O nā ʻōlapa paha kekahi o nā hui kahiko i waena o nā manu ʻōiwi hou. ʻO ka loʻo fossil kahiko loa i loaʻa ma ʻO ka Oligocene Ioka o ʻAmelika Hema - kahi manu liʻiliʻi o ka huaʻāina Colymboides. E kū ʻia ka genus Gavia mai ka Miocene Puku. Eauleʻa a me kahi ala e pili ana, kokoke nā laka i ka penguin-like a me tubular-nosed. Hoʻololi pū ʻia nā lono me nā toadstools. ʻAʻohe ʻōlelo like ʻole kēia mau manu i ka morphology a i ʻole ecology.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā manu ʻenehana loon a he 1 m, ka paona mai 1 a 6.4 kg. Ua hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻia lākou i ka ʻona a me ke kūlohelohe. Pōleka ka ʻano o ko lākou kino, he hānoʻa a ākea hoʻi ka plumage, hilinaʻi i ke kino mai ka hoʻomoe ʻana i ka wai. Ua ʻoi aku nā wāwae i hope, kahi ʻano o nā lawaiʻa pua nani a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohui ʻia nā manamana lima mua e ka membrane ʻauʻau, ka lima ʻū hope ke hoʻomohala ʻia. ʻElua mau molts i loko o ka makahiki: ke kau o ka wā hoʻoilo, a hoʻohālikelike ʻia, a me ka pūnāwai, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka plumage.
E pili ana nā lono ma nā loko wai wai (ʻoi loa ia ma ke kumulāʻau a me ka nahele-tundra) oʻEulopa, ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me ʻAmelika Hema. Ma ka māhele o Lūkia, ʻelima nā ʻano kīlima āpau. ʻO kēia mau manu hoʻoilo i nā lekiʻō. E kau nani ana nā lono a holo nani. Hoʻokele lākou i ko lākou ola āpau ma ka wai, e waiho ana ma ka ʻāina wale nō i ka wā hana. Ma mua o ka lawaiʻa, ʻāwili nā puka i ka lewa mai lalo o nā hulu, e hoʻonui ai i ko lākou kaha. Ua nalo nā manu ma lalo o ka wai me ka wikiwiki maoli, me ka hoʻāʻo ʻole ʻana a hiki ʻole me ka walaʻau liʻiliʻi. Ma lalo o ka wai, hana lākou me ko lākou mau wāwae a mahele ʻokoʻa me nā ʻēheu, me ka pua e lele ʻoi aku i kahi alaloa ʻole a i ʻole nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, ke alualu nei i ka iʻa e lilo koke iā lākou. ʻO ka nui o nā kani holo. Kipa wale lākou i ka waona wai wai i ka wā mālama a i ka wā neʻe ʻana, a i ke koena o ka manawa a lākou e hoʻomau mau ai i ke kai.
Ma ka ʻāina, ʻaʻohe aʻaheʻe kēia mau manu, neʻe me ka paʻakikī, holo pinepine pinepine, kaomi ʻana me ka wāwae.
ʻAi maoli ka ʻai i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi. Loaʻa hoʻi nā Mollusks, crustaceans, worm, a me nā pepeke i loko o kā lākou ʻōpū: ʻo kēia mau pūʻulu o ka holoholona i hana koʻikoʻi i kaʻai o nā moa. I ka manawa hoʻopau ʻia nā mea kanu. Noho nā loina ma nā pūliki, ʻelua mau loa. Kahi ʻia nā n maka ma nā kihi o ka wai ma ke kahakai o ka waihona kālā. Holo ka hua ʻōlapa mai ka nuku i loko o ka wai, kahi e hoʻopiʻi malū nei nā puka ma ka pōpilikia. Hoʻokele ʻia o ʻelua, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a hoʻokahi a ʻekolu mau hua o ka ʻoliva-ʻulaʻulaʻula me ka ʻeleʻele a me ka hina hina. Hoʻokomo nā mākua ʻelua i nā hua manu no 24-29. ʻO ka hua ʻana i nā moa nui, ʻokiʻoki i nā hua moa, haʻalele koke lākou i ka pūnana.
Ma kahi liʻiliʻi o nā loina, a me nā manu pāʻani ʻē aʻe, ua hopu ʻia nā kānaka ʻōiwi o ka Far North e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻai no ka meaʻai. ʻO ka lawaiʻa ʻana ma mua o nā ʻili i hana ʻia ai ka hulu manu i kēia manawa. ʻO ka ʻai nui ʻana i nā maʻi a me nā nāwaliwali, ʻo ka loiloi ke kuleana o kekahi o nā ʻano o ke koho kūlohelohe, e hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ana i ke ʻano ākea o ka nui o ka iʻa.
