Nematodes, kekahi inoa e mau pōʻai, nā lālā o ka hua celiac. ʻO kā lākou mea ʻokoʻa nui loa. I kēia manawa, ua ʻike ʻia he miliona miliona o kēia ʻano kupa.

Ua hoʻokaʻawaleʻia lākou a pau e nā manuana a me nā maʻi parasit. Nā ʻano maʻamau o nā mea āpau nematodes a ʻano. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ke kino o nā nematodes pono e like me ka pua, kuʻuʻina i nā kihi: mua a i hope.

Ua kapa ʻia lākou i ka ʻāpana kumu a hāʻawi ka ʻāpana i kahi pōʻai. Hoʻopili ʻia ko lākou kino ma loko o ka cuticle maloʻo loa, aia nā ʻūhā lōʻihi i lalo o lalo. Hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia kēia kiʻi nematode.

ʻAʻohe ala uila a me ka pūnaehana hoʻoili. Hana ʻia ka hana ʻana e ka hau holoʻokoʻa o ke kino a i ʻole anaerobically. He maʻalahi ka ʻōnaehana haʻalulu a komo i ka waha a me ka anus, ma waena o laila kahi he pulu pololei.

Aia kekahi "waha" ma ke poʻo e hoʻopuni ʻia e nā lehelehe. Ma o ua mea lā, hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea kanu: ke hānai ʻia ka meaʻai. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia i nā mau manu nematodes manuahi manu he mau maka, hiki ke ʻano like me nā ʻōniʻoniʻo ʻōniʻoniʻo. ʻO nā nui o ke kino o nā pōpoki mai ka awelika o 1 mm a 37 cm.

I ke kiʻi, ʻo ka hoʻolālā o ka nematode

Nematodes hōʻike i kahi hōʻike maikaʻi o ka holomua kūlohelohe. Noho lākou i kēia lā i nā kaiapuni. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana mai i ka wai paʻakai o ke kai, ma muli o ka ulu ʻana, ua lanakila lākou i nā kino wai, ka ʻāina a i kēia manawa ke hiki iā lākou ke noho a hoʻonui i ka nui o nā meaola lehulehu.

ʻO ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka nematodes

E like me kekahi parasit, ʻawaʻi nematode, ke hoʻopololei nei maikaʻi, he pōkole ola maʻalahi a ke kūkulu wikiwiki nei ia. Hiki ke kapa ʻia he ʻano maikaʻi.

Noho ʻia i loko o ke kino o ka "nona", hiki iā ia ke hoʻowalewale i nā maʻi like ʻole, akā naʻe hōʻalo. Nematode hoʻohana i kāna mea ʻai a me ke kino no ke ola, a i ʻole e hoʻokō hou ʻia - ua wehe ʻia i kāna mau hua mai hui pūʻai "Kumu". No laila, loaʻa ka mea waena, a me ka hoʻolimalima ma luna o kahi āpana nui.

E ola, nā ʻōpala āpau nematodes papa, aia nō nā ʻōnaehana hou i loaʻa iā ia ma muli o ka ʻōhumu. Mālama ʻia kona ʻōpio mānoanoa i ka hana o nā wai ʻalowā, he momona nui nā wahine, nā ʻokoʻa kūikawā no ka hoʻopili. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano o ka nematodes e hana kūleʻa e hoʻopau i nā ʻōpala "hōʻeha".

Nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻona o nā pōwili

Kūʻai nā helu mai nā 80 microns a 8 mau mika. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne. Loaʻa nā ʻelele āpau i nā simmoli bilateral.

ʻO ke ʻano o ke kino he cylindrical a spindle-like paha, ka mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka hoʻokaʻawale. Hoʻopili piha loa kahi ʻiliahi kālai ʻia i ke kino mai waho. Hoʻopili ʻia ka luaa kino i loko o nā ʻili i nā ʻili kino-ʻili. Loaʻa i ka wai ka mea e hoʻopiha i ka wahi ma waena o nā mea kikowaena o loko. Lawelawe ia i ke kākoʻo a hana i kahi hana hoʻokaʻawa.

Hiki i nā ʻōkuhi parasitic ke loaʻa i ke ʻano syncytial i ka wā i hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia ai ka papalapa o epithelial o ka iwi i loko o nā ʻāpana olakino, akā he ʻano hoʻokahi me ka nuclei. ʻO ka hypoderm e waiho ana ma lalo o ka syncytium e loaʻa ana nā mea kanu (glycogen).

Nā ʻano ʻano o Nematodes

Kūleʻa a pau nematodes a māhele ʻia i ʻelua ʻano o: nā ola manuahi a me nā palaai. Noho ka mea maʻa i ka lepo a me ka wai, ʻoiai ka mea i noho ma hope o nā mea kanu a me nā mea ola o nā holoholona, ​​nā pepeke, a me nā kānaka.

Noho ola nematodes account no ka hapanui o nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike. Aia ka liʻiliʻi o lākou āpau a hiki i nā lapalapa ke hele wale aku i 3 cm. Hiki iā lākou ke noho i loko o kahi wai, inā paha i ka vīnega.

I nā mahana wela haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka North Pole. Nui nā nematode e noho nei i nā lepo i hāʻawi i nā pōmaikaʻi ʻole a he mea nui ka hana i ke kaʻina hana o ka lepo.

ʻO kā lākou noi nematodes ua loaa a i ka hale hoʻopaʻa. ^ E Ha yM. He meaʻai maikaʻi loa lākou no ka palaoa. Ua ulu nui lākou a ulu hou paha iā lākou iho i ka wā e hoʻolohi nui ai a i ʻole i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia o nā ʻōpala.

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka Parasite i nā pōʻino ʻole i ka mahiʻai i ka mahiʻai, nā kahu holoholona a me nā kānaka. Nematodes kumu i nā ʻano ʻilihune maʻi. ^ E Ha yM. Hiki iā lākou ke kāhili i nā ʻāpana āpau. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā puʻuwai e nā nui i ʻoi aku ka nui. No ka laʻana, sperm whale nematodes a 8 paha mau 'ana.

Kaheʻe Nematode

Loaʻa nā nematode ola-ola i nā algae liʻiliʻi, nā mea make, nā mea kanu. 'Aʻole nā ​​hiʻohiʻona ma waena o lākou. Me kā lākou waha, hoʻopili wale lākou i ka meaʻai. ʻO nā Parasites e noho ana ma luna o nā mea kanu lāʻau iā lākou iho i kahi kākahu kūikawā i ka ana o ka waha.

Hoʻokomo ʻo Nematodes iā lākou me nā kikoʻi a hoʻoiho i kā lākou wai momona, a laila hoʻomoʻe i ka meaʻai. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻo ka hoʻowalewale keu-ʻili. Aia nā Nematodes i loko o ke kino o ka "host" noho ma muli o nā mea kanu i hana ʻia e ia. ʻO nā nematodes Hoʻohana wale no kā lākou ulu a me ke kūkulu.

ʻO ka kau a me ka lōʻihi o ka nematodes

Basically pau ʻano o nematodes hanalei ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine liʻiliʻi i ka nui o nā wahine, a ʻo ke kua hope ma hope o ka ʻaoʻao. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i ka moekolohe. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano wahine, i ka wā i mākaukau no ka moe ʻana, hoʻoiho i ke ʻano ʻāʻū nui, kahi e kū ai ke kāne.

A laila e uhi i ka wahine me kahi ʻeke copulative, i ukali ʻia ma ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka spicules i loko o ka pūpū. ʻO ka hapanui ke waiho nei i nā hua e hoʻomau i ka ʻanoʻano, akā aia kekahi mau ʻano o nā wahi poʻo i huna ʻia e nā hānau hānau. Noho ka nematode noho ola mai 100 a 2000 mau hua ma ke ola. ʻOi aku ka momona o ka Parasites a hiki i kēia waiwai ke hiki aku a hiki i 200,000 wale nō ka lā.

I ke kiʻi, nematodes i nā iʻa

E komo nā hua i ka wahi o waho, a laila hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā palaka. I ka noho manuahi a me ka nematodes parasitizing i nā mea kanu, hoʻopau ka holo holomua holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻōpala i kahi kūlana.

I parasit nematode ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka holoholona a me nā ontogenesis kanaka. Hiki iā ia ke hana a i ʻole ʻole o kahi "host" intermediate. I kekahi hihia, hemo lākou i nā manawa 3-4 a hiki i ka wā e ulu ai i kahi kanaka makua, mākaukau no ka hoʻouka. Akā no ke kūleʻa hope loa ʻana, pono ia i loko o ke kino o ka "mea nona".

ʻO ka hoʻomakaʻana o ka hopena ola i ka nematode ma loko o ka ʻōpū, ma hope o ka hoʻomalu ʻana o ka wahine. Ua iho ʻo ia i loko o ka ʻala, kahi ʻo ia e waiho ai i nā hua i loko o ka anus. Ma hope iho ua make ʻo ia. Hoʻomaʻa nā hua a lākou i pili no 6 mau hola ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono.

Ma o nā lima haumia ke komo hou lākou i ka gastrointestinal tract, hele hou ka maʻi. Ke hoʻohuli nei i ka lolo, ma hope o 2 mau wiki a lilo lākou i poʻe ʻelima.

Aia ma muli o ke ʻano o nematodes, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻana o kēia mau makahiki e hiki mai ana.

1. ʻO nā hua manu, ma hope koke o ka waiho ʻana iā lākou e ka wahine, hiki ke kau i ka mea e komo ai i ke kino o ka holoholona.
2. ʻO nā hua hua i kahi o ka embryo e hele ai ma kahi hana hou, ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻia i ka "host".
3. Hoʻopau ka hua a kanu ka larva i ka lepo a ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ke kino. I ka awelika, ola ke ola o kekahi nematode e pili ana i 2-3 mau pule.

Nā hōʻailona a me ka mālama ʻana no nā nematode

Ma mua o 50 mau ʻano nematodes - hiki i nā pili lāʻau kumu nā maʻi i nā kānaka. I ka wa nematodes mau i ke kino o ke kanaka, laila loaʻa nā kāpili mua i kēlā me kēia.

Hiki i kēia ke hōʻino i nā paia o ka pākia a me ke kāohi ʻana o nā kumulāʻau, nā mea i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻalā huhū, ʻeha i ka puha a i ʻole heleheleʻe, ʻāhaʻi a me ka luaʻi.

Eia kekahi, ʻo nematodes, ke komo i ke kahawai, ka holo ʻana ma ke kino o ke kanaka, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i kekahi o kāna mau ona. No laila, hiki i nā hōʻailona ke lilo i ʻelua pōkole o ka hanu a me ka conjunctivitis, a me ka ʻehaʻeha o ka naʻau. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hopena kūloko o ke kino ka mea: ke ʻano o ka ʻūhā, ka ʻūhā ʻana, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka pale ʻana, ka ʻōpū ʻana o ke nāwaliwali mau a me ka hōʻino.

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mai nematodes lawe ʻia me nā lāʻau lapaʻau a iʻole ka lāʻau ʻeha. ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau he ʻoluʻolu loa, no laila ua kauoha ʻia e ke kauka. Me ka maʻi o ka oxygen, e hoʻoili ʻia ka oxygen i loko o nā ʻōpū, a make ka nematodes me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

Hoʻopilikia wale mākou i kā mākou mau holoholona i nā maʻi e loaʻa ai i nā lāʻau lapaʻau roundworm. I nā pōʻai nā hōʻailona o ka hopena nematodes nā mea kēia: ka hāhū pinepine a me ka umu palau, ke hoʻololi nei i ka maʻi a me ka constipation, ka ʻano ʻana o ka ʻili a me ka hoʻopau ʻana.

I nā ʻīlio, eia ka: puaʻi, kikoʻī maʻamau ʻo ka melemele, ka nui o ka makemake, a me ka ʻili, ka lethargy a me ka ʻāʻī. Ke hele mai kēia mau hōʻailona, ​​pono e lawe i ka holoholona i ka mea koa, kahi e kau ai i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

Laulima

Ma ko lākou hoʻolālā, ua manaʻo ʻia nā nematode i nā mea maʻalahi wale nō. ʻO kahi wīwī makua ma kahi o 1000 lālani cell a me nā haneli o nā sela e pili ana me ka ʻōnaehana hana. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia nā Roundworms he "tube i loko o ka waiʻauʻau", hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma kahi o ka gastrointestinal tract, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka poʻo o ka waha a me ka huʻu ʻoihana i ka anus. Loaʻa i ka Nematodes kahi hana pā, hoʻoweliweli, excretory, system reproduction, akā ʻaʻole lākou i kahi'ōnaehana kaawale a me ka pūnaehana hoʻomaha. ʻO ka nui o nā pūpū ma waena o 0.3 mm aʻu a i ʻokoʻa a 8 mau mika.

He liʻiliʻi ka nui o ke kino o nā ola manuahi mai 0,5 a 50 mm, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā maʻi parasit i kēlā me kēia, akā aia kekahi nui o nā pūpū e hiki aku ana i ka 8.4 m. ʻO ke ʻano o ka parasite he fusiform, filifiligaorm, ʻaʻohe ʻano.

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka Helminth i kahi ʻōpū-mākeke-maikaʻi ke kahakaha ʻia, ka mea o ka hypodermis, cuticles a me nā uaua. Ma ke kua, peritoneum a me nā ʻaoʻao he 4 hemo hypodermal. Hoʻopiha ʻia nā pūpuna ma ka pūpū a me nā ʻōpū o nā iwi, kahi pono e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kaula kika no ka noho ʻana a hoʻopiha ʻia me nā nīnika sensory.

ʻŌnaehana aloha

ʻO ka ʻōnaehana o nā nematode ka hana ʻana o ke aniani peri-pharyngeal, aia ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka esophagus, ʻeono lālā ʻāpana mai kona kua a i waho. E hoʻopili i nā iwi āpau o nā nerve, aia nā aniani mau hapalua ma nā ʻaoʻao hema a hema o ke kino. Loaʻa iā lākou nā umauma tactile a me nā kino o nā naʻau kemu.

Ke hoʻonohonohoʻana o nā nematodes

ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā ʻōhulu pōkole (nematode) e like, mai ka liʻiliʻi o ke kenekulia a emi mai ka 10 mika. Ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kino, ma mua he fusiform a i ole Hoʻolālā, ua kuhikuhi ʻia ma nā kihi ʻelua, ma ka ʻaoʻao kea me ke ʻano o ka pōʻai. Pono e koho ʻia ka symmetry o ke kino e pili ana i ka lua o ka pūnū, ʻoiai aia kekahi mau mea o ka radial (ʻelua-beam a me kahi ʻekolu-alapi i ka poʻo poʻo).

ʻO ka pā o ke kino o nematode, a me nā flatworms, nā puka ʻeke a me ka ʻeke pihi. ^ E Ha yM. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o nā ʻōpū, loaʻa wale nā ​​musiko longitudinal (ʻehā manamana), hypodermis (epithelium) a me ka cuticle. ʻAʻole ʻike nā māi hāmeʻe a me ka dorso-abdominal, e like me nā flatworms. Ma kēiaʻano, hiki wale i nā nematode ke kūlou i ko lākou kino. Hana ka cuticle i kahi hana pale, loaʻa kahi mea ʻole-cellular, i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka hypodermis. Hiki iā ia ke nani a hui ʻia paha (akā ʻaʻole ka pūnaa ponoi i ke ʻano loiloi!). Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hypoderm i nā kuʻekuʻe lōʻihi i ka lua o ke kino (dorsal, abdominal, hema a ʻākau).

I nā pōkole i ke kaʻina hana e kū mai ka nui kino o ke kinokāhea pseudo-pahuhopu. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻohe o kēia lua i kahi līpī epithelial, he wahi wale nō ma waena o ka ʻili-mākēnū a me ka kino o loko, hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai.

ʻO ka pūnaehana hana nematode ka puka o kahi puna ma loko, aia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: anterior, waena a me posterior. ʻO nā pulu ʻelua nā poloka: waha a me ke ʻano (anal). ʻO ke ʻano o ka lua lua i loko o ka ʻawaʻī, ua manaʻo ʻia he aromorphosis koʻikoʻi ma ke aupuni o nā holoholona. Ma ka pūnaehana hana ʻana, kahi huna ʻia ka lua o ka waha, esophagus, mua, waena a me hind hind. I ka nui o nā ʻano, ua hoʻopuni ʻia ka waha e ʻekolu lehelehe, i ukali ʻia e kahi pharynx muscular. Ua wehe ka pharynx i ka waena waena.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana excretory e kekahi nui nā huakaʻi excretory a me nā pūhaka phagocytic. ^ E Ha yM. Nui nā ʻōnaehana o ka excretory me nā kahawai e komo i ke kino o kahi pōpō lapuwale, e wehe ʻia me kahi puka.Aia ma nā kahawai i loko o ka ana aia nā selela phagocytic e hopu ana i nā huahana pala a hoʻoneʻe iā lākou i nā kahe.

ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho piʻina o nā nematodes nā head ganglia, periopharyngeal ring, trunks longitudinalhono ʻia e nā poʻe lele ʻōiwi. ʻO nā kahi lāʻau lōʻihi, ke kua a me ka ʻōpū a hiki i ka hoʻomohala nui loa.

Aia nō ka ʻano maka a me nā ʻike kemuʻO kekahi mau maka maka mua.

Nematodes, e like me flatworms, ʻaʻohe ʻōnaehana a me ka ʻōpū o ka hanu. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻopili ʻia ke kumukūʻai o ka lewa ma ka ʻaoʻao holoʻokoʻa o ke kino. Eia kekahi, i kekahi mau mea, hoʻomaka ka hanu me ka ʻole o ke komo ʻana i ka oxygen (glycolysis). Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻōpū mai nā ʻōpū ma o nā puna o ke kino ma o ke kahe e hoʻopiha i ka pseudo-target.

No ka hapa nui o nā ʻelele no ka nematode he ʻano hiʻohiʻona dichotomy (aia wale nō kekahi o nā kāne i ka ʻōpiopio wahine, ʻo kekahi wale nō ke kāne). ʻO nā ʻōnaehana kāne a me ka kāne hana ʻōpiopio he ʻano tubular. Eia kekahi, he kāne ka uku ʻole ʻia (hoʻokahi testis, vas deferens, ejaculatory channel e wehe ana i ka ʻōpū o ka oʻalā). I loko o ka ʻōnaehana hānau wahine, ʻaʻole nā ​​ovaries wale nā ​​ovaries a me nā oviducts, akā pū kekahi. ʻAʻohe pene waha ʻole ʻole. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻokoʻa ka wahine mai nā kāne, i.e., i hōʻike ʻia seksual dimorphism.

ʻO ka hoʻomohala pilikino ʻana i nā ʻano nui he nui me ka loli piha ʻole (aia kekahi mahele palalima, akā ʻaʻohe metamorphosis).

Kahi helu

I ka ʻike ʻole ʻia ʻana o nā nematode he nui loa, a nele ka ʻike piha, ʻike ko lākou ʻano i ka hakakā a me ke ʻano hou. I nā wehewehe like 'ole, aia ka hoʻohālikelike' ana o nā nematodes. I kēia manawa, manaʻo ʻia ka papa inoa o nā nūpepa zoological honua ʻo Zootaxa ka mea hou loa a hōʻike ʻia e like me kēia:

Batyodontida

Hoʻololi ka papa i ka helu helu ʻana o nā pōpōpō, e wehewehe ana i nā nui o nā parasit a me nā mea ola manuahi, ʻo ka hapanui kekahi o lākou he poʻe predator.

Wahi a ka helu kahiko, ʻike ʻia nā hana lima e pili ana i ka poʻe a me nā holoholona.

Loaʻa i nā palapala āpau i wehewehe ʻia ka nui o nā ʻohana; ua mahele ʻia i ka genera a, e like me, ua ʻōpupu ka genera i nā ʻano.

Nā Nematode Helu, a i ʻole Roundworms (Nematoda)

Inā ua palena wale i ka papa o nā holoholona i manaʻo ʻia ma luna nei, a laila ua hana ʻia ka ʻano maʻamau o kēia ʻano i kū mai i ka ʻepekema hou. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mea nui i ka kaona o ke ʻano a me ka hana o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ke kanaka i kaupalena ʻia e hiki ʻole ai ke aʻo ʻana i nā minerminths i ka holomua i ʻike ʻia i ko kākou manawa. ʻO ka makemake nui loa i ka ʻano kīnā ʻole o ka male-malevolents, ʻaʻole loa i hoʻoholo ʻia e nā hiʻohiʻona o ka gastrotrichs, cinorhinxes, a me nā mea rotifers, akā, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pūʻulu nui, ka papa nui a me nā papa nui o nā non male male, nā papa o ka nematodes (Nematoda).

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ke lilo i kēia papa o ka male-malevolents ma ke kikowaena o kā mākou nānā.

Ka holomua holomua. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka mea noiʻi hoʻonaʻauao Soviet iʻike ʻia ʻo A.N. Severtsov (1866-1936), ke noi nei i ka ulu ʻana o nā vertebrates, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka noiʻi hohonu ʻana i ka pilikia o nā kuhikuhi nui a nā phylogenesis holoholona. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia, ka mea, no nā hui kūlohelohe o nā holoholona he ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu ʻana, i ʻike ʻia e ka nui o nā hōʻailona alakaʻi e hoʻoholo i ka pono o kēia mau pūʻulu. Ua koho ʻo A. N. Severtsov i kahi mea i hōʻikeʻike kūlike ka holomua holomua.

Ke holomua mua ʻana o ka biological, e hōʻike ana ʻo A.N. Severtsov, e hōʻike ʻia i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona: 1) ka hoʻonui ʻana helu helu kanaka i kēia pūʻulu o ka hui ʻana (taxonomic), 2) ka holomua holomua, i.e. hanau keiki, etc.).

ʻLelo Nematode hōʻike ʻia e kēia mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau - nā hōʻailona o ka holomua o ka ola.Loaʻa iā Nematodes nā ʻano āpau i ʻike ʻia e ka ʻepekema.

ʻAʻole maopopo iā mākou i nā nohona like ʻole, nā biotopes i like ʻole nā ​​nematodes. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o nā kai a me nā kaʻe mai ke kūkulu ʻākau a i ka pou hema (hiki i kēia ke ʻōlelo me ke hilinaʻi piha) i hoʻopuni ʻia e ka nui he nui o nā ʻano a me kekahi o nā nematode. Hoʻolaha ʻike ʻia nā nematode manuahi i kēlā me kēia wahi, ma nā wahi a pau o ke kai, kahi i hana ai i nā haʻawina kūikawā. Ua lanakila ʻana i ko lalo e pili ana i ka moana a me nā wai, ua komo ka nematode, ka mea i hala, i loko o nā kino wai lepo. No laila, noho ka nui o nā loina nematode ma lalo o nā keʻena wai-brackish-loko, me nā mea ulu. - kēia mau vestibules o nā kahawai e kahe ana i nā kai. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻike e hōʻike ana i loko o ka mōʻaukala kahiko o ka papa o nematodes kahi ʻano nui i hoʻomohala ʻia i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai lākou e komo i loko o nā wai wai i loko o ka wai, a ma ka hopena he nui nā pūʻulu o nā awa e noho nei nā nematode e noho nei. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ua hana ʻo nematode i kahi hana koʻikoʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ka mōʻaukala - ua komo lākou i loko o ka wai me ka lilo ʻana o nā ʻāpana lepo. Hoʻomaopopo e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ke kaiapuni o kekahi mau hui i laila. No kekahi mau pūʻulu o ka nematode, ua loaʻa ke ala e wehe ai i ka foci saprobiotic. Hoʻomoe nā mea kanu i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona ma muli o ka hana o nā hui kūleʻa o nā bakela putrefactive, ma lalo o ka mana o ka foci o ka make decrefactive i loko o ka lepo. I loko o kēia mau kikoʻī, nā hui like o nā huapapa saprophytic sequentially decompose organic material i loko o nā ʻāpana maʻalahi. Ma ka kikoʻī, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā protein i loko o nā mea maʻalahi, hoʻonaninani ʻia i ka wai, nā polysaccharides i hoʻololi ʻia i loko o ka soluble di- a me nā monosaccharides, cellulose, fats, nā ʻeke pectin o nā mea kanu o ka decompose, a laila, no laila, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka saprobiotic foci e lilo i mau wahi aʻai maikaʻi loa o ka nematodes. Pēlā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kahi ʻano momona like o ka nematode saprobiotic. Kēia ua hui i lilo i kumu kumu o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka nematodes, i hele i ke ʻano o kahi parasito me ka hoʻolilo o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu manu. Ma ka hope loa, ʻelua mau kahe nui o nā ʻano genera a me nā ʻano o nematodes, i hoʻoponopono, ma ka lima hoʻokahi, i ka parasitization i nā holoholona a me nā holoholona, ​​a ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i nā hua kanu kanu.

Mai ka mea i luna ka mea i ʻike ʻia nā biotopes a pau o kā mākou honua, nā kelepona ola a pau, kokoke kokoke loa i nā holoholona multicellular a me nā mea kanu a pau ka mea i noho ai ka nematode. Hōʻike kēia hanana iā mākou i kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ka holomua o ke ola. ʻAʻole nō i hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā ʻano nematode e ka ʻepekema. ʻO ka mea kaulana kaulana oʻAmelika e pili ana i nematodes N. A. Cobb (N. A. Cobb) i manaʻoʻiʻo ia ka nui o nā pua o nematodes - manuahi a me ka parasit - kokoke i hoʻokahi miliona.

Hoʻolaha ka mea i luna ma ka hoihoi i hōʻike ʻia e nā zoologists nui i kēia hui o nā holoholona. I ka ʻike ʻana i kēia, pono pū kekahi mea ʻike ʻike i kā lākou hoʻonohonoho a me kā biology.

Hale. ^ E Ha yM. E like me kā mākou i ʻike ai, hōʻike ʻia nā papa ʻē aʻe o nā male-malevolents e nā ʻano liʻiliʻi loa: ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he mau ma mua o 1 mm, a he ʻano maʻamau loa nā ʻano nui. I waena o nematodes aia nā puka liʻiliʻi. ʻO kekahi o lākou - Trichoderma minutum - hiki wale i nā 80 micons ke lōʻihi. K? ʻIke ʻia ia mau ʻano liʻiliʻi ma nā kai a i ka lepo, kahi i loaʻa ai nā nematodes 200-300 mau polona ma ka lōʻihi. Eia nō naʻe, me kēia mau ʻano mikroskopika, ʻike maoli ʻia nā na kanaka maoli mai ka honua o nematodes. Wahine wahine lio huakai hiki ke 37 cm ka lōʻihi. ʻO Svaynik nui (Dioctopliyme renale) 1 m loa, aʻo Placentonema gigantissima he palaai spale kohola, kēia mekacean nui, ke kino nui, me ka ʻole o ka exaggeration, e like me ka boa constrictor, kāna mau wahine a hiki i 8-plus mika ka loa! No laila, ma nematodes e nānā mākou i nā loli nui loa i ka lōʻihi o ke kino - mai 80 microns a 8 m.ʻO kēia mau hoʻololi i ka lōʻihi o ke kino kekahi o nā hōʻike i kaʻokoʻa o kēlā mau ʻenehana i loaʻa i ka nematode.

Kuhi. 223. Nematodes. A - hoʻonohonoho o ka nematode ola kūloko: 1 - esophagus, 2 - huluhulu posterior, 3 - waena o ka ʻōpū, 4 - testis, 5 - spicules, 6 - nā wili kūwili, 7 - nā kelepa waipuna, 8 - wai o ka umauma cervical. Nā B - Steineria mirabilis

Pehea ke kino o keia mau holoholona? ʻO Zoologist ka mea i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia, ka mea kākau i nā hana kūikawā a me nā puke a ma ka manawa like kekahi mau mea unuhi i ʻōlelo ʻia. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo N.A. Kholodovsky na nematodes "ʻono". I kēia manawa ua loaʻa kēia huaʻōlelo pili i ke ʻano, akā maikaʻi nō ia i ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi manaʻo hoʻohālike o ka ʻano nui o ka nui o ke kino o ka nematodes. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he lōʻihi a lōʻihi hoʻi lākou, e like me ke kaula. Eia kekahi, ma ka ʻāpana kea o ko lākou kino elongated keʻokeʻo, e like me ke kānāwai, hana i kahi pōʻai maʻamau.

Hoʻohālikelike pinepine ʻia nā puka liʻiliʻi i kahi kaula milo. Aʻo ka hua'ōlelo "nematode" hiki mai i ka huaʻōlelo Helene nemas, ʻo ia ke ʻano he pae.

