Na ke kahakai ʻo Atlantika Hikina - mai ke kūkulu hema o Brazil a hiki i Argentina. ʻO nā palena o ka māhele kikoʻāina - mai ke 19 kiʻekiʻe. N i 53 degere N, a mai 68 degere. w.d. i 38 degere w.d.
E makemake nui ia i nā wai mahana, nā ʻāina maloʻo, e ʻoluʻolu ai e hūnā i ke kino i ka wā o ka hopu. Loaʻa ka hapanui i loaʻa i nā hohonu i ka 50 a i ka 400 m.

Kāleka

ʻO ka maʻamau o nā ʻaha ʻānela. Antennae liʻiliʻi, ʻiʻo. Hoʻopili ʻia nā kui o ka ʻili i loko o nā pūhaka, ʻaʻole lākou i hāʻawi nui ʻia. He nui nā puna, 2.5 mau manawa ka nui o nā maka. He mau pua ma ke poʻo. Ma ka waena waena o ke kua, liʻiliʻi nā ʻuʻu, aneane ʻike ʻole.

He ʻulaʻula a loko paha ke ʻano o ke kala i ke kino, ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka ʻaoʻao ventral. Ka ʻia nā wahi liʻiliʻi ʻeleʻele ma luna o ke kino.
ʻO ke poʻomanaʻo lalo o ka lau caudal i lōʻihi ma mua o ke kaohi; Huli nā pūliki dorsal i hope o ke kino.

Kuhi ʻia ʻo Herring i Argentina

Ma kekahi lā aʻe, he kanaka pīhoihoi holo ʻĀina Argentine, kahi e holo ana ma luna o kona moku kokoke i ke kapakai ʻo ka Pākīpika o kona ʻāina hānau, ka mea e ʻike i kahi mea maʻamau, akā he mea kupaianaha maoli naʻe.

I ka kū ʻana i ke kahe o kāna Yacht Cesar Morales, ʻike koke ʻo ia i kahi mamao he kanalima mau mika mai ka moku he mau kapikala, a mai kahi mamao aku me nā pua hii. No ka mea aloha a aloha i nā manu ʻōlehu kai, ua huki ʻo Cesar i nā lako kīnā ʻole a me kekahi mau hola, ʻaʻole ia i haʻalele i ka ʻōpū, e nānā ana i kahi ʻohana o kēia mau holoholona, ​​kahi e kolo ana paha e neʻe ana paha i ka moku. I ka wā mua, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia he mau mako lākou, aia ana paha ma ka ʻāpana ʻākau o ke kahakai o ʻArenika ʻAilika o ʻAmelika Hema, akā ma hope o kekahi manawa, ua hele mai ʻo ia no ka ʻano o nā ʻano heʻāina ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hiʻolilo o ka leʻa Atlantik.

I kahi kai ʻaihue mai ke kahakai o ʻAmelika.

“I ka wā mua, i koʻu ʻike ʻana i nā fins mai ka kihi o koʻu maka, manaʻo wau he mau dolphins ia, a ma hope wale nō o kekahi mau hola ua nānā wau iā lākou a ʻike i kekahi mau ʻokoʻa. A laila hoʻomaka koke wau e kiaʻi iā lākou me ka waiho ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana aku ai, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole koke wau i ʻike he ʻōlelo kupapaʻu kēia no Atlona, ​​i ka hoʻoholo ʻana ua hālāwai wau me ka mako. " - wahi a Cesar Morales.

Ma ka helu ʻana i ka helu a me ka nui o nā koena, i ʻekolu mau hiu. ʻOi aku ka nui o kekahi o lākou, ʻoiai ʻo kekahi ʻelua e liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua hiki ʻole i ka Argentinean yachtsman ke hana pololei i nā mea ʻike, akā inā he poʻo maoli ʻo ia, a laila hiki ke manaʻo ʻia i kēia hanana.

"Aloha wau i ka mea ʻaʻole wau i lawe i ka lāʻau scuba me aʻu i kūkulu hou i nā pule ʻelua wale nō i hala aku nei, akā na ka mea nāna e hoʻoholo e lawe ʻole iaʻu, me ka manaʻo ʻole he mea kūpono ʻole iaʻu. ʻAʻole au i lawe i kahi wikiō wikiō. Hoʻolaha wau ma mua o hoʻokahi me ka neʻe scuba, ʻo ka ʻauʻau ma ka ʻaoʻao me nā ʻaka a hiki ke nānā pono i nā ʻano o kēia mau ʻōpala, akā, ʻaʻole naʻe, ʻaʻole mau ka hana kūpono e like me ka makemake. No nā makahiki he iwakāluakūmālua haneli no nā keiki, ua ʻike ʻoe i nā mea he nui āu i helu ʻole ai i kekahi mea kūikawā, ʻoiai naʻe ka lōlō ʻia he wai kahe ʻana. "I hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Cesar." Inā ʻaʻole wau i mālama ʻole, hiki iaʻu ke kiʻi iā lākou a hoʻohana paha i nā mea scuba no kēia mau kumu. " Makemake au e launa hou iā lākou i kahi lā. "

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo nō ke ola ka palanehae Atlantika i ka hapanui o ke kūkulu ʻākau, ʻoiai ʻo ka hema, hiki ke loaʻa i nā wai o India a me ka Pakipika. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe mākaʻikaʻo i ka hika Atlantika i nānā ʻia ma ke kūkulu hema o Haiti, no laila ke noho nei ʻo ia wale nō e noʻonoʻo i nā mea i hele ai kēia holoholona i kahi mamao mai ke kūkulu hema mai, mai ke ʻano o kona noho maʻamau ʻana, ʻo ia ka wai o ka ʻAmelika Hikina. Eia nō naʻe, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo e no kekahi kumu i neʻe lākou mai ka Pakipika Hema ma o ka Drake Channel.

Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.