Kāleka
Loon LoaGavia ʻAropa) - ka manu o ka hua pua (Gavia) ʻO nā mea maʻamau maʻamau ma waena o nā ʻano loina ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka loona pākahi nui (ʻoi aku ma mua o kahi ʻoheʻula ulaula, akā ʻike ʻia ke keʻokeʻo-ʻokeo a keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka ʻilima huina he 58-75 cm, mau pariru 110-114 cm. ʻO ke kaupaona ʻana o nā kāne, ʻo 2400-3349 g, nā wahine 1800–2354 He ʻeleʻele ka huaʻala, nā hina hina, nā hina o ka hina a ulaula. He ʻeleʻele ka iris o nā maka i nā manu ʻōpio. ʻO ke kala, e like me nā kala o ke kala, ʻelua mau leo: ʻeleʻele ke luna, keʻokeʻo ka lalo.
ʻO ke kāne kāne a wahine hoʻi i nā kapa moe moe he mau poʻo hina-hina a me ka ʻāʻī, mua ke nānā aku i ka maka o ke poʻo, ʻeleʻele a me ke kīleʻa ka poni a me ke kuli. Ma ka mahele haʻahaʻa o ka ʻōpū ma kahi ʻaoʻao he hoʻololi me ke ʻano keʻokeʻo lōʻihi. ʻO nā wahi ma hope o ka ʻāʻī me ke keʻokeʻo laina ākea laina lōʻihi, e hele ana ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka umauma. ʻAe ʻeleʻele ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke kino, ʻulaʻula i nā ʻaoʻao. ʻO nā lālani maʻamau o nā wahi quadrangular keʻokeʻo e hana ana i ka pale ʻana i ka laʻana i ka nānā i mua o ke kua a i ke alo o ka poʻohiwi, ʻōniʻoniʻo nā wahi keʻokeʻo liʻiliʻi i ka huelo. He keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ka lalo, me kahi anianiʻeleʻele i ke kāwele. ʻO ka mahele haʻahaʻa o ka ʻēheu he keʻokeʻo a me kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau polū. ʻEleʻele a ʻeleʻele ka hulu a me ka ʻeleʻele.
I ka lole o ka hoʻoilo, he lei ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele a ke poʻo a me ke kua o ka ʻāʻī a me ke kua, a he uliuli ka ʻaoʻao a me ke kua. Ke keʻokeʻo ma mua o ka ʻāʻī, nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo, ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū. Ua palena ka palena o ke kulaʻeleʻele ma ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī, aia nā wahi ulaula i ka ʻāʻī. Kūpono ka ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele i ke kaona i ka paʻa i kahi paʻa.
ʻO ka lole hulu mua o ka moa, he ʻeleʻele ia, e pihi ana i ka ʻaoʻao ventral, he ʻeleʻele ka ʻōpū. Aia a puni ka maka i kahi aniani keʻokeʻo paʻa. ʻO ka palaka a pōkole. ʻO ka lole ʻelua: like me ka lole mua, akā ʻano keʻokeʻo, ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka lole o ka manuahi e like me ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo o nā manu makua, akā ʻo ka ʻaoʻao o luna ka mea ulaula, nā hulu me ka hana hina, ka pahu brownish ma ke kihi a me ka mua o ka ʻāʻī.
Manaʻo
He leo ʻokoʻa loa ka leo o ke kani ʻeleʻele a me ke paʻakikī e haʻi i nā ʻōlelo. I nā lele, ʻoi aku ka lohe i ka pālela, hele wikiwiki ʻo ia i ka "ha ... ha ... ha ... ha ... garrraaa" a i ʻole hoʻokahi "hack", i ka wai - he leo nui loa, akā hana hou ʻia ka “cuckoo”, e hana ana i kahi hōʻailona akomi a me ka ʻona ʻāina. I nā wā mua o ka hana a me ka lawena, hana pinepine nā manu i kahi "unison duet" nona nā ʻano hīmeni kūmū nui i kūkulu ʻia i nā kī nui. ʻO kekahi manawa hana ʻia kēia duet e nā hui o nā loina, ka mea maʻamau o ka wā mua o ka wā mua o ka hana. He manu weliweli, i ka wa e kau ʻana, hoʻoiho pinepine lākou i ke kāhea ʻana i ka "uoh". Ma kahi o nā hea e ʻōlelo ʻia ai, nui ka nui o nā leo kani i ka nui o nā leo ʻē aʻe, e hoʻomanaʻo pinepine ana i ka ʻīlio a me ka ʻīwīwī, kūwili a i ʻole ka leo o kahi kanaka. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, waiwai nui ka leo o ka leo ʻeleʻele me ka mea ʻilihune a maikaʻi ʻole ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana. ʻO ke kauwela a me ke kauwela loa, he walahe nui nā lelo ʻeleʻele, ʻoiai ka neʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻoilo ke noho mālie lākou.