ʻO ka mea nui, ka maʻamau, ka neʻe o ka nematodes i ka lewa e kūlike i ke ʻano o ke kino o nā nematodes: neʻe lākou e like me nā nahesa he mikroscopic a ʻike ʻia paha me ka maka ʻalo. Ke waiho mau nei ma kona ʻaoʻao, e kūlou nā nematodes i ka mokulele dorsal-abdominal a neʻe aku ma lalo o nā pūnaehana, i nā kiʻi wai waiū o ka ʻāina, i loko o nā ʻōpū a me nā kino o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona, ​​ma waena o nā puna o nā aʻa, hua, nā lau a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o nā mea kanu.

Hoʻopili ʻia ke kino holoʻokoʻa o ka nematode me kahi cuticle i maʻalahi, elastic a mau. ʻO kēia cuticle kahi derivative o ka lalo o nā mana manawaleʻa o ka ʻili o ka epithelium, i kapa ʻia ʻo nematodes hypodermis. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hypodermis kahi ola epithelial ola e mālama ai i kahi cuticle ma luna o kona alo. Hiki i ka ʻokiʻoki o ka nematode he maʻa a i ʻole annular, ʻoi aku hoʻi, ua kūkulu pololei ʻia nā apo, he ʻano like ʻole lākou a pau kekahi o nā honi āpau - sclerotiai ke ʻano o nā wahi kūpono, nā laina, nā lāʻau, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Akā ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino, i ka pū ma hope a me ka ʻōpū, e hoʻomoʻi ʻia ʻo ia, akā ma nā ʻaoʻao, kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai nā wāwae a me ka hema hypodermal, i kapa ʻia ʻo "chorda" a i ʻole nā ​​lau (ʻoiaʻiʻo, he pili ʻole i ka chordate o nā holoholona). I loko o nā chial lateral o nā ʻāpana o ka nematodes, e kū ana nā ʻaoʻao hema a hema hoʻi excretory. ʻO ka ʻoki a me ka hypoderm e hana i ka periphery o ke ʻeke o ke kino-ʻili o ke kino o ka nematodes. Ma lalo o ka hypodermis ka lōʻihi o nā musika longitudinal. Akā, ʻaʻole mau ka papa o ka ʻiʻo. Hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia ma ke kino i ke ʻano o nā kaula māhina ʻehā - ʻelua mau dorsal-lateral a ʻelua ʻōpū-abdominal-lateral, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi mai kekahi e nā "chords" ʻehā. Hana ʻia nā ʻōpū mākala o nā mea a me nā ʻōnaehana like ma ka ʻaoʻao like, he ʻano hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻāpana o ka huina polula. I kēia mau hihia, ua kū like nā koikoi lōʻihi a me ke koikoi o nā kō i ke kino holoʻokoʻa. No laila, hana nā ʻōiwi a pau i ka hana, ka hui pū, a laila e hoʻonui maoli i kā lākou kinetic ikaika. ʻAʻole no kekahi mea i komo maʻalahi ka nematodes i loko o nā wahi paʻa i waena o nā kaula algae, ma waena o nā fungi mycelium hyphae, ma waena o nā palu lepo e hoʻokomo ʻia i kahi kiʻi o nā wai wai, i loko o nā puʻu o nā kino holoholona, ​​i loko o ka pato o nā lau, nā wahi intercellular o ke aʻa, ʻōpala a me nā kiko o nā mea kanu, etc.

Kūpono ka poʻo o ke kino o nā nematodes me kahi mākeke o ke poʻo e waiho ana ma luna o ka huina kākoʻo kūloko o kahi cuticle koʻokoʻo. ʻO nā pahu kākoi ʻo ia i ʻelua mau māhele nui - ka puna a me ka lehelehe. Akā i nā hiʻohiʻona nui, hui nā lehelehe a me nā poʻo o ke poʻo i loko o kahi capsule maʻamau. Aia nā wahi o nā pā ma luna iho - nā mea mālamame ke ano he bristles a papillae paha, i.e. papillomas. ^ E Ha yM. Ma ka mua o ka pahu o ka capsule, maʻa i ke waenakonu a ke kani wale ana i ka manawa i ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū, e kū ana kahi waha e hoʻopuni ʻia e nā lehelehe. Ma nā poʻo poʻo, a ma hope o ia, a i ʻole nā ​​lehelehe e kū pono aku ai ka fossae olaloli, ʻike ʻia i ka nematodes ma lalo o ka inoa. nā hope lateral a i ʻole hui nui. ^ E Ha yM. Nalo nā neʻe o nā olfactory mai amphids. Loaʻa kekahi mau nematode manuahi manu i nā maka i hoʻolako ʻia me nā lehele a me kahi aniani puaʻa i nā ʻano he nui - ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻulaʻula, poni, ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele. I kekahi manawa kikoʻī kekahi polistles ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa.

Kuhi. 224. Nā poʻo o nā nematode moana: 1 - nā tangoreceptors, 2 - ka waha waha, 3 - onhi, 4 - photoreceptors (nā maka). Hoʻonui pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻohana i loko o ka nematodes manuahi.

Kuhi. 225. Nā ʻelemaka o ka ʻenekia moana. Hoʻololi kūmole ia nā tangoreceptors (2) a me nā mea kino o ka sensation o ke kūlohelohe - ka hoʻopuni (2), ʻōmole kolo (3), ke kikoʻī (4) a me nā ʻeke like-5 (5) nā amphids i ʻike pono ʻia.

Hoʻohālikelike maoli ke kino o nematodes i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana. Lawe ʻia ana e ka papa waena o nā ʻōpū pili i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, a ʻo ka ʻāpana anterior o ka pūpū, ka ʻili o mua. ʻO ka ʻāpana lua o ke kino e pili ana i ka ʻōpū waena a ua komo pū, kahi i hoʻohui ʻia iā ia, nā ʻōpū genital. ʻO ke kolu - hana i kahi huelo, palena ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao ma lalo o ke kino e ka crevice anal (anus). Loaʻa ka hope o ka huelo i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole.

Pūnaehana pīhoihoi waena ka hana ʻana i nā iwi kahi e mālama ai i ke kino, a me nā commissure annular e hoʻopili ana i ka hehi longitudinal i loko o hoʻokahi ʻōnaehana. I nematodes, ka mea maʻamau ka maʻamau kani kiko commissuree uhi ana i ka esophagus. Kūkulu ʻia ia "kuʻuna hae" o nematodes, ʻaʻole ia e lawe i ka nervei kūmū a me ka neurofibrils. Akā, ma mua o a ma hope ona, i ka esophagus, he mea papa paʻakikī ʻo nā celllion cell. ʻO kēia ia mea he mau ganglion cell i kā lākou āpau e hana i kahi mea like me ka "ʻili" o ka turbellaria a me gastrotrich. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi mau ganglia i kēia "lolo". Mai kēia mau ganglia i mua, a hiki i nā tangoreceptors a me nā amphids o ke poʻo, haʻalele nā ​​kaula nerve. Eia kekahi, hui pū ka nuclei i loko o ka kiko o ka esophagus, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka nīnao i ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea ʻalopio o ka esophagus, ka hana o nā niho, nā ihe a me nā stylets i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā nematoda he nui, a me ka hoʻopio ʻana i nā kelima esophagus.

Kuhi. 226. Waihona o ka ditylenchus: 1 - nā kākahu, 2 - esophagus, 3 - nā wīwī waena, 4 - pūnohu kelepaʻi, 5 - mau ke aloha nerve, 6 - nā kelena ganglion nalu.

ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hoʻololi a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka nematode ma mua o nā ʻano o nā papa i hala. Ua mahele ʻia ka foregut kamaʻilio waha, a i ole stoma, a ī esophagus. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOiai ʻo ka stoma a me ka esophagus ka ʻōlelo mau ʻana, ʻaʻohe mea iki aku i ka ʻāʻī, akā naʻe, i ka ʻōnaehana o ka ʻike e pili ana i ka nematodes, a i ka nematology, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia inoa inoa: ka stoma, a i ʻole waha, a me ka esophagus. Aia nā kahua paʻa no kēia. ʻO ka stoma he ʻāpana o ka pharynx e hana ana ma ke ʻano o kahi waha ʻeha a paʻa pū me nā ʻōiwi ʻē aʻe e pono ai ka inoa o nā kino. ʻO ka esophagus kekahi ʻāpana o ka pharynx hiki i nā neʻe peristaltic e pana i kahi ʻeke o ka meaʻai i loko o ka ʻōpū o waena. No laila, ʻo nematologists (nā loea ma nematodes) kāhea i ka stoma a me ka esophagus ka pharynx (pharynx). E kūpono i nā morphologists hoʻohālikelike i nā stoma a me ka esophagus o nematodes he pharynx, pharynx. Eia naʻe, akā, he stoma a me ka esophagus. Ma ka stoma hoʻokaʻawale hoʻoneʻe lima, a i ole onhi, a ī kaʻe niho, ua loaʻa i kekahi o nā nematodes nā "ʻokoʻa" ʻē aʻe, aia kekahi i ka ʻeha lanaʻi stiletto a hope loa, lehe .

Kuhi. 227. Ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā nematode. ʻO Stylet a me ka ihe. A - ka ʻula ectoparasitic nemlode Hoplolaimus tylenchiformis: 1 - ke poʻo kapono, 2 - ka lole, 3 - nā poʻo o ke kāula, 4 - nā ʻōkoi protractor, 5 - ka hoʻomaka o ka esophagus, 6 - ke kahua o ke komo ʻana o ka kohu spinal esophageal, B - Dorylaimus striatus: 1 - lepe, 2 - kāmele

ʻO ka pūpū waena ua like gaulotrich. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kona pā i hoʻokahi ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana. Holo ke kua o ka pūpū i loko o ka ʻāpana, wehe i waho i waho o ka anus i ʻōlelo ʻia. ʻO ka ʻili i loko o nematodes ka mea maʻamau. I loko o ka esophagus nā kelepona kūikawā e hūnā i ka excreta e loaʻa ana i nā kinina.Hele mai kēia mau enehana me ka ʻai i ka ʻōpū ma waena, kahi i ʻeli ʻia ai ka meaʻai, a i ʻole a kaomi ʻia, a laila ka hana ʻano ʻono o ka huina ʻana i loko o ka pōʻai o waho, ma kahi puna o ka huina o nematode, ma hope o ke ʻano o ka eliʻi ʻana i ka meaʻai e komo ai i ka lumen o ka stoma a me ka esophagus a komo i loko o ka ʻōpū.

ʻŌnaehana excretory Aia kekahi heʻokoʻa o nā nematode. Ma kekahi mau ʻano, aia nō i hoʻokahi o nā kelepona kūlima cervical, ka puka o ka mea e wehe i waho i nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe o kēia kūlohelohe cervical, aia nā kēna excretory lateral. Hoʻokomo ʻia kā lākou ʻike ma loko o ka puʻu excretory ʻōpū. ʻAʻole mākou e hele i loko o nā kikoʻī o nā kaʻina āpau. Hoʻomaopopo e pili ana i nā huahana metabolic i ke kahe wai. Eia, me ke kōkua o nā ʻōnaehana cellular kūikawā, hoʻokaʻawale lākou iā lākou, hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻōlohelohe cervical a kū i waho.

ʻO nā nematode āpau nā holoholona dioecious ma mua. ʻO nā kāne i hoʻomohala i nā hōʻike, vas deferens a me nā kalima ejaculatory. Hiki i ʻelua Semennikov ʻelua a i ʻole hoʻokahi. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i nā kāne nā ʻōpala hakakā kūikawā. lolipuli a aioekkuhikuhi i kā lākou neʻe. ʻO nā ʻōwili wahine nā wahine o nā ovaries, nā wīwī a me nā ʻōpū. Aia ka wehe ʻana i nā wahine ʻōpiopio ma ka ʻaoʻao ventral o ke kino. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Males inject spicules i ka wehe ʻana i ka wahine a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā wahine. ʻAʻole kahi popella pūkela i ka pūkaha o nā nematodes. ʻAʻole kekahi o nā lālā nematode i loaʻa nā cellulares cellular cell, a ma nā cilia kūikawā. ʻAʻohe, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, a me nā kālele sperm. Ke neʻe nei ʻo ia i nā neʻe moʻo. Ma ka pūnāwai o nā wahine, kūkulu ʻia nā hua. Hoʻohui ʻia lākou me ka male o nā kāne ma ke ʻano ʻōpiopio wahine, a ma nā mea kūikawā kūikawā. Hōʻailona ʻia nā hua pālolo ma o ka wehe ʻana i ka wahine a ulu i loko o nā puʻupuʻu ulu. I kēia hihia, puka mai nā larvae (hānau hānau) mai ka wehe ʻana o ka wahine. Hoʻopili ʻia nā hua Nematode i loko o nā hua manu, pale iā lākou mai ka pōʻino o ke kino a me nā hopena kūlohelohe o ke kaiapuni. Pau nā hua liʻiliʻi i ka ʻehā i nā manawa ʻehā, ma hope o kēlā me kēia molt e hele lākou i ke kahua e ulu ai, huli i ka ʻano o nā makahiki he lua, ke kolu a me ka ʻehā. Mai ka larva ʻehā-instar, ulu nā puka ʻōpio - kāne a wahine paha. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻaʻole like ke ʻano o ka palaki me nā puka makua. I kēlā mau kūlana, ʻōlelo nā nematologist i ke kūkulu ʻana me ka loli.

Kuhi. 228. Nematode Aphelenchoides composticola: 1 - stylet, 2 - esophagus, 3 - waipuna waena, 4 - nā wana esophageal, 5 - kūpeʻe nerve, 6 - ke wehe aʻa excretory, 7 - ʻōpū o waena, 8 - hind gut, 9 - anus, 10 - oviana, 11 - seme nā mea hoʻokipa me ka sperm, 12 - mua o ka'ōpū, 13 - posterior uterus, 14 - wahine wehe wahine

Kuhi. 229. Hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomau ʻana a me ka morphogenesis ma Rabditis anomala: I - larva o ka makahiki mua, II - larva o ka makahiki lua, III - larva o ke kolu o ka makahiki, IV - larva o ka makahiki ʻehā, V - pakeke wahine, 1 - ʻano hana.

ʻO kēia ka manaʻo nui loa e pili ana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā nematodes. I nā ala āpau, ua like kā lākou hui like i ka hoʻonohonoho o gastrotrich, cinema a me nā rotifers. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa nā nematodes mai kekahi mau lālā o kēia mau pūʻulu i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona nui: ka kino kino, ke ʻano o ka neʻe ʻana, ka hemahema o ka protonephridia, ka waiho ʻole ʻana o ka epitheli ciliary i kekahi ʻōnaehana a me nā pūkuniahi kelepona i kekahi mau mea, e komo pū me ka hana hānau ʻana, me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke ʻano kāne. a me nā wahine), maʻamau ʻole no ka gastrotrichs, kahi nui o nā ʻano lāʻau a me kā lākou mau pūʻulu, a ua haʻi ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka holomua ʻana o ka ola. E like me nā hui ʻē aʻe o ka nonagonernal non-maternal, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā ʻōpū o nā ʻōpū hanu a i ʻole ka holo koko.

ʻŌnaehana ʻōnaehana o nematodes. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēia paha kekahi o nā pilikia i loaʻa ʻole ka paʻakikī. ʻO Nematodes kahi hoʻomau e kaho kahakaha ana o nā ʻano hou o nā mea hou i ʻike hou ʻia a me nā ʻano.aia he 200 mau mea o ka nematode mai ke kaʻe o nā tylenchids, ma waena o nā mea kanu he nui. ʻO ka mea noiʻi ʻAmelika e pili ana i kēia mau nematode, Thorne (Thorne, 1949), i hōʻike ʻia he helu paha kēia o ka helu i ka 5% o ka nui o nā ʻano o ka ʻano i kauoha ʻia e noho maoli ana i ka lepo a me nā mea kanu. Ma ka makahiki 1962, ko lākou helu i hiki aku i nā ʻano 800, i.e., mai 1949 a 1961, 600 mau ʻano o ka tylenchids i ʻike hou ʻia.

Ka hapa nui ʻepekema nematodes ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua ʻōpū - subclass Adenophorea (Adenophorea) a me subclass c Nā Hui ʻĀina (Secernentea).

Hoʻohui nui adenophorea - Noho ka poʻe Benthos o nā kai a me nā kai, he nui (ʻoiai he poʻe liʻiliʻi ia lākou) e noho ana i ka lepo a me nā wai hou. I waena o lākou, ua liʻiliʻi nā hui liʻiliʻi i ʻike ʻia i ka parasitism i nā lālā o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. ʻO nā mea hoʻohālike, ma ke kūlike, ka hoʻohui ʻia i ka noho parasit i loko o nā ʻili a me nā lālā o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona.

E noho mākou ma luna o kekahi o nā pūʻulu koʻikoʻi o kēia mau ʻōlelo.

Hoʻaiho

He nui ka inoa ʻo Nematodes. Hoʻopili maʻalahi nā Roundworms i kekahi ecosystem, kahi e hāʻawi iā lākou i ka manawa e noho ai i ka paʻakai a me ka wai o ka wai, i ka lepo (ka ʻāina), ma nā wahi lāʻau a me nā wahi polar.

Kūpono o Adenophorea (Adenophorea)

Loa adenophoreae like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ke noho nei i loko o nā kai a me nā kai. Noho kekahi o lākou i nā wai hou a i ka lepo. Hoʻokahi ʻia kekahi mau hui e nā parasites o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona.

He helu nui o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano genera a me nā ʻohana o adenophorea e alakaʻi nei i kahi ola manuahi ma lalo o nā kaila wai, i.e., i nā benthos. ʻO kēia ka nematode maʻamau, me ka hui piha a me ka hoʻonohonoho mua. I waena o lākou he nui nā wahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, nona ka lōʻihi o ke kino ke kūlike me nā ʻāpana o kahi milimita. ʻO ka minutum Trichoderma o luna ka mea i kēia kaiāulu a noho i ke kai. Ma waena o adenophorea aia nā pepa nui. ʻAʻole ana ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi i loko o ke kenekulia, akā i loko o nā kenimika, pinepine ma nā ʻumi kenimika. Akā he mau mea liʻiliʻi o lākou. ʻO ka nui o nā adenophorea i hōʻike ʻia e nā puka liʻiliʻi, e loaʻa ana i ka lōʻihi o 1-5 mm.

Kaha nā hōʻailona i ʻike ʻia e kahi manawaleʻa o adenophorea, kāna mau ʻelele ola ʻē aʻe? ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka holomua ka holomua o ka ʻike. Hōʻike ke kiʻi 230 i nā pau o cephalic i kekahi mau ʻano, kahi o ka ulu ikaika ʻana o ka manaʻo no ka hoʻopā ʻia, a ma ka adenophorees moana e loaʻa ke ʻano o nā bristles lōʻihi. ʻO kēlā me kēia māka ma ka uhi cuticular, ma ka axis kahi e kau ai ka nerve. ʻEhā, ʻeono, ʻumi, he ʻumikumamālua. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, aia kekahi tangoreceptor i nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo o ka poʻo - ma ka ʻākau, ʻo kekahi ma ka ʻaoʻao hema, aia hoʻi ma ke kau ʻana o nā ʻāpana - ma nā subventral a me nā suborsal o nā poʻo. I ka huina, no laila, ʻeono ʻāpono. Eia nō naʻe, e hoʻonui i kēia helu i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe he ʻumi (inā he hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea ʻelua i nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo) a hāʻule paha i ka ʻehā. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā tangoreceptors i ke ʻano o nā bristles lōʻihi e hōʻike pono i ka adenophores manuahi. ʻO kēia kahi hopena i ka hopena a me ka hoʻololi i kahi ola manu ʻole, i nā kūlana i hoʻoili ʻia kahi nematode pūkuni me nā mea hemo i lalo, me nā nematode predatory.

Kuhi. 230. Nā kino pilikino o ka adenophorea

Palapala 22. Nemertin Lineus longissimus

Eia nō naʻe, hoʻomohala wale ka lōʻihi o nā ʻonē neʻe i ka leo ma ka lepa o ke poʻo, ʻoiai ka lō o loko o ka ʻāpono, e kū mau ana i ka papillae a i ʻole setae pōkole loa, ka ulu ʻia ma ka lehelehe. ʻO kēia kahi kaona o nā mea ʻaemi labial. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonohonoho pono nā pale o ka poʻo i ka nematode i waho o ke kaola, ka mea ʻona o ka labial - i loko o nā wahi meaʻai.

ʻO ka mea ʻelua e kahakaha ai ka ʻike ʻana i ka hui o nā lālā olfactory i hoʻomohala ʻia i loko o nā adenophoreas manuahi - amphids. Hōʻike ke kiʻi 225 i hiki iā lākou ke ʻano o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa.Hoʻomaopopo ka Nematodes me kēia mau ʻenehana i nā hoʻomohala o nā mea e hoʻopuni ana a haʻalele iā lākou. He mau maka no hoʻi kekahi mau maka, e pili ana i ka aniani maka, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole nā ​​aniani, a me ke mele manamana. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻike kēia mau maka i nā mea, akā e kūlike i ka māmā. Akā, ʻoi aku ka nānā o nā maka ma mua o kahi lula.

ʻOkoʻa ka ʻākena i loko o ka adenophorea ma keʻano a me ka hana. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, he mea liʻiliʻi ia: i ke ʻano o kahi prism, tube a ihe paha, ʻeke a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, he mau mobile appendages. ʻO kēia nā "niho" a me "ʻōpā". He maʻalahi ka esophagus. ʻO ka pā o ke peʻa o ka ʻāpana no ka hapa nui ka waihona hoʻokahi o nā sela polygonal nui. Wehe ʻia ka rectum ma ka ʻaoʻao ventral o ka fissure anal holomua. Pono ke ʻano o kahi hōʻailona o ka adenophorea e hoʻomohala i ka ulu ʻana o ka hale kalepa, i manaʻo ʻia he osmoregulatory - excretory apparatus. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia ʻōpū, i kapa ʻia e hoʻokahi mea kelepona kelepaʻe excretory. ^ E Ha yM. He kolo i kekahi, kahi e waiho ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino, ma lalo o ka esophagus. Wehe ʻia ke kāpili i loko o ka puʻu excretory ʻōpū. Hiki i ka hao ʻo ia ke ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole: tubular, pear-shaped, saccular. Eia kekahi ma hope o kēia momona, i kapa ʻia hoʻi nā kahe cervical, nā ʻili kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe i loko o ka adenophorea. Hoʻohui ʻia lākou e ka hoʻonohonoho kekahaka o nā kelima lateral (paralateral) e waiho ana ma nā laina (e pili pinepine ana i ka hele kino) ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa. He pōkole pōkole kēia mau ʻōhua me ko lākou e wehe ai i waho i nā kahua o ke kino. ʻO kahi hōʻailona hiʻohiʻona a adenophorea. ʻO ka hope loa, ʻo ka hapanui o lākou, he ʻokoʻa i ka lepo a me kekahi mau hui ʻē aʻe, me nā poʻe parasit, he ʻekolu mau ʻāpana ʻalani e waiho ana i loko o nā ʻalepili o ka huelo, e wehe ana i waho e nā kahawai e kū ana i loko o ka ʻili excretory i ka hopena o ka huelo. No laila, ʻo ka adenophoreas, ka nui o nā ʻano lawaiʻa manuahi, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā nematodes maʻamau, he nui loa nā kuli o nā kino ʻōiwi, a i ʻole e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana o nā nematologists, he ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā glandular glandular i loaʻa i loko o lākou. Ma ka helu ʻole, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia kēia mau ʻōuli āpau, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua huna lākou i kā lākou mau ʻoki i waho. ʻO kekahi poʻe loea, ʻaʻole kumu kumu, e noʻonoʻo i kēia mau papa ma ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana excretory.

ʻO nā kāne paha nā ʻelele (ʻoi aku ai nā ʻōhumu kāne kāne kāne, a i ʻole he hōʻike. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ka maʻalahi o ka cuticle adenophoreic e hiki ke loaʻa ka paʻakai i hoʻoilo ʻia i ka wai. Hoʻokahele ʻia ʻo Adenophorea i ʻelua mau pūʻulu: chromadorid (Chromadorida) a enoplid (Enoplida).

Palapala Chromadorida (Chromadorida)

ʻO nā kiʻi liʻiliʻi. Hoʻomaopopo kēia ʻano i kā lākou ʻano hiʻohiʻona. ʻAno ʻano ʻano chromadorid paʻakikī e ʻāʻohi. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā chromadorids, ʻoi aku a emi iki paha ka lōʻihi o ka setae i ke poʻo (see Fig. 223). I nā lehelehe huaole ma ke ʻano o nā papila. Ma nā stoma ʻike ʻia nā "niho" (nā kelepona paʻa) a me nā onhi (paʻa lima). ʻO ka esophagus ka mea maʻamau me kahi kāla ma ka hope o ka posterior. He bulana kūwaha o Bulbus, ʻaʻole lako me nā mea kaua o loko. I ka nui o ka ʻōpū o ka esophagus a ʻekolu mau mea kūmole kuleana. He hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau ovaries, ʻekahi pinepine kekahi, akā he mau lua nō hoʻi nā ho'āʻo. I nā kāne, ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū o ke kino, i mua o ka anus, ua ulu ʻia nā mea maʻamau i maʻamau no ka chromadorids, me ke kōkua o nā kāne kāne i hoʻopaʻa iā lākou iho i ka wā e kope ʻia i ke kūlana o ka wehe a ka wahine. Kuhi ʻia ka spicules a alakaʻi ʻia e kahi hui kākoʻo kūikawā - ʻo nā hoʻokele . ^ E Ha yM. Aia ʻekolu mau pūnaka ʻehā i kahi o ka huelo, a aia ke ʻano o ka haki excretory i kahi o ka huina. Kahe aku nā ʻike o nā lepa i loko o ke kai a i ʻole ka wai hou a hoʻokaʻawale koke ia i loko o kahi puʻu. I kēia mau manawa, kū ka laulima a ka chromadorida ma lalo, e hoʻopili ana iā ia iho i ka huapalaʻi o ke one a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i kona kino ʻūlū mai kēlā ʻaoʻao a i ʻaoʻao. ʻO nā Chromadorids he pinepine nā maka - ʻeleʻele, ʻulaʻula, lula, ʻulaʻula, violet, a me nā mea'ē aʻe. Kūkulu ʻia ka cuticle chromadorid paʻakikī loa.Kūkā pinepine ʻia ia i ke hoʻopio pono ʻana i nā apo i kahi laulā. Hoʻopili ʻia nā apo a kau pono ʻia, a me nā sclerotia paha nā ʻano like ʻole, e mau ana i nā ʻāpana o ka mikroscope, e like me nā pōhaku makamae.

Hoʻomaʻa ʻia kēia mau nematod i ka algae moana unicellular, a he nui o kā lākou mau tohena nā mea he nui.

Kuhi. 231. O ka welina o ke kino o ka nematode Hypodontolaimus btitschlii. Hōʻike ʻia ka huelo o ke kāne: 1 - spicules, 2 - taxus, 3 - hoʻonaninani hou, 4 - nā mākaʻi o nā spicules, 5 - nā wili o ka huelo, 6 - nā kihi o nā huelo o ka huelo, 7 - hana kiki.

ʻO kekahi chromadorids ma ka lōʻihi mamao o kā mākou honua i komo i ka wai me ka ʻāina. Ma waena o nā chromadorids lepo, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka ʻohana kope (Plectidae). ʻO kēia kahi ʻāpana hoihoi o nā chromadorids liʻiliʻi i loaʻa i kahi kumu waiwai o ka waiʻai i ka lepo - foci of decaying organic material. I loko o kēia mau ʻōpala, ma lalo o ka mana o nā bakrobial saprobiotic a me nā puʻu saprophytic, nā hana paʻakikī o ka decomposion o insoluble mau mea olaola i ʻāpana o nā mea kanu mea kanu (nā koena aʻa, lāʻau, nā lau make, a me nā mea). Ma lalo o ke kaomi o nā enzymes o nā bacteria a me nā fungi, nā mea hoʻololi kūlohelohe e wāwahi a hoʻohuli i ka kūleʻa (wai i loko o nā huahana) aʻa i nā mea huʻuleʻa i ka protein (mono- a me disaccharides) a me nā mea maʻalahi aʻe. ʻO ka nohona saprobiotic, ʻoi aku, momona mau ka wai i ka wai, i hoʻoili ʻia ai kēia mau huahana. Loaʻa nō hoʻi ʻo Saprobios i nā popo lololo o ke koena o nā "pope" o ke kiko lāʻau. I ka hopena, ma kēia wahi, loaʻa nā huapopo saprobiotic i nā manawa, spores o nā fungi saprophytic, a me nā mea lā. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho o kēia mau chrobadorids saprobiotic e lawe i nā ʻano o ke ola no ka noho saprobiotic. Ke hele ʻole nei i nā kikoʻī, ʻike mākou i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻoikaika kino e hōʻike pinepine ʻia ma ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka waha waha a me ka esophagus o nā plectids. ʻO ka lua o ke kō (stoma) ke ʻano o kahi funnel a i ʻole kahi cylinder, i loko o ka lua o kahi e ʻai ai ke ʻano o ka meaʻai i loko o ka esophagus me ke kali ʻole. Hāʻawi ka musculature ikaika i ka esophagus i kahi neʻe wikiwiki. Ma ka hope o ka esope o ka esophagus aia kahi pōpoki kūikawā i ke ʻano o kahi aniani, a i ʻole ka ʻōmole, i hoʻolako ʻia me ka ʻāpana "crusher" kūloko, ka wāwahi i ka ʻōpū o ka meaʻai. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻopau nā plectids i ka detritus saprobiotic a me nā mea a pau e loaʻa iā ia: kahi wai me ka hoʻolaʻa hua o nā mea o luna e pau i lalo i loko o ia mea, e komo pū me nā mea kanu, etc.

