi mamao o 40 cm e ʻike ai i ka mea.

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o ke ʻano o ka ʻīlio a me ke kāne.

E like me ka ʻike ʻana o nā pōpoki

ʻAʻole hiki i nā ʻaka i nā kikoʻī ma nā kikoʻī liʻiliʻi, no laila ke ʻike nei lākou i kahi anuanu liʻiliʻi o ka honua. He mea maʻalahi loa iā lākou ke ʻike i kahi mea i ka neʻe ʻana. Akā ʻo nā manaʻo e pili ana i nā pōpoki i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka pouli piha ʻole i loaʻa i ka hōʻoia ʻana e nā haʻawina o nā ʻepekema, ʻoiai ʻike lākou i ka pehuʻeleʻele maikaʻi aʻe ma mua o ke ao. ʻO ke ola o nā pōpoki i ke kolu o ke kolu he mea kōkua iā lākou e hele ma waena o ka mauʻu a me ka mauʻu i ka wā o ka hopu ʻana, e palulu nei i ka ʻili a pale iā lākou i ka lepo a me ka ʻino. Hoʻopili ia ʻike ʻia ke hiamoe a ka pēpē a palahalaha nā kiʻi ma waena o nā maka hema. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona o ka hihiʻo cat ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā kala. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona, he uliuli, he hina, hina, a he keʻokeʻo a me ka melemele ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia.

ʻO nā ʻike aʻai

Kūpono ka ʻike kikoʻī, e like me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole e aniani ka nahesa, me ka uhi ʻana o ko lākou mau maka i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoki, no ka mea ua ʻano ke ʻano o ka helehelena. I ka pau ʻana o ka nahe i ka ʻili, hele mai kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni me ia, ʻo ia ka mea e ʻike ai ka ʻike a nā nahe i ka wā o kēia manawa i kikoʻī a koʻikoʻi. Pēlā paha ka ʻano o ka ʻiʻo i ka maka o ka ʻiʻo e pili i ke kiʻi o ka hopu. Eia naʻe, i ka pō kī pō ʻo ia ua kū, a ma ka pōlani i ke ao ua puni ia. ʻO nā maka ʻehā ʻole i nā nahe nūia. Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei ko lākou mau maka i kahi keyhole. Ma muli o kahi hiʻona ʻano maʻamau o nā maka, hoʻohana ikaika ka nahesa i kāna ʻike bilocular - ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēlā me kēia maka i ke kiʻi kikowaena o ka honua. Hiki ke ʻike i ka maka o nā nahesa. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻike lākou i ka "thermal radiation" ʻaʻole me ko lākou mau maka, akā me nā maʻi koʻikoʻi wela.

E like me ka ʻike ʻana o nā crustaceans

ʻO nā Shrimps a me nā poʻomanaʻo, he mau maka paʻakikī hoʻi, he hiʻohiʻona piha like ʻole - ʻike lākou i nā kikoʻī liʻiliʻi. Nā. paʻakikī ko lākou mau maka, a he mea paʻakikī iā lākou ke nānā ʻē i kekahi mea ma kahi mamao o 20 cm aʻe, ke ʻike nei lākou i ka neʻe.

ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ke kumu e pono ai ka honu mantis i kahi hihiʻo i ʻoi aku i nā crustaceans ʻē aʻe, eia naʻe, i hoʻomohala ʻia i ke kaʻina o ka e ola ai. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua loaʻa i nā kinikini nā mantis i nā mea ʻulaʻula loa - he 12 mau hiʻohiʻona ʻike (i nā kānaka wale nō 3). Aia kēia mau mea ʻike kiʻi i nā lālani 6 o kēlā mau ʻona. ʻAe lākou i ka maʻi maʻi e ʻike i ka polarized polarized light, a me ke kala hyperspectral.

E like me ka ʻike ʻana o nā mōʻī

ʻO ka ʻike maka kala o nā ʻāpana anthropoid. ʻO ka poʻe e alakaʻi nei i ka pō ke ola kahi monochromatic - ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka holo ʻana i ka pōʻeleʻele me kēia. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻike o nā moʻo ʻana e ke ʻano ola, nā meaʻai. E hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​moʻo i nā mea ʻai a hiki i ka ʻai, e hoʻomaopopo i ka kiʻekiʻe o ka wā o ka wā o ka hua a me nā hua, a pale i nā mea make.

E like me ke ʻike ʻana i nā lio a me nā zebras

ʻO nā holoholona nui nā holoholona nui, no laila, pono lākou i nā mana ākea nui o nā lālā o ka ʻike. Loaʻa iā lākou nā maka peripheral maikaʻi loa, e hiki ai iā lākou ke ʻike i nā mea āpau a puni lākou. ʻO ia ke kumu i kuhikuhi ʻia ai ko lākou mau maka i nā ʻaoʻao, ʻaʻole like me ka poʻe. Akā i ka manawa e loaʻa ana iā lākou kahi wahi maka i mua o ka ihu. A ʻike mau lākou i nā ʻāpana ʻelua. ʻIke maikaʻi nā keiki o Zebras a me nā lio i ka pō ma mua o nā kānaka, akā ʻike lākou i ka hapanui o nā hina.

Pehea e ʻike ai i ka iʻa

ʻIke ʻano like ʻole kēlā me kēia ʻano iʻa. Eia, no ka laʻana, he mau hiwa. He like ka like o ka maka o ka shark i ke kanaka, akā e hana ana i ke ʻano ʻē. ʻAʻole wehe nā sharks i nā kala. I ka shark kekahi pūhaka wai hoʻomohala hou ma hope o ka retina, no laila he mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻano kupaianaha ʻo ia. ʻIke ponoi ka hiō 10 mau manawa maikaʻi ma mua o kahi i ka wai maʻa.

E ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka iʻa. ʻO ka kumu, ʻaʻole i ʻike ka iʻa ma mua o 12 mau mika. Hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea ma kahi lōʻihi o ʻelua mau mika mai lākou. ʻAʻohe lau ʻili o ka iʻa, akā naʻe, pale ʻia lākou e kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni kūikawā. ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka hihiʻo ke ʻike i waho o ka wai. No laila, ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia nā mākeke e ʻaʻahu i nā lole hoʻonaninani e hiki ke hoʻoweliweli iā lākou.