Hoʻaiho
Hāpai ka pālahalaha pua i nā ʻāpana arctic a me subarctic o Eurasia a i kahi liʻiliʻi kahi i komo i ke komohana nui o Alaska ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. I ʻEulopa, nā honu ma: Noretena, Suetena, Finlandia a me ʻEkelika ʻĀkau, ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika - loaʻa i ka Cape of the Prince of Wales. Ma ka Lūkini Lūkini i huki ʻia i nā mokupuni: ka ʻaoʻao hema o Novaya Zemlya, Kolguyev, Vaigach (wala i ka mokupuni o Novosibirsk a me ka mokupuni ʻo Wrangel) e noho nei ma ka uka o Kola Peninsula a me Karelia hikina a hiki i ka Anadyr Lowland, Chukchi Peninsula, Koryak Upland, Kamchatka, Okhotsk nā kai a me nā palena i lalo o ka Amur. ʻIke ʻia ia ma nā palena kiʻekiʻe o Taimyr a me ke kahe o nā tundra kahawai mai ka palena o ka Yana i hikina a i ka Chukchi Peninsula. Hāpai ka palena hema o ka palena me Latvia, Estonia a me Lithuania, Minsk Polesie ma Belarus. Ua loaʻa ia ma Kazakhstan ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau a ma hikina o ka republik (ʻo Tobol basin, Naurzum mau loko, nā ʻihi ʻo Irgiz a me Turgai, nā loko o ka ʻĀkau o Kazakhstan, Kokchetav, Pavlodar a me Semipalatinsk, Lake Kurgaldzhin, ka palena o lalo o ka Nura a me Selety, Irtysh awāwa, ʻO Lake Balkhash Lake Mark-Kul, Lake Zaysan. Ma Lūkia, aia nō kekahi ma Altai, nā ʻāpana o nā mauna Sayan, ʻo Tuva (kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka pūnana ma nā kaikuʻu o Ubsu-Nur a me Tere-Khol). ʻIke ʻia ka nui ma loko o ka loko o Mongolia. I nā makahiki 40-70 i hala, ua neʻe ka palena hema o ka ʻāina ma waena o ʻEulopa i ka 200-300 km, ua nalowale nā loea ʻeleʻele mai nā Ryazan, Moscow, a me Yaroslavl i kēia manawa , ma nā kīlā Sheksna a me Mologa.
Ke Komohana o ʻEulopa, heʻe ʻo ia i ke kahakai ʻo ʻAmelika a me ke Kai ʻAmelika ma kahakai o Norewai, Suetena, ʻAlemani, Kelemānia, ʻEnelani, Netherlands, Belelika a me Farani, me ke kahawai ʻo Bay Biscay, ma ke kūkulu ʻĀkau o ke Kaiʻula, ma ke Kaiʻula. Ma Asia, aia nā mahina ʻeleʻele o ka hoʻoilo ma ke kahakai ʻo Caspian o Iran, ma ke kahakai o ka Pākīpika mai Kamchatka a me Sakhalin a hiki i ʻĀsia Hema.
I ka manawa e nawai ai, ua hui pū ʻia ʻo Loon Black-throated me nā loko nui a nui. ʻO ka hiki i kēlā mau loko e ʻae ai i pili i nā ʻano ʻāina ʻē loa, mai tundra ma ka ʻākau i hiki i semi-deserto a me nā neoneo wao (Issyk-Kul) ma ka ʻaoʻao hema. Ma nā kuahiwi e kani ai ʻo ia i nā puʻu a hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2100–2300 m ma luna o ke kai (Altai, Mountains Sayan). Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no nā loilo o ka ʻāʻī ʻōpala i loko o nā papa momona me kahi pānaʻi waiwai nui o nā loko like ʻole, me ka alas-tundra a me ka ʻōhulu uluna ala. Ma ka lele hele ʻana i nā awāwa wai, nā loko nui a me ke kai, i ka wā hoʻoilo - kokoke loa i nā wahi kahakai o ke kai. Noho nō hoʻi nā manu lele i ke kai i ke kauwela.
Ma ka ʻona tundra, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka loona ʻulaʻulaʻula. Ma Yamal i 1978, ua piʻi aku ka nui o nā wahi ma kahi o 40 mau pālua no 100 km², ma ka haʻahaʻa Indigirka (kauhale Berelyakh) - hiki i 44 mau pālua ma 100 km². Ma ka tundra, nā nahele-tundra a me nā kaʻe ʻākau o Taimyr komohana, no kēlā me kēia 10 mau loko, aia kahi ʻelua a ʻelima mau pūʻulu puaʻa. Ma ka ulu lāʻau, ulu ʻole ka nahele-ʻanuʻu a me nā wahi ala. I ka wā hoʻoilo, e hōʻuluʻulu i nā manawa he mau haneli i nā ʻulepili, akā ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua mālama ʻia nā manu 2-3 i 1 km o ke kahakai.