Mai nā mea i hōʻike ʻia aʻe, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano plectids i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka substrate saprobiotic - kahi kumu o kā lākou mālama. Loaʻa i ka ʻāina chromadorides kahi mea hiki ke komo i ka meaʻai i loko o kēia kāwili, a ʻo ia ke kumu o ko lākou hoʻololi ʻana i ke ola ma kahi ʻāpana saprobic. Eia naʻe, ʻo ke ola ma kēia ʻoihana ke ola wale nō o ka plectids. ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi ke ʻōlelo e pili ana i kēia mau nematode liʻiliʻi e hoʻopili paʻa ʻia lākou i ka ʻōpala saprobiotic wale nō. Lawe wale lākou i ka hana mua i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka nohona saprobiotic, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i lilo i mea noho pono ʻole ʻia. Nui nā mea i ka lepo, a puni ka aʻa. Hiki iā lākou ke komo i loko o ka aʻa a hoʻohana i nā iwi ʻokoʻa o ka maluhia o ka laupili putrefactive o ka lau kanu ola. ʻO nā papa e like me ka "ma kahi kihi." Ua nalo aku lākou i nā hiʻohiʻona ola o ko lākou poʻe kūpuna - nā chromadorids lawaiʻa, lilo i mau ʻano lepo, hoʻopili i ko lākou mau ola me ka saprobiotic foci, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i komo i ka nohona saprobiotic e like me nā mea e noho nui ana. ʻO nā Plectids, e like me ia, "nā poʻe noho pōkole o kēia". No laila, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike pinepine ʻia i loko o saprobios, a ʻoi aku lākou ma mua o nā kahua i kahi o ke kaʻina saprobiotic i ka hoʻomaka a me ka palena liʻiliʻi o kona hoʻomohala ʻana. Eia kekahi, e ʻike mākou i ka lanakila piha ʻana o ka ʻāina saprobiotic i lawe ʻia e kekahi hui o nematode, a mākou i hana ʻole ai iā mākou iho.

ʻOkuō ʻo Enoplida (Enoplida)

ʻOkoʻa loa nā Nematodes o kēia kauoha i nā chromadorids, a ʻo nā mea he nui o lākou e makemake iā mākou e pili ana i ko lākou koʻikoʻi o ka mokuʻāina. ʻAʻole i like chromadorids, ʻokiʻoki ka cuticle i enoplids, ʻaʻole annular. ʻO ke poʻo, e like me ka chromadorids, e lawe ana i kahi ulu lōʻihi o ke poʻo a me ka labillae labial. Nā lālā kikowaena, a i ole hui nui, i.e. poe whakakanu o ka kemu oiia (olfactory) ka mea, ma ke ano o ke puhaka, a ma ka aoao hema. Ua hoʻolako ʻia ka esophagus me kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻoili. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōhua caudal ʻekolu i loko o ka huelo, akā ʻaʻohe mau pūpiki ma ka hope o ka huelo. Nui nā poʻe enoplids e nalowale i ke poʻo setae i hoʻololi ʻia e ka papillae (papillomas) Hoʻonui maʻamau kēia i nā loina enoplids a me nā luna parasit o kēia kauoha. ʻO ke hiʻohiʻona o nā puka parasit i waena o nā mea kūkala o kēia neʻoneʻe kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa maʻamau mai chromadorids.

Nui ka nui o nā enoplids i ke kai a me nā kai. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou he mau puka liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku kekahi i kahi nui, ana paha e nā centimeter. ʻO nā kahu enoplids ka mea kiaʻi o ka hui maʻamau o nā ʻano o kēia detachment (see Fig. 224). ʻO ka hapanui o lākou he poʻe neʻe i ka pū me nā niho a like me nā niho e like me ka niho e like me nā lālani waha a i kapa ʻia ʻo onkhs. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe ua paʻa ʻia me nā niho hiki, hoʻoliʻi e like me nā ʻōpio ikaika (ʻike ʻia ʻo Fig. 224). ʻO ka lepo, ka wai a me nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe e paʻa ana me ka ihe ikaika e hiki ke hele i kahi mamao. Loaʻa i ka ihe ka mana koʻikoʻi (ʻoiaʻiʻo, ma kahi ʻano microcosm) ka mana ulu a lawelawe a lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he nui a me ka mea hānai huki (e nānā iā Fig. 227).

ʻO nā enoplids o ka moana, me nā ʻona a me nā ʻōmole wai hou o kēia kauoha, he ʻokoʻa like ʻole ia. Hoʻopiliʻia, ma waena o nā enoplids lepo, me nā mea ʻōpiopio, ʻike ʻia nā parasit o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu. No laila, kā mākou e noʻonoʻo i ka lepo a me nā hui parasit o nā enoplids.

Enoplidae - nā mea hoʻolaha. Ma waena o nā enoplids ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea wānana voracious. He ʻano 'ʻona a me nā “tigers” o ka honua nematode, ʻike ʻia me kahi microscope.

Kuhi. 232. Mononch, 'pākahi-niho' (Mononchus papillatus): 1 - papillae, 2 - ka pūpū waha me ka onch nui, 3 - esophagus, 4 - neʻe nerve, 5 - nā ʻōpū me nā nui nui, 6 - ovari, 7 - hua manu, 8 - ka wahine wehe wehe

E noʻonoʻo i kekahi o nā mea i manaʻo ʻia e pili ana i nā enoplids no ke ailau moi (Mononchus, Fig. 232). Ua unuhi ʻia ka inoa ʻano nui i ka ʻōlelo Lūkia "odnozub". ʻO ka mononch, e kūkākūkā ʻia, e pili ana i nā mea lāʻau Mononchus papillatus. Loaʻa nā wahine wahine o kēia ʻano i ka lōʻihi o 1,8 mm, nā liʻiliʻi o nā kāne. Ma ke poʻo o ka mononch, ua kūkulu ʻia nā lāʻau papamula, ma kēlā me kēia he puʻu. ʻO kēia mau mea tangoreceptors. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo - ka pale-ʻoki hui nui (nā wahi ʻona) Hāʻawi ʻia nā lehelehe me ka papillae nerve. Ma ka ihu mua o ke kino ke kū nei ka waha. E alakaʻi ana i loko o kahi kahe nui o ka waha, kahi nui o nā protrudes onch i koi a alakaʻi ʻia e nā kihi i ka hohonu o ka stoma. ʻO ka ʻōiwi ikaika ka lōʻihi o ka esophagus, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e loaʻa ka ʻōmole. Hoʻonui ʻia ka lumen o ka esophagus me kahi ʻāpana i kālai ʻia. He ikaika ikaika kahi kino ikaika. He ikaika nui ka wahī i loko, ʻo kona paia ke kūkulu ʻia i nā poli polygonal, he nui ka nui. ʻElua mau keiki ovaries i ka wahine. ʻOi nui nā hua ʻōlena i hoʻokahi i ka manawa i loko o ka pipa a me nā ʻōpū o mua. Aia ka ovaries ovoli ma mua a ma hope o ka wehe wahine. Loaʻa nā kamaʻāina. Noho ʻo Mononchus papillatus i ka lepo. He kanaka wānana maikaʻi kēia. I kona ʻōpū, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā koena o nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ke kino o nā nematodes, rotifers, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hiki ai i kēia mononch ke ʻai i nā ʻai anu o kekahi mau nematodes e pōʻino ana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau koʻikoʻi. I ka nānā ʻana i kēia, ua makemake ka poʻe nematologist i ke ʻano o ka nui o ka inoa mononch i ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka nui o nā nematode e hōʻino kino i nā mea kanu a waiho i nā maʻi nematode kūikawā i loko o lākou. Ua hoʻomaka nā hoʻokolohua.I mea e wehewehe pono ai i ka pilikia, hoʻokomo ʻo Steiner lāua ʻo Heinley i nā mō'ī i kahi moʻomeheu kūikawā. I ka moʻomeheu, hiki i kēia mau ʻepekema ke hoʻomau i nā mononkhs a hiki i 18 mau pule. Ua hoʻohuli ʻia ʻē aʻe ke mononch. No laila, ka nānā ʻana o kekahi o kēia mau "tigers" o ka microworld i hōʻike ʻia i loko o hoʻokahi lā ua ʻai ke mononch i ka 83 puʻuwai kino. Nā nematodes gall (see ma lalo). ʻO kekahi ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o ka moaka i nānā ʻia no nā hebedoma 12, a huli a i loko o kēia manawa ua ʻai ʻo ia i ka 1332 specimens o nā nematode like ʻole!

Pehea ʻo ia e hana ai? Pehea e hopu ai i kāna mea pio? Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole he "hopohopo" kona weliweli ʻo ka mōʻī. E noʻonoʻo o kahi mea noiʻi e noho ana ma kahi microscope a nānā aku i ka mōʻī. Pāʻau Mononh i ka wai ma lalo o kahi uhi. Hāʻawi ikaika ʻo ia i kona kino a me ka lohi. ʻO ka nematod e hele aku ana e hoʻopuni iā ​​ia, e hoʻopio ana i kona poʻo a me kona laʻī. He nui o lākou e hālāwai me kahi mea haki, paʻi a pākuʻi hoʻi. ʻAʻohe hopena! ʻAʻole ʻike ʻo Mononch iā lākou. A ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli. Akā ua lilo kekahi o nā mea i nalowale, ʻoiaʻiʻo, me ka ulia ʻole, he hana ʻē. Ke holo nei i mua o ka mōʻī, ua hoʻopā ʻo ia i kona kino ma kona waha papillae. Hopu ʻia e ka ʻike koke! A ma hope o kāna, i kekahi mau hapa o ka kekona, lele koke ka pelu o ka mononchos esophagus, a, e like me ka puahiohio ikaika, ua huki koke ʻia ka mea paʻa i loko o ka mea kaua o kahi kanaka. Ma hope o kēlā, ʻo ka mea i make - ʻo nematode slender - ua hiolo ʻia ma ka lumen o ka esophagus a komo i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka mononh. Eia ua ʻalo ʻia ia, a ma hope o ka manawa e noho wale nā ​​"pepeiao a me nā wāwae" mai ia mea - i loko o kahi puʻu o ka mea kēkelē hiki ke ʻike i nā ʻano nui o ke kāne ʻio ʻia, nā paia o ka waha o ka mea a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻohui ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mononkhs no laila ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻepekema e noʻonoʻo i ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻana iā lākou e kaupalena ʻia ka nui o nā lāʻau nematodes parasitite.

Lilo nā mōʻī i kā lākou waiwai pio. ʻO nā enoplids predatory ʻē aʻe kekahi me ka iaka i hoʻi mai ke ʻano, e like me ka pū kaʻi i ʻoki ʻia. Ua hiki iā lākou ke pana i ke kino o kā lākou mau poʻe a me ka huki ʻana i kā lākou wai.

ʻO nā Enoplids ka mea kanu lāʻau. I waena o nā ala o ke ʻano o ka enoplids, me ka hoʻohui i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia ma luna, ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi nā lāʻau kanu. ʻO kēia mau lono lono me nā ihe lōʻihi. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kēia ihe, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o ka niho elongated e hiki ke hele i waho o ka waha. Hoʻokomo ʻo Nematode me ka ihe o ka pūpū o nā mea kanu a hoʻopau i nā wai kanu. Ma ka manawa like, noho ka nematode iā ia iho i ka lepo, a ke waiho wale nei ka poʻo o kona poʻo i ke kiko o ka aʻa o ka lau. E like me ke kānāwai, noho kēia mau nematode i nā ʻāpana hohonu hohonu - i lalo a hohonu i kahi o ka mea i hoʻopihapiha ʻia, ka mea e loaʻa pinepine ai 25 cm. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia nematodes ka ʻohana Longidoridae. ʻO kekahi o nā luna o kēia ʻohana ʻo Xiphinema americanum. Kēia hiki i kēia nematode parasitic 3 mm ka lōʻihi. Kahiu ʻia ke kumu o kona ihe lōʻihi, no ka mea i mākaukau nā ʻelele a pau o kēia ʻano, a me ka esophagus ma ka hope posterior e hoʻonui ʻia. He kīkaha kūwā ʻia, a neʻe loa kona poʻo i luna, e like me ka wili o ka lāʻau nui i kahi syringe lapaʻau. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino lōʻihi a like me ke kino o ka nahesa. ʻO Xiphinema americanum, e hānai i nā wai wai mai nā aʻa aʻa o nā mea kanu like ʻole, e hōʻemi ai i ka make decrefactive o ka nui o nā mea kanu a me ka maʻi nematode, i hōʻike ʻia i ka pale kino o ka mea kanu.

E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, hoʻopili ʻia kēia nematode i nā aʻa o nā mea kanu, ʻoiai e waiho ana i ka lepo a ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka kiko o ka mea kanu, i.e., nona nā hui o ka ecological o nā mea kanu waho (ectoparasites).

ʻO ka hui ʻoseoparasitic o ka nematode kekahi i nā hui kūlike o ka ʻohana trichoride (Trichodoridae). I nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻohana, ka ʻehā i ka ʻaoʻao waena e like me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ʻekolu ʻāpana. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka sensation chemical i nā hiʻohiʻona - hui nui: bilobar lākou i kēia mau ʻano, a i loko o ka pu ʻai posterior aia nā huaʻi "olfactory nives" e waiho nei ma ka pua. Hoʻonui loa ʻia ka esophagus i hope.Kūkulu ʻia nā hua nui i loko o nā puʻupuʻu nui. Trichorusaoiaʻe xyphinesHoʻokomo lākou i kā lākou iʻa i ka nui o ke aʻa, hoʻopili i nā ʻōnaehana pathogen i loko o nā aʻa o nā mea kanu, akā, ʻo ka mea hou aku, ua hoʻolauna lākou i nā pūpū me kā lākou pū lōʻihi i loko o nā mea kanu, nā mea hōʻeha o nā maʻi maʻi maʻi.

Enoplidae - nā palaʻai o nā holoholona invertebrate. Ma waena o nā enoplids, ʻaʻole naʻe na ka mea kanu lāʻau i ʻike ʻia, akā, ʻo nā pūʻulu hoʻi i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea kanu holoholona.

ʻO nā ʻohana nui a nui paha hoʻohui (Mermitidae) i hōʻike ʻia e nā maʻi parasit o nā crustaceans, aquatic a terrestrial inacities a me kekahi mau hui ʻē aʻe o nā invertebrates. Nā mākaʻikaʻi ʻelemakule, hiki i ka lōʻihi o 50 cm, alakaʻi i kahi ola manu ʻole, aʻo ka parasitism i ili i loko o ke aka o kēia nematodes. He makana multilayer loa ka mermitids, ka ʻona i ke poʻo poepoe, e lawe ana i nā ʻili o ka papillary a me kahi ʻoi i kuʻikuʻi a i ʻole ʻili a me ke kao ʻehā. ʻO nā amphids nui a i ʻole ka nui e ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo. ʻO kekahi manawa e hoʻemi ʻia. Ma waenakonu o ka poʻo o ke poʻo, e like me nā nematodes āpau, e kū ana ka waha a alakaʻi i ka esophagus, kahi no ka hapa nui ka mea kūpono i ka ʻāpana lōʻihi. He lapuwale mākou e hoʻomaka e ʻimi i nā ʻōpū ma Mermitids, e like me ka mea a mākou e ʻike nei i loko o nā nematode ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke ola Parasitic i alakaʻi i kēia mau nematodes o kahi hui kūʻokoʻa piha loa o ka pūpū waena. ʻAʻohe o nā ʻōpū haneli ke kuʻuna. ʻOi loa ka ʻike i kēia manawa i ka aneane o ka esophagus i ke kāʻei. ʻO nā mea āpau āpau, he kipa cuticular, nā paia o ka sclerotized (densified), a me nā ʻāpana esophagus e hoʻopuni ʻia e nā lālani o nā kela plasma me ka nuclei nui. ʻO kēia ʻāno, ka mea pono ʻole o kona mau iwi ponoʻī. Hoʻopiha ʻia nā pūleʻa me nā lako mālama. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ʻano anus i nā kāne wale nō. He lōʻihi ka nui o nā ovaries, aia ko lākou mau pīpī he māmā, i ke koena aʻeleʻele lākou ma muli o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā nui kumupaʻa o nā kiki ma loko o nā hua kipi - nā hua o ka wā e hiki mai ana. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua i kūkulu ʻia i nā oviducts a mai laila i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka muscular. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā hua ma waho - i loko o ka wai a i loko o ka honua - i ka nui o nā kaukani a he mau haneli paha. He mea hoihoi loa nā kuhi oviposition Mermis. Hoʻomoe ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka honua i ke kahe ʻana o nā wahine i ka honua. Piʻi ʻia ʻo Mermitida, e like me ka nahesa, ma kahi mea kanu, kekahi ʻehā o ka mauʻu, me ka hoʻowalewale ʻana i nā neʻe a me kona poʻo. I kēia hihia, huli ke kuli me kona poʻo i ka mālamalama. Hōʻike ʻia kēia hopena ma o ka hiki ʻana o ocelli i Mermitids (genus Mermis, etc.). ʻO ka hopena o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana e nā ʻili o ka lā, ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā hua. Ma Mermis, ua uhi ʻia nā hua me ka membrane e lawe ana i nā kaʻina hana. Hoʻopili kēia mau kaʻina hana i ka lālani hua manu a i waiho ʻia ma ka kōpū. Ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia nei nā hua ma waho o ka lā, e koke koke lākou a laila e lilo i polokalamu no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā hua i ka substrate. Ma nā ʻāpana Mermitid, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā hua a me kā lākou komo i loko o ka hui o Mermitid, kahi a lākou e pili ai i ka ulana, i loaʻa i nā ala ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokomo i nā pepeke nā hua Mermis me nā mea kanu. Kekahi manawa i loko o ka manuahi hānai, ʻo ka larva e puka mai ana mai ka huaʻaʻa e hoʻouka pinepine i ka lua o ke kino o kāna mea hoʻokipa, kahi e hānai ai i ka endosmotically ma o ka cuticular integument. Ma hope aku, haʻalele ka lolo i ke kino o ka inau a hele i ke ola manuahi i ka lepo a i ka wai paha (e pili ana i nā ʻano a me nā ʻano o mermitidae). I ka manawa a lākou e hoʻokō ai i kahi ola kūʻokoʻa, ua hoʻomohala lākou i nā ʻōpū pena. Hoʻohui kēia ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mermitida opio i ka lepo.

"ʻO ka puka ʻana mai o nā ʻōpala mai ke kino o ka iniseti host," kākau ʻia e ka nematologist Soviet kaulana I.N. Filipiev, "he mea make i ka iniseti, make ia mai ka make ʻana o ka ola o ka wīwī. ʻO ka hoʻoiho ʻana o nā iniseti e nā kumulāʻau, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai nui, e komo i ka make a me ka lāʻala, i.e.hana ʻino i kā lākou kīʻaha a me ka nalowale o ka hiki ke hānau hou. No laila, ʻo nā mermitids i waena o nā nematode pono e kaupalena ana i ka nui o nā iniseti maikaʻi ʻole.

Enoplidae - nā parasitū Vertebrate.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā enoplids he manuahi manu ʻole, ʻo kekahi o lākou, e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai, he mau lāʻau kanu lāʻau. Ua kamaʻāina pū kekahi iā mākou me kekahi mau ʻano o ka pūʻulu i hōʻike ʻia e nā maʻi pepeke a me nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe. E noʻonoʻo i nā enoplids parasitizing i nā kino vertebral.

E noho mākou ma luna o kekahi o nā ʻelele o kahi neʻe hoihoi dioctophimate (Dioctophymata). ʻO mākou i manaʻo he nematode nui loa - ke kanaka maoli i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā palapala manuahi - ʻōlapa nui (Dioctophyme renale). ʻO kēia nematode kahi pili palapū o nā keiki a me nā wahi a ke kino o nā mommals. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia nematode me ka hoʻololi o ʻelua mau luna - oligochaetes a me nā mammals - nā ʻīlio a i ʻole nā ​​carnivores (Carnivora). Mai kahi hua manu i hopu ʻia ma nā kūlana maikaʻi (ʻo ia hoʻi, a lawa lawa). Inā ua ʻoki ʻia ka hua e ka oligochaetes Lumbriculus variegatus, a laila hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi larva mai loko aku, e komo ana i loko o ka ʻōpū o kēia ʻōiwi a laila i loko o ka lua o kona kino. Mai aneʻi, komo ka larva i loko o ke kahe koko o ka ʻōpū o ka oligochaetes, kahi e ulu ai a laha mau i ʻelua, e lilo ana, no laila, kahi pānaʻi o ke kolu. Pilikia ka larva pela i ka mammal, no ka laʻana, he ʻīlio, ʻo ia hoʻi, e lilo ana i mea hoʻoulu ʻia, hiki iā ia ke kūkulu i nā kino o ka mamalia i loko o ka puʻupuʻu pālemakule. Akā no ia mea, pono e komo i loko o nā ʻāpana o ka ʻīlio.

Hiki i kahi ʻīlio ke kanu i kahi oligochaetes i pāpaʻi ʻia e ka larva o kahi paʻu nui, ʻo ia hoʻi me ka wai. Ma kēia hihia, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka larva o ka savina nui i loko o ke kaila o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hematoma ma muli o ka hemorrhage i kaupalena ʻia i ke kahua o ka localization o ke aloha. ʻElua mau pule ma hope iho, komo ka pili iā larva i ka ate, e neʻe ana i loko a me ka hōʻino i ke kūpaʻa o nā kino o kēia ʻala. ʻO ka mea hope loa, nā molva larva no ka manawa hope (3 molt) a, aia ma ke ʻano o kahi larva o ka makahiki ʻehā, e komo ana i ka lua o ke kino o ka mamala. Mai aneila ua komo i loko o ka pūlama, pinepine pinepine - i ka ʻākau, ka hoʻokō ʻana ma mua o ka hope, ʻehā, molt a hoʻohuli i loko o kahi maʻi pākeke.

Kuhi. 233. Giile Pile (Dioctophyme renale)

ʻO ka papa maʻi i hōʻeha nui i ka ʻīlio. Aia i ka pelvis renal, hiki iā ia ke hoʻoheʻe i ke koko. Hōʻalo ka pīpī i kēia mau hihia. Me ka urine, ua hūnā ʻia nā hua he nui i loko o ke kaiāulu - kahi kumu o nā maʻi hou (komohewa).

I ka hihia o kēia komohewa ʻana i nā ʻōkuhi renal, hōʻike ʻia nā ʻīlio i kahi nematode nui ma ka wehe ʻana.

ʻO nā ʻelele o kekahi mokulele - trichocephalate (Trichocephalata) - nā mea makeʻole o nā mammals a me nā kānaka. ʻO nā palapala i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia e pili ana ʻohana trichocephalid (Trichocephalidae) a me ke ʻano o Trichocephalus. Nui nā huaʻai i helu ʻia o ka nui o nā holoholona i loko o ka ʻōpū a me ka cecum o nā holoholona he nui - i ka roe deer, deer, gazelle, fallow deer, hipa, kāmele, pipi a me nā mamalia. Hoʻokomo pū kekahi ʻano ʻōiwi i loko o ke kanaka, ma ka papa. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano inoa me Trichocephalus trichiuris, a ma i loko o ka hana lapaʻau e kapa ʻia ʻo ia poʻo poʻo ulana. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēia inoa ma muli o kaʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ke poʻo mua o ke kino o ke koholā i ʻili nui e like me ka lauoho. Ua wili mālie ka hope. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka kāne ka lōʻihi o 30-40 mm, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine 35-50 mm (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine o nā nematodes a pau). He keʻokeʻo kēia nematode, i kekahi manawa me ka tinge ʻulaʻula. ʻO kahi ʻāpana manawaleʻa wale nō o ke kino e loaʻa wale ai ka ʻōpū i mua, i.e., ka stoma a me ka esophagus. Hoʻopili ʻia ka esophagus me nā lālani 1-2 nui o nā sela glandular nui, akā ulu maikaʻi kona mau ʻuhane. Ma ke kua, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao mānoanoa o ke kino ka ʻili a me ka pili ʻana o ke kāne a ka wahine. Hoʻokahi wale nō kōmole o nā wahine; hoʻokahi wale nō spicule nā ​​kāne. Hoʻokomo pū ka wahine i nā hua whipworm maʻamau, ʻo ka noho ʻana ma ke keaka i ka unmistakably e hōʻike nei i ka maʻi me kēia nematode. ʻAʻole hamala ʻo Vlasoglav i ka lua o ke kolu o ke kanaka, akā, e like me ka mea e ʻōlelo ʻia e nā helminthologists, "wīwī" i kona ʻāpana mucous, komo i ke poʻo i loko a ʻai i ka make o ke koko o ke kanaka. ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka whipworm biology. No laila, ʻo ka whipworm kahi ʻano maʻamau i ola i ka wai o ke kino i noho ai kāna mau lālā.ʻO ka hiki ke "hoʻoheheʻe ʻia" ka maʻi mucous o ka pua i hoʻākāka ʻia ma ke alo o nā kelepona esophagus i ʻōlelo ʻia i luna, he hana he lysing, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hana o ka hana kemika ma ka launa ma nā ʻōnaehana me ke kōkua o nā huina. ʻO nā Enzyma he mau pūmua protein paʻakikī o nā ʻano like ʻole, hiki ke wāwahi i ka holoholona a i ʻole nā ​​mea kanu ʻupena, e hoʻohuli ana i nā puna wai ʻole (polysaccharides) i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (mono- a me disaccharides, me kekahi mea). Hoʻopili nā kelepa (esophagus) o nematodes i nā enzyme, a hāʻawi lākou i ka hiki i ke whipworm e "hoʻomālamulu" i ka maʻi holoholona a hoʻohana iā ia e like me ke kumu kumu. Ke kuhi nei i ka kiko, hiki i ka uapo ke pili i ke koko o ka mea hoʻokele, e hāʻawi nei i ka ʻai wale nō o ka parasit, a me ke hoʻohana pū ʻana hoʻi o ka oxygen i pili pū me ka hemoglobin o nā sela ʻulaʻula o ke koko kanaka.

Kuhi. 234. Trichocephalus trichiurus

Pehea e hele ai ke kanaka me ka maʻi ʻili? A i ʻole, e like me ka hana maʻamau i ka ʻepekema e pili ana i nā ʻōpū parasit, a he helminths (mai laila ka inoa ʻepekema - helminthology), pehea ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka ʻōpū kanaka i kahi whipworm i hoʻokō? Ka mea, ua hele mai ka maʻi me a lākou i ka inu ʻana i ka wai, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā hua koholā. Hoʻomaopopo kēia i ka hele ʻana o ke kanaka i ka wai. I ka wai, ʻoi aku ka mahana, ulu ka hua ma kahi o hoʻokahi a i ʻole malama paha. I loko o ka ʻōpū hua manu, ma hope o kēia manawa, hiki i nā palaka ke noho i loko o nā hua manu huaʻai no kekahi mau mahina. Ma hope o ka lawe ʻana o kekahi i nā wai ʻona i loko o nā hua o ka parasit, puka mai nā ʻōpio ʻōpio (larvae) mai nā hua i loko o ka ʻōpū o ke kanaka, e ulu ana i nā ʻano pākeke i ka wā e hōʻea ai i kā lākou localization normal, i.e., ma ka ʻōpū nui. Ma ka manawa like loa, ua "hao" lākou i ka mucosa ʻawa.

ʻO ka kūʻai ʻana i kahi pōpoki he maʻalahi maʻalahi no ka mea e "flushes" i ka membrane molile a paʻa mau ia ma kahi o. Ua kuhikuhi ʻia nā mea maʻi i ka lapaʻau kūikawā; ʻike ʻia ka pōmaikaʻi e loaʻa inā loaʻa nā hua i loko o kēia keʻena lāʻau. ʻO ka whipworm ke kumu i ka hana ʻana o ka holo ʻana, ka maʻi anemia, nā ʻano nīnū.