He ʻauhau

ʻO ka wehewehe mua ʻepekema mua loa o ka shark herring Atlantri i hana ʻia e ka mea aloha French Farani Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre i 1788 ma ke kumu o ka hōʻike i hoʻohui ʻia i ka makahiki 1769 e ka Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Bonnaterre i nā ʻano hou Kalehu nasus (mai Lat. squalus - "makō" a me Lat. nasus - "ihu"). I ka makahiki 1816, ua kuhi ka French naturalist Georges Cuvier i ka shark herring Atlantine i kahi subgenus i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, a ʻo ia ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ke ʻano he kūlohelohe.

ʻOiaiʻo Ememology o ka inoa Pelekane o ka Atlanta herring shark ʻaʻole i mākaʻikaʻi ʻia ka porbeagle. Ua manaʻo ʻia he hui pū ʻana e like me nā ʻōlelo Pelekane. helenehana - "pihoihoi" beagle - "beagle", i ho'ākāka ʻia e ke ʻano o ke kino o kēia mango a me kona mau ʻano hana aʻoaʻo. Wahi a kekahi hypothesis hou, hele mai ia i nā hua ʻōlelo ʻo Corn kohola - "awa", "awa" a hāleʻa "ʻO ke kahuhipa." Ua ʻōlelo ka The Oxford English Dictionary he ʻoka ʻia paha kēia ʻōlelo mai ka ʻōlelo ʻo Korne, a i ʻole ma ka huaʻōlelo ʻo Cornish ka inoa ʻo "harbor" a me ka huaʻōlelo Pelekane "beagle", akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe o nā huaʻōlelo kumu i manaʻo ʻia i loko o ka ʻōlelo Kahi. Ua ʻike ʻo ka ʻĀpana ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike e pili ana i kahi pilina me nā ʻōlelo a Fr. porc - "puaʻa" a i ʻole ka Pelekane. kohola.

Phylogenesis a me ka loli

Nui mau haʻawina phylogenetic e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona morphological a me nā mimina DNA mitochondrial i hōʻike i kahi pilina pili ma waena o ka hiʻona herring Atlanta a me ka sham salmon, e noho ana ka mea like me ka nological ekoloia ma ka ʻĀpana Hikina. Hōʻike ʻia nā hua o nā ʻīlio kūloko he 65–45 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia i ka wā i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā mea ʻelua i koe, ʻoiai paha e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kēia e ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi pōpū polū ma ka moana Arctic, ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻĀpana o ka Pākīpika ʻĀpelika mai North Akau.

ʻO nā koena pīhoihoi o ka ʻiʻaka puaʻa Atlantika i loaʻa ma Belgium a me Netherlands i ka lā mai Miocene ka nui (ma kahi o 7.2 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua loaʻa nā fossil ma Belgium, Sepania a me Chile a me ka Pliocene (5.3-2.6 miliona mau makahiki i hala). ), a me nā minuke Dutch - i ka ʻaha ʻO Pleistocene (2.6 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei - 12000 mau makahiki o KK). Eia nō naʻe, nā niho kīwī o nā ʻōpala puaʻa, like like me nā niho o ka hemo herdio Atlantika i ʻike ʻia ma hope o ke kahakai ʻo Antartika ʻoi aku ka lā o nā makahiki o ka Lā Eokene (50-34 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei). ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻūpī i ka mele piha i ka paʻakikī e ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka morphology o ko lākou mau niho.

Mālama

Ka pālahalaha manuahi ka ʻalani ma nā moana wela, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i loko o ke kai kūlau. Noho lākou i kahi nological ekona e like me ka niche o nā ʻakai salmon ma ka ʻĀpana Hikina. Mahele ʻāpana i ka ʻāpana ʻelua. ʻO ka mea mua ma nā ʻĀkau o ke kahakai ʻo ʻAmelika (mai ʻAmelika Hikina a me ke Kai Hikina ma ka hema a hiki i nā kahakai o Scandinavia a me Greenland ma ke ʻākau), ʻo ia hoʻi me nā Barents a me ke Kaiʻula (ma waena o 30 ° a me 70 ° N). Noho ʻo nā lālā kai ma ka ʻĀkau ʻAmelika Huipū wale nō i ka hiki ke kahakai o South Carolina a me ke Kaiulani ʻo Guinea, akā, ʻo nā wahine hānai e noho ana ma ke Komohana Komohana e hānai hua i ka moana Sargasso a hiki i ka wai o Haiti. ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻelua o ka lehelehe ka mea i loko o ka Hemolele Hema ma waena o 30 ° a 50 ° S. w lu. (nā wai e holoi ana i ke kahakai hema o ʻAmelika Hema, ʻAmelika, ʻAralia a me Aotearoa. Aia ke kahi o ka hāleʻa ʻaʻopa Atlantika e noho ana i ka heminthere kūkulu hema i ka wā glaciation, i hoʻomaka ʻia ma Quaternary (e hoʻomaka ana mai ka 2.6 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka wā i nui aku ai ka ʻōwili o nā ʻōleʻa ʻōiwi ma mua o kēia lā.

ʻOi aku ka makemake o ka ʻalani i loko o ka Pōʻona ma ke kai kūloko ma nā ʻāpana o ke kahawai launa i ka waiwai, ʻoiai ke loaʻa ka lua ma loko o ka wai pāpaku a ma ka hohonu o 1360 m. Aia ka hōʻike maʻa i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻuhane puaʻa Atlantika i loko o ke kai wai o Mar Chiquita ru en, ʻAmelika. Ua kōkua ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻaka ma nā mokupuni o Pelekane i ka ʻike ʻana i nā loli like ʻole o ka neʻe pōkole o kēia ʻano. Hoʻonui ka neʻe i ka hohonu a hilinaʻi i ka mahana o ka hoʻāla ʻia ʻana o ka wai, ma ka wai pāpaku ʻole ʻia, hoʻopiʻi ka ʻumi i nā neʻe o kēlā me kēia lā, e hoʻolilo ana i ka lā i ka wai pāpaku a iho mai ana i ka pō i ka hohonu. Ma nā wai hohonu loa, hoʻopiʻi nā māka i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hele ʻana o ka diurnal, ka wā e hoʻolilo ai i ka lā ma lalo o ka puʻu a mālama i ka pō i ka honua. ʻOi aku ka makemake o ka pakano a nā ʻulapule i ka wai ma waena o 5 ° C a hiki i 10 ° C, ʻoiai ke ʻano o ko lākou pākana mai 1 ° C a 23 ° C.