Ke noho maʻamau
Ma ka wai ma kahi kūlana mālie, e noho mau ai ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa, akā naʻe, e hopohopo ana, e nalo ana i ka hohonu, no laila ua ʻike wale ʻia kahi kaula liʻiliʻi o ke kua a me ke poʻo me ka ʻāʻī. I ka lele, ua like ia me ka waika nui, akā no ka mau wāwae i kau ʻoi ka hope, ua lōʻihi ka lōʻihi. Ua wikiwiki ka lele, me ka lele pinepine ʻana i nā ʻēheu, pololei a he maneuverable. He hiki ʻole ke kuʻi ʻeleʻele ʻia ke huli ʻana i kahi ākea ākea a i kahi koi koi. Holo nā manu ʻoi wale nō - ʻoiai i loko o nā māla, nā kala ʻeleʻele i lele ʻole ʻia ka lele kokoke kekahi i kekahi, akā i nā manawa āpau a maʻamau hoʻi i nā koina kiʻekiʻe. Ma ka lele lele ʻaʻole ia i hānai i ka ʻohana i ka lewa, a hiki i nā manawa ke hoʻopuʻi ʻia i nā pūʻulu i ʻike ʻia, ʻoiai e ʻai ana ia i ka wai i loko o nā puʻupuʻu nui (a ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau manu). Ala ka wai i luna o ka wai, e holo mau ana i kahi holo lōʻihi (no laila ke kau nei ma luna o nā loko nui) a, me he mea la, e kūʻē i ka makani, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke lele iki i ka honua. E like me nā kelona a pau, ʻauʻau wale a e hōʻale nani. Ke kālo nei ʻo ia i loko o ka wai, i kekahi manawa hoʻāla kahe i ka wai, i kekahi manawa dives me ka hoʻāla hoʻoliʻu nui ("noisy dive"). Hiki iā ia ke noho ma lalo o ka wai a hiki i ka 135 s, ka maʻamau 40-50 s. Hiki i ka hohonu o ka lau hohonu ke lilo 45-46 m, akā ʻo ka liʻiliʻi ka mea haʻahaʻa. Ma ka ʻāina, neʻe ʻo ia me ka paʻakikī, ka ʻūʻī ʻana i loko o kona ʻōpū, kaomi ʻana me kona mau wāwae a me ke kōkua ʻana i kona mau ʻēheu.
ʻO nā puka ʻoneʻele i ulaula, e like me nā mea ʻulaʻula ulaula, ua ikaika ia i ka uaki, aʻo ia hoʻi i nā ʻāpana o ka awāwa e moe ana ma waho o ka ʻAlika Arctic. Hoʻopau i ka nui i ke ao, ʻoiai i ke ahiahi, akā ʻo ka manawa pinepine i ka pō. I nā tundra, ʻo nā "ʻeleʻele" o nā kala ʻeleʻele, i ka wā ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau palanikani e kau ana ma nā loko e kokoke ana, i ka manawa like no ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka duison unison. ʻO kā lākou "uwē" e lohe mau ʻia i ke ahiahi a me ke ahiahi.
I ka manawa hana nui ʻia e mālama ʻia ai ka pālua, ma ka neʻe ʻana a i ka hoʻoilo - kani a me nā pālua, hana pinepine i nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai loa ka manawa i kū mai ai ke kō ma ke ana wahi, i ka wā i ʻike mua ai nā kaʻe a me nā loko i loko o nā loko a me nā kahe, a ua kūpono ka wai wai no ka hoʻowalewale. palena ʻole. I kēia manawa, hiki ke ʻike pinepine i kekahi o nā pua hipa o ka 15 mau manu e ʻai pū ana. Eia nō naʻe, me ka hopohopo, ʻo ia mau pūʻulu e piʻi ana i ka lewa, e lūlū i nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole. Inā ʻoi aku paha ma mua o hoʻokahi mau pona i paʻa i ka wai, a i ka manawa i pōʻino ai, lele nā manu i haʻalele i nā nice i loko o kahi ʻohana paʻa a noho pū i ka waenakonu o ka panawai. ʻO ka lohi a mau keokeo e hiamoe ana, e like me nā mea ʻulaʻula ulaula, i loko o ka wai, huli ai a hoʻomaha i ko lākou poʻo a me nā ʻāʻī ma ko lākou mau kua. ʻO ka hiamoe iki ka pōkole, akā i ka lā e hoʻomaha ai nā manu i nā manawa, pinepine i ka manawa i ka manawa o ke aumoe a i ke awakea (i ka 13 a 16 mau hola).
Nā hiʻohiʻona molting
ʻO ka mahele o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā lole no ka loon ʻeleʻele e like like me nā ʻano loona ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kahe o nā papale a me ke ʻano o ke kāʻei pūleʻa, e like me ka loona ʻulaʻula ulaula, hoʻokaʻawale nā hulu o ka hulu manu i loaʻa i nā kihi o nā hulu o ka lua, a ma kahi e kau ai i nā wēlau o ka peema o ka plumage a ʻaʻa a paʻa i ka wā e ulu ai ka hulu. Hoʻomaka ke hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lole huna hānai i waena o ʻAukake - Kepakemapa. Shedding ma waena, a laila hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ka ʻaʻa mare mua. Hoʻopili loa ia a hoʻopau wale ʻia i ka makahiki ʻekolu o ke ola. Hoʻololi ka lūlū o ke kino i ka manawa mai ka mahina ʻo Dekemaba - Ianuali a hiki i ke kauwela, a ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia plumage e ka hulu manu o ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo o nā manu pākeke, ʻeleʻele me kahi ʻāpana ma hope o ke ʻano, akā inā ʻaʻohe wahi keʻokeʻo ma luna o nā uhi ākea luna (ka lole waena. Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea lele lele lele i kēia mau lole i Iulai - ʻAukake. Hiki iā ia i ka wā lohi ke loli hou ka hulu o ke kino, ma ka hapa ʻana a ʻāpana paha, i like me ka lole o ka wā hoʻoilo, akā ʻaʻohe wahi keʻokeʻo ma luna o nā uhi o ka ʻaoʻao o luna. Ma Pepeluali - Mei o ka makahiki ʻekolu, loaʻa ka pre-molt mua mua a ka mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā manu makua. ʻO ka hoʻololi like ʻana o ka piʻo mua e kū nei i ʻApelila - Mei.