ʻO kekahi lālā no ka ʻohana Trichocephalidae he nui ka pilikia - trichinella (Trichinella trichinella), kapa pinepine ʻia "trichina." Loaʻa kēia nematode i kahi loiloi kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kahi puʻupuʻu maʻalahi a mua loa o ka ulu ʻana o ka whipworm e hiki ke hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻano aʻoaʻo: "host organ - water - host organ." Ua nalowale loa ʻo Trichinella i kona pili ʻana i kēia kolamu;

E hele pū kekahi kanaka me Trichinella, ma ke ʻano he hopena, ma muli o ka ʻai ʻona a ʻole ʻaina i ka ʻai puaʻa i pā ʻia e kēia parasit. Akā he aha ke ʻano o kēia manaʻo - "lawa" a "ʻaʻole lawa" iʻa ʻia i palaoa a iʻa me ka palaoa? Inā ʻoki ʻia kahi ʻāpana puaʻa nui a iʻa paha a iʻaʻa ʻia ka puaʻa, a laila hiki ke "kuke ʻia", a haʻi ʻia e ka helminthologist iā ia ʻo kahi pēpē i hoʻomākaukau ʻia. nā maʻi i ʻike ʻia trichinosis.

Noho ʻo Trichinella i loko o kahi kikoʻī o kahi puaʻa (a ma kahi "culinary" hoʻomākaukau ʻia ham!) I nā pulupulu lime. Inā ʻai kekahi kanaka i kahi ʻāpana me ka trichinella encapsulated, a laila ma loko o ka ʻōpū i hāwī ʻia kona mau ʻiʻo puaʻa puaʻa ma lalo o ke kumu o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻawaʻawa, a ma ka manawa like, hoʻomāhele ʻia nā kapala kalaka ma lalo o ka mana o ka waikawa hydrochloric i loko o ia mea. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Trichinella mai ka capsule a komo i loko o ka kiko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi a hiki koke i kahi kūlana. Aia ma kahi o 48 mau hola ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, hoʻohua nā kāne i nā wahine, i loko o nā ʻano ʻoi o nā hua a me nā ʻōpio Trichinella e hoʻomōhala. ʻElua mau tausani ka hānau o kahi wahine. Ke puka hou nei ka trichinella ʻōpiopio mai ka wehe ʻana o ka wahine a komo i loko o ka ʻāpana o ka ʻōpū, kahi i kū ai nā kāne.Nā ʻenemi mikroskopio - ʻo Trichinella ʻōpio - ke hāʻule nei i loko o nā moku lymphatic o nā paia o nā pā liʻiliʻi o kahi kanaka a laila i loko o kona kahe koko. ʻO ka manawa i ka wā nui o Trichinella larvae i komo i ka pā o ka ʻōpū o kahi kanaka e mamao loa aku iā ia. Ma kēia manawa, hele pinepine ka wikiwiki, ala ke kanaka i ka wela, ke huehue o ka helehelena a ʻoi aku ka ulu ʻana o nā helehelena, hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano hui, a laila, inā nui nā trichinella, hiki ke hōʻeha kēia manawa. Ke manaʻo nei ʻaʻole ia i hana - ola ke kāne. Eia nō naʻe, ua mamao loa ka maʻi. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻōkuhi Trichinella ma o ke kahawai, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, i ka ʻāʻī ikaika ikaika loa hana a noho ma ʻaneʻi. Hiki i kēia manawa ke komo i loko o nā ʻĀina hiki ke hele pū me nā ʻeha hōʻeha - ʻehaʻeha o ka naʻau, i kekahi manawa pākole o nā ʻano ʻōpū o nā ʻōpū like ʻole, a laila. Akā ʻo ke kanaka no nā makahiki he nui ka mea i lawe i ka Trichinella. I nā loko o nā ʻōpū a puni o nā lolo, e hoʻomohala ʻia kahi capsuleous. ʻO kēia mau trichinella i paʻa i loko o nā ʻiʻo o ka poʻe no ka make e make ai.

Kuhi. 235. Trichinella i ka ʻiʻo puaʻa

I loko o nā kiko o ka puaʻa i hoʻopili ʻia me ka trichinella i ka wā e ʻai ana i nā kiʻī, ka hana like me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka trichinella e like me ka ʻōpū o ke kanaka, akā ʻo ka "hopena" hope o ka trichinella i loko o nā ʻuhane puaʻa ʻokoʻa. ʻAi ʻia ke kanaka a ʻona puaʻa. No laila, ʻo ka puaʻa ke kumu nui o ka maʻi maʻamau o ke kanaka. trichinosis.

Pehea e? Pehea e pale ai iā ʻoe iho mai ka maʻi me ka trichinosis?

Lāʻi ʻia ka Rats e ka ʻai ʻana i ka puaʻa trichinosis, maʻi ka puaʻa me ka trichinosis i ka ʻai ʻana i nā poli. No laila, ʻo ka hakakā ʻana ma nā kiʻī, ʻo kā lākou make nui ʻana i ka ʻoihana puaʻa kekahi o nā hana nui a anti-trichinosis. Mālama kekahi kanaka mai ka trichinosis e ke kānāwai, ma ke ʻano ʻole i ʻoki ʻia i ka ʻoki puaʻa ʻana i ke kūʻai a hiki i ka wā e ʻike ʻia no ka trichinosis. I nā mākeke a me nā hale kūʻai ke kūʻai aku lākou i ka ʻai a me ka puaʻa puaʻa i hoʻokolokolo ʻia no ka trichinosis. No laila, ʻo ke kūʻai ʻana i ka puaʻa e pono e lawe ʻia ma o ka ʻoihana kūʻai mokuʻāina a i ʻole mākeke e hoʻokele ʻia e kahi keʻena olakino. ʻO nā puaʻa āpau e hele ai no ka luku ʻana, pono lākou e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau maʻi.

No ka zoologist, mālamaʻo Trichinella i kahi mea hoihoi kūlohelohe - he kumu hoʻohālike o ka hiki ʻana i ke ʻano nui o ke ala o ka hiki ʻana o ka pili lāʻau. ʻO Trichinella, hoʻokahi manawa i loko o kahi kanaka, ka hele ʻana o ka mahele āpau i kona ulu ʻana i kona kino, a no ko lākou hele ʻana - mai ka larva a hiki i ka mokuahi makua a hiki i ka hua manu (mai nā wahine i ulu i ka pā o ka ʻōpū) a hiki i ka mokuʻāina - ʻaʻole paha ia e hele i loko o ka ʻaoʻao o waho. Hōʻike kēia i kahi mea hoʻokō lōʻihi loa i ka parasitism.

ʻĀpana o Secernentea

ʻAʻole hiki ia iaʻu ke hālāwai ʻōlaua e hoʻomaka ʻalua mākou. Adenophorea - nā ʻano manu like ʻole o ke kai. Kupanaha o na kanahiku aia ka nui o nā pūʻulu o ka nematode, ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho o ia mea ka hōʻailona o ke kāʻei kūikawā.

I loko kauoha kauoha chromadoridkomo ʻia i loko o ka wai hou a ulu aʻe ka lepo ʻohana plectid (Plectidae), ka mea i komo i nā ʻelele i ka saprobiotic foci, kahi i loaʻa ai nā plegid i kahi huahana "semi-réngsé" - he kumu kūpono o kā lākou meaʻai. I ka wa ʻohana plectid, ʻaʻole maopopo, ʻoiai, ʻaʻole i waiho ka nematodes "i nā palapala paleontological. Akā i kekahi hihia, pono lākou e ala i ka wā i kū ʻia ai nā mea kanu kanu a i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ka hōʻiliʻili o nā mea kanu i ka lepo. ʻO kēia kahi kaʻina kahiko. Ma kahi papa kiʻi koʻikoʻi Soviet. ʻO V. I. Vernadsky (1926), "ke aʻo nei mākou i nā ʻalika kūloko o ka poʻomanaʻo, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo e ʻike ʻole ʻole nā ​​hihia ʻē aʻe a lākou i kū ai i ke ola. A pēlā," hoʻomau ʻo Acad. Vernadsky, "mau ia no mōʻaukala holomua. "ʻIke mākou i kahi kokoke i ka wā i puka mai ai nā hua pala ma ka Honua, a ma nā mea haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hyphomycetes. Ua ʻike ʻia a lākou i loko o ka wā Carboniferous. ʻIke nui nā Bacteria ma mua. Akā ʻo ka saprobiotic foci, ka hopena mai ka pala o nā mea kanu mea kanu, ua kū i loko o ka lepo a hiki i ka wā i hoʻomohala ʻia ai ka lau o kahi lau o nā mea kanu o ka Carboniferous. Aia paha ke kūpono i kēia manawa, ma ka ʻike o ka mea i luna, ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka ʻohana o nā plectids i kona ʻano kuʻuna i kēia manawa, i.e., i ke ʻano o nā ʻano i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka huaʻai ma muli o nā hua wāwahi o kā huaʻai a me ka puna wai piha i loko o ka saprobiotic foci. I loko o nā hale kō, hiki ke hana ʻia ke kaʻina ma mua.

Ua hoʻomanaʻo mākou i ʻaneʻi ka 'ohana ʻO Plectidae no ka mea, ua hoʻokumu ka ʻepekema hou i nā mea like ma waena o Plectidae, ma ka lima hoʻokahi, a me nā ʻano ʻohana Rhabditidae - ma kekahi. Pili ʻia ka mea makemake i kēia hihia ma ka ʻike i kēlā ʻohana ʻAʻole ʻo Rhabditidae i loko o ka mokuʻo Adenophorea, me mākou i hoʻolaha ai i ka mea heluhelu ma luna, akā i kekahi subclass o nematodes - Secernentea. No laila ua kūmole kēia mau mea ʻelua ʻohana - Plectidae lāua ʻo Rhabditidae - hoʻopili like i nā ʻāpana ʻelua i loaʻa i ka nematodes e ka pilina, a ua hoʻopau kēia i ko mākou ʻike i ka wehe ʻana o ka papa o nā nematode.

Akā ʻohana ʻIkeʻike loa ʻo Rhabditidae me ka nānā ʻole i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka papa o ka nematode.

Saprobios. ^ E Ha yM. He aha ka mea saprobiotic medium? ʻO ka mea mua, he mea paʻakikī ke ʻano paʻakikī o kēia ʻanoʻano, kahi kaʻina olakino e pili ana i ka ʻili o nā biololi, nā mea kalapona a me nā minerala. Ma muli o ka hana o nā mea ola, ma ka lima, ka hoʻāliʻi ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui o ka mea kanu o ka nui o nā mea ola (nā palaka, nā kalaka, nā ʻakaʻaka, pectin, kālena, a). ma muli o ka palaina putrefactive o nā lau o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Pili nā kaʻina hana Synthetic me nā ʻōnaehana o ka luku, nā pala, a me nā mea ʻelua, e pili ana i ka dialectically, nā pali o ke kaʻina o ke ola ma mua i ka lepo ma ke ʻano he hanana ʻano kūlohelohe. I ka hoʻēmi ʻia ʻana o nā mea ʻala ma nā ʻano o ka nui o nā mea kanu holoholona a me nā mea kanu mea kanu. Ma ka lepo, loaʻa kekahi mea saprobiotic i ke ʻano o nā ʻōpū saprobiotic foci. I ka hopena o ka ulu ulu o nā mea kanu, hiki i ka mea maʻamau ke mālama i ka ʻoihana like ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā huaʻai. No laila, ma nā māla beetroot, ʻoi aku ma hope o nā ua, hiki i kekahi ke loaʻa ke decomposing lau o nā lau, me nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōpala saprobiotic i ʻike maoli ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao o nā lau e kū ana i ka lepo. Inā ʻoe e lawe i kahi puna o ka hoʻokaʻawale (mai kahi palaki) a nānā iā ia ma lalo o ka microscope, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻimi pono i ʻike ʻia nā ʻano he nui o ka nui o nā selona i loko o kēia hāʻule ʻana, e komo pū me nā mea kūpeʻa, nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, protozoa a me nā nematode e hoʻoneʻe ikaika ana. Kūpono loa kēia mau mea āpau o kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo ia nō, e hana ana nā pūʻulu i loaʻa i loko o kēia wahi ʻo putrefactive wale nō. No laila, kapa ʻia lākou i nā huapili saprophytic, nā puʻu saprophytic, nematodes saprozoic, a pēlā aku. ʻO nā mea ola a pau kekahi mea i nā hana kūloko o nā mea hoʻonaninani o nā mea kūlohelohe a nā mea hana i ka hana saprobic. ʻO kā lākou hana e hōʻoia i ka hoʻi ʻana i ka lepo o nā mea i hoʻomālamalama ʻia ai nā ʻili ola o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu. Ma ka ʻōlelo o ka biochemistry, ua hōʻike ʻia kēia kaʻina hana paʻakikī e hana ai a me ka luku ʻana i nā pōkole o nā mea nui i pili ʻia i ka synthesis a me ka hoʻoluhi ʻo nā pūnaehana organik i loaʻa i nā mea ola ola a hoʻoholo i ke kumumanaʻo maoli o ke ola.

Pēlā, he hana hoʻōla a ka saprobiotic, kahi hana hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea kūlohelohe, a ma kēia pala, ua hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​mea ola pono i ke ola ma ke ʻano saprobiotic e hāʻawi a hāpau i ka hoʻolako ʻana iā ia, e hoʻouka mua i nā maʻi hu me nā fungi.Mālama kēia mau mea i nā loina kūikawā e hōʻoia i ka wā o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā pūhui organik - nā protina, nā huapalapala, ka fiber, me nā mea ʻē aʻe - i loko o nā pūnaehana nui.

ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka nohona saprobiotic ʻo kona dinamism. Loaʻa ia i loko o kāna mau hoʻololi a me ka loli, ka pilina hope loa o ka minuke ʻana o nā mea kūlohelohe - ka hoʻi hou o nā kino ola mua i ka lepo. Pau nā hana Saprobiotic i ka lepo, a noho ka mea ola i loko, me nā nematodes, kahi e komo ai i loko o kēia mau hana paʻakikī o ka hoʻoneʻe o nā mea pilikino. ʻO kēia mau nematodes saprobiotic ke kumu o nā makins āpau, ʻo kēia ʻanoʻano kūloko.

ʻO nā hui āpau nui o ka nematodes saprobiotic kea Rhabditida. Nui nā ʻokoʻa o nā hui like ʻole i kēia pūkaua - mai ka saprobiotic a hiki i nā parasites loea. I waena o nā ʻelele ʻōlaua he nui nā palaʻa o nā holoholona, ​​nā kānaka a me nā mea kanu - ʻoi aku ma mua o loko subclass o ka adenophorea. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ke kumu o kēia, i loko o ka subclass o adenophorea, ʻaʻohe ʻohana hoʻokahi e pili kokoke ana i ka ʻōpū saprobiotic ʻo ka ʻohana rhabditid. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua ʻike maopopo ka mea heluhelu me ka ʻohana o nā plectids no adenophorea. Akā ʻo plectids ke kumu o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka rhabditids, ʻaʻole i kekahi o ka adenophoreas.

ʻO ka mea mua, ka hōʻailona hōʻailona o nā ʻelele ʻohana ʻohana (Rhabditidae) - nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. ʻO kā lākou kino kino lōʻihi ma kahi o 1 mm, a emi iki ka nui. ʻO ka hōʻailona ma waho o kēia mau nematodes saprobiotic ka ʻano o ka iwi spindle-ka ʻano like me lākou: i ke poʻo a me ka huelo, ʻoi aku ka laulā o ka rhabditids i hoʻopili ʻia, ʻike nui ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao waena. ʻO ke poʻo, e like me ke kānāwai, lawe ʻia i ka papillae tactile (papila), a me nā mea hao ʻole, e like me nā plectids. Hoʻopiʻi, a i ʻole nā hope laterale waiho mau ana ma ka ihu mua o ke poo, i.e. ma ka lehelehe. ʻO ka lua waha ke ʻano o kahi cylinder elongated. Ma nā ʻāpana hohonu o kēia cylinder, ʻike ʻia nā "tubary pharyngeal". Ma nā wahi ʻuʻī o ka lua waha, e moe ana ma waena o ka "pharyngeal tubercles" e pili ana i loko o laila, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ʻohana rhabditid he mau denticles liʻiliʻi e kāhea ʻia ana onkhs.

ʻO ka puʻupuʻu cylindrical waha o ka rhabditides i hoʻopihapiha ʻia a paʻa ka nui o ka nalo o ka saprobiotic substrate, ka mea i hoʻomalo ʻia e nā rhabditides. Ma hope o ke kahe ʻana i ka ʻōpū waha, ua komo kekahi ʻāpana meaʻai i ka lumen o ka esophagus. He mus musular kona mau paia a lawe pinepine ʻia i nā mānoanoa ʻelua, i ʻike ʻia e ʻōpala. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kekahi o lākou awelikaa aia kekahi hope. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hoʻolōʻihi i ka umeke posterior i nā ʻiʻo a me kahi puʻupuʻu kākāʻā kikowaena kūloko, kahi e kāʻili ai i ka ʻū mau ʻia. Hana ʻia ka esophagus e ka ʻōpū waena i hele i loko o ka ʻōpū hind. Hoʻopuka ka hope i waho ma o ka dona, e moe ana, e like me nā nematode āpau, ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino o ke kino, ma ke kumu o ka huelo.

Hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻia nā ʻōpū o nā wahine. Loaʻa i nā ʻolua ʻelua (i kekahi manawa kekahi) he nui o nā pūpū germ e kū mai - ovogonyma muli o ia ʻano i hoʻohiki ʻia ai nā hua. ʻO nā kāne he hoʻokahi testis, kahi elasated vas deferens, ukali ʻia ma ke kuʻi ejaculatory e kahe ana i ka ʻeha hind. Ma loko e moe aku ai i nā ʻōpū o ke kāne hoʻohui - spicules. ʻO ka mea kaulana nui o ke kāne ʻo ia ka mea ʻole o ka huelo. nā ʻēheu bursal. ^ E Ha yM. E moe ana kekahi o lākou ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao hema ma ka ʻaoʻao hema, e hoʻomaka ana i mua o ke kaʻe o ka huelo a hele pinepine ʻo ia i kona poʻo.

Kuhi. 236. Sex tubes o Rhabditis aberrans: 1 - ovary, 2 - hua

ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona nui o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka rhabditids, i ʻōlelo ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole e koi i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i kahi o nā 240 o kēia ʻohana. ʻAʻole ia ma o ka manawa kūpono mākou e noho ai ma kahi wehewehe o ka hoʻonohonoho o rhabditids. ʻO ka hana e pono ai mākou e hoʻoponopono i kēia manawa ke hoʻāʻo e wehewehe i ke kumu i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā hōʻailona i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei.

Ka mea i maʻalahi ke maʻalahi a me ka wehewehe maoli i nā ʻōmole āpau o luna ma ka pololei o ka pili pono i nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ke ʻōpū saprobic. Pono kekahi e hoʻohui ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻano i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei: ʻo ke ke kumu saprobiotic, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e nā wahi nui o ka lepo, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā neʻe saprobiotic foci. ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ke koena i hāʻule i ka lepo, ka lau, nā lau, kahi ʻāpana o ke kumu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e lilo i kumu o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka liʻiliʻi saprobiotic pili. Aia i ka lepo, aia paha, he nui nā helu o kēlā ʻano ʻokoʻa, ka ʻokoʻa o ka pākuʻi saprobiotic, a i kēlā me kēia, i lalo o ka mana o nā huakini a me nā pala, ʻo ka hanana saprobiotic e hoʻomohala maoli. Ma aneʻi, ʻo ka palupalu o kēia mauʻu, nā manawa liʻiliʻi paha, nā pihi liʻiliʻi o ka rhabditids, i uhi ʻia i ka ʻāwīwīwīwīwī ʻia, ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ka lepo. Ke kali nei lākou i ka hanana ʻana o kahi maka saprobiotic. Ke hoʻomaka ka putrefactive, ua hoʻomaka ka huapapa saprophytic i kā lākou hana luku a i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻokumu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka manaʻo saprobiotic i ka lepo, ua lilo kēia kaʻina no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lāpule rhabditid. Ke ulu wikiwiki nei, lilo ka rhabditids i nā wahine a me nā kāne, a hoʻomaka ka hala ʻana, hala ʻole.

Mai kahi ʻanoʻike ola, inā mākou e hoʻohana i ka terminology hāmeʻa, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo i ka rabditids he sprinters maoli, akā ʻaʻole ia ma ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe, akā i ke ʻano o ka wikiwiki o ka holomua.

Aia i ʻike ʻia nā ʻano rhabditids, ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ke kūkulu ʻana o kēlā me kēia - mai kahi hua manu a kahi hānau wahine ʻōpiopio - loaʻa i loko o nā hola wale nō. ʻO nā lā ma kahi o 12 a 24 paha hola ka maʻamau. Inā hala ka pālani saprobiotic liʻiliʻi, e ʻōlelo, 20 mau lā, i loko o kēia manawa a hiki i ka 15 mau ʻano o nā rhabditids e neʻe i loko, e loli ana kekahi i kēlā me kēia mau lā o 2-3 mau lā. ʻO kēia ʻano wikiwiki o nā ʻano holoholona maʻalahi wale nō. ʻO ka mea noiʻi Kelemania ʻo Reiter (1928) ua nānā i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohuli o nā ʻano ʻano i kekahi o kāna mau hoʻokolohua. I ke kolu o ka lā, he mau tausani o nā koina Rhabditis inermis i loaʻa i loko o ka hoʻokolohua saprobiotic substrate, mai nā kenekulia a me nā haneli o Rhabditis elongata a me nā meaola ʻē aʻe ʻekolu. I ʻelua mau lā ma hope iho, ua hala ka mua o kēia mau ʻano, ua hoʻomāhuahua aʻe nā ʻekolu i nā mau kope. ʻEkolu mau lā ma hope mai, ua loli hou ke kiʻi a i kekahi o nā ʻano ʻano, ma mua o ka helu, ua ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻano nui. No laila, ʻewalu mau lā i lawa no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka "microcosm" liʻiliʻi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā nui nui o rhabditids, helu ʻia he mau tausani, e kū mai ana i ka helu palena o nā ʻōpala i loaʻa i ka puʻu o ka ʻāina i hoʻohana no ka hoʻokolohua. Ke nānā nei i kēia mau tausani o ka rhabditids ma lalo o kahi uhi, hiki ke ʻike ʻoe i ka hapa nui o kēia mau holoholona liʻiliʻi ma kahi o ka neʻe luhi ʻole. Me ka pōkōnō ʻoi aku ka ʻike, ʻike pinepine lākou i ka hana me ka punawai waena o ko lākou esophagus a me nā ʻāpana "kolohe" o ka lua, cardiac, umeke a me ka ʻulu ʻana i ka ʻai o nā meaʻai e like me nā mea liʻiliʻi o ka saprobios - saprobiotic detritus, nā huakini a me nā hua manu. Me ka piʻi ikaika, ʻike mākou i nā kolone a pau o nā huakini saprobiotic e noho ana ma ka huelo o ka rhabditid. Lālau pinepine nā ʻōpū, a ʻike pinepine iā ʻoe i loko o ka nui o ka ʻai. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa ka ʻai i kēia wai, ka nui o ka hoʻoneʻeneʻa ʻana i nā huahana o ka uha ʻo ka protein, ke kō a me nā mea waiwai ʻē aʻe i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko, ua haʻahaʻa loa ia, a ʻo ka rhabditides ke hoʻolele i ka meaʻai maikaʻi e hōʻoia wale ʻole i kā lākou mea ʻai, akā ʻo ka "sprinter" hoʻomakeʻa o nā hua. Akā, ʻo kēlā me kēia wahine, lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o 1 mm mau lā, e hāʻawi no kona ola, ana ʻia i nā lā, a hiki i ka 250-300 hua o ia mau mea hou i nā wahine a me nā kāne i loko o 1-2 mau lā. ʻAʻole hona ka meaʻai, pono nui, a no laila pono ke neʻe mau ka rhabditids i mea e loaʻa mau ai kēia meaʻai iā lākou.ʻO ia ke kumu e hoʻoheheʻe ai ka rhabditids i ka meaʻai a aneane e neʻe mau a hele wale nō e like me ka manawa mau. Me kahi liʻiliʻi e hoʻonui i ka mikroscope, ke kahua o ka nānā ana i nā flickers maoli - aia nō i nā dinamics, i ka neʻe mai nā holoholona o nā holoholona liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Eia ka huli wikiwiki ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka assimilation o ka meaʻai, ka hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻana o ka meaʻai, ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o nā cell germ germinal, "sprinting" rate of development, death and new birth. Ke hoʻomau nei ka rhabditid wahine. ʻO ke ʻano o ka kāne i hoʻopā aku iā ia, hopu nō iā ia i ka meaʻai a, hakakā a me ka luhi ʻana, e neʻe i mua a i ʻole hoʻi i lalo o ka uhi i ke kukui ʻana o ke ʻae o ka microscope (a i loko paha.) ʻO ia ke kumu e pono ai i ke kāne nā ʻēheu bursal. Hoʻopiliʻo ia iā lākou i ke kino o ka wahine a hoʻokō i kāna hana koʻikoʻi i nā mea like i ka symphony like ʻole!

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ke hoʻokō nei ka hui holoʻokoʻa o nā rhabditids i nā kūlana o ka paina saprobiotic. Ke lele nei kēia ʻano, ʻoiai ma loko o ka mana o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā bacteria saprobiotic, ua pau nā mea kanu kino a me nā ʻano kemrula o nā saprobios i kēlā me kēia lā. Ua wehewehe kēia i ka wikiwiki o ka rhabditids. A ʻo ia ke kumu he liʻiliʻi lākou - nā hōʻiliʻili liʻiliʻi e hoʻolōʻihi i ka pilikia o ka ulu wikiwiki. Pono ka ʻai ʻana o Rabditids i ka manawa āpau, no ka mea he kīnā o ka meaʻai, pono ia e hōʻiliʻili i ka hanauna nui e hoʻolako ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke ola o ka palakeke i waiho ʻia ma ka ʻāina i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ulu hou ʻana o ka saprobiotic hou i ka wā e hoʻomau nei kēia hoʻololi ʻana o nā hanauna. Aia ka hui āpau o rhabditids i kēia koi o kahi kūlana saprobiotic.

Hiki i kahi kāmera ke kiʻi i kahi kiʻi kupanaha, e hōʻike ana i kēia ikehu huakaʻi o ke ola o ka rhabditids a me kā lākou mau hui, i nā kikoʻī āpau i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka wikiwiki o ka ola maoli.

ʻO ia nā rhabditids. Ke hoʻolohe nei i ka mele o ka nāhelehele o ka waiwai organik, ke komo nei lākou i ka hana nui o ka hoʻi ʻana i ka lepo i ka nitrogen, carbon, sulfur a me nā mea kemikela. Ma lalo o ke "alakaʻi" a nā olakino kūlohelohe nui - nā maʻi o ka ʻōpū saprobiotic a me ke kōkua o nā fungi haʻalulu - nā poʻe nona nā pūnaehana ikaika, mau ʻĀneprobis saprobiotic i komo i nā hana o ka hoʻokaʻina mua o nā mea kūlohelohe, hoʻihoʻi ia i ka lepo a laila lilo ia kekahi o nā kumu o nā hanauna hou o ka nui o nā ʻano ola. No laila, ua lilo nā mea make make, ma ka maluhia, i lilo i ka papa ʻai wāwae i kahi ola hou.

Ka nani a maikaʻi hoʻi o ke ola i kēia neʻe ʻana o nā waiwai!

I kēia manawa, hiki iā ia ke manaʻo me ka manaʻo e iho mai nā rhabditids mai nā plectids kahiko. ʻO ka mea nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka rhabditids ʻo ia ka ʻōpekema saprobiotic, kahi i loaʻa ai i ka rhabditids i ko lākou ʻano ponoʻī o ka hui ma muli o ke koho kūlohelohe i ʻike ʻia e Charles Darwin (ʻike ʻo C. Darwin, ʻO ka Mana o nā Spiesies a ʻo K. A. Timiryazev, Charles Darwin a me kāna mau aʻo) ke hoʻokō nei i nā kūlana o ka saprobios.

Ua hana nui ʻo Rabditids i ka hoʻonele ʻana o ka hui o nematode i hana kahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ai kekahi kanaka.

Nā hōʻailona o nā nematodes i nā kānaka

ʻO ia, ʻo nā hōʻailona o ka nematodoses, he naʻaupō, ka mea, e like me ke kiʻi i hōʻike ʻia, hiki ʻole ke ʻike i ke ʻano o nā maʻi parasitoma i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka. Eia kekahi, hana pinepine ka nematodoses me ke ʻano o nā hōʻailona waho, e hoʻopiʻi nui i ka mālama manawa.