Hoʻopā kaʻawale ʻia ka nui o nā puhipuhī i ka ʻāleʻa o Atlantika e noho ana i ka ʻākau a me Hema. I ka Hemolele ʻākau, ʻelua mau subpopulika - hikina a me komohana, kahi i emi ʻole ka lōʻihi. Hoʻokahi wale nō ka mea i ʻike, ka mea i pae i loko o ʻAmelika mai Kanada, a uhi ʻia i ka lōʻihi o 4,260 km. Aia hoʻi nā kaʻokoʻa he subpopulea i ka hemisphere kūkulu hema. ʻO nā hiʻu o kēia ʻano ma ka ʻAmelika ʻAmelika he hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka nui a me ka wahine, a ma ka Hema Hemolele, me ka liʻiliʻi loa. Eia kahi, ʻo ka laha o ka helu o nā kāne i ka wahine ma waho o ke kahakai o Sepania he 2: 1, ma ʻEkolekia nā wahine i 30% keu ma mua o nā kāne. Loaʻa nā pānahi pākahi i nā lua i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻōpio.

Hana nā ʻiʻo Atlela i ka lele ʻana i nā wā ma ka ʻĀkau a me ka Hema Hemisekepaka Hema. Ma ke Komohana Komohana Komohana, ka nui o ka lehulehu i ka wai i loko o ka wai hohonu ma ka papa ʻāina o Nova Scotia, a ma ke kau o ke kauwela e lele ana ma ke kūkulu ʻākau i ka mamao o 500-100 km i loko o ka wai papala o ka Grand Newfoundland Bank a me St. Lawrence Bay. I ka mahina o Dekemaba, neʻe nui nā wahine pākeke nui ma ke kūkulu hema ma kahi mamao o 2,000 km a hiki i ke kaiʻo Sargasso, kahi e hānau ai lākou i nā keiki, ke noho nei ma kahi hohonu o 600 m mau lā i ke ao a piʻi i ka 200 m i ka pō e noho ai i loko o nā wai anuanu ma lalo o ke Kaiāulu. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o Atlantika ʻākau, e hoʻopau ana nā māka puaʻa Atlantere i nā wai i loko o ka wai pāpaku o ka papa ʻāina, a i ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo lākou i ka ʻākau i ke kai hohonu hohonu. I ka hele ʻana, hiki i ka hiʻi ke uhi i kahi mamao a hiki i 2300 km, inā naʻe ke kiʻi i ka huakaʻi, makemake lākou e noho ma kahi kūlana. Ka neʻe o ka Hema i loko o ka Hema Hema ma loko o ka hoʻoilo ma luna o 30 ° S. w lu. i loko o nā wai subtropical, a i ka pūnāwai e hoʻi i ka hema i lalo o 35 ° S. n., kahi i loa pinepine ai lakou ma na mokupuni o subantarctic.

Kaomi a me ke ʻano

ʻO nā ʻū heʻalani paʻuhū ʻo Atlantika kahi kino kino. Hoʻopuni ke poʻo conical lōʻihi me kahi kikoʻī kuhi, i kākoʻo ʻia e ka nui, kahi kalalāne maikaʻi maikaʻi o ka rostral cartilage. ʻAno nui nā maka, ʻeleʻele, kūlohelohe ka lā ʻekolu. Aia nā ʻōlani liʻiliʻi S-mau maka ma mua o nā maka a ma lalo o nā maka. Nui nā waha, ikaika paʻa, pale iki nā ʻōpū. Ua loaʻa i nā pakanika o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika 28–29 luna a me 26–27 mau haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, aʻo nā hiʻu mai ka Hema Hema he 30-31 luna a he 27-29 mau haʻahaʻa. Kūleʻa pololei nā niho, akā me ke kumu o ka punawai, he punalona a me nā niho lateral liʻiliʻi, i ulu maikaʻi ʻia ma mua o ke ʻano heʻalā kahiki (hemo ʻole lākou i nā ʻelele āpau o ka ʻohana Lamnidae). ʻO nā niho o mua ka mea ʻāʻihi, ʻo nā niho hoʻi i hope. ʻElua mau pālua o nā kaila gill lōʻihi i mua o nā peni pectoral.

Loa ka pōkole kapa o ka pectoral. ʻAno kiʻekiʻe a nunui ka nui o ka dorsal, he poepoe ka luna, ʻo ka pae ma hope o nā paipu pectoral. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi, ka analral, anal a me nā lua dorsal lua. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū caudal protruding lateral carinae. Ma lalo o nā kīʻaha nui o nā keels he ʻelua pā o nā pihi pōkole lua. ʻO ka lau caudal i kūkulu ʻia; ʻo ka lalo caudal haʻahaʻa ma kahi like o ka lōʻihi i luna. Ma ke kumu o ka moni caudal aia ʻelua kūlou ka dorsal a me ka ventral precaudal notch. Aia kahi kihi ventral ma ke kihi o ka pahu kiʻekiʻe o ka hope caudal. ʻO ka ʻili palupalu i uhi ʻia me nā unahi placoid liʻiliʻi e hoʻokumu i ka nui velvety. Hoʻokahi kēlā me kēia kaahi i nā protrusions ʻekolu e hoʻopau i kahi prong.