Hoʻomaka ka mua ʻana o ka manu ʻōpua mai nā waena o Ianuali a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o Mei a ua like pū me ka loina ulaula. Hoʻololi nā ʻōiwi ma ka lāʻo Pepeluali - ʻApelila, hāʻule i ka manawa like, a nalowale nā manu make ʻole ko lākou hiki ke lele. ʻAno ʻole ka pau ʻana o ka molting post-nest a lōʻihi mai ka waena o ʻAukake a hiki i ka hopena o Dekemaba (mau ʻula nā hulu o ke kino, ua ʻili nā hulu ʻili a me kahi hapa o nā uhi o ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe). Hoʻomaka ka loli o ka plumage ma ka lae a e pālahalaha ana i ke poʻo a me ke kino. I kekahi manawa ʻaʻole kū ka post-nest molting, a me ka hulu ʻeleʻele o ka lole mare, e hoʻomaka ana ma Ianuali, ua hoʻololi ʻia ia me ka lole mare.
Nā Moho
ʻO nā neʻe i ka panana o nā loilo ʻeleʻele i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka ʻūlū ʻūlū o nā subspecies Gavia arctica arctica, e pili ana i ka mauna mai Scandinavia a hiki i lalo o ka muliwai Lena. Hoʻomaka ka haʻalele ʻana o kēia mau kānaka i ka hapa hope o Kepakemapa a hala i ke ala ʻo ke Kai Keʻokeʻo - Vyborg Bay - Estonia - ʻĀpana, Moldova, Romania Bulgaria - ke kahakai o ke Kai o Azov a me ke Kaiʻula. Hele ka hūnā puna wai ma ke kihi ʻokoʻa, ma ka nui o ʻApelila.
ʻIke liʻiliʻi i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā neʻe ʻana o nā kaila ma nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele e pili ana i ka hema o 60-66 ° C. w lu. ʻO kekahi o lākou kēia hoʻoilo ma ke Kaiu ʻo ʻAmelika a me ʻAleka paha, a aia paha i ke Kaiʻula. Maikaʻi paha lākou i ka neʻe ʻana i ka puna wai i loko o ʻApelila - Mei ma ka ʻĀkau ma o nā wahi waena o nā ʻāpana ʻEulopa a me Kazakhstan, i ka wā o ka neʻe i ka hopena ma ka ʻaoʻao hema.
Ma ka lele ʻana, ʻaʻole i kau nā loina i nā ʻohana maoli, neʻe wale ana a i ʻole ʻelua i ka lewa i ke kiʻekiʻe o 300-500 m, a hōʻuluʻulu i nā ʻōpū ma luna o ka wai wale.
Mea ʻai
ʻO nā kīʻaha nui o nā loea ʻeleʻele i liʻiliʻi ka liʻiliʻi a me nā iʻa maʻa, ke hopu ʻia e ka lua a me ka lele a ma hope o nā kahawai a i ʻole nā loko laulā nui i loko o ka iʻa, ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka moana. ʻO ka ʻōpala ʻo Crustaceans, ʻoi loa ka nui o ka nui ampaphods i ka wā e hānai ai i nā moa, i ka wā e hānai nā manu i nā wā lawaiʻa. I ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā crustaceans, i loko o ka papaʻai i nā kīnika ʻeleʻele, i ka ʻōpala, nā mollusks a me nā mea kanu iʻa (nā wai wai, nā ʻōpio naga nui), a me nā piʻiona mau manawa, ʻike ʻia. ʻO kekahi manawa, ʻo ia ka puna, ua ʻai ʻia nā mea kanu aku a me kā lākou hua kanu. I ka lele ʻana, hānai nui lākou i ka loko a me nā muliwai, ai ka hoʻoilo ma kahi kokoke i ke kai.I ka ʻai ʻana, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻano pinepine lākou i nā hipa a me nā iʻa, e ʻohi ana i kahi laina. ʻAʻole e like me nā loina ʻulaʻula ulaula, ʻaʻole lākou i ka lawaiʻa ma nā ʻanuʻu kahawai. Loaʻa ka ʻai e ka lawaiʻa ma lalo o ka wai a lawe i ka pīpī, a ua make ʻia ka iʻa e ka ikaika o ka beak. Hānai ʻia nā puhoi Downy me nā invertebrates aquatic, ʻoi loa ka crustaceans, a ma hope me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi.
ʻAno hānau
Loaʻa nā puka ʻeleʻele i kā lākou puka ma ka wā wī ma mua o ke kolu o ka makahiki o ke ola. Nā paʻikā Monogamous mau. Hoʻohui ʻia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka waʻa me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka wai mai ka hau.