Hiki i nā parasit nematode kanaka ke hōʻeha i nā ʻano hana ʻino i ke kino. He aha nā "hōʻailona hōʻailona" i ke ʻano o nā hōʻailona i hiki ke hoʻomaopopo me ka nematodoses:

• ʻO ka hoʻonui pinepine ʻana i ka mahana o ke kino. ʻO ka pinepine, he subfebrile ka mahana i loko o ka hana a ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 38 mau degere. I kekahi mau kūlana, hiki i ke kipi ke piʻi aku ma luna o 39 degere, akā ʻike pinepine ʻole ia. ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana i ke ea ke ʻano o ka "hōʻailona" e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana pale kūlohelohe o ke kino. I ka huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻāla ʻia kā mākou pahuhopu a ke hoʻoikaika nei mākou i ka hakakā i ke ola ola kino,
• Hiki i ke poʻo ke hōʻeha mai ka hōʻino i nā mea hōʻeha o ka nerve ma o ka huaka o ka nematode a i ʻole ka ulu ʻana ma muli o ka ʻoluʻolu.
• Hoʻomaʻamaʻa / ka luaʻi / hōʻiliʻili liʻiliʻi / hōʻemi iki i ka momona - ʻo kēia mau mea kupanaha he hopena o ka hopohopo kiʻekiʻe o ke kino. ʻO ka Nematodes i ke kaʻina o ko lākou ola ke hoʻokuʻu i nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke kino he pōmaikaʻi,

• ʻO ke ʻano o nā ʻano maʻi kūlohelohe kekahi hopena o ke kino i nā mea ʻona i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā parasites. ʻO nā immunoglobulins kikoʻī (nā antibodies) o ka papa IgE i hana ʻia, a laila e hāʻawi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia o ka histamine (kahi pulu o ka hopena alaka) a me ka serotonin i loko o ke kahe, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "hormone o ka hauʻoli",
• ʻO nā pilikia mai ka epidermis (nā ʻano o ka rashes, eczema, dermatitis, ka wikiwiki o ka ʻili o ka ʻili, ka pigmentation, a me nā mea) he hopena i ka hana ʻana o ka hana excretory o ka ʻili, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i hiki i ka puʻuwai ke hoʻomau i nā ʻākia i huna ʻia e ka nematodes.
• Hoʻonui ka huhū o ka neʻe / a me ke kaumaha / hōʻeha / ʻeha palupalu / ʻeha hoʻohiolo / hoʻoweliweli o ka ʻāʻā hiamoe hiamoe. Hōʻike kēia mau maʻi ma muli o ka huhū o nā kinipona o ka ʻōnaehana hui pū me ka nele o nā pono o ke kō,
• Ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa (ka pale ʻana) o ke ʻano palekana o ke kūlohelohe a, ma muli o kēia, ke hoʻomanawanui pinepine ʻia nā maʻi a me ka hōʻeha ʻana i nā maʻi mau. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana o ke kaohi ʻana me ka hui ʻana o ka nui o nā parasitine i loko o ke kino a me kahi hemahema o nā mea pono pono. Aia ma luna o kēlā, ʻo ke ʻano pale o ka hoʻouka ʻana me ka parasit,

• ʻEha i ka ʻōpū. I kekahi mau hihia, hiki i ke kaumaha ke holo i loko o ka lumbar a i ʻole nā ​​limahana ʻē aʻe (e like me ke poʻohiwi a i ʻole lima). ʻO ka ʻeha kuʻuna o ka hopena he hopena o ka hōʻino kino ʻana e nā nematodes parasit o nā kino kūloko a me nā kiko o ka ʻōpū,
• Hoʻonui ka māhua,
• Ka lūlū ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mīkini hana hoʻonāukiuki / hoʻonāukiuki o ka ʻōpū - kahi hopena o nā hana gastrointestinal tract a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana e nā maʻi parasitika o nā mea kikoʻī e hoʻohewa ai i nā kaʻina kūloko kūloko,
• ʻO nā pilikia stool (constipation a me nā maʻi hopena). Kēia hiki ke hopena i ka nematodosis nui. I nā huaʻōlelo loa, hiki i nā hua nui nāhele palapuna lapuwale i hiki ke hoʻopiʻi i ka lumen o ka moku. ʻO ka hopena o ka hopena ka hopena o kahi hoʻopōʻino i ka ʻoihana kūwali, hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻana o nā mea momona, nā keʻena lāʻau kūloko,
• ʻO ka anemia he hopena o ka nele o ka hao i ke kino, i nānā pinepine ʻia me ka ascariasis,

• Hoʻopili i nā mea momona / kaupaona - ka hopena palekana e pale ai i ke kino me ka nele o nā huina pono e pono ai nā mea kanu a me nā mea,
• ʻO ka hele ʻana o nā mālamima a me ke koko paha i loko o nā feces, a me ka hele ʻana aku i nā pōpoki ʻoi pū kekahi. Hōʻike ke koko ma muli o ka microdamage i nā membous mucous intestinal. ʻO Mucus ka hopena o ka hōʻino o ka gastrointestinal tract, akāʻo ka nematode i nā feces lākou ka hopena o kā lākou hōʻiliʻili nuiʻana i loko o nā pākī,
• Hiki i nā ʻeha ma nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana e kūpono no nā kumu like ʻole. ʻO kekahi o lākou ka neʻe ʻana o nā keiki ʻōlima, ʻo ka manawa like hiki iā lākou ke hōʻino i nā ʻāʻī a me nā hana,
• ʻO ka haki mau i ka anus, ʻoi aku ka pō ma ke ahiahi / pō (ʻo kēia ʻano ʻokoʻa no ka enterobiosis). ʻIke ʻia ma muli o ke kau ʻana i nā hua a kahi wahine. Ke hoʻoponopono nei i nā hua, hoʻomākeʻe i nā pinworms wahine i kahi mea kikoʻī i hoʻopau ʻia i ka ʻili.

I kekahi mau pilikia, ʻeha ka ʻeha o ka umauma, paʻakikī i ka hanu, pōkole o ka hanu, ka pipi, a me nā mea hou aku ke ʻike.

ʻLelo a me nā ʻano hana

I ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hōʻailona e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ʻana o ka wīwī i loko o ke kino, pono ia e kamaʻilio i kahi loea no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka maʻi a me ka mālama pono.

Kuhi nā kauka i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a helu i ka make ma muli o ke kaumaha o ka mea maʻi. ʻO ka maʻamau, ke lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau anthelmintic, pono ʻoe e ʻike pono i ka ʻawaʻawa.

Hoʻohana pinepine e hoʻokaʻawale i nā maʻi oxygen e pale i ka parasit. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka inikina o ka oxygen piha i loko o ka ʻāpana o ka ʻōpū. Make kekahi mau mea kanu me kēia ʻano o ka mālama ʻana a hele i nā huahana lapuwale.

ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka ruminator mākaukau mai ka nematodes - magnesium sulfate, paʻakai glauber a i nā mea kanu paha i loko o kā lākou mea hana (cassia holly, rhubarb).

Hoʻololi pinepine ʻia ka lāʻau ʻōpala me nā manamana maʻamau maʻamau i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Nui kahi mea kanu i loaʻa i nā waiwai anthelmintic. ʻO lākou nā mahele i nā panikina

Hoʻolaha maikaʻi nā hoʻohana ʻana me ka lau nahele Bogorodskaya, ka ʻōpala, nā pua tansy.

ʻO kaʻaila a me ke kāleka ke hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e kaua i nā nematodes a puni. Loaʻa i ka ginger ka waiwai anthelmintic - kona mau aʻa hou, tinctures a me ka huahana i kūkulu ʻia.

Kekahi o nā rhabditids (Rhabditida)

Rabditids, hana 'ia me ke ola i loko o kahi nohona saprobiotic a lilo i poʻe lilo i ke ʻano o ka hana o nā mea kūlohelohe ma lalo o ka mana nui o nā bakrosa ka saprophytic a me nā puʻu, ua lilo ia i kumu o ka hoʻomohala o ka detachment holoʻokoʻa Rhabditida a, keu, ʻōlaua (Secernentea). Nā ʻano pilikino o nā ʻohana a rabditid i ka nohona saprobiotic ua alakaʻi mua i nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana rhabditid iā lākou iho i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona physiological i hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻololi i ke ola e like me ka poʻe noho ma nā pūnaehana o nā holoholona, ​​a ma ko lākou mau ʻōpū. Acad manaʻo. ʻO K. I. Skryabin (1946), ʻo ka komo ʻana o ka rhabditides i loko o nā ʻōpū o nā holoholona, ​​ʻo ia ke ʻano mua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pilau zooparasitic. Ke ʻike ʻia nei kahi ʻano ʻepekema ʻokoʻa. E noho ana i nā kaho ma ka kahakai o ka loko a kāwī i ka wai. Me ka wai, ʻōlelo lākou i nā rhabditides ola. ʻAʻole i make ʻo Rabditids i loko o nā ʻōpū o nā pi. Ma ke kaʻawale kaʻawale, ua ola lākou i loko a ua hōʻō wale i nā loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻi catarrhal i nā pi. ʻO kēia hihia a me nā rhabditids i komo i komo i loko o ka K.I. Scriabin All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Helminthology. Ua hana ʻo Rabditids i kēia hihia ʻo "hapu" i nā maʻi holoholona holoholona. Loaʻa a wehewehe ʻia nā ʻano o rhabditides i loaʻa i ke kanaka a ua hiki ke noho pono i loko o kāna mau ʻōpū, a ma nā ʻehā hoʻi. Loaʻa kekahi mau rhabditids i nā loea kanaka. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻano loiloi "maoli" maoli, hiki ke noho ʻia i ka kolone kanaka no kekahi manawa, a ʻo kēia, ʻo ka mea no ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kaʻina hana i loko o ka pilala i like ʻole me ka saprobiotic.

I loko detachment rhabditidkahi a mākou e kamaʻāina nei mākou i kēia manawa, i ka ʻano o ka ʻohana ʻO Rhabditidae, aia kekahi hui e like me nā lālā o kēia ʻohana.

Nā ʻohana ʻO Strongyloididae ka inoa o ka nematodes no ka hermaphrodites a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano ʻē aʻe i hiki i kāna wahine nā wahine i mare i ka wahine, a i ʻole parthenogenetic, hana. I loko o kēia ʻohana, ʻike ʻia kekahi mea i loko o ka hoʻomohala pilikino o ka hui pū ʻana o ʻelua mau hanauna - i hoʻokahi kuʻuna ola a me kekahi parasit. Aia ka ʻōhumu hoʻomau i nā hanauna ʻelua. E hoʻomaka mākou me kekahi o lākou - parasit.

I loko o nā kāne, hiki i nā wahine parthenogenetic ke hele mai me nā maʻi parasitum i ka membrane mukum o ka duodenum a me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. ʻO kēia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻawaʻawa, a i ʻole ikaikay, ka nematode, i ʻike ʻia ʻo Stron gyloides stercoralis. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ia e ka nui liʻiliʻi, he esophagus lōʻihi, a he ʻona conical. ʻO ka wehe ʻana i ka wahine ʻōpiopio hoʻi i hope, kokoke i ke anus. I loko o ʻelua mau ʻōhua, ulu ʻia nā hua manu i ulu i ka ʻāpana parthenogenetically, i.e., ʻaʻohe o ka komo ʻana o nā kāne. Ke kū nei kēia mau hua a hiki i nā ʻano palepela ke hoʻomohala mai iā lākou. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau lolo, ke waiho nei i ka lepo, a ʻae a hoʻohuli i nā hua aʻoaʻo "filar" (me kahi esophagus koʻikoʻi).ʻO kēia pūlima me ka wai inu a i ʻole ka mea ʻili i komo i ke kino o ke kanaka a ulu hou i loko o nā wahine hermaphroditic e alakaʻi ana i kahi noho parasit. ʻO nā ʻoka ʻē aʻe me kahi eskragus rhabditoid e hoʻomau e like me ke ʻano heterogony, i.e., hāʻawi i nā kāne a me nā kāne i loko o ka lepo, ma hope o ka hoʻomakeke ʻia e nā kāne o nā kāne, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā larvae, a ma kēia ʻano e komo pū me ke kino o ke kanaka ma o ka waha a i ʻole ma ka ʻili. Ua hala lākou i loko o ka mukosa o ka duodenum a me nā pākia liʻiliʻi. No laila, aia kēia nematode i mau hanauna ʻelua - parasit a free. ʻO ka heleʻana o kahi hapa o nā kahe o ka rhabditoid esophagus e hōʻike ana i ka pilina phylogenetic o Strongyloididae i ka rhabditids. ʻO ka hele ʻana o ʻelua mau hanauna - parasit a me nā manu ʻole - e hōʻike pū ana i kahi kokoke i rhabditids manuahi ola. ʻO Strongyloididae kekahi o nā hana mua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pili lāʻau i loko ʻōlaua.

Kuhi. 237. Mahopeola iā Stercoralis

Nā ʻohana Oxyuridae kahi kūlana hou a me ka ʻoi aku i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pili lāʻau. E like me ke laʻana, e noʻonoʻo i ka biology o ka parasite i ʻike ʻia e ka nui o ke kola me ke kanaka kīpē - Enterobius vermicularis. ʻIke ʻia kēia nematode ma nā pinwormsʻoiaʻiʻo, ua kiʻi ʻia kona kino i ka huelo. Eia naʻe, aia ka ʻokiʻoki i ka wīwī ma ka mua o ka hope o ke kino. Holo ka waha i kahi stoma ʻokiʻoki, e hele ana i ka esophagus, i lako ʻia me ka ʻōpala. ʻElua makahiki o ovaries i ka wahine a hoʻokahi testis i nā kāne. Ua kuhikuhi ke kao o nā wahine. Pinworm parasit peculiarly. ʻO kēia nematode ke kumu o ka huhū a me ka hoʻowalewale o ka mucous membrane o ka pua, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi i kahi kuleana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻaihue o ka appumx o ka cecum (appendicitis). Ma loko o nā wahi o loko o ke kanaka, ʻaʻole kēia mea pili i ka ʻeha (me ka ʻike ʻole, ʻoiaʻiʻo, apendisitis). ʻIʻai ʻo Pinworm i nā mea i koe o ka pua, a, ʻike pū, he nui nā maʻi o ka palu o ke kolona i loko o kāna meaʻai ponoʻī. Ma ka liʻiliʻi ua ʻike ʻia inā e kiʻi kekahi kanaka i ka pinworm e lawe ʻelua mau papa o ka biomycin i ke kakahiaka a i ke ahiahi paha no ʻelua a ʻekolu mau lā ma ka lālani, a laila e make ka pinworms. ʻO ka papa o ka hana, ʻike ʻia, hoʻomālamalama i ka manaʻo o ka biomycin e kōkua i ka luku ʻana i ka flora maʻi o ka palaki, a ʻo ia paha ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kumuwaiwai a me nā pinworms. Ke hōʻike nei kēia hoʻokolohua i ka nui o ka flora maʻi i nā meaʻai pinworm. Hiki ke loaʻa ke hopena like inā he luku ʻia ka baki e nā biomycin i loko o ka moʻomeheu putrefactive o rhabditides. No laila, ʻo ka pinworms, heʻoiaʻiʻo, kahi hana mua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pili parasitism, physiologically kokoke i rhabditids. ʻO ka hanisance nui i ʻike ʻia e kekahi kanaka mai ka mua o nā pinworm i loko o kāna mau ʻāpana nui ʻaʻole i kahi nui o nā pilikia o ka ʻōpū o ka pūpū e like me kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka biology pinworm. I ke ahiahi, hele nā ​​wahine i loko o kahi kuʻemā o kahi kanaka a hoʻoulu i ka ʻeha i ka perineum. I nā keiki, ua ʻōlohelohe ʻia kēia ʻōiwi. Noho mau hua meleka i lalo o nā kui, kahi e puka ai i ka hanu o ke kanaka a kau i ka hua ma luna o kona ʻili. Pono nā hua o ka palaʻai e noho no kekahi manawa i ka lewa, no ka mea, he ʻāina nui ka oxygen i ka ea. Me nā mīkina lima, hiki i nā hua ke komo i loko o ka waha o ke pēpē. Mai ii mai, ʻō nā hua me ka huaʻai e komo i nā ʻōpū ma hope, a hiki i ka ʻōpū, lilo hou nā pinworms kanaka makua. I kēia mau pilikia, hiki ke loaʻa ka maʻi maʻamau i ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻaʻole wale nō i nā keiki akā ʻo ka pākeke hoʻi. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā pinworms e kahi kamaʻilio me kahi kanaka e hoʻopilikia ʻia e kēia nematode, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hahai i nā lula o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Hiki i nā hua Pinworm ke hāpai i nā meaʻai a ke kanaka lele, ʻO nā kūhāʻau Prusia etc. A hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolele iā lākou me ka lepo inā loaʻa nā hua moa o kēia nematode ma ka papahele. Inā loaʻa ka maʻi, e kamaʻilio me kahi kauka.Mai ka lawoʻa ʻana o nā pinworms i waho o ke aniani i ke ahiahi, ke hele paha kahi kanaka e moe paha a i ʻole ia e hele ana e moe, i mea e pale ʻole ai i ka maʻi ʻaʻū i ka pō, pono ia e hana i nā pōloli pō i ka pō e pale i nā hua pinworm e hāʻule i ka lau. A i kakahiaka, pono ʻia ke kīlea me ka hao wela e pepehi i ka hua manu. E noi ʻia kēia mau hana ma mua o ka mālama ʻana a i ka wā e mālama ai, a hiki i kahi ka loiloi o ka ʻaʻa no ka loaʻa ʻana o hua e hōʻike ana i ka hala ʻole.

He ʻōleʻa kanaka (Ascaris lumbricoides). ʻOi aku ka nui o ka pīhoihoi a me ka maʻi koʻikoʻi kekahi maʻi maʻi kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi, e pili ana me ka parasitization i loko o kāna mau iwi o ka puni honua. ʻO ka pinworm i hoʻopaʻa wale ʻia e hōʻea i 1 hedgehog i ka lōʻihi (wahine.) ʻO Ascaris kahi nematode e hele i ka nui maoli: ʻo ka wahine i hiki i ka 20-40 cm ka lōʻihi, a ʻo 15 male cm ka pā he 6 a 3 mm. He ʻano kanaka nunui kēia, ka mea hoʻohālikelike i nā rhabditids liʻiliʻi. Ua hoʻopuni ʻia nā waha o ka wili e ka ʻōpio "ʻekolu." I ka pau ʻana o ka kolu o ka ʻekahi o ke kino, ʻike ʻia kahi “kāʻei.” Ma ka ʻaoʻao o kēia "kāʻei" aia kekahi wahine wehe wahine. ʻO ke kāʻei i ka constrict māmā o ke kino a lawelawe i ke kākoʻo no ke kāne i ka wā o ka insemination o ka wahine. ʻO ke kino mai ke poʻo a hiki i ka waena ka hoʻonui a hou i nā kūwaha e pili ana i ka huelo. ʻO ka ʻili ʻia he pōkole loa, a ʻo nā kāne ua kū ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao ventral. Pāpale ka ʻokiʻoki e uhi ana i ke kino o ascaris. Uaʻike nā mākala, akā lohi nā neʻe. Hōʻike ka wahine hānai i kahi esophagus pōkole truncheon, kahi ʻāpana waena i hoʻopihapiha ʻia, a me kahi puʻupuʻu pōkole e wehe ana i waho. Akā ʻo ka mea nui loa i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā wahine wīwī, ʻo ia ka ʻoihana kūwili. ʻO ka wehe ʻana i ka wahine wahine, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka "belle", alakaʻi i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka pūpū (vagina), kahi i pili ʻia me ʻelua ʻōpū - ʻo ka ʻākau a me ka hema. Noho lohiʻi ʻia ka ʻōpū a komo i loko o nā oviducts, a ʻo lākou hoʻi i ʻūhā i ovaries lōʻihi. Hoʻokomo ka lōʻihi o nā ʻili a ascaris i ka lōʻihi lōʻihi, i keu mau manawa i ka lōʻihi o ke kino. Ma nā nematodes ola ola, ʻaʻole i hiki ka ovaries i kahi lōʻihi a ʻoi aku hoʻi ka pōkole ma mua o ka loa o ke kino a i ʻole ka nui. Ua kākau ʻia ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo German zoologist Leuckart (1876) e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o nā kiʻina wahine ascaris: "Ma kahi wahine 280 mm i kēlā me kēia pūpū wahine pili 1500 mm, a he 11 mau manawa i ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ke kino." ʻO kēia ikaika ikaika o ka mea hoʻohua, kahi hoʻololi i ka noho parasit, kahi i pili pū me ka colossal fecundity o ka puni honua. E hoʻokuʻu i kēlā me kēia wahine i ka lā e pili ana i 200 tausani mau hua. ʻO ke ʻano ola o ke ʻano o kēia "astronomical" ma ke ala o ke kūkulu ʻana - mai ke ʻano o waho a hiki i ke kino kanaka - ua nui nā kumu e alakaʻi i kahi wahi nui o ka hua i ka make, a he huaʻai nui loa paha ke hiki ke "hōʻoia" i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke ola o nā ʻano.

Kuhi. 238. Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)

Nā parasitates Ascaris i loko o ka pūpū liʻiliʻi kanaka. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻohana e ka ola o ka wahine ma loko o kahi kīʻaha liʻiliʻi o ka host. Hoʻomaka ʻo Males i nā hua, akā ʻaʻole lākou e hānai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, e like me ka mea no nā holoholona ola manu ʻole. I mea e komo ai ka hua manu i nā hoʻomaka mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, pono ke komo i loko o ka ʻaoʻao o waho, ʻoiai pono ia i ka oxygen. Ke noho nei i loko o waho o ke kai, nā hua ma kahi o 9-13 mau lā e hoʻomohala i kahi o kahi larva lua-instar.

I nā membran hua, lilo nā larva i ka molt mua. A laila kū ka hoʻomohala a ʻaʻole hoʻi e mau inā inā kahi hua me ka lua o ka larva i komo i ka kino o ke kanaka. Pono e luku ʻia ka hua. Hoʻolaha ʻia ka maʻi ma ke ala like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia me ka pinworms - me ka meaʻai, ma nā lima lepo, ma ke kumu o ka hoʻop Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi hua ascaris e komo ana i ka waha o ke kanaka a loaʻa i kahi larva lua-instar kahi loaʻa kahi hoʻoikaika hou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana.I loko o kahi ʻōpū liʻiliʻi kanaka, hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā hua pala mai ka hua huaʻai a mai kēia manawa hoʻomaka i kā lākou ala paʻakikī o ka hoʻolālā hou. ʻO ka mea mua, komo lākou i ka membrane mucous o ka pākia liʻiliʻi, a laila - i loko o nā moku koko.

E hoʻomaopopo kākou ma ka hele ʻana aku i loko o kēia mau makahiki i hala aku nei he kānalua i ka ʻepekema ʻepekema e pili ana paha i ka maʻi Ascaris a me nā hoahānau nona. pōʻai (mokulele Ascaridata) holo i pākuʻi adenophorea. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻolaha adenophorea- nā mea aloha aloha oxygen. E like me kā mākou i hoʻomaopopo ai, no ka zooparasitic adenophoreas, ʻo ka maʻamau o ka "stitch" tissues e maʻamau ka nui, a laila e pili ana me nā kīʻaha koko a, no laila, me ka hoʻolaʻa koko. Malia paha ke ala o nā ʻōpala o ka wīwī ma waena o nā ʻili o ke kanaka, i pili pū me ke kahe o ke kino o ko mākou kino, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he hopena o ka pilina pili me ka adenophorea kūʻokoʻa? Akā ʻaʻole i hoʻopau ʻia kēia pilikia.

I ke kahe koko, e komo ana nā larear Ascaris i ka leʻa, mai ke ake i ka naʻau, pili i ka kaʻe o ke koko. Mai ka ʻilihuna kūpono o ka puʻuwai, e hoʻopili ana ka palu i nā māmā. I loko o nā lunana, noho koke nā larva i nā kapili, e hoʻokau pinepine i nā ʻōpala a me ka koko. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, e loli ke ala o ke aniani. Mai nā mea kamaliʻi o ka pūpū o ka pūpū, e komo ka palaka i ka bronchi, o lākou i loko o ka ʻalā, a mai ka trachea i ka pharynx. I kēia manawa ke ala i ka esophagus a mai laila aku i ka pūpū (ma o ka ʻōpū) ua hāmama. ʻO kēia ka ʻina o ke huakaʻi lōʻihi. I loko o nā pākī liʻiliʻi, hoʻopiha nā larvae i kā lākou kūkulu a hoʻololi i nā wahine a me nā kāne. Hoʻomaka ka pōkōnaʻi hou.

Kuhi. 239. Kekahi kāne Ascaris (Ascaris lumbricoides): ma ka hema he wahine, ma ka ʻākau he kāne, ma lalo he hua manu

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo ka ʻōwili lāʻau hoʻokahi o nā mea maʻamau maʻamau o kānaka. Hiki i ke maʻi me kēia nematode ke hiki i nā helu hoihoi. ʻO ka wehe ʻana o nā pōpoki mai ka ʻōpū ma ka pūpū me nā neʻe o ka ʻōpū, he mea kupanaha loa. Akā ua mamao loa ia manaʻo ma mua o ka manaʻo maoli, he makaʻu, a hopohopo paha a hopohopo paha e ʻike ʻia e kekahi, a i kahi liʻiliʻi loa, nā keiki. I ka nui o nā manawa, ʻo ka maʻi i hoʻomake ʻia e nā pōpoki, ʻoiai inā he nui ka mea i loaʻa i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi, loaʻa iā lākou kahi maʻi koʻikoʻi a me ka hopena no ka ola o ke kanaka a me ke ola. He hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ka Roundworms - pili lākou i ke komo i loko o nā ʻano a me nā hōʻoki. Aia a ʻike ʻia nā hihia komo ʻana o ka wili i loko o ka bile o ka nui o ka pūpū. ʻO kekahi manawa ke komo i nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, a laila, ma muli o ka luaʻi, ala i ka ʻūʻī, a mai ʻā i mua o ka sinusal mua a me ka pūhā nasal. Hōʻike ʻia nā hihia hou o ka ulu ʻana mai i nā pōpoki ola a i ʻole ka make ma waena o ka ihu. "ʻO kēia," wahi a Kauka Brown, "e pili ana i ka hihia i hōʻike ʻia e Albrecht, e like me ka mea ua wehe ʻia ka pōpoki mai ka ihu o ke kaikamahine ʻumi makahiki. ʻOi aku ka pōʻino o nā hihia o ka komo ʻana o ka wili i loko o ka larynx a me ka trachea, no ka mea i hiki i kēia mau mea hiki ke hōʻeha nā maʻi asphyxiation. Hiki i nā wīwī ke komo i nā ʻāpana o ka urinary. ʻO nā ala o ka perforation o nā pā o ka ʻili liʻiliʻi me ka komo ʻana i loko o ke ana o ke kino, ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka peritonitis, i.e. hoʻonāukiuki i ka peritoneum.

Mai nā mea i luna aʻe nei, ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia kēia nematode i loko o nā kōpio kūlohelohe o ke kanaka. A inā i komo nā wili i loko o nā ʻōpū o nā kānaka, pono koke e hana i nā hana e hoʻoneʻe ai iā lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hana i kahi kūikawā. kaʻi ʻana - kāpae a haʻalele paha i kēia parasite mai ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi o ke kanaka.

ʻOi aku maikaʻi, e makaʻala ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻōwili ke komo i loko o kā mākou mau loko. ʻO ka hana nui e kālai ʻia ʻana e mālama pono i nā lima a me ke kino, me ka moena a me nā moena, inā ua kau ʻia ke kanaka, i mea e pale ʻole ai ka maʻi maʻamau o ka mea maʻi me ka ascariasis. ʻO ka mea nui nui nā hana pale i lawe ʻia e pili ana i ka hiki ke loaʻa i ka maʻi ma o nā huahana.

Aia nā hanana ʻike ʻia o nā hua ola ʻo Ascaris ma luna o ka pā keke a me nā huahana meaʻai ʻē aʻe me ka mākū. Ke ʻōlelo ikaika nei, ʻaʻole ʻino ia e hōʻuluʻulu i ka berena ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana ma kahi kīʻaha ahi. Mai ʻai i nā mea kanu ʻai ʻole, e like me nā kāloti, ka lettu, nā ʻōpala ʻōpala, etc., no ka mea hiki i nā hua ascaris ke lawe ʻia i loko o ka lepo a ma luna.

I mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā maʻi me nā maʻi helminth, e komo pū me ka ascariasis, pono ia e hakakā i ka pānaʻi maikaʻi ʻole o kekahi poʻe e māʻalo i kā lākou mau kui.

Manaʻo mau ka ascaridosis ma kahi e lōʻihi a wela ai ke kauwela, i nā manawa ke nui nā kulu o ka lepo.