He ʻeleʻele a ʻulaʻula paha ke kua (hope a ʻeleʻele), a keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpū. Hoʻopili ka kala dorsolateral kala i ka pectoral mau pua. ʻO ka hala kūpono o ka pau mua dorsal ʻoi kala a he ʻulaʻula a he keʻokeʻo paha, he ʻano hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻano. Ma nā ʻākena mai ka hemolele ʻākau, uaʻeleʻele ka pale o ke poʻo a ʻikina ka ʻōpū. E hele aku nā ʻalā puaʻa Atlantika i ka lōʻihi o 3 m, ʻo ka ʻike e pili ana i nā mea nui (ma kahi o 3.7 m) paha i hala a pili ʻia i nā ʻano holoholona ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi ma 2,5 m. Ma ke Komohana Akau, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne - ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke kihi o ka snout a ka puaʻa o ka caudal fin ʻo 2.5 m no nā kāne a me 3 m nā wahine. ʻO nā ʻuhane ʻolua ʻo Atlantika e noho ana i ka ʻūlima hema, liʻiliʻi, ka wahine a me nā kāne ke like like me ka nui, e loaʻa ana i ka 2.1 m a me ka 2 m, ma kēlā me kēia (mai ke kihi o ka liwai a hiki i ka paʻu o ka hope caudal). ʻO ka paona o ka hapanui o ka ʻumiʻohana Atlantika ʻaʻole iʻoi aku i ka 135 kg. ʻO ka kaupaona nui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he 230 kg (kahi paʻa i loaʻa i 1993 i ke kapakai o Caithness, ʻEkekau.

Biology a me Ecology

Loaʻa nā ʻeke manuahi wikiwiki ʻo Atlantika e loaʻa i nā hui ma ka hīmeni a hīmeni. ʻO kā lākou kino kikoo spindle, kahi caudal caftal a me kahi lau caudal ka lōʻihi i hoʻohui ʻia no ka holo wikiwiki. I ke ʻano, hoʻohālike lākou i nā tuna, nā barns a me nā iʻa ʻē aʻe e holo wikiwiki. ʻO nā ʻūhā kolo hemo me ka ʻalani a me nā ʻoni salmon ka nui o ke kino i waena o nā poʻomanaʻo o ka ʻohana herring shark (ʻo ka pālahalaha o ka lōʻihi a me ka mānoanoa paha ma kahi o 4,5), no laila ke neʻe ka neʻe o kā lākou huelo mai ka ʻaoʻao a ʻaoʻao, akā ʻaʻole kūlohelohe ke kino. Hāʻawi kēia ʻano kaukaukau iā lākou i ka mana holomua me ka hiki ʻana i ka ikehu ikaika i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka maneuverability. Hāʻawi ka wahi ākea nui i nā ʻili o loko me ka nui o ka oxygen. Eia kekahi, ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao he pōkole pōkole o nā "ʻulaʻula ʻōmaʻomaʻo aerobic", kahi e hoʻemi ʻia me ka ikaika ʻoi ʻole ke ʻano o nā ʻōpū keʻokeʻo maʻamau, e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻomanawanui.

ʻO nā ʻīlio herring Atlantik he mau liʻiliʻi o nā iʻa e hiki ai ke hōʻike i ka hana o nā pāʻani. Ma ke kahakai ʻo Cornwall, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o kēia mau hiwa a huli pinepine i kona kiʻi i loko o nā puʻu o nā algae lōʻihi ma kahi o ka wai. ʻO kēia ala wale nō ka hoʻowalewale ʻana iā lākou iho, hānai i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi e noho ana i algae, a e hoʻāʻo paha e hōʻalo i nā parasites. Eia kekahi, nānā mākou i nā hieholo puaʻa Atlantika e alualu nei i kēlā me kēia, i hōʻuluʻulu i loko o nā ʻohana. Aia nā lono e pāʻani ana me nā mea like ʻole e holo i loko o ka wai: pana, lūlū a ʻāwī paha i nā ʻāpana o ka moni a me nā wahi lawaiʻa.

ʻO nā paʻakai keʻokeʻo a me nā kohola pepehi kanaka e hopu ʻia ana i nā ʻōpio ʻo Atlanta. Ua kiʻi ʻia kahi kīkē liʻiliʻi mai ke kahakai o ʻAmelika me nā māka ʻāwī mai kahi ʻokiʻoki a ʻokiʻoki paha a like me kahi huluhulu paha, akā ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia he hopu ia a he hōʻike kipi paha kēia. I kēia mau hiʻona tapeworms parasitize Dinubothrium septaria a Hepatoxylon trichiuri a me nā kope paʻi Hoʻohana hua Dinemoura , Laminifera doello-juradoi a Pandarus floridanus . ^ E Ha yM. He haʻahaʻa ka makekau ma mua o ka nui o ka make ma ke kula a ma ke Komohana o North North ka 10% i nā ʻelemakule maikaʻi loa, 15% i nā kāne makua ʻia a me 20% i nā wahine makua.

Mea ʻai

ʻO ka ʻili o ka puaʻa kōlepa i ka ʻona he nui ma ka iʻa a me ka moʻo ʻoi. ʻO ka iʻa pelagic, e like me Alepizaurus ru en, i komo i kā lākou papa., mackerel, sardines, herring a me ka saury, me ka pahu o lalo e like me ka cod, hake, iʻa keʻokeʻo, ʻaleka, gerbils, pinagors a me flounders. ʻO nā Cephalopods, ka nui o nā squids, he kumu nui ia o ka ʻai, ʻoiai nā hiʻi liʻiliʻi e like me ka shark shark a i nā pōkole pōkole ʻoi loa ka lilo i mea pio no lākou. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū o nā pua kuʻuna a ʻAmelika e ʻai pū ana lākou i nā mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms a me nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe, ka mea hiki ke hoʻolilo ʻia e ka manawa like me nā mea inedible (litter, feather and feather).