Nui nā ʻano i koho ʻia no ka lehelehe. He mea koʻikoʻi ke kumu nui o ka lōʻihi o ka nui o ka nui o ke kaila e lawe ai a lawe i kahi hana (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka 15-20 m). I kekahi mau manawa ua kani nā lone manuahi ma loko o nā loko liʻiliʻi, akā pili mau ʻia e nā kahawai me nā mea nui hou, kahi e holo ai ka manu ma kahi o ka pōʻino. ʻO ka lele pinepine ʻana i nā wai me nā wahi ʻē aʻe i ka ʻai, ʻaʻole pono ka loaʻa ʻana o ka iʻa a me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe i nā loko e pono ai. E like me ke kānāwai, ua hahana nā pākahi i ka loko, akā a hiki i ka 3-4 mau palanikani hiki iā lākou ke kau ma luna o nā loko nui, ʻoi loa nā kahakai. Aia ma nā loko nui, he 50-1-1 ha ka lōʻihi, a ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā nīnohu me ke kahakai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma 200-300 m. I ka pili ʻana o nā papa o nā loko liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole nui ka mamao ma waena o nā nīnū. e 50-100 m. He mau mea hānai a me ka hilahila nā pualikoa maoli i kēlā me kēia makahiki i loko o ka hale kiʻina e like me, akā ʻo ka pinepine (ʻaʻole pono ia) e hoʻohana ana i kahi pūnana.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kelele ʻeleʻele i kūkulu ʻia i nā ʻano ʻano hanu. ʻO ke ʻano mua, he ʻano maʻamau no ka oligotrophic hohonu hohonu (nā wai wai me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa loa i nā mea kūlohelohe) mau loko me nā hiʻu like ʻole a maloo, a no nā ʻāpana like ʻole o nā kahe mundra puʻu me nā wai pāpaku a me kahi palena ākea kikin. ma ke kahakai. Aia ka pūnana ma kahakai, e wehe piha ʻia i ka lihi o ka wai (ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole ma kahi o 30-50 cm), e hiki koke i ka manu ke hele i ka ʻāina a i ʻole e hele ai i ka nalo i ka wai inā he pilikia. Ma ka puka lua ua nānā ʻia i ka nū, kahi e kahe ai ka manu i komo i ka wai. I kekahi manawa aia ʻelua ʻano manhole: nā mea no ke komo ʻana i ka pūnana, ʻo kekahi, ʻoi aku ka pōkole, no ka iho i lalo i ka wai. E hana i kahi nīnū, kahi kuʻekuʻe, nā kuʻuna semi-submerged, a i ʻole mokupuni liʻiliʻi i wae ʻia, akā pinepine ke kūkulu ʻia i ka nano ma kapakai piha. Loaʻa nā lālā ʻelua o ka kāne i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pūnana, akā ʻo ka mea nui ka mīkini kāne. ʻO ka nūnū he kīpaha paʻa pālapa o ka sphagnum, sedge a i ʻole nā lāʻau arctophile (makahiki hope a i ʻole hou hoʻi), i kekahi manawa me ka hoʻohui o algae, nā manu e kiʻi mai ka lalo o ka waiwai. Ma ka piko aia kahi tray kahi wehewehe maikaʻi. E like me ke kānāwai, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka laha wai me ka wai, akā i kekahi manawa ua maloʻo maloʻo (ma nā kiʻekiʻe sphagnum shores). Nā pihi kūpaʻa (i ke cm): diameter 30-40, diameter o ka pā 20-25, ka hohonu o ke koena 3-4. ʻO ka hūnā o ka lua, kahi ʻano kakaʻokeʻe loaʻa ma ka wai pāpaku me ka hohonu o 10-60 cm ma nā ulaula o nā mea ākea a me nā arctophiles. Kahi ʻaina ʻano like me kahi ʻano kuʻi i hana ʻia me nā kumu lāʻau, rhizome a me nā lau o nā mea kanu a ʻōlī ʻia i loko o ka wai, kahi e moe ai ma lalo o ia a i kākoʻo ʻia paha ma kahi kūlana semi-floating e nā kumu o nā mea kanu. ʻO luna ka papa luna o ka cone, ka mea e hoʻokumu ai i ka pā o ka pūnana, he 30-40 cm ka lōʻihi a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā hua lāʻau a hope o ka makahiki i hala. ʻO ka hoʻohelena ʻana ka lining me ka wai. ʻO nā ʻano nalo o ke ʻano kolu nā ʻano o nā loko nui i piha ʻia me nā ʻāpana o nā ʻalāʻau ala, a me nā wahi ala. ʻAʻole kūlike kēlā mau maka like ʻole i ka hoʻolālā mai nā nests o ke ʻano mua, akā he kumu maoli nō hoʻi. ʻO kekahi mau mea like me nā kumu hoʻapono maoli, akā loaʻa ʻole nā hihia like ʻole.