He pōʻino ko ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea ʻai mai nā māla lāʻau o kēlā me kēia mea, no ka mea aia mau ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i ka lepo me nā ʻāwili kanaka. I kēia mau hihia, ua hoʻopili nā hua Ascaris i ka lepo a me nā mea kanu. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻai ʻole mai kēlā mau pūnaewele like me nā hopena. Pono mākou e uwe mai i ka maʻamau maʻamau o ka ʻai ʻana ma ke alanui, i ke kahua, a me ka kaʻa kaʻa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻole i hōʻoia no ka hiki ʻana i kēia maʻi ma kēia mau hihia me ke ʻano kīwaha, a me nā nematodes a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e komo pū me nā mea make, e like me echinococcus a i ʻole alveococcus.

No laila, ke ʻano palekana o ke ola, kahi manaʻo noʻonoʻo i nā pilikia pili moʻomeheu ʻo ia nō ka ʻenemi nui o nā wamwā a me nā kolo parasit.

Lunamakaainana ʻohana ascaris ʻaʻole pili wale i ke kanaka. Hoʻopili i ke kanaka puaʻa puaʻa ʻo nā mea ʻihi puaʻa, ʻoiai he nui lio huakai (Parascaris equorum) kahi ʻano maʻamau o ka lio hale. Ke pili nei kēia mau ʻano ka 'ohana Ascaridae. Kokoke iā ia ʻohana ʻO Ascaridiidae me kahi ʻano maʻamau ʻo Ascaridia ka nui o nā ʻano nematode e pili ana i nā ʻōpū o nā manu, ʻoi loa ka ʻāina. I ka hoʻokele waiwai o ke aupuni, ʻo Ascaridia galli he parasitime nui o nā moa. Hoʻopilikia maikaʻi loa kēia kauka no nā holoholona'ōpio.

ʻO ka loea Soviet kaulana kaulana i loko o nā wīwī A. A. Mozgovoi e hōʻike ai i ka "ascaridosis. Pinepine pinepine i ke ʻano o ka epizootics me ka make nui." ʻO ka ascaridosis o nā moa i hōʻemi ʻia ka hana hua moa, nā moa, inā ʻaʻole lākou e make, a laila make i hope o ka ulu ʻana. I ke kaua ʻana i nā moa ascariasis, hoʻolako i nā manu me nā huaora e hoʻonui ai i ke kū'ē o ko lākou kino i ka hoʻouka ʻana he mea nui ia. Eia kekahi, pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hana kūikawā e pale ai i kēia maʻi hōʻeha. Mālama ka māla i nā moa: hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka litter, ua hānai ʻia nā manu mai nā mea hānai kūikawā, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā mea inu, ʻōpala, ʻo ka ʻōpala āpau o nā coops moa - ʻainu, nā mea hānai, a me ka pulupulu iho ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe maoli ʻia, ua mālama ʻia lākou ʻO ka 5% hoʻonā o ka waila o ka ʻaihola, a me nā mea āpau e pono ai ke lanakila i ka maʻi a pale i kona pālahalaha ʻana, kahi e hoʻoweliweli i ka nui o nā moa.

Pākuʻina kaha

A nematode mai ʻohana Paʻaila (strongylidae) - Strongylus vulgaris. ʻO kēia mau nematode melemele melemele, nā wahine wahine i hiki i ka lōʻihi o 20-21 mm (kāne - 14-16 mm). ʻO ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka stoma e lawe i ka "lei" o nā petals - waho a me loko. He nui ka stoma, goblet. He ʻokoʻa nā maʻi Males. ʻO nā wahine o kēia hua nematode nui huna i nā hua e komo i loko o ka kai o waho a me ka hoʻopā ʻana o nā lio (a me nā hoki a me nā zebras). Hoʻopau ke keiki o ka makahiki mua i ka hua ma ka lā mua. Ua ulu wikiwiki lākou: aia i ka lua o ka lā, hele lākou i ka molt mua, lilo i ka hulipua o ka lua o ka makahiki. Ma hope o hoʻokahi pule, e hala ka lua o ka molt, i ka manawa ke hiki i ka larva i ke kolu o ka makahiki. ʻO kēia mau larva, ʻaʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou iho mai ko lākou mau pili, e lilo i mea kūʻokoʻa i ka kūlana o waho a i ka manawa like a invasive, i.e. infectious i nā holoholona ʻO nā puaa, nā hoki a me nā zebras, ke ʻai nei i nā pānaʻi me ka wai, e hele pū me ka parasit.Ma nā lio, ʻo ka huelo o kēia parasitosa ʻo ka hanu ʻo ka maʻi nui i loko o ka pancreas, ka mea e hoʻopiʻi i ka catarrh koʻikoʻi, nā hopena e hiki ai i ka make o ka holoholona. ʻO ke ala maikaʻi e pale aku ai i ka lio mai kēia maʻi ʻo ia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka momona a me ka meaʻai, a me ka wā o ka deworming manawa, i.e.

Kuhi. 240. ʻO Delofondia vulgaris

Aia pū kekahi kanaka lapuwale i pili i nā strongylates - pupule duodenal (Ancylostoma duodenale). E hiki ana ka nematode i ka 8-18 mm i ka lōʻihi a noho i loko o nā ʻōpū liʻiliʻi kanaka. ʻO ka inoa - krivogolovka - ua wehewehe ʻia e ka wehe ʻana o ka waha i kēia kaʻala ma kahi ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. Hoʻopili ʻia ka lua waha nui me nā onkhs koi (nā niho paʻa) e pili ana i ka membrane mucous o ka pūpū liʻiliʻi o ke kanaka. ʻO nā ʻōpala huapau kekahi o nā hopena o ka warth parasit i loko o nā kānaka o nā kānaka. Krivogolovka ka pālahalaha ma kekahi mau ʻāina. Ma USSR, kaulana ma ka Caucasus. ʻO nā wahine pākeke, parasitizing i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi o ke kanaka, huna i nā hua liʻiliʻi e ʻāʻū pū me ia me ka papa o ke kanaka. Loaʻa iā Larvae kahi esophagus rhabditoid. I ka lepo, ua alakaʻi mua lākou i kahi nohona o nā saprobionts e like me rhabditids. A laila pani lākou i ka meaʻai me ka saprobiotic a huli i ka larva "strongyloid", ma hope o ka molting e komo i ke kolu o ka hoʻomohala. ʻO kēlā ulili, kahi i ka lepo, lilo i invasive, i.e., hiki i ke komo i ke kino o ke kanaka. ʻO ka manawa koʻikoʻi loa i ka biology o kēia au palu e pono ai e noʻonoʻo i ka hiki ke komo i loko o ke kahe koko o ke kanaka ma o ka ʻili. Mālama ka palaka o ke poʻo cranial i ka ʻōnaehana ʻōiwi a ke kanaka a komo i ka atrium kūpono a me ka ventricle kūpono o ka puʻuwai. Ma hope mai, ma o ka palalike pulmonary, komo ka palolo i ka ʻōpū o ke kanaka. Hiki i ka hemoptysis i loko o kēia manawa. Mai ka hanu, komo ka nematodes i ka pharynx a mai laila i loko o nā ʻōpū o ke kanaka, i loko o ke duodenum, kahi i kihi ai ke poʻo kranial i kekahi makua makua, ʻoi hoʻi ka hoʻomaka ʻana a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hua liʻiliʻi.

Kuhi. 241. ʻO ke poʻo o ka poʻo o ke kālai duodenal (Ancylostoma duodenale). ʻIke ʻia nā niho nui i ka waha waha.

Mea maopopo aia ke ola ana o nā palaʻai i loko o ke kanaka e noho ʻole me nā hopena ʻole. "Ma ka hookworms," ​​kākau a ka mea kākau no E.N. Pavlovsky, "ʻeha ka lua o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kaumaha, ua ʻike ʻia . P.) ke kū pinepine nei ke ʻano o ka ʻono, a ʻike koke lākou he mea pono e ʻai i ka honua (geophagy), kahi i hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia me ka hopena moderating o ka honua ma ka ʻeha i ka lua o ka ʻōpū. " "E kū ana ia," ka hoʻomau a ka mea kākau, "ka lua a puka mai ka wai wai, hina a palaki paha. Ua ʻoi aku ka maʻi o ka maʻi ma mua o ka constipation. Aia paha he koko ma loko o ka papa. He maʻi pākahi me ka hu a hiki i ka 38-39 ° С." I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻike paha nā mea koʻikoʻi o ka anemia, nā nāwaliwali, nā ʻōpū, nā palpitations, hoʻonui ʻia pulima, pōkole o ka hanu. ʻAʻole i haʻalele ka make.

Pono e hāpai i ka maʻi ke hiki i ka maʻi ke hoʻohālike, no ka laʻana, me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻili o ka ʻōpala me ka lepo. No laila ka pilina o nā hookworm (e like me ka maʻi i kapa ʻia) me ka ʻoihana o ka mea ʻeli, mahiʻai, nā mākaʻi, etc.

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka ʻeha o ka maʻi i ka pono e hakakā i kēia parasitisehi a me nā hana kūikawā i nā maʻi o nā maʻi. ʻO ka laulaha ka nui o ka lahui o nā wahi e waiho ai ka hookworm i nā pilina nui loa i ka hakakā ʻana i kēia kauka.

ʻOhana Nitchat (Filariata). Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia ʻohana me kahi nematode, aia i ko mākou ʻāina ua luku loa ia. ʻO kekahi kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona kaulana loa o ka hiki ke hoʻopau piha a ʻokoʻa paha i ka luku ʻana i nā parasat nematode e pili ana i ka ʻike pololei o kā lākou biology a me nā alualu hoʻomohala. Wahi a mākou he parasite e hele ana i ka lōʻihi o 120 cm me kahi ākea o ke kino o 1.0-1.7 mm. Pela ka rishta, a i ʻole Dracunculus medinensis.ʻO kēia kekahi o nā kānaka hanohano hanohano o nā kānaka. He hānai parasitio wahine ʻōpio ma nā moku lymphatic, lymph glands, a me ka subcutaneous tissue, ʻo ia ka nui o nā wāwae o ke kanaka. Hoʻomaka ka maʻi me ka hōʻeha i kekahi mau wahi o ka ʻili, a ma kēia mau wahi e hōʻeha ʻia nei. Ma hope mai, ulu kekahi ulia, mai ka hohonu o ka mea, ma o ka ʻōpō a me ka ulceration o ka ʻili, hiki i ke poʻi o ke kino rishta ke pale aku. Ma o kahi ulia, huna ka nematode i nā nui o nā hua lohi. Ma hope aku, e pili ana i ke kahua o ka rishta, ka hūnā ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōpū. Hiki nō hoʻi ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka maʻi ʻaina, abscesses, etc. A pehea pehea e hele ai ke kanaka me ka rishta? Inā hāʻule nā ​​hua o ka rishta i loko o ka wai, e puka mai ana ka huaʻala mai o lākou. Akā, ʻo ka mea like no ka ʻāina lepo. I ka wai, ʻaʻole e ola lōʻihi ka palā, e pili ana i nā lā ʻekolu. I kēia manawa, hele lākou i ke kino o kahi copepod liʻiliʻi - hopi. ^ E Ha yM. Nui nā ʻano ʻōpiopio e ʻike ʻia, a ʻo nā mea āpau (Cyclops coronatus, C. quadricornis, C. oitonoides, C. vicinus, C. uljanini) hiki ke lilo i waena o ka pūnaʻi rishta. Kōleʻe ʻo Cyclops i kēia mau panakō a lilo i maʻi. Mai ka ʻōpū pūhaka cyclops, komo ka pili i loko o ke ana kino o nā pūpū. Maanei lākou i molt, hoʻomau i kā lākou kūkulu no 1 - 1,5 mau mahina, a, ke waiho nei i loko o ke kino o nā crustaceans, hana i loko o ka microfilariae maʻamau. Inā hoʻokomo kekahi kanaka, me ka wai inu wai, i kēlā mau pūpū maʻi maʻi, a laila e hele kekahi mau lolo i ka kiko subutanutan, a laila e kū mai kahi maʻi kahi i kapa ʻia ma muli o ka inoa ʻano mana o ka parasit kaomi.

He laulā nui ʻo Rishta. Ua ikeia ma Iran, ma Inia, ma na kahakai o ke Kaiula, ma ke kahakai o ka Nile, ma Asia a me Aferika. Ua ʻike ke kanaka i kahi maʻi i hoʻoiho ʻia e rishta. ʻO Galen anatomist kaulana (131-201 BC) ua hōʻike mua i kahi maʻi i maʻi ʻia e kēia parasit. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Rishta i ka poʻe kākau moʻolelo Arab a me nā Iudaio kahiko mai nā kahakai o ke Kaiʻula, nāna i kapa i ka lila ʻo parasitemat nematode "kahe ahi."

ʻO ka mea ola wale i ka wā kahiko ʻo ia ka lawe ʻana i ka rishta e ka uhai ʻana i kahi ʻoi lōʻihi ma ka lāʻau. Ua makemake ʻia kēia ala ma kahi lōʻihi.

I ka USSR, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka dracunculiasis ma muli o ka noi o nā hana i hoʻolālā ʻia. Ua pili lākou i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻomaka mua lākou i ka poʻe āpau me ka dracunculiasis. Pau ko lākou pau ʻana i ka rishta makua i ka poʻe, ʻohi lākou i nā ʻōpiopio. No kēia, ua waiho ʻia nā hale waiwai i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana holomua. Ua luku ʻia nā ʻōlapa āpau i nā ʻili o ka lā. A laila ua hana hou ʻia nā loko (nā hale), nā ʻāpana ma waena o ka pākeke o nā hale kahi i ninini ʻia me ka sima, a ua kūkulu ʻia kahi ʻōnaʻu wai ma ke kūlanakauhale (Bukhara). Ke papa ʻole ʻia nā kānaka e inu i ka wai mata mai nā mea kanu wai ʻole me ka kānana ʻole. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, ua pono ke inu i ka wai mai nā dummies, nona ka ihu i uhi ʻia me ka pulima pōkole, a i ʻole ka make ʻana o nā ʻōpio i pakele i loko o ka hale kō. No laila, ua hana ʻia nā hana e pale aku ai i ka maʻi maʻi a me nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau no ka poʻe maʻi. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ke kaʻina i hana ʻia e ke aupuni Soviet me ke kumu o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema i hiki ai ke hoʻopau i ka dracunculiasis i loko o ko mākou'āina. He kūoʻo nui ka makemake o ka ʻepekema Soviet i nā maʻi parasit - helminths, ʻike ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa maʻamau helminthology. ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻike kēia hōʻike i ka pono nui o ke aʻo pololei ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā helminths (worm parasites). Ma ka ʻike ʻike ʻepekema pili pono o ka helminths a me kā lākou hoʻolālā, ke aʻo ʻana o hana ʻino nā helminths - ko lākou hoʻopauʻana mai ke ola a me ke ola o nā poʻe Soviet.

ʻO kēia ka moemoeʻohana nui loa o ka acadthologist Soviet nui loa. K. I. Scriabin.

Na palapala hoʻohemo. ^ E Ha yM. Uwē kahi hipa me kahi ʻōpala maloʻo. Ma hope mai, ʻoi aku ka pipi, lilo a paʻakikī a paʻakikī hoʻi. Mai ka waha a me nā ʻolua ʻana o nā hipa, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kalo melemele-hina i kēlā me kēia manawa. I ka hopena, make ka holoholona. ʻO ke kumu o kēia make he nematode i ʻike ʻia i ka ʻepekema ʻo Dictyocaulus filaria. ʻO ke kino keʻokeʻo o kēia nematode a hiki i 30-80 mm ka lōʻihi ma nā kāne a me 50-112 mm i nā wahine i ke kino kino o 0.35-0.59 mm.Males he bursa.

Nikatodes parasitize i ka bronchi a me ka trachea o ka hipa, pinepine i ka nui, ka nui o ka hōʻeha ʻana i nā membus me nā hōʻike hōʻike o waho ka hōʻike. dictyocauliasis.

Ma ka bronchi a ma kekahi hapa i ka trachea, ua kau ʻia nā palaʻa pakeke i nā hua he nui. Hoʻopau ʻia nā hua manu e ka waha. Hoʻokomo wale nā ​​hua hua i ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao ma waho wale nō, nā ʻōpio e puka mai i waho o lākou ma aneʻi. Hoʻopili ka hapa nui o nā hua i ka ʻili o nā hipa. Eia kahi kūloʻi pū kekahi mai nā hua hua. Ke ulu nei lākou, lilo i ka mobile, a, i ka loaʻa mai nā ʻōpū o kahi holoholona i ka wahi ʻai, loaʻa iā lākou ke ʻano o ka nui o nā puʻuwai invasive, i.e., hiki i ka noho parasit i loko o ke kino o kahi hipa. ʻO nā wili invasive ka pilikia koʻikoʻi. Hoʻomohala lākou i ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hipa me dictiocauliasis. I ka hiki koke o ia hua pā, me ka ʻai, komo i ka waha o ka hipa, e hoʻomaka ana ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o ka parasite. I loko o nā pūpū o ka hipa, a palu ʻia ka palaki, e hoʻokuʻu i ka ʻili i koe ma hope o ka lua o ka molt (ʻo ka mea mua ma ka hua) a, a laila komo i nā moku lymphatic hipa. Ma kahi o nā wahi o kēia mau moku, ua komo ke koʻe ma ka puʻuwai, a mai laila i loko o ka māmā o nā hipa. ʻO ka mālamaʻana i nā kahe koko liʻiliʻi o nā māmā, ke kīpili i komo i ka bronchi. ʻO ka hopena o ka maʻi i ka palena o ke ala ʻana mai o ka hipa. Inā nui, ʻo ka make ʻana o kahi holoholona he hopena maʻamau ʻo ia o ka maʻi.

ʻO Dictiocauliasis ka moʻo hipa o ka hipa, a no laila ke hakakā ka lāʻau kaua e kū nei i kēia maʻi hipa, kahi mea, ʻoi aku ka pono o ka mālama ʻana i ka hipa, he mea nui ka hoʻoponopono o ka hipa. Hāʻawi ʻia ka lilo ʻana o ke koʻo o nā diktiocaulus ma hope o ke 6-7 mau lā, e mālama ʻia nā hipa ma kēia wahi hānai no nā lā ʻelima mau lā, a laila hūnā i kahi pānaʻi hou, kahi a lākou e kuhi hū ai no nā lā ʻelima mau makahiki, ma hope e neʻe nei i nā kahua hou. Ma muli o kēlā ʻano neʻe i hoʻolālā ʻia o ka hipa, loaʻa kēia: ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā larti diktiocaulus i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka hipa, a i ka wā e hui pū ai lākou me kahi kahu holoholona, ​​ʻike lākou i ka ala o ka invasive, akā ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike i ka mea nona, i.e., nā hipa (ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka neʻe ʻana i kahi hana maʻemaʻe) . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO "ke kahua kaua" - kahi hānai - ua haʻalele ʻia e nā hipa ma ka manawa, a me ke koena o ke ʻano o dictiocaulus make. He mea maopopo wale nō ia o kēia hanana lulo i hiki i nā mahele o nā pā nui a ko mākou ʻĀina me kā lākou ʻāina ākea nui.

ʻO nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi ka bipi, e hōʻeha ʻia i ka dictyocaulosis, akā ʻano like ʻole kekahi ʻano ʻano like ʻole i kēia hihia.

ʻŌnaehana ʻoiʻo Roundworm

Nematodes, a i ʻole hoʻopili ʻia, nā wamwā, ʻaʻole like me ko lākou mau ʻohana, i hoʻolako ʻia me kahi anus. Holo ka ʻāpana ʻana i ke kino holoʻokoʻa o ka kū o ka helminth, ka lawe ʻana i ke ʻano o kahi neʻe pololei. E hoʻomaka ana ka meaʻai ma ka pharynx (ka hapa mua o ka ʻawa), ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā paia muscular.

ʻO ka meaʻai nui no nā parasites nā algae, nā manawa, nā palupalu o nā malala kūlohelohe - hilinaʻi i ka noho maʻamau. ʻO nā keʻokeʻo Predatory i loko o ka puʻu waha i loaʻa nā niho lahilahi - cuticles. E hānai ana nā nematodes e like me ka integument o nā mea kanu, manu, a me nā kānaka.

Mea lawelawe kekele

E like me ke kānāwai, ka hanu ʻana i loko o nā hakahaka i waena o ke kino holoʻokoʻa, no ka mea ʻaʻohe palena o ke kaila o ke koko. Wahi a ia, ʻaʻohe mea e pono ai ka hoʻololi o ka oxygen i nā kino āpau. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ikehu mai ka meaʻai ma o ka heha ʻana o ka glycogen, kahi mea ʻona.

Nematode kāleka neurological

ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana o ka nerve, maʻalahi wale nō, akā hoʻokō a hoʻākāka i kahi kani saraf periopharyngeal me kekahi mau lālā nerve e wana mai ana mai ia, kahi i hoʻopuka ʻia nā impulses. ʻElua o lākou: ʻo ka dorsal a me ka ʻōpū, loaʻa i kahi māka hohonu a hele i ka ʻaoʻao hypodermal o nā ʻāpana pili o ka parasit. Hoʻopili nā mea kuʻekuʻe i nā pauʻakena ma nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokahi.

Kūkulu maikaʻi nā pūpū o nā paʻi a me ka kemika. ʻAʻohe nā hui kino ma nematodes.

Heʻikele ola iā Nematode

Pōʻalima ʻo ia nā mea ola i loko o kona noho ʻana. Pili nā loli āpau i ka loli o ke kaʻe ʻana a i ʻole e hele ai mai kahi kikowaena a i kekahi.

Hiki i nā lāʻau ola manuola ma lalo o ke ʻano o ka pōloli mau ka hiki ke lawe mai i nā ʻōpala, i kapa ʻia ʻo Dauer larvae.

Nā Biohelminths

ʻO nā Biohelminths he ʻano ʻano palaki e ulu wale ana i mua o nā mea lawe waena, a ʻo ka ʻano o nā ʻano kupa ʻo ia ʻano ʻano ponoʻī. ʻO ke aniani kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā biohelminths he subtropics a me nā tropics. Belong i ka ʻohana Fil-lariodea a ʻo ke kumu o nā maʻi - filariasis.

ʻO nā mea nui ka mea lawe nui, ka anthropoids a me nā mammals ʻē aʻe. Ke lawe ʻia nei ʻo Biohelminths e nā mea iniseti wai koko.

ʻO ka noho ʻana o nā pākeke ʻelemakule (philariae) he kūloko o loko, kahi i loaʻa ai nā larvae (microfillaria) i loko o ka lymph a me ke koko. Ma ke kino o ka mea hoʻokuʻi, ulu ka lolo i ka like penei: ma hope o kahi pōpoki manuā, hiki i ka microfillaria ka ʻōpū, a laila hoʻokomo ka larva i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻiʻo, kahi e hōʻea ai i ke kahua o ka hoʻouka ʻana, a laila hele i ka proboscis. Pēlā, e hana koke ka inika me ke kaʻa a me kahi mea lawe ukana.

E komo ka fillarians i ke kahe koko wale no ka mea hana ʻoi aku ka ikaika. Ma ka hihia o na kukī, ʻo kēia ke ahiahi a me ke ao pō. I nā puaʻa - kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi. Ke hoʻoneʻe nei i nā phyllariums e nā koleke a i ʻole nā ​​mea waena paha, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka manawa kūikawā o kā lākou hopena, a ke hilinaʻi wale ʻia ma ka haʻahaʻa.

ʻO nā ʻano nui o nā pōpōpō

1. ʻO Wuchereria banctofti: i nā kānaka a me nā makera, ke kau pono nei i nā ʻāpana koko a me nā nīnū lymph. E alakaʻi i ka stagnation o ke koko a me ka lymph. ʻO ia hoʻi ke kumu o ka elephantiasis a me nā maʻi pā. ʻO ka mea kalepa nui kākaikiki.
2. Brugia malayi: nā kanaka hope nā kānaka, kekahi mau ʻano o nā mau moʻo, a me ka ʻohana puaʻa. Kūlike ka pathogenicity a me ka ʻike ʻana ʻO Wuchereria banctofti. ^ E Ha yM. Lawe ʻia e nā moka.
3. Onvocerca volvulus: i lawe ʻia e ka midges, a ʻo ka lawe ʻana aku i ka helminth i kanaka. Aia ʻo ia i loko o ke kino ma lalo o ka ʻili o ke poʻo, ka umauma, nā lima a me nā wāwae. Hoʻopau i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā nodules hōʻeha. ʻO ka hoʻokaumaha i nā wahi o nā kiko o ka ʻike - hiki ke hoʻomālamalama.
4. Loaʻa loa: localized ma lalo o ka ʻili a me nā membous mucous i loko o ka poʻe a me nā mau mōʻī, hana i nā nodules hōʻeha a me ka pohō. Lawe ʻia e nā hulu.
5. Mansonella: nānā i ke kino o ka mea lawe, ka poʻe, i loko o ka layer momona o subkutaneus, ka hapalua o ka ʻiwi a ma lalo o nā membouses serous. Lawe ʻia e ka ʻaihue waena.

He kūpono ʻole e haʻi i nā ʻano maʻamau o nalo pōkole maʻamau.

ʻO ka keke ʻo Tylenchidae

Ke ʻano o ka honua o nā keʻena parasitizing i nā loina kanaka a me nā holoholona he ʻano a he nui kekahi o nā ʻano o ka nematodes. ʻAʻole kūpono mākou i ʻaneʻi i mea e wehewehe hou i kēia mau helminths. Noho ia i linger i kekahi mau luna o nā regulators, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ka parasitization i loko o nā lālā o nā mea kanu. ʻO kēia mau nematode āpau, me ka huina o nā ʻano he 1000 pili i nona kapa tylenchid (Tulenchidae).

ʻEmlelo Nematodes no ka 'ohana ʻO Tylenchidae a me ka genus Ditylenchus. E noho mākou ma luna o ka wehewehe o ka lāʻau nematode e hoʻopōʻū ana i ke kāleka a me nā ʻoliki. Hoʻoholo ʻia kā mākou koho i ka pōʻino nui i loaʻa i kēia nematode ka mea kanu hua lāʻau i nā māla o ko mākou ʻāina. I loko o nā hale kūʻai, hiki i nā poho ke hiki ke 40-60% o nā ʻōpala i mālama ʻia, ke hopena ʻia e ka hope o ka lāʻau nematode a me ka make o nā pala o ka make.

ʻO ka nematode koʻikoʻi i kahi nīnau i kapa ʻia ʻo Ditylenchus dipsaci. Aia kēia ʻano no ka helu o ka polytypic, i.e. mau ʻano me ka mea kūpono o ka ʻola ākea ākea, a i ʻole valency.I haʻi ʻia kēia, ʻano kūlike ʻo Ditylenchus dipsaci i kahi nui o nā lāhui ecological i hana ʻia e parasitize i nā mea kanu.No laila, hiki i ka ʻōliki bawang ke hamili wale ma nā ʻili o ka bawang a me ke kāleka, akā ma nā pīni, nā buckwheat, spinach, fodder beets, mustard, celery a me nā mea kanu.

Pehea e ʻai ai ka ditylench. ʻO ka mea mua, no ia, i nā mea āpau o nā ʻāpana tylenchid, ke hoʻololi ʻana o ka waha i loko o kahi ʻoki aʻoki ʻili - he hana kāinoa. I Ditylenchus dipsaci, kū i ke kākahu me 11 mm ka lōʻihi. Hoʻopili maoli ʻia ka mua o ka sika a laila ke kuhikuhi ʻia, e like me ka pono o ka syringe lapaʻau. I ka hope, hoʻopili ʻia ka huluhulu i ʻekolu mau poʻo. Hoʻopili ʻia nā pūlima ʻekolu a me kēia mau "poʻo", nā kihi kūlohelohe a pili pū me nā māhele ʻekolu. ʻO kēia septa basal ka hoʻokumu i ka kumu o ka maka o ke kapa o ke poʻo, ʻo ia ka mea i mua o ka iwi dithylench. ʻEkolu pūpū ʻekolu o nā hoikula kūpeʻe ʻekolu mea kūlikenona ka mana uila nui a hiki ke kiola koke i ka lole i loko o kahi waha paʻa i ka puka ʻana. Hoʻokomo maoli ʻo Ditylench i kāna "kākahu", ʻo ke kākā iā lākou me kahi lua liʻiliʻi ma kahi pālahalaha a me ka manamana. Hoʻohana wale ia i ke kāla, ʻaʻole wale he hui "hoʻoweliweli" wale nō, akā he mea ʻala hoʻi e pīhoihoi ai ʻo Ditylench i kahi selela ma loko o kona kahawai. ʻO kēia mau hana pololei a me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia he mau microscopic dimensional. ʻAʻole hewa ka hewa inā mākou e ʻōlelo nei i mua o mākou ka mea "nani" hana o ka hana. ʻO kēia ka mea kaua a Ditylench a me kekahi mau luna inoa o nā nematode mai kapa tylenchid . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka inoa o kēia ʻāpana, ʻo Tylenchida, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka English nematologist Bastian i ka makahiki 1865 me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ʻelua hua ʻōlelo Helene: tylos - palaoa ("mau poʻo" o ke kapa ulu) a me nā enchos - ka manawa pono. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ke kaila i loko o ka lumen o ka esophagus, ka mea, i ka hoʻomaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kālena.

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka esophagus i ʻekolu mau keʻena: kino, Himeus (Himeus) a ā ānuʻu maʻi. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka corpus, ma ka ʻāpana, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao mua, i ʻole ka corpus, a me ke kua - ʻo ka metacorpus, i hoʻonui ʻia i ka nui o nā tylenchids, kahi me ka bawang dilenchus, i loko o ka punawai waena.

I mea e maopopo ai i ke ʻano o ka hana a ka perforating (hana i ka pana), e noho mākou ma nā hana o kēia ʻaila. Ua hoʻolako ʻia ka hāpana metacorpal me nā ʻōpū a hiki iā ia ke hana i nā neʻe huki, a ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻohuli i ka esteli i loko wale nō i ka hana ʻana, akā, ʻo kahi ʻoki wai. No laila, ʻo ke ʻano o ka tylenchid i ke kumukūʻai o ka hui piʻipiʻi ʻuʻuha a i loko o kahi ʻano hoʻohālikelike hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hāmeʻa piʻihue wahine ʻana i kekahi mau nāu (nā aphids, nā namu, nā pōkā, a me nā mea a pau).

Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻokō i kahi kākela hana i kāna hana inā wale nō a pau ka pīpī ʻana i ke alapine i loko o kahi wai, me ka mea hou aku, i ka wai wai me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. A i ʻole, he paʻakikī a paʻakikī paha kāna hana. Kuhi kēia ʻaʻole lawa ia ke hoʻopili i nā stylet i loko o kahi kōne lahilahi e like me ka plasma o ka hale kanu. Pono pono e hoʻopau i kēia plasma. No ka hana i kēia, pono ʻoe i kahi lako hana e hiki ke hana i kēia hana. A ʻo kēia ke ʻano he pono ke hoʻohuli i ka ʻāpā o nā hua loina i nā huahana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka wai. Hana ʻia kēia hana e nā kelepona ʻekolu e waiho ana ma ka umahola puʻuwai. ʻO ka mea nui nui loa ka momona o ke kīpī, aia i ditylenchus he wai excretory lōʻihi e kahe ana i ka lumen o ka esophagus ma hope o ke kāʻei. Holo ka paʻalapa o kēia kipi i loko o ka papa excretory, holo i loko o ke ana o kahi a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke kumu o ka nui o ke kō. Hana pinepine ʻia ka hana o kēia hana o ka spinal gland: e hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻololi paha i nā mea pili o ka loina o nā mea kanu a me nā mea āpau, a ma nā ʻano kumu o ka protein a me ka polysaccharides (ma waena o nā mea e ae, ʻaʻole mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ʻaneʻi). Ua wāwahi ʻia nā protein hou i nā mea maʻalahi a maʻalahi, polysaccharides i hoʻololi ʻia i loko o ka mono- a me disaccharides, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia hoʻi i ka wai. ʻO kēia, i ka mea kumu, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka hōʻiliʻili o nā mea paʻakikī e like me nā protein a me nā polysaccharides.Ke lawe nei iā lākou i nā mea maʻalahi a maʻalahi i nā mea hoʻonaninani wai i kēia mau mea maʻalahi i nā mea kanu o ka holoholona holoholona, ​​me nā meaʻala o kā mākou mikroscopic phytoparasitic nematodes, hiki ke hoʻopihapiha. Pili kēia i nā meaola ʻē aʻe o ka mea kanu, ka mea waiwai o ka honua mea kanu - nā momona, ka momona, nā pectin shells "ʻākoakoa pū" ʻāpono i nā mea kanu i loko o kahi kiko hoʻokahi a me kahi ʻano, me he mea lā, he kanana o ia mea i kālai ʻia ai ke ʻano o ka loiloi olaola e ka nū maoli. ʻO ka Ditylench a me nā tylenchids ʻē aʻe i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻāpana like ʻole e hōʻino i kēia mau mea hoʻoponopono kūlohelohe, lawe iā lākou i ka maʻalahi a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, a mahele ʻole hoʻi e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā kino.

Kuhi. 242. Onion-keokeo ditylench (Ditylenchus dipsaci): 1 - ʻatikala, 2 - esophagus, 3 - waipuna waena, 4 - nā kīnaka esophagus, 5 - kūpeʻe nerve, 6 - wai palupalu excretory, 7 - mauʻu waena, 8 - anus, 9 - oviana, 10 - hua manuʻa, 11 - kelepona preuteral, 12 - anterior a me 13 - posterior uterus

He aha ke kumu o kēia mākaukau nani o kā mākou "pōpoki liʻiliʻi"? Hāʻawi ka ʻepekema i ka pane maʻamau i kēia nīnau: no ka hoʻolilo ʻana o kēia mau mea paʻakikī o nā hua ola a me nā ʻili i loko o nā mea momona a me nā mea ʻokaʻawa, nā ʻatikala i huna ʻia e thylenechids mai nā esima esophagus i komo a i pili pū me ka esophagus i pakele. Hoʻopili ʻia nā kūmaka i ka excreta. ʻO ka kelepona o ka spinal he mea nui ka waiwai. ʻO ka excreta, nona nā kaomi, e kahe i ke kumu o ke kāʻei a i ka lumen paha o ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana o ka metacorpal. Mai kēia, komo ka excreta fermented i ka lua o ka stylet a laila i loko o ka hale kanu. Aneane koke, hoʻokaʻawale loa i ka hapa o ka plasma o ka pūpū, mālama ʻia me ka hāʻule o kahi o ka molekama enzymatic, hoʻōki a huki ʻia i ka lumen o ka esophagus e ka mea hūnā o ka umauma metacorpal. Eia nō naʻe, "kūleʻa" a ka mīkini hana, me ka mea he ʻano microcapillary me ka mana kaila minamina. No laila, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua kū ka extracellular digestion i ka tylenchids. Hoʻopau ʻia, hoʻopau ʻia a. ʻeli ʻo ia i waho o ka nematode, kahi puna o ke kō i loko o ka ʻōpū ma waena. No laila hānai kēia mau phytoparasitic nematodes.

Onioni Ditylench, a i ʻole nā ​​māla ʻuala (Ditylenchus dipsaci), ke hiki ke ʻai i ka ʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole hoʻopili kēia nematode i ka sika i loko o nā puna o ka umauma. Hoʻowahāwahā wale ʻia i ka kūʻiʻo o ke kiko me kahi stamela a hana me kāna enzyme ma nā pectin shells o nā mea kanu. Hoʻomaʻa ka ʻā a ua puka a ka ʻōpala i nā mea i kapa ʻia maceration, i.e., ka mea i hala i loko o kēia mau pilina me ke kelepona ʻole. Ka hūnā i kā lākou ʻike ma waho, i loko o kahi slurry e pili ana i ka wai me ka huaʻai i loko ʻia i loko ona, hoʻāla ʻia e ka wehe ʻana mai nā cell. Hoʻomaʻo kēia hoʻonā i ka nematode. Mālama ka Maceration i nā nematode e komo i ka hohonu a me ka hohonu i ka kiko o ka umauma a e hōʻoki pono ia ia, e ʻai ana i nā huahana o ke kīʻaha biochemical o ka meaola.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ka ʻai ka nematode, akā hoʻomaka nō hoʻi i ka hua ʻana i nā hua. Mai nā huaʻai ma ʻaneʻi, i kēia pāpaʻu fermented, ua hānau ʻia nā hua pua. ʻOiai i ka hua manu, nā lau o nā makahiki mua molt. Ke puka nei i waho o nā huaʻai, ke kuki lākou i ka ʻōpū o ka palaka macerated me ko lākou mau hoahānau makua. Ma hope o ka milo i loko o ka puhaka hua, lilo lākou i ka hulupa lua. Holo hou lākou a hoʻoiho i ka makahiki ʻekolu. Ma hope aku, hele ka kolu o ka molt a loaʻa i ka ʻōpala ke loaʻa i ka makahiki ʻehā. Ma hope o ka hā o ka molt, ua huli ka nematode i nā ʻano pākeke. E ulu ana kēia pau mea i kahi o 10-12 mau lā. No laila wikiwiki koke nō ia, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka lohi ma mua o nā rhabditids. Ua wikiwiki ka hoʻomohala ʻana a ʻoiai mai loko o nā hua 250 a ka wahine e hāʻawi ai i kona ola, ʻoi aʻe ka nui o ka hua. ʻO kēia hua āpau - a he ʻano hiʻohiʻona kēia o ditylenchus - ʻaʻole ia haʻalele i ka pulu i kahi i hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻomohala ʻana.Ma ka mea ʻē aʻe, ma loko o kāna mau kiko nā ala o nā hanauna holomua, a ʻo ka nui o ka ola o dithylench he nui (ma ka liʻiliʻi he hoʻokahi makahiki), nui nā nematodes e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻōpala i ka wā o kona noho ʻana i ka lepo a ma kahi e waiho ai. No laila, i hoʻokahi kiʻi o ke kāleka, ʻo 7186 mau kope o ditylench i helu mua ʻia!

Inā ʻoe e ʻokiʻoki i ka ʻala sibala a i ʻole kālaiʻī ʻia i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a hoʻīpī iā lākou i loko o kahi pā hale me ka wai kahi e moe ai lākou ma kahi pālahalaha metala, a laila me ka maka maʻalahi, a i ʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ma lalo o ke aniani pālua, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke kiʻi e hōʻeha ana i ka wā mua a ʻike ʻia ʻoe. ʻOi aku ka mau tausani o ka ditylenchas e kū i waho o nā ʻāpana o ke aala o ke kāleka paha ma hope o kekahi mau minuke, e hoʻolei mālie i ka ʻāʻī o ka palapala. ʻO ka ʻolowī, ke hele nei lākou i loko o kahi piʻu hāhi ʻia i kau ʻia ma ka ʻāʻī o kahi leʻaleʻa. Mai laila, ma ka hoʻolalelale ʻana i nā wāwae hakakā, hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i kēia keʻa ʻana o ka nematodes i loko o kahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. E nānā i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o kēia mau nematodes ma lalo o kahi uhi e hāʻawi iā mākou i ka manawa e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā mākou iho me ka hui o ditylench. ʻIke ʻia mākou i nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o kēia holoholona mikroskopika, nā wahine a ʻoi aku paha ka lōʻihi o 1 mm o ka lōʻihi: kahi hana lāʻau, nā mea pale, nā ʻōpio esophageal, nā pā kīkaha ikaika o nā kahe o ka esophagus, ka wā ma ka pōʻino, spicules a me nā ʻēheu bursal i ke kāne ma ka ʻūlima. I nā wahine, ʻike ʻia kahi hui kūikawā i ka oviduct nā kelepona preuteralka piha ʻana o ʻehā mau lālani o nā kelepuni a puni. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ia ua hoʻopili ʻia kēia gland excreta, ka mea e hoʻoulu i ka hoʻomohala o kahi o nā hua manu. Ma ka loaʻaʻana o kēia kala, he maʻalahi ka hoʻomaopopo ditylenchus.

I kūʻai nematodes, a i ole ditylenhamno ka ditylench pālule, like me nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ma mua. ʻO ka pā kanu ʻo Dietilench kekahi o nā mea uala weliweli loa o ka ʻuala kōpala, e pohō nui ana i ka ʻohana.

Gall nematodes. ^ E Ha yM. I waena o nā ʻano tylenchid ʻoi aku ka kaulana o nā nematode e pili ana i ka genus Nā nematodes gall - Meloidogyne. He humuhumu ka wahine o kēia mau nematodes, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne. ʻO ka lihi ʻihi a me ke koʻokoʻo o ka hope o ke kino wahine e hāpai ana i kahi kapa kopa liʻiliʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka lole. I loko o ka honu o ke kino e waiho nei i kahi ʻōpū nui loa a ʻelua mau puna wai momona e hana ana i ka nui o nā hua - ma kahi o hoʻokahi tausani no ke ola ʻelua wahine. ʻO nā hua lāʻau o ka nematodes gall, ma ke waiho ʻana o nā membrane hua manu, komo i ka lepo a komo i nā aʻa o nā mea kanu he nui. ʻO ka pinepine, e hāhā ana ka palu ma nā kuʻekuʻe kokoke i ka pāpale. Holo hou lākou a laila e noho i ka wahi, e hoʻohuli ana i ka poʻo o ke poʻo i ka paʻa vascular o ke aʻa. Mai kēia manawa mai ka pau ʻana o ka ʻōhule o nā palule. E lilo lākou i mea i hoʻomau, a i nā mea hna, nā holoholona. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻolālā ʻana, ma waena o nā ʻāpana heʻehā a me kahi kūlana hoʻokahi. Ke ulu nei ia, ulu ka nui o ke kino o ka larva a huli ia i ka ʻāʻī palu a wahine kāne paha. Kahi pinepine nā ʻike males a me nā hānai me nā kūlana ola.

ʻOiai ke hoʻomau ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ma lalo o ka mana o nā mea huna (enzim) o nematodes, nā loli nui i ka kūlana physiological o nā ʻamika o ka hanana o ka aʻa e hele mai ana, a me nā mea e pili pū ana i ke poʻo poʻo o ka hoʻomohala hoʻomohala. Hoʻonui ka nui o nā ʻōnaʻi a lilo i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale, ʻoiai ke kīpoki ʻana ka heluna o nā pūlea me ke ʻokoʻa. No laila, ua kapa ʻia nā nui nui o multinuclear kanaka nunui. ^ E Ha yM. Ma ka like like, aia kahi ulu holomua o nā hua e kokoke ana i ka nematode, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi ʻaʻa aʻa, aia kahi ʻano bona a ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he gall, no laila ʻo ka inoa ʻo "gall nematodes." ʻO nā gaul e like me ka beads ka pale ʻana i nā aʻa i pā ʻia e ka nematode gall. Eia e pono ai ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka maʻi gall. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻohumu ʻia ke aniani e ulu ana ka wahine, i hoʻopili ʻia ma kāna ʻili. ʻO Gall, ʻoiai, he koloka o kahi gall nematode, kona "pā" ikaika, ʻo kona palekana, ka kaiāulu kahi e noho ai, kūkulu a hānau mai.I ke ola o kahi wahine i hōʻea i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe, hiki mai ka manawa nui loa - ka hoʻomākaukau no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hua. I kēia manawa, hoʻomaka nā iwi fibrous e kū i waho o nā aniani anal, e hōʻiliʻili i nā wahi ma ka hapa o ka hope o ka kino wahine. Hoʻonui ka nui ma waena o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea huna o kona mau ʻāpana hou. Ma kahi o 10 mau kekona, ua hoʻokuʻu hou i kahi kiʻi hou o ka hoʻokuʻu fibrous. Aia ka uhi ʻana o ka wahi holoʻokoʻa o ka wehe ʻana o ka wahine me ka fibrous nui, hoʻomaka nā hua ma waho e kū. No laila, ʻo kahi pēpē me hua hua i hana ʻia, a i ʻole ooteka.

I ka wā e puka mai ai nā palolo mai nā hua, ʻokoʻa paha ko lākou hopena. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka palaki e kokoke loa i ka ʻaoʻao o waho o nā ʻōpū palani i ka lepo a hoʻopili i nā aʻa hou. Noho ka poʻe i loko o ke keokeo, e noho a i ʻole kokoke iā ia. No laila e hoʻonui pinepine ka gall. Kākau paʻakikī paʻakikī, a i ole mele. ^ E Ha yM. Hiki i Singalla ke hele i ka nui loa, i kekahi manawa a hiki i 2-3 cm ke anawaena. Mai nā hale kūʻai like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻōpio i kahi pānaʻi me ka wai.

Kuhi. 243. Gall nematode: A - ʻekolu mau ʻalematelima wahine (1) i ka aʻa pakiaka o kahi pākana, 2 - kahi pūnao nui, 3 - nuclei o nā aʻa nunui. Ka lā - B o ke kumu o ka lāʻau kukala. Gall nematode kolo ke komo i ka aea

Hoʻopau mau ka hopena o nā Gauls. I ka manawa mua ke keʻokeʻo nei lākou, me ka ʻili opalescent. Ma hope mai, hoʻomaka nā kaʻina i loko. nā ʻōpū - ka pane o ka mea kanu i ka hiki o nā parasit i loko o ke aʻa. A laila huli mālie ke aniani i ka pala. Nā kumukanawai Necrotic i loko o ia mea e huki ai i nā mea kanu putrefactive. Ma hope o nā huakini a me nā ʻōnaehana o ka hala i hana ʻia e lākou, ka saprobiotic rhabditides kahi i ʻike mua ʻia iā mākou e komo i loko o ka pohō palau. A ʻo ka hopena, ua luku ʻia nā lua a me nā wahi o ka ʻōnaehana kumu. Hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka mea kanu a ʻaʻole e hua i ka hua, a make ʻole paha. I nā hale kālaʻai, ma muli o ka hana hou i ka gall nematode, nui Kanaka nematodose, ke hopena o ka hopena i nā mea he nui ka luku ʻana a hiki i ka 40-60% o ka hua o ka hōʻoki nui ʻana i kēia mau kīhāpai (kukama). ʻO kēia nā nematode gal, e hoʻopili ana i nā haneli o nā ʻano lāʻau like, e pili ana i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka māla, ka melon, ka hua a me ka ʻenehana.

He mea paʻakikī loa ka hakakā me kēia nematodes. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ke ala pono o nā hoʻokele e hōʻoia i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā hana nematode gall, ʻoiai ua loaʻa nā mea kūleʻe i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano lāʻau anti-nematode, ʻike ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa ākea nematicides. ^ E Ha yM. Hiki iā lākou ke hōʻemi i nā pōpoki a hāʻawi i ka hanu i kekahi mau mea kanu, ʻoiai he mea pono ke hoʻomau i ka loiloi i ka mālama kino kūlohelohe hou hou, e hana hou ana i kēia "kumu hoʻohālikelike" o nā ʻāina lepo dysfunctional, ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā manawa ulu.

ʻO ka mahalo nui loa ka mea kanu i kāna hui hoʻonohonoho o nā nematode lepo nona ka 'ohana Cephalobidae. ʻO kā lākou cuticle nani e ka pū ana o nā apo nui, ʻaʻole i hoʻonani ʻia i loko o nā kaho i holi ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ua huki pono ʻia ka ʻike kūikawā i ka hoʻonohonoho o ke poʻo: ua paʻa ia me nā mea hoʻonani brancifully branching, i kapa ʻia ʻo probol. Hoʻolālā nā Proboles i nā ʻolopoli paʻakikī, me ke kōkua o ka nematodes e uhaʻi i ka pau ʻole o ka pala, ka mea e mālama ai i ka wai no Cephalobidae. Hiki i kēia mau nematode ke komo i waena o nā aʻa. No laila, manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i kēia pūʻulu o ka nematode e like me nā holoholona i hoʻomaka i ke ala no ka hoʻomake ʻana i nā mea kanu lāʻau e hoʻohana ana i kā lākou mea kaua.

Kuhi. 244. Moho o ka lepo Cephalobidae: A - Acrobeles complexus, B - poʻo o Acrobes ciliatus, C - poʻo o Acrobeles ctenocephalus, D - ke poʻo o Acrobeles ornatus. ʻIke ʻia nā wahi i hoʻomohala ʻia.

Ma kahi o ka nematodes phytoparasitic i ʻōlelo ʻia i luna, ua ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui e hōʻino nui ai i ka mahiʻai. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o kēia nematodes (tylenchid) kauia phytohelminthologists - nā ʻelele o kahi ʻōpio a hou i kēia wā kūkulu phytohelminthology, a i ole phytonematology, no ka mea ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻepekema i nā ʻāina he nui.

Hoʻohālikelike

He paʻakikī ke pane i ka nīnau ma kahi o nā nematodes. ʻĀ, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole lākou i loko o nā pūnāwai wela. Eia naʻe, i nā kino wai me ka mahana o kahi 40 ° C, ʻike lākou. Noho ka Nematodes i nā kaiapuni kahi e hiki ai ke ola. ʻAʻole ia e hoʻonāukiuki ka ʻōlelo ʻana aku i ke ola o ke ola o ke anuanu he puni honua. I ka lepo, e like me ka helu o ka nematodes, ʻo ia ka nui o ka hui o nā mea kūlohelohe multicellular. ʻO ka lalo o nā kai a me nā kai "kua make" me nematodes. ʻAʻohe mau holoholona multicellular i loaʻa i nā kuli o nā nematode i loaʻa ʻole. Nematodes parasitize i loko o nā lolo. Hiki ke loaʻa ma nā ʻāpana cestodes. Ma ka mea kānalua i ka hoʻomaka ʻana kekahi i nā mea kanu i mea ʻole i kahi nematode hoʻokahi. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Nematode a me kā lākou hua i ka lewa e ka makani. Aia lākou. ʻAʻohe hui ʻē aʻe o nā holoholona e hiki ke "kaena" o kēlā a me ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonui. ʻO ke kumu o nematodes i loko o ke ʻano he lapalapa loa. He mea ʻē paha inā ke kō ka lau o ka lepo ma o lākou, inā i kēlā me kēia mea kanu e hālāwai paha lākou, inā lilo lākou i ʻeha ma nā holoholona āpau, inā e kūʻē lākou i kā mākou mea kanu, inā e komo lākou i nā wahi a pau? ʻO kēia prevalence o nematodes ka mea kūpono i ko lākou mōʻaukala, ko lākou ola.

ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea huna o ka pōmaikaʻi kūhelu o nematodes - kēia mau holoholona liʻiliʻi loa - kekahi o nā pilikia koʻikoʻi o ka zoology o kēia wā a me ka hoʻokele waiwai āpau.

Nā hui kūwili

ʻO ka ʻōnaehana o ka wili o ka wili o ka wili e hele i ka hoʻolālā ka holomua. ʻOkoʻa nā pōpō ʻokoʻa i nā flatworms e ke alo o ka anus. Hoʻokaʻawale hoʻi lākou i ka hindgut.

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kahe ʻana o ka digestive ʻekolu ʻaoʻao: mua, waena a i hope. Hoʻomoʻa ka meaʻai i ka waha, i loko o ka ʻāʻī a me ka esophagus. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka pulu ʻai e hele ana ma ka ʻaoʻao waena, a ma hope o ka lilo ʻana o nā mea kanu, neʻe aku ke koena.

Ke lawe ʻia nei ka ʻano o ka meaʻai i hoʻokahi wale nō ʻaoʻao, na i hana i ka hoʻowalewale maikaʻi.

ʻŌwiliāwili ʻōwili o nā ʻōiwi

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o nā annelids a me nā pōpōpō, nā mea like a me nā ʻokoʻa

Eia nō kekahi, ʻo ka wuni ʻana i loko o ko lākou mau ola ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana i nā mea kikowaena waena no ka hoʻomohala piha. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā Ringworms ʻOkoʻa nā kahelena ma nā wili o ka wīwī ma ke alo ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana kaomi paʻa, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻōpū a me nā kīʻaha lele.

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o nā wīwī palaka a puni, nā mea like a me nā mea ʻokoʻa

Lū ola a me nā meaʻaiʻai o nā pōʻai

He ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ka hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻekepili. Noho ka hohonu o ke kai, e noho i nā wai hou, ka lepo, kekahi mau mea i alakaʻi i kahi ola parasit, e hoʻonāukiuki i nā maʻi nui i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona.

ʻAno ka hānai o nā nematodes e pili ana i ke ola, inu kekahi i nā algae a me nā mea make i ka pōpilikia, ua ʻai kekahi i nā ʻano o ka mea hoʻokalakupua, a aia kekahi mau ʻano predatory.

Hōʻike nui i ke ʻano a me ke ola kanaka

ʻO ka Roundworms kahi mea i hoʻohui nui i nā kaulahao meaʻai. Hoʻohana ka poʻe ola i nā mea make, protozoa, a me lākou iho i ka ʻai no nā iʻa a me ka crustaceans.

ʻO nā ʻōiwi e noho ana i ka honua e hānai ana i ka palaʻa o nā mea kūlohelohe, no laila e komo ana i ka hoʻomohala lepo.

Nui nā nematodes e alakaʻi i kahi nohona parasit, e hōʻino ana i ka mahiʻai i ka mahiʻai. Ke hoʻohana nei nā Roundworms, nā pinworms i nā holoholona, ​​nā pepeke, nā manu ma ke ʻano nui a waena paha. E lilo i kumu o nā maʻi koʻikoʻi a me ka make o nā mea ola.

Hiki i ka Roundworms ke hoʻopōʻū i nā puʻu a me nā mea kanu, e hōʻemi ana i ka hua. Nematodes ke komo i ke aena kumu a alakaʻi i ka make o ka rhizome, ma laila ke pale ʻia i ka ulu o nā mea kanu. ʻO nā huaʻai a me nā mea ʻai (ʻuala, ka ʻuala, ka nematode palaoa) ke loaʻa pinepine nei.

Nematodoses

ʻO nā keʻena a ke kanaka, ka mea o ka ʻano hoʻopuni, hoʻonā nematodoses - nā maʻi helminth koʻikoʻi. ʻO nā pathogens nui ka Ascarididae (ascariasis), Trichinella spiralis (trichinosis), Enterobius vermicularis (enterobiosis).

Nā pōʻai-nui nā maʻi palupalu i loko o kahi mea liʻiliʻi. Hoʻokomo nā hua hua i ke kino o ke kanaka ma o nā lau a i ʻole nā ​​hua ʻai ʻole. Puka mai kekahi mahiva mai lākou mai, e komo ana i ka paia o ka ʻōpū, komo i ke kahe a komo i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. A laila hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻōpala i loko o ka oropharynx a hoʻopau hou. Ke komo ka larva i ka ʻōpū, hāpai ia i loko o kahi pākeke a alakaʻi i ka hiki ʻana o ka ascariasis.

Nā pinworms - nā ʻalelē 5-10mm i ka nui. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ka ʻōpū nui, pili ka ipu i nā keiki. Hiki i nā pinworms wahine mai waho o ka anus a waiho i nā hua ma laila. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia me ka ʻeha hōʻeha. Hoʻokomo ke keiki i nā wahi hina a hina nā hua ma lalo o nā kui. No laila ma waena o nā lima holoi holoi ʻole ke loaʻa ka maʻi.

ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi kahi mea hoʻonā weliweli trichinella. ^ E Ha yM. He mea maʻamau loa ia i nā mahiʻai i mea e puaʻa puaʻa ana. ʻO ka ʻiʻo o nā holoholona i hoʻopilikia ʻia e Trichinella i nā cysts. A inā e ʻai kekahi kanaka i ka meaʻai a nā maʻi parasit, komo ka pūpū me ka ʻōpū o lalo, a ma lalo o ke ʻano o ka wai o ka huina ʻana, maloʻe ko lākou ʻu. Hoʻokomo nā wī i ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a lilo i mea ulu i nā lā ʻelua. Hoʻomaka hou, hoʻomaka ka wahine e hana i nā pūpū i hohola ʻia i ke kino holoʻokoʻa, akā e hana i nā aʻa wale nō i nā uaua striated.

ʻŌnaehana nenoaiu

Hoʻohana ka ʻōnaehana o ka wili o ka wili i ka umeke ma o. Hoʻomaka ia me ka waha o ka waha, pae i loko o ka esophagus, a laila i loko o ka anterior, waena a i hoʻopau me ka peopio posterior, e hamama ana ma ka ʻaoʻao posterior o ke kino mai ka ʻaoʻao ʻōpū. I kekahi o nā kauoha parasit, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka pōpoki i loko o kahi trophosome me ka wala lumen. ʻO ka wehe waha e hoʻopau a paʻa ʻole paha ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao ventral a i ʻole ka dorsal ʻaoʻao. Ua hoʻopuni ka waha ma nā lehelehe a alakaʻi i loko o ka ʻāʻī. Loaʻa ka pharynx i kahi lumen trihedral, e hoʻonui ana me ka weheʻole ʻana o nā uaua lipial, a ua hoʻohana ʻia e hānai i ka meaʻai. He hiʻohiʻona paʻakikī a ma nā pūʻulu he nui o ka nematode predatory a me ka parasat nematode e lawe ana i kekahi mau mea kaua. Ua wehe ka pharynx i loko o ka pahu waena o ka hoʻokumu endodermal. Hoʻopau ke kōnaʻu hāwili i ka ʻōpū kuʻuna, wehe i nā wahine me ke anus, a me nā kāne pū me ka wehe o ka cloaca. Hoʻohana nui ka Nematodes ma nā huamona, algae, a me ka detritus, ma waena o lākou he mau nāhelehele, ʻo ka nui o lākou ka mea make parasis o nā holoholona, ​​nā kumulā, a me nā mea kanu.

ʻŌnaehana excretory

Ua manaʻo ʻia aia nā papa nui o ka ʻōnaehana excretory o ka nematodes ka unicellular (a i ʻole nā ​​hemahema, ʻelua paha a i ʻole multicellular) nā lula cervical, a i ʻole nā ​​channel intracellular lateral (renetta), a me nā nui o nā pseudo-cellocyte. He kino hanohano ʻo Renetta a loaʻa kahi papa excretory, e wehe ana i waho me kahi pore hiki. ʻAʻohe kelepona o nā pseudo-cell - wehe lākou a hoʻohana i nā huahana metabolic. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka ammonia mai ke kino o nematodes ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana ma o ka paia o ke kino.

ʻŌnaehana hoʻohālikelike

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā nematode he nani ʻokoʻa malepope kahi o ke ʻano a me ka dioecious, akā ʻike pū kekahi ʻo hermaphrodites. E waiho ana ʻo Nematodes i nā hua, ʻaʻole pinepine i viviparous. Mai i nā hua paʻakai, ke pālahalaha pili ʻana. Hana ʻia kēia i loko o ka nohona o waho a i ʻole ma ke ʻano o ka genital tract o ka wahine (egg-production). I nā kāne, ke kūlou nei ka hope o ka puhipuhi i ka ʻaoʻao ventral a aia kahi ʻāpana copulative paʻakikī. Ma ka hana o ke mālama wahine i ka wā o ka hakakā, e hoʻokani ʻia e nā ʻano mea hoʻohui palupalu a (ma ka rhabditid nematodes) bursa. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka Sperm me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā spicules i hoʻonui ʻia mai ka wehe wehe i ka cloacal. ʻO nā hui kikowaena o nā genital i ka puka mua ua paenu a loaʻa iā ia ke ʻano tubular. Loaʻa i hoʻokahi wahine nā pūpū hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha o nā ovaries, oviducts a me nā kōlo, ʻoka mau ka lua i hoʻokahi. Hoʻokahi hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau kēkeʻi hōʻike me nā vas deferens a me kahi kēna lua o ka ejaculatory ʻole. He ʻano ʻano like ʻole o Nematode sperm, loaʻa ka flagella a loaʻa i ka manaeboid (akā ʻaʻole actin).

Hoʻolaha holomua

Ke ulu nei ka hanana me ka metamorphosis. I ka hihia nui, aia nā 4 wai pae wai a hoʻokahi pākeke i ke ʻano o ke ola. Ke lawe nei ka loli ma waena o nā neʻe i ke kaʻina o nā loulou, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o nā ʻokoʻa. I loko o nā nematodes rhabditid, nā mea i kapa ʻia. ʻO ka papa hana Dauer kahi pae hou e hoʻololi i ka hana e hoʻokau nei i ka hana hou a me nā ʻike i nā kūlana kūlohelohe.

ʻO ke ʻauhau a me ka ʻauhau

Ua ʻike mua ʻia ka moku i kapa ʻia e Karl Asmund Rudolfi ma 1808 ma lalo o ka inoa Nematoidea (Kauka Greek νῆνῆα, hen. νήνήτττ - "kaula" a me εἶδoς - "nānā". Ua māhele ʻia ka ʻohana ma ke ʻano he ʻohana ma hope aku. Nematodes Burmistrom ma 1837 a ma kahi o kahi kauoha Nematoda K. M. Kēkēēua i ka makahiki 1861.

ʻO ke kūlana taxonomic a me ke kūlana ʻōnaehana o kekahi mau hui o nematodes (nā papa, nā subclass, nā kauoha) e kūkākūkā ana. No ka laʻana, e like me kekahi mau papa inoa kahiko, ua lawe ʻia ka papa nui loa o Chromadorea ma kahi kikoʻī (ma waho o Ascaridida, Spirurida, Tylenchida) a waiho pū ʻia i ke kūlana o Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933 i loko o ka subclass paraphyletic i hui ʻia o nematodes. Adenophoreaa i ʻole aphasmidia (Adenophorea, Aphasmidia Chitwood et Chitwood, 1933). ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā nematodes i mau ʻāpana he ʻelua no ka manawa mua i ka makahiki 1930 i hōʻoia ʻia e B. Chitwood (Chitwood B., 1933, 1937). Eia naʻe, ʻo kona inoa i hāpai ʻia ai ʻo Phasmidia Chitwood et Chitwood, 1933, ua lawe ʻia e ka inoa kahiko ʻo ia o kekahi o nā kauoha pepeke. I ka nui o nā hana o ka kenekulia XX, ua hoʻohana ʻo nematologists i kēia inoa inoa subclass:

• ʻO Subclass Adenophorea Linstow, 1905 (a i ʻole Aphasmidia Chitwood et Chitwood, 1933) me nā kauoha Chromadorida (mahele hope ʻia i nā kauoha Araeolaimida, Desmodorida, Desmoscolecida, Monhysterida) a me Enoplida (Dorylaimida, Mermithida, Muspiceal, Trichida)
• ʻO Subclass Secernentea Linstow, 1905 (a i ʻole Phasmidia Chitwood et Chitwood, 1933) i hoʻomaka me ʻelua kauoha ʻelua wale ʻo Rhabditida lāua ʻo Spirurida (a laila ua ʻulana ʻia ʻo lākou iā Aphelenchida, Ascaridida, Camallanida, Diplogasterida, Rhabdiasida, Rhabditida, Spirurida, Strongylida)

Ke ulu nui nei o ka ʻike maʻamau o ka ʻauhau ʻo ka nematodes (ʻoiaiʻo Adenophorea) i hōʻoia hou ʻia e nā noiʻi anatomical a me ka noiʻi genetic hou. Ma kekahi mau papa ma hope, kahi i manaʻo ʻia nā nematode āpau i ka pae papa, 3 ka ʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa i hōʻike ʻia (Malakhov, 1986).

Nā ʻano papa ʻānele

Wahi a ka ʻike data 2011, aia ke ʻano o nā nematodes 3 mau papa, 31 kauoha, 267 ʻohana, 2829 genera a me 24,783 mau ʻano, me nā fossil taxa i hōʻike ʻia i 2 genera o nā ʻano he 10, aia nō kekahi 7 mau genera a me 7 mau ʻano ʻike i ka fossil state (ma mua o ka wā. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā koho mai 15 a 80 tausani, a me nā ʻano nematode maoli - e noʻonoʻo ana i nā pahuhopu no ka wehewehe ʻana i nā mea hou aʻe - ua manaʻo ʻia he hoʻokahi miliona mau ʻano).

Aia nā ʻano he ʻekolu papa a ma kahi o 30 mau pūʻulu:

Nā maʻi lāʻau Nematode

Nā maʻi Nematode o nā mea kanu (herbaceous, Woody, shrubs) e hoʻoulu i ka nui o nā nematodes e ʻai nei i nā lāʻau. Loaʻa i nā mea kanu hihiu a kanu i nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona o waho o ka lāʻau o nematode o nā mea kanu me ka hoʻolohi ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā ʻōpala, ulu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua kanu, nāwaliwali palupalu, hōʻuluʻulu āpau (i kekahi manawa nui) ka make o nā mea kanu i ka wā ʻōpiopio, a i ʻole he hōʻemi a i ʻole ka make i ka mea kanu. Ma ke kaʻina ʻai o ka hānai, hoʻonāukiuki nā nematodes i ka kūʻiʻo o nā aʻa, a laila hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka komo ʻana o nā pūpū pathogen, nā bako a me nā virus i loko o ka mea kanu. ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā nematodes i nā aʻa o nā mea kanu ke kumu ikaika o ka ulu ʻana o ke aʻa a hāʻule i nā aʻa liʻiliʻi (beet, potato, oat heteroders), ke ʻano o nā galls o nā ʻano like ʻole (gall nematodes ma nā aʻa o ka lau huaʻai a me nā mea kanu huaʻai), kikoʻi ʻia - “beaks” (cinnamon - lat. ʻO Anguina radicicola - ma luna o nā cereals hihiu), nā ʻōpio e alakaʻi ana i nā make o nā aʻa. ʻO nā wīwī keʻokeʻo e hoʻomoʻa i kahi palalupelo fusiform o nā kumu, pohō o ka lau lau a me ka deformation, i nā ʻōpala hihiu: puaʻa o nā lau petioles, nā ʻuhū a me ka corrugation o ka lau palaka, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻeleʻele pōpoki palupalu ma ka pa o ka wai o ka wīwī, kāʻei iho i ka lalo a me ka wehe ʻana o ke kaila o nā mea kūleʻa i nā mea kūleʻa.

Kanaka maʻi kanaka

Ke kūlohelohe nei, aia ma mua o 45 mau ʻano o nā pūpū e hoʻopilikia ai i ke kanaka a me nā kumu kumu kumu o nā maʻi koʻikoʻi. Aia kēlā mau maʻi e pili i ka hui o nematodoses. ʻO kahi hōʻike maʻi kūpono a me ke ʻano o ka parasit i hoʻopili ʻia i ka haku e hiki ke hoʻoholo ma o ka hoʻolilo ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua a me nā hoʻokolohua hōʻoia.

Nā kaʻina no nā wīwī e komo ai i ke kino

• ʻO ka mālama ʻole ʻana i nā lula o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ponoʻī, ka ʻai ʻana i nā lau a me nā huaʻai, nā mea ʻai ʻilihune a me ka inu ʻana i ka wai i hoʻopilikia ʻia ke kumu o ka maʻi helminth.
• Hiki i ke kamaʻilio me nā mea inikua ke kumu o ka maʻi ma ka ʻili.

Inā loaʻa ka maʻi a me ka nematode kanaka, kū i kēia mau hōʻailona:

• Papa ʻaihue
• ʻAno a me ka hoʻoweliweli,
• ʻO ka nele o ka momona
• Na pōʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele ma lalo o ka maka,
• Hoʻohālikelike (kaʻeha) i ke kuamu.

Nā maʻi holoholona

Hiki i ka Nematodes ke hoʻopilikia i nā kino āpau a me nā kiko o kahi holoholona. Paipai ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana e:

• Nā kūlana mālamalama (nā ʻano o nā wīwī)
• Ka puka ʻana o nā hui waena.
• Nā kūlana ola holoholona,
• ʻO ka hemahema o nā kaʻina pale.

ʻAʻole ke nānā i nā lula no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe, hiki i nā kānaka ke lilo i ka nematode mai nā pōpoki, ʻīlio, a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻopilikia i nā mea kanu

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā Parasite i nā kiko o nā mea kanu a me ka lepo. ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻōwili, e pili ana i ka holoholona hihiu a me ka mahiʻai, ma nā wahi āpau e hoʻonā ai i nā nematodoses i nā mea kanu. He liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā mea kanu kanu a hiki i ka 2 mm. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā nematodes o nā mea kanu i ka lau, iʻa, ʻoki. Akā ma ka agronomy a me ka horticulture ua ʻoka ʻia nō hoʻi lākou i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, no ka mea, ʻo ka hapanui o nā ulia ua hoʻomoe ka nui o nā mea kanu lāʻau, no ka laʻana: chrysanthemum nematode (Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi), strawberry nematode (A. fragariae), beet nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt).

ʻO nā mea kaulana loa o kēia mau ʻano nematodes:

• Strawberry Nematode - Pāpaʻi ʻia i ka palupalu strawberry, hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hua lāʻau, nā lau, e alakaʻi ai i ka ulu lāʻau maikaʻi. Pāhele ka mea pili i ka lepo, nā lau a me nā mea kanu i hoʻopō ʻia. Kūkulu ʻia e wehe i nā huaʻai i hoʻopō ʻia mai ka lepo a puhi iā lākou, a pīpī i ka honua me ka hoʻokeʻala a kāohi pono i nā lāʻau āpau mai kēia pūnaewele.
• Ohi a me ke kāleka peka Lālia nematode, ma nā hihia kīʻaha, e hoʻopilikia ai i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. ʻAno like nā ʻōpio i ka helehelena, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 1,5 mm lōʻihi.
• Nui nā mea ʻulaʻula e pilikia ai aniani nematodes, ʻai ka ʻōpala i ka wai, kahi e kolo ai i ka make a make.
• Gall nematodes (ʻoi aku ma mua o 60 mau ʻano) keʻai kokoke i nā mea kanu āpau. I ke ʻano o ke ʻano, ua like ka wī me ka pia, ua kuhikuhi ʻia ke poʻo o ke kino. Loaʻa i kekahi kanaka wahine ke waiho i lalo i nā hua he 2000, ua hui pū ʻia lākou ma luna o ka aʻa, like me nā puna ʻeleʻele. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā pua lohi i nā mea kanu i loaʻa. Hoʻokomo ka Parasites i ka hanu o ka mea kanu, paʻakikī iā ia, ke alakaʻi nei i ka maloʻo a make.
• ʻ Potlelo Nīkini Potato gula (Koho ʻo Globodera rostochiensis) i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o nā mākana o ka ʻuala a me nā ʻōmato, ma kahi e ulu ai ka wēki makua. Pau nā ʻōleʻa o nā ʻōpū me nā ʻāina, ka makani, ka wai a me nā hua pā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Hoʻoweliweli ka ʻike ʻana i kahi nematode pānao e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi ʻāpana āpau āpau.

Pono palekana nā kālai lāʻau i nā kānaka.

Nā pōʻai-nui

Ascaris (Ascaris lumbricoides) - ke kumu hoʻopiʻi o ka ascariridosis i nā keiki a me nā pākeke, kahi maʻi e noho kokoke ana i nā wahi āpau. ʻAnoola i ka geohelminth nui nā Ascaris, nā ʻōpio hiki ke ulu i luna a hiki i 40 cm, a ʻo nā kāne a hiki i 20 cm. ʻO ke kino o ke aniani ka cylindrical i ke kūpaʻa me ka paʻa ʻāʻī, a ma ke kāne ke kāwili ʻia ia i ke ʻano o ke kaʻe i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū.

ʻAno Ascaris kekahi ʻano o ka geohelminth e ola nei a e hānai wale i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kino kanaka. ʻO nā hua hua i ka hoʻoili ʻia mai ke kahakaha ʻia mai ka pū me nā feces a no ke ola hou aʻe, pono lākou i ka ʻāina. Hoʻomaka ka make ʻana o ka huaʻai ma ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe, ke koi koi ʻana o ka oxygen a me kahi mahana mau (24-25 ° C) no 2-3 mau pule. I ko lākou pale ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke mālama i nā hana koʻikoʻi no nā makahiki 6 i ʻoi aku.

I ka hapanui pinepine, loaʻa mai ka maʻi Ascaris ma o nā lau a me nā huaʻai palu, ma laila nā hua hoʻohiki. I loko o ka ʻōpū, ulu mai kahi larva, kahi mea e ʻoi ai ka paʻakikī o ka hele ʻana ma waena o ke kino o kāna mea hoʻokipa. ʻIke ʻia, komo ʻana i ka paia o ka ʻōpū, a komo koke i loko o nā ʻalā o ka pulmonary o ka lula, ma hope o ke kaʻe ʻana o ka ate, hele i ka atrium ʻākau a me ka ʻōpū, a komo i loko o nā ʻōpū, a laila komo i loko o ka alveoli a pani ma ka bronchi a me ka trachea.

Ua hoʻonāukiuki ka hele ʻana o ka parasit i ka mare ʻana i loko o ke kanaka, hiki iā ia ke hoʻolei i ka ʻōpala i loko o ka ʻāʻī, kahi hou ʻana o ke kanaka me nā kipi kumilima. Ma hope o kahi komo o ka lua i loko o ka ʻōpū, lilo ke ʻano maʻi i kekahi kanaka makua, hiki iā ia ke hana hou a noho i laila no hoʻokahi makahiki.

ʻO ka nui o nā pōpoki hoʻokahi i loko o kahi kanaka e hiki ai ke lilo i mau haneli a mau tausani paha, no ka mea hiki i kahi pākeke ke hana i 240000 huaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā.

Nā hopena hopena o ka wili o ka wili ma ke kino

Hōʻike ʻia ka hilahila Parasite e kēia mau hōʻailona:

• malekilima
• lethargy
• ho'ēmi i ka hoʻomanaʻo a me nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka poʻomanaʻo e ka nui o nā geohelminths e alakaʻi i ka ʻalopona i ka ʻōpū, appendicitis, pani ʻana i nā dile bile (hoʻomōhala o ka jaundice), a me ke ʻano o ka hepatic abscesses. Aia kahi kaʻina kaʻawale o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā palaʻai i nā pepeiao, ʻeha, ka ʻōpū a me ka puʻuwai.

Pinworm

ʻO Pinworm ke kumu kumu o enterobiasis, kahi maʻi e hiki ke laha i nā wahi āpau, akā ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā pūʻulu o nā keiki, a no laila loaʻa kona inoa.

ʻO Pinworm kahi lāʻau ʻāʻī liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, nā pākē wahine wahine i ulu a hiki i ka 10 mm, a me nā kāne a hiki i 5 mm. ʻO ke kino o ka pinworm he pololei, me kahi ʻoki kuhi. ʻO nā kāne, ua kāwili ʻia ke ʻoki i ke kiko. ʻAʻohe ʻano kala, ʻōwili, ʻōwili, ʻōwili ʻia ma ke kihi, a ʻo nā hua pinworm ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 50 mau microns.

Noho kekahi ʻano palaʻai i nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi a hoʻopau i kāna mea hoʻopiha. ʻAʻole paʻa ka loli o ka mea nona. ʻO ka wahine ma ka pō e puka i waho o ka anus a waiho i nā hua kūpono i loko o nā ʻalā o ke anus, a hiki i 15,000 i ka manawa hoʻokahi, a laila make, hiki i ke kaʻina o ke kau ʻana i nā hua kūlohelohe me ka ʻeha maikaʻi ʻole i ka ʻuʻuku.

Kahi paha, lilo nā hua i kanu ʻia ma hope o kekahi mau hola. Hoʻopili nā keiki i nā maʻi palaʻai i ko lākou mau wahi hopohopo i loko o ka moeʻuhane, ʻo ia ke kumu he nui ka nui o nā hua ma lalo o ko lākou mau miki. Mai nā lima lākou i komo ai i ka lua waha a i pālahalaha holo i nā lole a me nā moena.Ma hope o ka pau ʻana, hoʻouna ʻia nā hua i loko o ka ʻōpio liʻiliʻi, kahi e hele koke ai i loko o kahi kanaka makua. ʻO ka lōʻihi loa ke ola o kekahi pākeke mai 56 a 58 lā. Inā i loko o kēia manawa o ke kau ʻana, ʻaʻole i pau ka hōʻeuʻi ʻana o nā mea a pau, a pau ka hoʻopau ʻana.

Nā hopena hopena o ka pinworm ma ke kino o nā keiki

Hōʻalo ʻia e nā pōpilikia e alakaʻi i nā pilikia hiamoe, lilo nā keiki a me ka huhū o ko lākou ʻano. ʻO ka komo ʻana o ka pinworm i ka appendix e hoʻonāukiuki i kona hoʻonā a i ʻole, ma nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻonāukiuki ʻia ka appendicitis (ʻo ke ʻano pinepine ka hoʻomohala ʻana me ka ascariasis). Ma muli o kahi o nā pinworms ma nā paia o ka ʻili liʻiliʻi, aia kahi hewa i kona kū pono a me ka huhū maʻamau. Me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻaʻana i ka nui o ka meaʻai e komo ai, ʻaʻole i make ka make o ka parasit, e like me kekahi mau tapeworms, ʻoiai ʻo ka pinworm e koi i kahi liʻiliʻi o nā meaʻai no ka hana nui, ma muli o kā lākou nui.

Vlasoglav

ʻO ke whipworm kanaka he ʻano helminth e kumu ai kahi maʻi parasit - trichocephalosis, i manaʻo ʻia he mea maʻamau loa ia. E like me ke kānāwai, ola ka whipworm i nā ʻōpū haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me luna.

Hiki ke noho wale ʻo Vlasoglav i ke kino o ke kanaka, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he loli o nā mea nona, a lawe ʻia ke kaʻina hana hoʻomohala me ka ʻole o ka neʻe ʻana. I mea e holo hou ai ka helminth, pono ia e hele i waho i loko o kāna mau hua manu a me nā kuku. ʻO ka hoʻonui hou ʻana o ka whipworm e pili ana i ka mahana o ka lepo a me ka pae o ka ea. Inā he mahana kūpono ke kiʻekiʻe ʻana, ma hope o ʻekolu mau pule, ua mākaukau nā hua whipworm no ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka lepo.

ʻO ka maʻi whipworm i nā kānaka, e like me ka nui o nā hihia o ka maʻi helminth, e puka mai ma o ka lau ʻai ʻole, nā hua a me nā huaʻai. A i kekahi mau hihia, hiki i ka wai inu ke hōʻeha i ka maʻi maʻamau.

Hiki i ka parasit i loko o nā ʻāpana no ka manawa lōʻihi, a ʻo ke koko kanaka he kumu no kona ola. Hoʻohui kekahi i ke koko, ʻaʻole ʻai hou ka parasit i kekahi mea, kēlā me kēia, ka kaʻina hana no ka whipworm e hōʻike i kekahi mau pilikia. Hoʻopili ka mea palu i ka paia o ka pūpū me kona alo mua, ma laila e hoʻoulu ai i ke ʻano palupalu, me ka haki i ka kūʻiʻo o ka ʻawa. Aia kekahi makehewa o ke kino kanaka i pili me ka hana ikaika a kipa ka maʻiʻole.

ʻO nā ʻōuli o kona hele ʻana e komo i ka poʻo, ka ʻeha, ka hiamoe, a me ka huhū. I ka pilina me ke pale hewa ʻana o ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōpū, ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, a me nā ʻōwili hou. ʻOiai ke lilo nei ke koko i mea hoʻoikaika i ka parasit, hiki i ka anemia ke kau ma luna o ka manawa. Hoʻokumu ka Dysbiosis. Me ka maʻi pālahalaha nui, ʻike ʻia nā ʻōnaehana maʻamau i ka pili o ka maka.

Trichinella

ʻO Trichinella ka mea hoʻonāukiuki o ka trichinosis. Hoʻomaopopo kēia maʻi ma nā ʻāina ʻē i kēlā me kēia ʻano. I ke kino o ke kanaka, aia ko Trichinella larvae i loko o nā uaua striated, i loko o nā loko.

Hiki ke loaʻa ka maʻi Trichinella inā e ʻai ʻoe i ka ʻiʻo holoholona i loaʻa me ka trichinosis. ʻAʻole hiki i ka hōʻola culinary ke mālama mau i ka huahana meaʻai mai ka parasite.

Aia ka helu o ka maʻi i ka nui o nā maʻa i ke kino, ma kekahi mau hihia, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka maʻi a hiki i ka 45 lā, a ʻo nā hōʻailona iho ke ʻike maka ʻole ʻia. Hiki i ka parasit i nā hanaʻino ke hoʻopilikia i nā hua, ʻo ia ka mea i ka wā i hala, hiki i ka naʻau ke ʻano.

Hookworm

ʻO kahi pancworm a i ʻole nā ​​poʻo Amerika ʻAmelika ʻano ʻano o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i mālamalama i kahi maʻi e like me ka hookworm. ʻO nā pākeke kahi ʻōpiopio uliuli popo āpau. ʻO ka nui o ka piko o ka hookworm a ka mea e pili ana i ka 1-1.2 cm.Loaʻa iā lākou nā kīʻaha waiu i ka waha, i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopili i nā paia o ka pūpū. Palahalaha ka nui o nā Parasite i nā lāʻau wela wela a me ka subtropical. Ua loaʻa iā lākou ma nā ʻāina e like me Australia, South Asia.

ʻO nā pūnaewele nui no nā hookworms he maloʻo nā ʻūhū o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā maiʻa, kahi e hoʻomohala ai nā larvae ma lalo o ke ʻano o ka wela. Hiki iā lākou ke noho i ka papa no kekahi mau mahina. ʻO ka larva Hookworm e komo i ke kino kanaka i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa:

• e nā huina maloʻo a me nā huaʻai,
• ma muli o ka paʻa lima lima ma hope o ka hoʻopā ʻana i ka lepo.
• ma ka ʻili, ke hele nei ke kapa ʻole a i ke kau ʻana i ka mauʻu.

ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo nā miners, nā keiki ʻōpio, nā mea leʻaleʻa i ke ʻoluʻolu i ka ʻāina a me nā poʻe noho kauwela ke hoʻopilikia nui ʻia e ka hookworm.

I ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o ka maʻi, hele nā ​​larva hookworm i loko o ka ʻōnaehana uila, a laila ma loko o ka bronchi, a mai laila ua hoʻouna ʻia lākou i ka pharynx a pololei no ka ulu hou ʻana a me ka hana hou i loko o ka ʻōpū.

Hiki i ka Ankylostoma ke noho i loko o ke kino kanaka a hiki i 15 makahiki.

I kekahi mau hihia, hōʻeha ʻia nā pōʻino i ka pūnaehana pīhoihoi waena, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka maʻi kaumaha a me ka hōʻeha ma nā luakini. E hoʻomake i nā hopena kūlohelohe a me ke ulaula hoʻi o ka ʻili.

No ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā hookworms, ke manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Hoʻomale kūʻokoʻa ka hana ma lalo o ka alakaʻi alakaʻi pololei ʻana o ke kauka, i nā hihia koʻikoʻi o nā hihia holomua, ua kau ʻia ka mea maʻi i loko o ka haukapila. ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau āpau i hoʻohanaʻia i ka mālama ʻana he mau lāʻau antiparasitic:

Rishta

ʻO Rishta a i ole Guinean worm - he parasitite, he ʻelele o nā roundworms, kahi i kū nui ʻia i nā wai wai o Asia, nā pakanā liʻiliʻi a me nā kino wai pū ʻia kekahi mau mea lawe. Hiki i nā wahine kāne ke hele i ka lōʻihi o 4 cm, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine - a hiki i 120 kenimika a ʻokoʻa ia i ka lōʻihi o ke ola. ʻOiai me kā lākou mau loa weliweli, ʻehā mau poli keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ka ʻalani 2 mm.

Nui ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana ma o ke kahawai o nā larvae, a me nā huahana ua hoʻopiha piha ʻia me lākou.

Hoʻokahi i loko o nā ʻāpana, hoʻouna ʻia ka parasit i ka ʻōnaehana lymphatic, kahi e ulu ai a hoʻonui ʻia. Ua make ke kāne ma hope o ka hana o ka mare ʻana. Aia nō kēlā wahine ma lalo o ka ʻili a ʻike ʻia. ʻO kona wahi kahi o ka subcutaneous layer o nā lima, nā wāwae, ka ʻāʻī a me nā genital. I loko o ke poʻo poʻo, ʻokoʻa ia. Nā hopena maʻamau o ka palaʻa i loko o ke kino:

• nā pehu purulent nunui, ma laila ʻoe i ʻike pinepine ai i ke kumu nui o ka maʻi, rishta,
• nā hōʻeha ʻeha a me ke kaumaha ʻole,
• ka huʻu koko
• gangrene me ka lōʻihi o ka maʻi e ka wē.

Hiki ke hoʻoholo kūʻokoʻa i kahi kino o ke ʻano haole i loko o ke kino. ʻO ka hōʻoluʻolu o kahi noho maikaʻi ʻole kahi manawa e kipa aku ai i kahi loea hou a hana i ka hoʻokolokolo pono.

ʻAʻole lawa ka lāʻau lāʻau e hoʻopau i ka rishta. ʻO ke ala maikaʻi wale nō e wehe ai i ka palaai. ʻO ka nui o ka wīwī e hoʻopiha i ka hana, no ka mea, ʻo ka hōʻeha ʻana i kona kino e hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hopena o nā meaʻala a me ka laʻala o ke kino.

Hoʻopilikia i ka maʻi Parasite

I mea e pale aku ai i kahi nānā ʻana o nā ʻōpala, nā parasit a me nā ʻōpū, pono ia e kiaʻi mau i nā lula o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe:

• ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana, e noʻonoʻo e hoʻomoʻalahi ʻia.
• e malama pono i kou kino
• Hōʻalo i ka pili lōʻihi me ka lepo.
• no nā kiʻi hele wāwae a me nā hele wāwae, hoʻohana i nā kāmaʻa,
• inu i ka wai maʻemaʻe.

Ma nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo hiki mua e hōʻike ana i ka maʻi helminth, e hoʻopili koke i kahi ambulance a pololei paha i ke kauka kūpono. Loaʻa kahi siaki mau a nānā i kou kino.