Pterodactyls (lat. Pterodactyloidea, mai Helene. πτερ | ν - "wing" a me δ κτυλος - "manamana lima") - kahi hana hoʻomalu o nā reptile e lele ana i nā lauosos e lele ana i nā dinosaurs (pterosaurs) e noho ana i nā manawa Jurassic a me Cretaceous.

I 1784, kahi kikoʻī o ke koʻī o kahi mea ʻike ʻole ʻole ʻia ma Bavaria (Kelemānia). Ua hana ʻia kahi ʻāpana pōhaku me kahi ʻōmole, kahi hana mai kekahi mea mai ia mea. Eia naʻe, i kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke hāʻawi i kahi inoa i ka holoholona i loaʻa a kālohi iā ia.

I ka makahiki 1801, hele mai nā koena o ka mea ola i ka ʻepekema Farani ʻo Georges Cuvier. Ua ʻike ʻo ia ua hiki i ka holoholona ke lele a lilo i ke ʻano o ka dinosaurs lele lele. Hāʻawi ʻo Cuvier iā ia i ka inoa ʻo "pterodactyl" (hele mai ka inoa mai ka wāwae ʻākau ma mua o ka wāwae mua o ka lola a me kahi membrane kiri.

Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi hui kūikawā loa i ke ola i ka lewa. Hōʻano ʻia nā Pterodactyls e kahi ʻōpala koʻikoʻi kahi elongated. Ua liʻiliʻi nā niho. Hoʻokaʻī ʻia ka cervical vertebrae, me ka huaka ʻole cervical. ʻEhā nā wāwae ʻehā mau wāwae, ikaika nā ʻēheu a pālahalaha, nā lūlū lele e lele ana. Hoʻopili loa ka huelo. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā iwi o ka wāwae ʻākau.

Nui ka nui o nā pterodactyls - mai nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka nui o ka pua, a i nā pteranodons nunui a me nā ʻēheu a hiki i ka 15 mau mika, nā hulu manu a azhdarchid (quetzalcoatl, aramburgiana) me nā ʻēheu a hiki i ka 12 mika.

ʻAi nā mea ʻuʻuku, nā nui, nā iʻa a me nā holoholona ʻano ʻē aʻe. ʻIke ʻia nā koena o ka pterodactyls mai ka Jurassic kiʻekiʻe a me ka waiho ʻana ma Cretaceous ma ke Komohana o ʻEulopa, ʻĀpana ʻAulopa a me ʻAmelika, ʻAmelika, a me ka ʻāina Volga ma Rūsia. Ma nāʻaoʻao o Volga no ka manawa mua, ua loaʻa ka koena o pterodactyl i 2005.

ʻO ka pterodactyl ka nui loa i loaʻa ma Romania ma ke kūlanakauhale o Sebes ma Alba County, ʻo kona mau ʻēheu he 16 m.

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka papa i ka nui o nā ʻohana.

Isstiodactylidae - he ʻohana nona nā luna i noho ma ka Jurassic a me Cretaceous manawa. Loaʻa nā ʻike a pau o kēia ʻohana ma ka ʻākau ʻākau - ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia. I ka makahiki 2011, ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi ʻano hou o Gwawinapterus beardi, i kēia ʻohana. Loaʻa ʻia ma Kanada ma Cretaceous sediment e hoʻomaka nei ma hope o 75 miliona mau makahiki.

Pteranodontidae- He ʻohana nui o nā pterosaurs Cretaceous e noho ana ma ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻEulopa. Hoʻokomo kēia ʻohana i ka huaʻomaʻi ma hope iho: Bogolubovia, Nyctosaurus, Pteranodon, Ornithostoma, Muzquizopteryx. Loaʻa nā koena o Ornithostoma, ke lālā kahiko o ka ʻohana, i ka UK.

Tapejaridae i ʻike ʻia mai Kina mai Brazil a mai Brazil mai ka Cretaceous mua.

Azhdarchidae (inoa inoa mai Ajdarxo (mai ka Persian Azi Dahaka kahiko), kahi deragona mai ka palapala moʻomeheu Persian). ʻIke mua ʻia lākou mai ka hope o ka Cretaceous, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka ʻike o kekahi helu o ka vertebrae i kahi ʻia mai ka Early Cretaceous (140 miliona mau makahiki i hala). ʻO kēia ʻohana kekahi o nā holoholona nui e pili ana i ka ʻepekema.