Ma ke Komohana Komohana o Atlantika, ʻoi aku ka ʻeke a ka puaʻālepa ʻana i ka loko o ka pūnāwai e hānai nui ʻia i ka iʻa pelagic a me ka iʻa, a i ka wā o ka wā o ka ʻohi, i lalo nā iʻa. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o ka wā ma ka puna a me ka hāʻule mai ka wai hohonu i ka wai pāpū a me nā kūlohelohe. Pēlā, ʻo kēia ʻano holoholona he mea maʻalahi e hoʻolaʻa i mua ʻole me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka ʻai meaʻai. ʻO ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela i ka Moana Celtic ma waho o ka ʻaoʻao o ka papa lā o Scottish ru en e hōʻuluʻulu kēia mau mea kīʻaha ma ka mua wai i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ebb a me ke kahe o ka ʻae e hopu i nā iʻa i hopu ʻia e ka nui hōʻiliʻili o zooplankton. I ka wā o ka hopuʻana, hānai nā kauā mai ka maka o ka wai i lalo a kū hou ma hope o kekahi mau hola. Pēlā paha e kōkua ka neʻe ʻana i ka lele me ka ʻoni. ʻO hoʻokahi makahiki makahiki Atlantis herring shark 1 m ka lōʻihi i hānai ʻia e krill a me polychaetes.

Paʻi ola a hoʻohuli

He ʻano maʻamau ka manawa o ka hānai hoʻohālikelike o nā kuhikū herdika Atlantika he mau like lākou i loko o nā ʻalepane hemose ʻelua a ʻaʻohe aʻe he ono mahina. Ua hōʻike kēia ma ka hopena o ka mahana a me ke ao i ka pō ma muli o kā lākou hōʻola ma muli o nā mea i maʻamau o ka endothermic physiology o kēia mau iʻa. E hana nui ana ka Mate mai Kepakemapa a Nowemapa. I ka wā o ka moe ʻana, hānai nā kāne i nā wahine a hoʻopaʻa i ko lākou mau niho e nā pua pectoral i ka lālā o ka lālā a ma nā ʻaoʻao. Ua ʻike ʻia nā wahi ʻelua ma ke Komohana Komohana ʻĀkau kahi a me nā pōʻoki puʻupuʻu Atlantik - kahi ma Newfoundland a ʻo kekahi aia ma Maine Bay. Loaʻa i hoʻokahi mau pākeke wahine hoʻokahi hana ovary (ʻākau) a ʻelua mau hana oviducts hana. Mahalo paha lākou e lawe mai i nā hua i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I ka litter mai 1 a 5 mau cubs, maʻamau 4. Noho ka wahine i ka 8-9 mau mahina.

E like me nā lālā ʻē aʻe o kona ʻohana, ʻānai nā pua ʻuhane a Atlantika e ka placental ola i hānau ʻia me oophagy, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hānai nui ka ʻili o nā hua manu. I ka hapalua mua o ka hapai, ka nui o nā hua a ka makuahine i ka nui o ia mau hua, e hoʻopili ʻia i loko o kahi kapeto a hiki i 7,5 cm ka lōʻihi o nā hua i komo i ka oviducts. Hoʻomaka ka ʻōpū i ka hānai ʻana i ka ʻeke a me nā hika ʻana mai kona mau kapa, a hiki i ka lōʻihi o 3.2-4.2 cm. Me ka lōʻihi o ka hua pālea o 4.2-9.2 cm, poina ka ʻūpī, ua oki ka ʻāpala i kona mau ʻano ohe, akā, ʻaʻole hiki ke hānai iā lākou i ka hua moa ʻole, no ka mea hiki ʻole ke wehe iā lākou. Ma kahi cryry 10-12 cm ka lōʻihi, ʻelua mauʻu "fangs" i kau ma lalo o ka iwi haʻahaʻa, a ʻelua mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻāʻī ʻo luna, me ke kōkua o ke kuʻi i ka pōpoki hua. Hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻomake i ka hānai ʻana i ka ua a me ka ʻōpū loa ʻo kona ʻōpū: ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū ma waena, a ua ʻōlaʻi ʻia ka ʻili.

I ka lōʻihi o 20-21, loaʻa i ka embryo kahi kala ma muli o ka nele o kahi pigmentation, e mau wale nō nā maka. Hoʻonui nui ke poʻo a me nā hōʻili ma nā ʻaoʻao a lilo i gelatinous. Hiki i ka paona o ka ʻōpū piha i hiki ke 81% o ka nui o ka nui o kahi ʻōpio 30-42 cm ka lōʻihi, e piʻo ana ka embryo, a hiki i ka lōʻihi o 34-38 cm. Eia kekahi, hoʻomau ka embryo i ka ʻai i nā hua i waiho ʻia, ke piʻomo a me ka inu ʻana i kā lākou mea e kiko ai, e ʻai ana paha i ka momona. Mālama ka hanu, kūwaho ka ʻōpū ma kahi o nā hale mālama o ka ikehu a hoʻemi i ka nui, hoʻonui ʻia ka nui i mea e hana ai. Me ka lōʻihi o 40 cm, ua ʻōloʻi maoli ka ʻōpū i ka lōʻihi, a hiki i ka lōʻihi o 58 cm, lilo ia i waho me ke ʻano hiō pēpē. Noho pū ka ʻōpū o ka pūhaka, hana i ka ʻohu i kapa ʻia ʻo ka "umbilical scar" a i ʻole ka "scar mai ka ʻoki yolk" (pololei ʻole nā ​​huaʻōlelo ʻelua). Hōʻike nā niho liʻiliʻi ma nā ʻūhā ʻelua, e waiho mau ana i ka pāleʻaleʻa a me nā dysfunctional a hiki i ka lawe ʻana.

ʻO ka nui o nā pēpē hou ʻana ma waena o 60 a 75 cm (69-80 cm ma ka Pākīpika Hema), a ʻaʻole i kau ka nui o 5 kg. ʻO ka nui o ka ate ka mea o 10% o ka nui o ka nui, ʻoiai me kahi liʻiliʻi o ka yolk e waiho ana i loko o ka ʻōpū, e kākoʻo ana i ka pēpē a hiki iā ia ke aʻo i ka ʻai. ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka mahina he 7-8 cm. I kekahi manawa hoʻokahi pākahi ka liʻiliʻi o ka litter ma mua o nā mea'ē aʻe, ʻaʻole ia he anomaly. Hānau ʻia kēlā mau "dwarfs" ma muli o ke kahe nui ʻana o ka emryo e hoʻokokoke kokoke i ka mea e ʻai ai nā meaʻai, nui loa ka nui o nā hua, a i ka hopena o ka makuahine ʻole i hiki ʻole ke hāʻawi i ka ʻai no nā embryos a pau. Ua hānai ʻia ka hānau ʻana mai ʻApelila a Kepakemapa, ma ka ʻAmelika Hikina ka hopena i ka lā o ʻApelila a me Mei, a ma Hema Hemolele e hiki ai i Iune a me Iulai. Ma ke komohana Komohana Komohana, hānau nā keiki hou i ka loko o Sargasso ma kahi hohonu o 500 m.

Ma mua o ka hele ʻana i ka lele, ulu nā kāne a me nā wahine i like me ka helu like ʻole, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine i ʻehā nui a ma hope ka wā i ulu ai. ʻO nā makahiki ʻehā mua o ke ola, hoʻohui nā pika i ka 16-20 cm i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma nā hemispheres ʻelua. A laila hiki i nā lālā ke ola e noho ana ma ke komohana o ka Moana Pakika (Hūkū Honu) e ʻoi aku ka palupalu ma mua o nā hoahānau pili ʻAmelika Akau. Loaʻa nā kamaa i nā ʻōpio a me ka lōʻihi o 1.6-1.8 m mai ka kihi o ka ihu a me ka pulima o ke poʻo, kahi e kū nei i nā makahiki 6-11 mau makahiki, a ʻo nā wahine ʻo 2-2.2 m a me 12-18 mau makahiki. I ka Hema ʻOlima Hikina, he ʻelemakule kāne ma ka lōʻihi o 1.4-1.5 m, ʻokoʻa makahiki 8-11 mau makahiki, a ʻo nā wāhine 1.7-1.8 m me 15-18 mau makahiki, ia. ʻO 26 ka nui o ka make ʻana o ke ola he 26 mau makahiki, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka manika 2.6 mika lōʻihi. I ke kūmole, ʻo ke ola o nā kai ʻōpio Atlantika hiki i ka liʻiliʻi o 30-40 mau makahiki ma ka Atlantika a hiki i ka 65 mau makahiki ma ka Hūkū Hema.

Hoʻohālikelike

E like me nā lālā o kāna ʻohana, hiki i ka ʻalihika manuahi ʻo Atlantika ke mālama i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ke kino ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke kaiapuni. Nā lawelawe no kēia Rete mirabile ru en (mai ka Latin ka unuhi ʻia "ʻ networkkaha pūnaewele maikaʻi"). ʻO kēia kahi paʻakikī i wili i loaʻa i nā veins a me nā hāmeʻa e holo ana ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino. Hāʻawi ia iā ʻoe e mālama i ka wela ma muli o ke kahe, e hoʻomālamalama i ke koko maloʻo anu me ke anu, nā ʻāpana ʻoluʻolu. Ma kēia ala, mālama ka wīwī i ke kiʻekiʻe o kekahi mau māhele o ke kino, ma ke ʻano ka ʻōpū. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā ʻuhane a Atlantika rete mirabile: orbital, e hoʻomālamalama ana i nā maka a me nā ʻuhane, lateral cutaneous, me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻūlani kaukau ʻana, ka suprahepatic a me ka renal.

ʻElua wale nō ka leʻaleʻa manu herrona i loko o ko lākou hiki ke hoʻonui i ke ʻano kino. Ua hoʻopili ʻia ko lākou mau ʻōmaʻomaʻo mū, aia i loko o ke kino, i ka spine, a ʻo ke kikowaena lateral i ʻoi aku ma mua o 4000 mau lāʻau liʻiliʻi e hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o nā pū viva. Hiki i ke anuanu o loko o nā ʻuhane a ka ʻāwīlani ke piʻi aku i ka mahana o ka wai e hoʻopuni ana iā 8-10 ° C. Hiki i ka mahana ke kiʻekiʻe i kēia mau iʻa e mālama ai i kahi kaʻi holo kiʻekiʻe, ʻimi no ka manawa lōʻihi ma ka hohonu hohonu a ʻeleʻele i ka hoʻoilo i nā hoʻoilo i nā kiʻekiʻe, kahi i loaʻa ʻole ai ka iʻa ʻē aʻe. Orlital rete mirabile hoʻonui i ka mahana o ka lolo a me nā maka o nā ʻolua puaʻa Atlantika e 3-6 ° C a, ʻoi aku ka lawelawe ʻana no ka pale ʻana i kēia ʻeha ma ke ʻano ikaika a hiki i ka lawaiʻa o kai hohonu, hiki paha i kēia hana ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka acuity ʻike a me ka wikiwiki wikiwiki.

Pili kanaka

ʻOiai ke manaʻo ʻia ka heʻe o ka pua ʻaʻā Atlantika he mea pōʻino loa i nā kānaka, aʻa pinepine lākou e hoʻouka i ke kanaka a me nā waʻa. I ka International List of Shark Attacks on Humans ru en hoʻopaʻa ʻia wale nō ʻelua mau hōʻeha. ʻO nā moʻolelo ʻē aʻe e ʻōlelo ana he "kanaka heʻalā puʻupuʻu he kanaka," akā he mea maʻalahi ke pupule a nā manu hiula i Atlantiko me nā mako a i ʻole nā ​​poʻo hiwahi keʻokeʻo. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi wikiō e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano e pili ana i kahi hāmeʻa puaʻa Atlantika i kahi kahe e hana ana ma kahi ʻenehana hinu ma loko o ke Kaiʻula a kāwili ʻole iā ia me ka ʻole e hōʻino. Eia nō naʻe, eia nō he mea i ʻike ʻole ʻole ʻia ai iā ia a no kāna ʻano hoʻohālike ʻia e ka hopohopo a i ʻole kekahi ʻano pale.

I kekahi manawa, manaʻo ʻia nā māka puaʻa Atlantika e hana ʻino i ka lawaiʻa o ka lawenaʻa ma o ka ʻānai ʻana i nā māla lawaiʻa māmā e hoʻonohonoho ʻia no nā mea liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻai ʻana i nā iʻa i hopu ʻia ma nā māka lōʻihi. E ʻike nui ʻia kēia ʻano e nā manakia ma Irlandia, ʻo UK a me USA. Ke kūʻa ʻia nei, ʻaʻole kūlike kēia mau hiu, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole e like me nā mako mako, ʻaʻole lākou e lele i waho o ka wai. Hoʻomau pinepine pinepine nā poʻe hoʻomaka i nā ʻaka puaʻa Atlantik me nā makika mako.

Lawaiʻa lawaiʻa

Hāpai ʻia nā ʻūpio manuahi no Atlantona no ka ʻiʻo a me nā pua; no laila ua makemake nui ʻia kēia ʻano me ka lōʻihi. E kūʻai aku ka ʻiʻo i ke kumu hou, maluwelo a maloʻo. I ka makahiki 1997-1998, ʻo ke kumukūʻai kūʻai makana no ka ʻai o kēia mau ʻake he 5-7 € pākahi, 4 mau manawa ke kumukūʻai o ka pate nāu. I loko oʻEulopa, he koi nui ke koi, ʻoʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Iapana hoʻi kahi mea hoʻopuka mai. Hāʻawiʻia nā pīpī i Asia Hema, kahi e hana ai lākou i ka momona. Hāʻawi ʻia ke koena o ke kupapaʻu i mea e hana ai i ka ʻili, ka momona a me ka catmeal. He nui nā kālepa ʻili honua ma ka ʻai o nā hāleʻa ʻaʻa Atlantika akā ʻaʻole i ʻike ka ʻike pono, no ka mea, e pili ana nā huahana mai nā ʻanoʻa he nui. ʻO nā honu manu hemo no ka hopu ʻana i nā lālani lōʻihi, a me nā ʻupena gill, nā nīnū, a me nā trawls. Nui ʻia ka ʻiʻo o kēia mau iʻa a mālama ʻia ke mālama ʻia no ka lawaiʻa kūpono, ke hopu ʻia e ka lawehala. I ka loaʻa ʻole o nā kūlana mālama, ua ʻoki ʻia ko lākou mau pua, a ua hoʻolei ʻia ke kupapaʻu i luna.

Hoʻomaka ka hana lawaiʻa ikaika no nā pika hopu Atlantika i nā makahiki 30 o ke kenekulia XX, i ka manawa o Norewai a me kahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Denmark e hana i nā moku lōʻihi ma ka ʻĀkau o ʻAmelika. Ma Nowemaka, ua piʻi nā kiki keu makahiki mai 279 tons i 1926 a 3,884 tons i ka 1933 a ua pihi ʻia i ka makahiki 1947, e loaʻa ana he 6,000 tons. Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. ʻAʻole i liuliu, hoʻomaka koke ka helu o nā puhaka: ma Norekulia, ua emi mau ka pā makahiki i ka makahiki 1200-1900 tons mai 1953 a 1960 i ka 160-300 mau makahiki i ka wā mua o 70s a i ka 10-40 mau haneli ma ka hopena o 80s a me ka 90s mua mau makahiki. Pēlā nō, ma Tenena ua hāʻule ka hopu makahiki ʻana mai 1,500 tons i ke kumu mua o ka 50s a ʻoi aku ma kahi o 100 tons i nā 90s. I kēia manawa, mau ka ʻāina o ʻEulopa, a me Norewai, Denemaka, Palani a me Sepania, e hoʻomau ana i ka ʻūlū manu ʻana no Atlantika ma ka ʻĀkau o ʻAmelika Hikina. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Farani a me Sepania i ka lawaiʻa ʻana i kēia ʻanoʻano i nā makahiki 70 o ke kenekulia XX. ʻO ka lawaiʻa Farani e ʻai nui ana ma ke kai Celtic a me ka Bay Biscay a nānā i kahi hāʻule o ka hopu pākuhi i ʻoi aku ma mua o 1000 tons ma 1979 a 300-400 tons i ka hopena o 90s. ʻO ka pae o ka hana ʻana i ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa Sepania mai nā māka ʻalake ʻole i kahi hopu i ʻoi aku ma mua o 4,000 mau haneli i kēlā me kēia makahiki, kahi mea e hōʻike ai i kahi neʻe i ka hana lawaiʻa i loko o ka wai hoʻoneʻe ʻole i ka wai.

Mai ka hele ʻana o nā ʻuna a nā pua puaʻa Atlantika i ka ʻāleʻa ʻAmelika ʻākau ma nā 60s o ke kenekulia XX, ua neʻe ka mokulele Norewela i komohana - i loko o ka wai o New England a me Newfoundland. ʻO kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hui pū ʻia nā moku lōʻihi mai ka moku Faroe. ʻO nā pahu pīhoihoi kūloko i hoʻonui ʻia mai 1900 tons i ka makahiki 1961 a he 9000 tons i ka 1965. Ua lawe ʻia aku nā ʻikena Prey i Italia, i mea e kaulana ai kā lākou ʻiʻo (ital. Smergliosmerglio). I nā makahiki 6 wale nō, ua emi koke ka nui o nā puhikaka: i ka makahiki 1970, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Norway i kahi emi ma mua o 1000 tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻike nā lawaiʻa Faroese i ka like like. Ma hope o ka nalowale aku i ka hiu, ua huli ka nui o nā hui lawaiʻa i nā ʻano iʻa ʻē aʻe. No ka 25 mau makahiki e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻi lōlū ʻia ka heluna kanaka a hoʻi hou i ka 30% o ka pae i ʻike ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lawaiʻa. I ka makahiki 1995, hoʻokūpaʻa ʻo Canada i kahi ʻoihana waiwai kūwaho a ua lilo i kumu nui no ka hiaka puaʻa Atlantika ma ia wahi. Ma waena o 1994 a me 1998, ua hōʻemi ʻia ka hapa lawaiʻa Kanada kahi 1,000-2,000 tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki, kahi o kahi hōʻemi i ka nui o ka poʻe i ka 11-17% o ka pae ma mua o ka lawaiʻa. ʻO ka hoʻoponopono kūpono a me ka hōʻemi nui i ka hopu kīpaki ma 2000 e lohi nei i ka emi o ka hāʻule ʻana, ʻoiai naʻe, e lilo ia i mau makahiki he mau hou e hoʻōla ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o kēia mau kiko. Aia ma laila he mau hōʻike manaʻo i koho ʻia e nā lawaiʻa i hana ʻia i ka pane ʻana i ka uku ru en, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana a me ka hiki ʻana i nā māka.