ʻO ka pālima piha piha he ʻelua, liʻiliʻi i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aʻe hoʻi a ʻekolu mau hua. ʻO nā hua, e like me nā kelepona ʻē aʻe, he ellipsoid-elongated, me kahi pūpū palupalu palupalu. Maʻalahi ka ʻāpana: heʻeleʻele ka papahele nui, mai ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻoliva a ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula, kahi hiʻohiʻona ma ke ʻano o ka hapa ʻulaʻula ʻole i loaʻa i kahi brownish-ʻeleʻele a me nā kilokilo i hoʻopuʻi ʻia i ka lehelehe o ka hua manu. I kekahi manawa ua aneane paʻa ʻole. ʻO ka pūpū me ka uala aila iki, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ana i ka wā e hoʻopili ana. ʻO ka nui o nā hua he 75 × 45 mm, kaumaha 120 g. Hoʻomoʻa ʻia ma nā hāmeʻe-hina ākea e hoʻomaka me ka hua mua. Loaʻa nā lālā ʻelua o ka male i ka incubation, akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka wahine i ka ʻēheu lōʻihi. Ke hele ʻo ia i ka pōpilikia, kū pinepine ka manu incubating e komo i loko o ka wai a me ke komo pū ʻana i kahi hoa manuahi, e ʻauʻau kokoke i ka ʻōpū. Ua hoʻi hou i ka noke wale ke kaʻa hala ʻana o ka pōʻino. I ke kūlana pōʻino, ma ke kānāwai, ʻaʻole lele ka manu mai ka loko o kahi kuahiwi. Noho ka Incubation i nā lā 28-30. ʻO ka paona o ka pipi hou e kau nei ma kahi o 75 g me ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o 170 mm. Ma hope o ka hatching, noho mau nā moa i ka pūnana ma mua o nā kahe ʻulaʻula ulaula - maʻamau i ʻelua a ʻekolu mau lā. Hoʻomaka ka hua puaʻa keiki me ka mālama ʻana iā lākou iho ma ka makahiki 60-70 mau lā, a ma ka manawa like (ma ka waena (ʻoi aku - i ka hopena o Kepakemapa) e hoʻomaka lākou e lele a me ka haʻalele i ka kahele puaʻa, e hele i ke ola kūʻokoʻa.
ʻEleʻele a me Poʻomanaʻo
Loon black-throated loona nona ka helu o ka hopu a me nā mea e pono ana o nā manu, eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe manu kūpono e holo ma laila. Hoʻohana ka poʻe ʻōiwi o ka Far North i ka ʻona ʻeleʻele o ka loona no ka ʻai, akā loaʻa iā ia ma ka ulia maoli. Hoʻokomo i loko o nā Appendix 2 o ka Convention Berne. Mālama ʻia iā Darwin, Lower Svir, Polistovsky a me Rdeisky mālama ʻāina, i loko o nā ʻano kūlohelohe e pili ana i ka nui o nā kūloko ma nā wahi o Leningrad a me Novgorod. Bred ma nā mokulele pilikino ma Kelemānia. ʻOiai ke hoʻolaha nui nei ka loon black throated, ʻoiai ka nui o ka helu.
Na palapala kapu
I nā kala ʻonoʻeleʻele, ʻelua mau ʻāpana ʻokoʻa, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hina hina ma ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī, a me nā aniani o ke kala mete i ke ʻāʻī a ma lalo o ka ʻāʻī.
- Gavia ʻĀpea arctica, Kuekene. ʻO ka piko o ke poʻo a me ke kua i hope o ka hina hina, ko ka metallic tint i ka ʻāʻī a me ka mua o ke kua he ʻulaʻula a i ʻole violet. Kahi ʻia nā subspecies i ka ʻaoʻao komohana o ka ʻano ʻehā ma ka hikina Lena a me Baikal.
- Gavia arctica viridigularis, ma komohana komohana o ke kai o Okhotsk. ʻAeʻeleʻele ka luna o ke poʻo a me ke kua o ka ʻāʻī, heʻeleʻele ka hina, ka hiehie metallic i ke ʻāʻī a he ʻōmaʻomaʻo mua o ka ʻāʻī. E kahele ʻia nā subspecies ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o nā ʻano ʻehā i ke komohana a hiki i nā paʻi Lena a Baikal.
Loon keokeo ʻāʻī
(Gavia pacifica). Nā kīkē kākāki, nā ʻauaka ʻohana. Palapala - Asia, ʻAmelika, ʻEulopa. ʻO 70 cm ka momona 4 kg.
He mau manu kahiko nā lohe. ʻO nā kūpuna o nā kala kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole like ʻole ia i nā mea ʻē aʻe i ke ʻano a me nā hana, ua noho ma ka honua he 30 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia kēia e nā ʻike o nā manu e noho nei ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. Kūpono nā loona i ke ola ma nā kino nui o ka wai. ʻO ke ʻano o ke kino helehelena a me nā membrane lawaiʻa ma waena o nā manamana lima e ʻae iā lākou e holo a hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi, a me ka plumage weliweli - i ka manawa lōʻihi i ka wai anuanu. Mai ia manawa he waiho wale wale nō ia i ka wā hana. Ma ka manawa like, haʻalele lākou i nā wai kahakai o ka moana a lele i nā kino wai hou, ma nā kapa kai a lākou e pā ai. ʻO ka papaʻai o ka loona e loaʻa i nā ʻano ʻano holoholona iʻa - iʻa, invertebrates, mollusks, a me ka algae pū kekahi. ʻO ke kūmākena a ka wahine a ke loona e like me ke kū a ka holoholona hihiu a hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoweliweli i ka mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia. Hoʻokumu nā pālono Loon i kahi make wale o ka hoa hoa, hiki i nā manu ke hana i kahi pālua. I ke kau ʻana o nā kala - mai ka 1 a hiki i ka 3 huaʻai, ʻoniʻoni ka laulā maʻamau o ke kala o nā hua.