I ka Hūkū Hema, ʻaʻohe o nā lawaiʻa kūloko no nā ʻoni heʻumi Atlanta. Nui ka hapanui o nā pika i hopu ʻia i loko o ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa pelagic o nā ʻano mea waiwai ʻē aʻe nui, e like me ka swordfish, Australian tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) a me ka niho Patagonian e ka moku lawaiʻa o Iapana, Uruguay, ʻAmelika, South Africa a me New Zealand. ʻO ke kāpili ʻana o ka hui manuahi Atlantika e ka Uruguayan Tunnel Longline Fleet i hōʻea i kona kiʻekiʻe i ka makahiki 1984 a ua loaʻa he 150 tons. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hapa o ka hopu no ka lawaiʻa ʻana he 90 pakeneka o ka hoʻōla ʻana mai ka makahiki 1988 i 1998, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia, he ʻano hoʻohālikelike ka nui o ka nui o ka lehulehu a i ʻole nā ​​loli i nā ʻano lawaiʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻo New Zealand i nā pahu hopu makahiki he 150-300 tons mai 1998 a 2003, ka hapanui o lākou he poʻe hewa kīnā ʻole.

Nā Hana Hana Hoʻoholo

ʻO ke kaohi ʻana o ka wikiwiki i nā helu o ka ʻāʻī ʻana o Atlantika i nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ke Komohana Akau he mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka boom a me ka haki ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā hiola. ʻO nā mea like e like me ka pau ma ka pā liʻiliʻi, ka lōʻihi o ka make a me ka hopu ʻana o nā mea o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa i kēia mau pōpilikia e hana nui i kēia mau hiʻona. Ua kuhikuhi ka International Union for Conservation of Nature i kēia ʻano ʻokoʻa a ke kūlana ʻāpono o ka "Vulnerable", nā iwi o nā ʻaoʻao komohana o ke Komohana ʻAmelika - "Nā holoholona like ʻole" a me ka "Endangered Spiese" e ka poʻe o ka māhele ʻākau o ke Komohana ʻAleʻa a me ke Kaiʻula.

Palapala ʻia nā māka manu heʻaila ma loko o ka Pepa I I ka UN Convention e pili ana i ke kānāwai o ke kai a i loko o ka Puhi I o ka ʻAna Bonn. Ma Kanada, ʻo ʻAmelika, ʻAralia, ʻAralia a me ʻEulopa Hui ʻAi ʻia, ʻaʻole pāpā ʻia ke ʻokiʻoki i nā loina mai loko mai o ka laulima pua a me ka hoʻohana ʻole i kahi kālai manu.

ʻO ke kaupalena wale nō ma ka Hema Hemolele no ka quota no ka lawaiʻa ʻana i nā ʻīlio puaʻa Atlantik i hoʻokomo ʻia ma 2004 i ka nui o 249 tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ma nā ʻĀinapuni komohana Hikina, ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka hana, ʻoiai inā he hoʻoemi o ka nui o ka nui o ka heluna kanaka. Mai ka makahiki 1985, ua loaʻa ka māka lawaiʻa o Norewai a me nā mokulele Faroe i kahi kuʻuna no ka hopu ʻana i nā makahiki i loko o nā wai o nā moku o ʻEulopa ma ka nui o 200 a 125 mau paona, ma kēlā me kēia. ʻOiai ʻo kēia mau ʻāpana ua liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā kuʻina i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1982 (500 tons no ʻAmelika a me 300 no nā Faroe Islands), uaʻoi aku lākou ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kaaka herring Atlantika ma kēia ʻāina a no laila ʻaʻohe hopena kūpono.

I ke kai kūloko, ua hele ka ʻumi o ka pua ʻaʻā Atlantika i ka hala ʻana mai ka makahiki waena o ka kenekulia iwakālua, ua emi ka lehulehu o 99.99%. Ua hōʻemi ʻia kā lākou wahi i ka wai e holoi ana i ka Peneneka Apennine, kahi i loaʻa ai nā kahu hānai maoli. I hala mau makahiki he ʻelua i hala aku nei, ʻaʻohe iʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi mau kānaka i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā hōʻike ʻepekema i hopu ʻia e ka hopu ʻia i loko o ka ʻ upena, i kau ʻia ma nā iʻa a me nā wahi lawaiʻa o nā mea hoʻokūkū-lawaiʻa.

Loaʻa ka hapanui o nā ʻuhane i loko o Atlantika e noho ana ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o ke Komohana Akau ma kahi e hoʻohālikelike ai me kona mau hoahānau hikina. Mai ka makahiki 1995, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia kā lākou lawaiʻa ma nā wai Kanaka, ua hoʻokumu ʻia he quota makahiki he 1,500 tons i ka wā lawaiʻa, lawaiʻa, wahi a me nā ʻano o ka ukana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka lawena pāʻoihana, ua palena ʻia, a ʻike ʻia hoʻi ka lawaiʻa. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi kumu hoʻohālike no ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, e like me kahi kuikawa makahiki he 200-250 tons e ʻae ai ka heluna o nā kānaka, no laila, i ka makahiki 2002-2007, ua hana ʻia kēlā mau palena. ʻO ka palena o nā kahu kūlohelohe kūloko ma waho o ke kapakai o Newfoundland i ʻōlelo ʻia he ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka kuʻikā o ka wai o US he 95 tons (nā huahana ʻina) i kēlā me kēia makahiki.