ʻOkoʻa loa nā lou ʻono keʻokeʻo a kūlike me kahi ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele ma ka wahi keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia ʻano. ʻAʻohe wahi momona i ka lole hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo. ʻO nā lihiona keʻokeʻo a me nā lelo ʻeleʻele hoʻi i like i kēia manawa. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka loona ʻāʻī ʻeleʻele, he ipo ʻūpā keʻokeʻo. I ka hoʻoilo, ma ka pae o Rūsia, ʻike ʻia nā kīlaha keʻokeʻo i waho o ke kapakai o Kamchatka hema a i nā mokupuni ʻo Kuril. I ka wā hele ʻana lākou e hōʻiliʻili ai i nā hipa a ʻokoʻa kēia mau ʻano ʻano kīnea.
He nui manu nui nā liona. Ma mua, ʻo lākou ka mea i manaʻo ʻia i nā ʻūlani. I kēia manawa, papa ʻia ka manu hānai ʻia, a ua kau ʻia nā keʻokeʻo a ʻokeo keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele i loko o ka Red Book o Rūsia.
ʻO nā inoa ʻē aʻe no ka loona keʻokeʻo i keʻokeʻo a i ʻole ka loona keʻokeʻo i keʻokeʻo a i ʻole ka ʻulaʻula hoʻi i keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo. He manu mālama nui kēia. I nā eheu, ua hiki aku i 1.5 m, he paona ma luna o 6 kg. Noho nā kīpiko keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma nā kahakai ʻo Arctic āpau o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. Pahu lākou i ka iʻa. ʻOiai ʻaʻole lākou e hopohopo i ka manawa e hopu ai i nā nūnū moana, mollusks, crustaceans. E ʻaina ma nā kahakai o nā kino wai hohonu. Kūkulu ʻia nā nests ma kahi kokoke o ka wai mai nā mea kanu kai.
Ua hoʻopuka mua ʻia kēia mau ʻano e ko Zoologist Pelekane ʻo George Grey i ka makahiki 1859 ma ke kumu o nā kihi i ʻohi ʻia ma Alaska. ʻO Gavia adamsii, he loon keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, loaʻa iā ia kona inoa kūikawā no ka hoʻohanohano o ke kauka no ka mea lewa a me ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa Arctic Edward Adams. Ma muli o kahi kuʻikahi i hoʻopau ʻia ma ka makahiki 1918 ma waena o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Nui Pelekane, ua komo ke kīpona keʻokeʻo ma ka papa inoa o nā manu e pono ai ka pale.
Nā noke ʻele a me nā ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika, ʻo ʻEulopa, a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Hoʻomaka ia e kū i Central Russia - ma Yaroslavl, Moscow, Ryazan mau wahi, ma Kazakhstan. ʻO ka meaʻai nui, ka iʻa. ʻAʻohe kaʻa kūikawā no ka hopu. Hiki iā lākou ke hānai i ke kakahiaka, i ke ahiahi a me ke ahiahi. Loaʻa nā laka ʻeleʻele i kekahi iʻa i hiki iā lākou ke hoʻolilo. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke ʻoluʻolu kēia mau manu i ka mea i liʻiliʻi ma ka liʻiliʻi. ʻAno makemake eʻai i nā lua, nā baki. Me ka nele o ka meaʻai, nā wī nā ʻoki a me nā lau o nā mea kanu aku. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā nests ma nāʻaoʻao o nā loko a ʻaʻole e hoʻohuli pono iā lākou.
ʻO ka loona red-throated ka hapa liʻiliʻi o ka hanana ʻano. ʻAʻole hiki ke kaupaona kona paona i ka 2,5 kg Hola kēia mau manu ma ʻākau ʻEulopa, ʻAsia a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. Overwinter i ka ʻele hau ʻole o nā kai. Lele lākou a ʻauʻau maikaʻi. Hiki ke hōʻiliʻili i ka meaʻai ma ka hohonu o ka ʻoi aku o 9 m. ʻO ka meaʻai nui ka iʻa liʻiliʻi. Mai nā kahua huna, ʻike pono kēia mau laka no ka hānai ʻana, i kēlā me kēia lā he ʻumi mau mile. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā kuʻi ma ka ʻāina a ma ka wai. E hoʻohana i nā mea kanu i kēia makahiki. Mai nā nū i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i kahakai, ua waiho ʻia nā manhole kūikawā i ka wai i hiki i nā ʻāpana ke holo koke i ka wai i loko o ka pōpilikia. Aia he ʻelua mau huaʻehā i kahi maʻa, ʻehā loa. Hoʻopili hou ko lākou mau mākua. Hānau ʻia ʻo Chicks ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina.