ʻO nā manu manu ʻo nā pepeke mua e hele mua ai: nā koena o ko lākou mau kūpuna mamao i loaʻa e ka poʻe archaeologists i hoʻi mai i ka manawa Carboniferous (350-300 miliona mau makahiki i hala). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā makahiki lōʻihi o ka ʻōlohelohe i ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana manu, no laila ua helu ʻia kēia mau mea he mua. I kēia manawa, ua ʻike nā mea ʻepekema a hoʻopaʻa ʻia o nā ʻano he 5 mau mea o kēia mau mea ʻino. Akā he ʻano liʻiliʻi loa nā ʻano o nā manu manu i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāpana o ka Lūkia: ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi haneri o lākou. Makemake kēia mau manu i ka ʻulana o nā neʻe, no laila ke noho nei ka hapa nui o lākou i nā ululāʻau ʻūlekanika o ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAsia Hema. Ma nā wahi me ke anuanu, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā dragonflies.

Hanau hānau

Ma waho o nā kaʻokoʻa ʻole, nā mea like ʻole o ka manu (ʻo nā nymphs a me nā pākeke) e hānai i nā mea inikini, pinepine ka wai-wai (nā manu, nā kime, nā alawai) ʻO ke ʻano o ke kino o ka Dragonfly he kūpono no ka hopu ʻana ma ka lele. ʻO kēia mau manuʻuʻu he "ʻuʻuku", me ka ʻāʻī a i ʻōlelo ʻia me ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. ʻAlele ke poʻo o kahi ʻōpio āpau. Aia ma mua o nā maka he ʻelua mau maka i waiho ʻia ma ia ʻaoʻao, e ʻae i ka inika e ʻike i nā mea e kū ana a puni, a ma waena o kēia mau mea ʻelua he mau mea maʻamau e lawelawe i ka lewa. Hoʻopili nā mea nānā o ka hihiʻo i ʻike ka maikaʻi o ka ʻalopona a pau i ka lewa. No laila, hoʻouka ʻo ia i ka mea mai lalo mai. He waha ikaika ka inisike (“wīwī”), e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana a nā kānaka ʻepekema, nā antennae pōkole a me nā wāwae nāole i uhi ʻia me nā lauoho e kōkua i ka hopu ʻana i ka mea pio. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia lālā o ke kime nā pūpū ʻelua o nā ʻēheu, kahi e hoʻomōhala maikaʻi ʻia. ʻO kēia ka mea i nā mea inikini bimotor. Hiki i ka manu lele ke lele me ka wikiwiki o ʻoi aku ma kahi o 55 km / h.

Diptera

ʻEkolu ʻekolu mau ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana manu. ʻO ka mua o lākou he isosoptera. Hele pū kekahi, ʻona a me, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, nā pepeke liʻiliʻi me kahi ʻōpū nui loa. ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻelua o nā ʻēheu i like ka nui a me ke ʻano; i ka hoʻomaha, hoʻomoʻa ka ʻuʻupu i hope o lākou a puka lākou i kahi ʻāpana ʻili o ke kua. Pākuʻi ʻia nā ʻēheu i holo mālie a mālie. I loko o lākou ʻo ia mau ʻano ʻano pana manu like a nā pua nani, ke kaikamahine makamae a me nā ʻōpio. ʻO nā nymphs mau lehe i noho ai i loko o ka wai he mea hanu kūikawā i loaʻa ma ka hopena o ka ʻōpū - nā ʻili o ka huelo.

Diversified a me Anisozygoptera

ʻOkoʻa ʻē ka papa ʻāpana ʻelua. He kino ikaika ko lākou, a hoʻonui ʻia ke kumu o nā ʻēheu hind. Pā pinepine nā maka. ʻO kiʻekiʻe ka lele o ka mokulele o nā ʻēheu ākea. Ma ka hoʻomaha, hohola ka pāheu o nā ʻēheu o kēia mau manu. Noho ke kiaʻi manuahi i loko o kahi silt a me ka hanu me ke kōkua o nā ʻili kūlima. He kūpono ke haʻi ʻia ʻana o kekahi mau ʻano like ʻole o ka nui o nā manu kani. He kūpuna maʻamau kēia, he pōhaku nui, he kupuna kupuna, he ʻupua koko.

Hoʻohui nā ʻelele o ka suborder ʻekolu (Anisozygoptera) i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻelua ʻelua, ʻoiai ʻo waho e kokoke kokoke lākou i ka mea lele. Ma Lūkia, ʻaʻole i noho kēia mau dragonflies.

Nā ʻflkaka kahiko

Nui ke poʻo o kahi ʻīlato nui, ʻoho ke kua oho. I ka ʻike ʻia ʻana mai kahi manu lele, noho ka maka nui i ka hapa nui o ke poʻo, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i waenakonu. ʻO ka maka he 28 tausani facets (ommatidia), kēlā me kēia e lawelawe ʻia ana e 6 mau photosensitive cell. No ka hoʻohālikelike: ʻoi aku ka helu o nā facets ma ka maka o kahi lele, 4 tausani, ʻōpala - 17 tausani. Aia nā wahi i loaʻa ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka maka he ʻano like ʻole, e hoʻoholo ana i ka hiki ke ʻike i nā mea like ʻole o nā mālamalama like ʻole a me nā kala like ʻole. Aia nā wahiʻeleʻele e poloka i nā wahi i kuleana no ka hihiʻo. ʻIke ʻia ke kiʻi ma kēlā ʻāpana o ka lolo i kū pololei ma lalo o ka maka o ka maka. Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka "cilia" ma ka maka me nā antennas, kā lākou hana ke kiʻi i ke kumu o ke kukui, e noʻonoʻo i ka wā o ka lele. Aia nui ka hiki i ka antennaas ʻaʻole i pau ka kumu hoʻomālamalama i kona kumu māmā i ka wā o ka lele, kahi e hiki ai iā ia ke kuhi pololei i kāna neʻe (a e like me kāu e ʻike nei, ʻo ka wikiwiki o kahi ʻano manu he nui kekahi o ka honua o nā pepeke).

ʻO kahi ʻōpū māhā pili ʻole i ka wā o ka lele e hana ana he mea kaulike.

No ke aha i hoʻomoʻi ai nā popu manu i ka ʻōpū?

ʻO nā males he "pāliki" ma luna loa o ka ʻōpū, me ko lākou ʻoi ʻia ka wahine ma ka ʻāʻī i ka wā moe. Hiki ke ʻike pinepine ʻia kēlā "mau inoa" o nā ʻōpio i nā kino wai. Kolo i nā hua manu i loko o ka wai a hoʻokomo i loko o nā ʻili o nā mea kanu aku e hoʻohana ana i ka ovipositor piʻi. Ua nāwaliwali nā wāwae o ka ʻānō, hiki iā lākou ke mālama i ka ʻino i loko o ka maka o ka mauʻu a i ʻole ka mālama ʻana i ka mea pio, akā ʻaʻole kūpono ia e hele. ʻO ka ʻōpū o kahi ʻūpā he lōʻihi; i ka nui o nā ʻano lā, ua pōkole ke lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o nā ʻēheu a mālie loa. Hiki ke helu ʻia nā kāne ʻelua i nā ʻāpana he 10. I nā kāne o ka huaʻōlelo Zygoptera, ʻo ka ʻōpū haʻahaʻa o nā kāne (lalo o nā kāne) he 2-3 mau ʻāpana;

ʻO nā ʻēheu nui me ka hōʻaola nui i nā dragonflies nui e hohola mau i nā ʻaoʻao, i nā mea liʻiliʻi (nā pua, nā pūlapa) i ka hoʻomaha ka mea hiki iā lākou ke piʻi ma ke kino. I kekahi mau dragonflies, like nā ʻēheu i ke ʻano, kuʻi ʻia i ka waihona (suborder unahi), a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana ʻē aʻe iʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka mua, akā ʻokoʻa ka pae. Ke kāʻei ʻia ka iʻa o nā manu manu i ka uliuli, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nā melemone, nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa, aia hoʻi nā pua nani metallic. He ʻēheu kekahi mau pihi a ʻeleʻele paha. I nā spimens malo, maloʻo ka kala a loli loa.

I ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, loaʻa i ka 2 mau ʻalopua ka dragonfly larva: hoʻokahi i ke poʻo a me ka lua ma ka kua o ke kino. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka dragonfly larva ʻelima mau maka, 18 mau pepeiao, he naʻau 8-lumi. Kākala kona koko.

Nā Hind gut: ka pūnao o ke neʻe a me ka hanu

ʻO ka iwi hope o ka ʻōpio larva, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i kāna hana nui, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea nui o kahi mea o ka neʻe. Hoʻopiha ka wai i ka ʻōpū o ka hind, a laila kaomi me ka ikaika, a neʻe ka larva e ke ʻano o ke neʻe ʻana o ka hoʻonaninani kino o 6-8 cm.

ʻO ka manu nui loa loa

ʻO ke koena o nā hua manu manu i ka lā Jurassic a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i kekahi o nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe a no laila, ua kapa ʻia lākou he kauoha fossil: Protozygoptera, Archizygoptera, Protanisoptera a me Triadophlebiomorpha. Hoʻokaʻawale kahi ʻo Protodonata detachment, i kahi manawa i waiho ʻia i ka ʻāpana o ka palapala hoʻokele ʻo Odonata, he nui nā manu manu nui, aia kekahi mau mea nui. ʻO ka nui ka nui o nā kahe nui o Meganeuropsis permiana, nona nā ʻēheu o 720 mm.

No ka nui o nā ʻano ʻānela, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o kēia ʻano nui, nā manu nui o ka ʻēheu ma lalo o 20 mm (Nannodiplax rubra spesies, Libellulidae ʻohana) a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 160 mm (nā holoholona Petaluridae, ʻohana Petaluridae): he mau manu lālani o nā huaʻāina Zygoptera me nā ʻēheu he 18 mm a keu aʻe. (species, Agriocnemis pygmaea, ʻohana Coenagrionidae) a 190 mm (species Megaloprepus caerulatus, family Pseudostigmatidae). ʻO ka mea nui o nā ʻānō i kēia manawa Megaloprepus caeruleatae noho ana ma Central Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema, he lōʻihi kona kino o 120 mm a me nā ʻēheu o 191 - mm. Nārima manuahi Petalura gigantea me nā ʻēheu o 110 - 115 mm (nā wahine a hiki i ka 125 cm). A ʻo ke ʻano o ka nui o nā mea inika i loko o nā ʻulā, ʻo nā ʻalopona, nā rockers, i ʻike ʻia ma ko mākou ʻāina, ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi o nā pepeke nui loa.

ʻO nā manu manu nui o ko mākou ʻāina ka mea i loaʻa i ka lima pōhaku (Aeschnidae). ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano maʻamau Blue rocker (Aeschna juncea), ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 70 mm, a ma nā eheu a hiki i 95 mm. He ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka males, me ka nui o ke kala ʻulaʻula, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka ʻōpū. Hoʻokipa ʻia nā wahine e nā leona ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā melemele. He mau manu nani kēia, hiki iā ia ke lanakila i nā ʻumi mau a he mau haneli mau mile, e noho ana i loko o nā kaila hou. I kekahi manawa hiki ke mālama i ke kaʻina o ke hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kahi dragonfly mai kahi larva, kahi i koho ʻia ai kēia mea mai ka wai ma nā ʻāpana o nā mea kanu. Hiki mau wāwahi nā ʻēheu o ka ʻōkuhi māmā, palaehae, uhi ʻia nā uhi. Akā hoʻokahi hola ma hope o ka hatching, ua mākaukau nā dragonfly e lele.

ʻO ka ʻohana o nā mea hele (Corduliidae) ka mea i ka nui o nā manu manuahi, i ke kala i loaʻa mai ka pua nani metallic.

Nā puka liʻiliʻi: nā mea nani, tapeworms a me nā pua

Koi Aloha - Calopterygidae, Lyutki - Lestidae, Arrows - Coenagrionidae

Ma kahi kokoke i nā loko wai kūhā, he maʻamau ka lyuta dryas (Lestes dryas) a ʻo ka helehelena like nō ka lyutka-male (L. sponsa), he ʻano wale nō i ke ʻano o nā moʻo male male. He māmā nā wahine. E like me nā manu manu, ko lākou mau kamaliʻi liʻiliʻi a lele ʻino. nā mea hoʻowahāwahā, nā mea nui e lawe ʻia ai i nā kaohele a me nā mea kaualoko. ʻAi nā Nymphs i nā lehelehe e lele ai ka wai. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o nā manu ʻehā mai 25 a 50 mm. Mālama lākou i ko lākou mau ʻēheu i ka mahalo i ka ʻōpū no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hohola iā lākou i kahi mokulele. Hiki iā lākou iho ke lilo i nā mea i ka nui manu manu, nā manu, a i ʻole nā ​​mea kanu insectivorous. ʻO nā ʻohana ʻohana o nā pua (Coenagrionidae) nā kaila manuahi a hiki i ka 40 mm ka lōʻihi, e holo ana nā ʻēheu i ka hoʻomaha me ka pterostigma pōkole ma ke kino. He kahu nāwaliwali ko lākou a mālama ʻia i nā mākeke o nā mea kanu. ʻOi aku ka ʻoi aku ma mua o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, loaʻa kekahi pua ʻolua (Enallagma cyathigerum), nona nā poli polū ʻulaʻula ma ke kua o ke poʻo.

Pūnaewele a me ka wai

Nā manu hihiu he mea e hoʻokaʻawale i ka lewa, e ʻike maka i nā mea pōmaikaʻi, i mea e hopu ai, e pono ai i nā dragonflies i nā hana mana o nā aerobatics. Hoʻomaʻa pinepine lākou i ka ʻai ma ka lele. He mau manu nui nā manu kani manu, a he mea paʻakikī loa ke hopu iā lākou. ʻO ka ʻai nui ʻana i nā pōpoki, nā lehelehe manuahi a me nā ʻano ʻai manu ʻē aʻe he waiwai nui lākou. Loaʻa ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻalopona āpau i ka pae wai - ka nymph (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā pepeke me nā hoʻomaka ʻana o nā ʻēheu). ʻO nāmona ʻo Nymphs ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mea nui, no ka mea, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻai wale i nā holoholona i liʻiliʻi ʻia ma mua o ko lākou nui, akā ua hiki nō iā lākou ke lanakila a lilo pū me lākou iho. Hoʻi kaua aku lākou i nā kuʻuna iʻa aku nō naʻe; ʻaʻole hiki i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi ke pale aku i kēia poʻe kuhi. ʻO nā hua manu a nā manu āpau he mau mea e hōʻole ʻia, ke hopu ʻia e ka lehelehe haʻalulu i hoʻololi ʻia - he mask e hāwā koke koke mai a hoʻolei ʻia, aʻo nā ʻili ma kona alo mua e like me ka stilettos e kālū ʻia ana e ka mea i hoʻopiʻi ʻia. Ke hoʻopili ʻia ka popo, ua huki ʻia ka mea pio ma ka waha a ʻoluʻolu mālie ʻo ia.

ʻAiʻi a me nā nymphs

Loaʻa nā ʻōmaʻi a me nā nymphs i nā ʻano wai wai pau ʻole. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia iā lākou ma nā pū me nā wai, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ana i nā puddles a hiki hoʻi i nā kuʻuna o nā kumuleke i piha i ka wai. Hiki i nā ʻōhumu o nā mea ulu ke ola i nā kūlana o ka paʻakai, nā ʻōpala ʻē aʻe i alakaʻi i kahi ola semi-aquatic, ke holo nei i ka honua i ka pō, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma nā kaʻe o nā māla a a ma nā lālā o nā lāʻau semi-lōkele. ʻO ke kumu o nā ʻano ʻeono i ka honua holoʻokoʻa.

Ma ka hana hoʻomohala ʻana, ua molts nā larva mai 10 a 20 mau manawa i ka makahiki o 3 mau mahina a hiki i ka 6-10 mau makahiki, e hilinaʻi nei i nā ʻano. Aia ka nui o nā loulou i nā kūlana kūlohelohe a me ka loaʻa o ka hānai. I ka 6-7 molting, e hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā ʻēheu e hoʻomōhala. Metaphorosis pololei, kāpae i ke ʻano o ka pupal, he manuahi makua ʻoi aku i ka wai a hele mau ʻia i kahi mamao loa mai kona wahi i hānau ʻia ai. I ka wā e hala ʻole ai, ʻo ia ka mea e mau nei i kekahi mau lā, e hānai nā dragonfly a loaʻa ka pākino kino. ʻO kahi hōʻailona o ka pākeke ka mālamalama mālamalama o ka ʻaupua. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio i ka uila o ke aniani o ko lākou mau ʻēheu. Me ka wā o ka makahiki, lilo ka laulā o nā dragonflies i ʻoi loa, akā, ʻike ʻia nā wahi i waiho ʻole ʻia i nā wai wai.

Noho ka nui o nā pākeke i kahi lōʻihi. Ma nā wahi me ke anu anuanu, hibernate nā dragonflies, e koho ana i nā wahi hoʻomaha no ka hoʻoilo; ma nā wahi kuahiwi, ke kali nei nā dragonflies i ka manawa maloʻo a hele mai i ke ola me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ua. Lawe kekahi mau manu i ka mokulele lōʻihi, me nā wahi transatlantic, akā noho ka hapanui o nā ʻano kokoke i nā wahi mālama

Ma ke kaʻina hana paanui, hana ka lua i kahi paʻakikī paʻakikī. ʻO ke kāne kāne i kuʻi aku i ka wahine e ke poʻo (genus Anisoptera) a i ka protorax (genus Zygoptera) paha. Kūkulu pū lāua ka kāne (kāne i mua, wahine ma hope), pinepine lākou i ka hoʻomaha ma ka lāʻau ma kahi like. Hoʻopili ka wahine i ka ʻōpū, i hana i ka huila, a pili i ka lua o ka kāne ma ka ʻāpana he mau kāne o ka male, kahi i kau ai ka sperm i ka mua ma mua o ka wehe ʻana o ka wahine mai ka mahele ʻokoʻa 9. Ma nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻo ka moe aloha ʻana i mau kekona mai kekahi mau hola. Ua waiho pū ʻia kekahi mau manu o ka ʻōpū manu i kā lākou mau hua manu, no ka manawa kēia manawa ʻaʻole pono nā kāne a ka wahine. No nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, ʻo ke kāne ke kau ʻana i luna o ka wahine ke waiho ʻo ia i kāna mau hua. I ke kolu o ka lā, hāʻawi ʻo nā kāne i ka wahine ʻo Amoy e hana i kēia hana: e hoʻi ana lākou i kā lākou pūnaewele a i ʻole e noho ai ma kahi ulu lāʻau e kokoke ana.

Hoʻopili ʻia i nā holoholona

Ua ʻike ʻia ka hiki ʻana i nā manu manu (Odonata) ke hōʻuluʻulu i nā hipa, ʻo ka nui o nā mea i kekahi mau hihia ke manaʻo ʻia he nui. No laila, ʻākoakoa nā kāne i nā hipa a me nā ʻīlohilohi e noho ai, hiki iā lākou ke noho ma nā lāʻau kokoke a i ʻole lele a lele i lalo a ʻimi i nā wahine. He ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa ka ʻāina a lākou e hōʻuluʻulu ai. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo aia ma nā nui he nui e noho lōʻihi nā wahine i ka wai, ke hele kokoke mai i loko o ka wai a i loko paha no ka moe wale a i ʻole e kau i ka hua manu. I kekahi mau hihia, paʻa nā kāne a me nā wahine i kā lākou lele a lele i hoʻokahi lele. No ka laʻana, ma Iune 13, 1817, lele nā ​​manu hau i luna o Dresden no ʻelua mau hola. Iulai 26, 1883 he ʻōpū o nā manu ʻehā manuahi ʻehā (Libellula quadrimaculata) ua lele aku ma luna o ke kūlanakauhale holokai o Malmo mai 7 mau hola 30 mau minuke. Ke kakahiaka a hiki i ka 8 o. Nā ahiahi. I 1900, ua mālama ʻia kahi ʻohana o nā ʻao manu i Pelekane, ʻo ka lōʻihi o 170 m a me ka laulā 100 km.

Lele e huna

Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā kāmike me ka kamaʻilio, akā Nā manu ʻolua (Hemianax pressensis), nā mea hoʻokūkū ma luna o nā ʻāina, i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, hoʻohana i ka neʻe e hūnā mai kekahi i kekahi. Ka mea i huli nā manu i ka lele me ka hoʻoku ʻoi loa i ko lākou pale i ka pale o ka maka o ka ʻenemi, a me ka pau ʻole o ke kahe optical e ʻike nei ka ʻōpio i kahi ʻano hoʻomākeʻeha e kū i kahi hoʻoweliweli. Pehea ua kūleʻa ai nā dragonflies i kēia mau mea a pau.

Lepeke Holo holo - hiki i 96 km / h, bumblebee - 18 km / h.

Nā ʻflma kik i loko mea moʻomeheu ʻokoʻa 'āina pae

I kekahi mau'āina (ʻoi aku hoʻi ʻo Iapana) kahi kiʻi maikaʻi o nā manu ʻolua me nā pōpō me nā manu. Ma ka moʻomeheu ʻEulopa, ʻoi aku ka makemake i nā dragonflies. Hōʻike ʻia lākou he "lio goggle" a "ʻano stēdē."

ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki ke paʻa a ʻāʻī paha ka manu. ʻO nā ʻano āpau a pau no ka dragonflies. Eia kekahi, he mau pōmaikaʻi maikaʻi lākou, ʻoiai e luku ana lākou i nā mea ʻino maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka hele ʻana o nā manu he nui i kahi kokoke i ke kaiāulu e hōʻike nei i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ke kaiāulu a me ke alo o nā ʻona he nui i loko o laila.

Nā ʻflma kik

»ʻĀpanaʻi» Nā Kamaka

Kee: Pepeke (Insecta)
ʻAeke Postmaxillary (Ectognatha)
Kaulana: Puʻuanau (Odonata)

ʻO nā manu heʻe wikiwiki loa i nā mea e lele ai ka honua ma ka honua. I nā pōkole pōkole, hiki i ko lākou lele mokulele ke keu aku i 100 km / h. He manu a nui loa kēia mau mea hihiu - ʻai lākou i ka nui o nā meaʻai i nā manawa he nui ma mua o ko lākou momona ma kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO nā maka nunui maoli o nā manu kamahi he 20-30 tausani mau maka, a i ʻole facets, a hoʻolako i nā pepeke me kahi kikoʻī.

I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia kahi 5,000 o nā ʻano manu manu. Noho lākou i ka hapanui o nā tropic a me nā subtropics. Ma Lūkia, ma kahi o 170 mau ʻano ʻehā e ʻike ʻia. ʻO nā pilikia o ka lele ʻana - ʻo ka hū ʻana o nā ʻēheu i ka lele, a i ka wana o ka mokulele i hoʻokumu ai i ka make o ka ʻoi aku ma mua o kahi mokulele, i hoʻomāhele ʻia e nā dragonflies mau miliona mau makahiki i hala.Kuku liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka ʻēheu, ka mea i kapa ʻia pterostigmus a i ʻole "marginal eye", e hoʻopau i nā hiʻona ʻē aʻe.

Nā nani nani

ʻO nā manu ʻōpio maikaʻi he nani a he nui nā pepeke me kahi fusiform, pinepine nā aniani i ulana ʻia, ke poʻo nui a puni a he ʻēheʻe lōʻihi. Hiki iā lākou ke neʻe aku kūʻokoʻa kekahi o kēlā me kēia a hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki o ka lele. ʻO ka ʻūhā lōʻihi a māmā i lawelawe ʻoi aku ka wili a ka manu lele e kōkua i ka mālama i ka ʻaoʻao. Hoʻouluulu nā wāwae o nā dragonflies a ʻaʻole kūpono no ka hele.

ʻO nā manu'ōwili he mea pana kai ikaika; makemake lākou i nā pā ākea. Hoʻokomo lākou i kā lākou ʻai - nāu, nā namu, nā alawai, ka mea ʻike ʻole, a me ka ʻai ʻana iā lākou ma ka lele, ʻo ka kīʻaha iā lākou me nā mandibles koi. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o nā Dragonflies i ke ao, i nā hola wela loa, ma ke ea maikaʻi, ke kauwela e hoʻomaka ma hope o ka lā a hoʻopau i ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā. ʻO ka ʻike pinepine loa i ka ʻike ma nā kapa o nā wai wai, nā kihi lāʻau, nā ala lāʻau a me nā ala. Ma hope o ka moe ʻana, ka mea e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka lewa, e hūlū ana ka wahine hānai i nā hua manu i loko o ka wai a i ʻole ma lalo o ka wai a i ʻole ʻāpana o nā mea kanu. Piʻi ʻia nā huaʻi mai nā hua hua, e ulu ana i ka hapanui ma nā wahi kukuna pāpaku.

ʻO kaʻili manu

ʻOkoʻa nō nā ʻōpio mai nā pākeke, akā ke alakaʻi pū nō hoʻi lākou i ke ʻano lahilahi, ʻai i nā invertebrates aquatic, ʻōpala a me nā iʻa. I ka ʻōhili, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka lehelehe haʻahaʻa i kahi ʻekena huni kūʻokoʻa - kahi maka me nā paʻa. Ke hele nei i ka mea i hōʻino ʻia, ke kīwī nei ka larva i ka pale kiʻala, a ʻā nā eli i loko o ka mea nāna. He ʻōiwi a ka ʻōpala o nā ʻōlima - ʻai lākou i ka invertebrates aquatic, a ʻo nā ʻōpio nui i hōʻeuʻeu i ka tadpoles a me ka iʻa o ka iʻa. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi ʻōpio dragonfly 1-3 mau makahiki, ʻoi aku kekahi mau manawa. Ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻana, ke ala ʻia mai ka wai ma ke ala o nā mea kanu a hoʻokuʻu iki ʻia mai ka ʻili. ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻomaloʻo nā ʻalopela opio makua i ko lākou mau lehelehe i ka lā, a lele i ka lewa.

ʻO nā Dragonflies kahi hōʻailona maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā kino wai. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomohala ma ka wai haumia, no laila ʻaʻole ʻoe ʻike i nā kahawai o nā kahawai o ke kūlanakauhale. Hoʻohui ʻia nā Dragonflies i ʻelua mau pūʻulu nui: homoptera a me heteroptera. I loko o nā ʻāpana manuahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi, ʻo nā mea kaulana loa he mau ʻelele o nā ʻohana Beauty me nā pupuʻu ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ʻulaʻula, ʻo Lyutka, Strelka. Hiki i ka laulima o nā ʻānela nui a hiki i ka 10-12 cm, he mau ʻano ʻano like lākou nā ʻohana Koromysl, kupuna kāne, kupuna, kupuna wahine, Dozors, ʻo nā manu manu maoli.

I kekahi mau ʻāina hikina, nā larvae a me nā mea ʻōpio makua makua maʻamau ka papa. Mai kahaha inā ma kekahi mai nā mākeke kūloko he pōpono ʻoe kipa i kēlā ʻano hana

ʻIke maoli nō

ʻOiai ka hana ʻana o nā manu i nā mea hoʻoweliweli me ka nui o ka manu, ua huli lākou i nā mea nui no nā holoholona nui e like me ka baki, ka ʻuhane a me nā manu. No ka mea hope loa, he ʻai nui ka ʻai ʻana me ka pōʻino nui: ma hope o nā mea āpau, e hana ana nā dragonflies i mea e lawe ai i kahi maʻi parasit - ka homonymosis maʻalahi. ʻO nā mākaʻi kumu, he flatworms, nā mea i ʻike ʻia e ka manu e hiki ʻole ai ke kau a hoʻopili i nā hua manu: ʻaʻole palupalu nui ka pūlea a ʻaʻole ulu mai.

Nā ʻohana aloha

ʻAkēne lūlū hāneʻe lōʻihi i ka lele pōkole.

Noho ana ma luna o nā mea kanu, hohola lākou i ko lākou mau ʻēheu i nā ʻaoʻao a hoʻoliʻi i hope, no laila ua kū pono nā ʻēheu i kahi kihi o ke kino. Hoʻokomo wale kekahi mau manu liʻiliʻi i ko lākou eheu ma ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka ʻulaʻulaʻula a he keleawe paha ka kala, me kahi ʻeke metala. Noho nā ʻōpala i nā wahi kanu me ka wai kūloe, ʻo ia nō ka poʻe e maloʻo ana e ka hopena o ke kauwela.

ʻUhane palā(Sympycna fusca)

ʻO nā meles a me nā wahine he pena like ia. ʻO ke kino ka nui ka brownish-keleawe, ma ka umauma he kaula keleawe ākea. Ua kuhikuhi iki nā pito o nā ʻēheu. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 35 mm, mau ʻāpana a 45 mm paha.

Nā lele pōiwi makua o kahi hanauna hou e kokoke kokoke ana i nā wai wai mai ka hopena o Iune a ʻOkakopa. A laila ua hoʻoilo lākou a hui hou i ka pūnāwai.

ʻO nā umauma o nā dragonflies a hiki i 10 mau mahina. Noho maikaʻi ʻo Lyutki a no laila e noho pinepine ma nā mea kanu kai. Hoʻomoe nā wahine a 350 i nā huaʻai, a waiho iā lākou i nā ʻū make o ka make, ʻohe, ʻohe a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe ma ka wai o ka wai, ma ka pūnaka a me nā ʻōpū o lalo, ʻaʻole hoʻi e kau pinepine i nā hua ʻai i nā kiko ola.

Hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻōleʻa, paʻa loa, hoʻomohala i nā loko, nā wai a me nā kino wai ʻē aʻe e kū nei. Noho ma waena o nā mea kanu kai.

Hoʻopau ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā nahā i 8-10 pule.

4. ʻO kahi kāwili lāʻau(Lestes maloʻo)

ʻO nā meles a me nā wahine he pena like ia.

ʻO ke kino ma luna ke keleawe-ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka umauma ma nā ʻaoʻao ma lalo he melemele, me nā kīwī. ʻAnoʻala nā ʻaoʻao o nā ʻēheu. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 40 mm, mau ʻāpana a 50 mm paha.

Lele lele nā ​​ʻōiwi makua kokoke i nā kino wai mai ka lā Iune a hiki i Kepakemapa.

Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā mea ola o nā manu manu, nā ʻano

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua ʻai i nā kiko o nā mea kanu aku. ʻO ka pinepine, a hiki i ka 50-70 hua e kau ʻia ma luna o kahi mea kanu hoʻokahi, kahi i waiho ʻia ma ka laina pololei a hiki i 40 cm lōʻihi. I ka hāʻule, ua make kēia mau mea kanu a hāʻule i loko o ka wai me nā hua i kau ʻia.

Hoʻohui ʻia nā lolo mai nā hua ma ka pūnāwai. Hoʻopau ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā pauā i nā 8 a 10 mau pule.

Nā Inikua o nā ʻohana manu maoli

Ua hāhoihoi wau i ko lākou mānē ʻana. I kēia manawa ua ʻike wau i ka pīhoihoi ʻana i ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo, ke ʻohi ʻana i nā ʻōpala o ka oxygen i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā mea kanu aku. Aia kekahi ala e loaʻa ai ka oxygen mai ka wai. Mawaena o ka elytra a me ka ʻōpū, he puʻe ʻaʻā lua kahi lua, a ʻo ka pīpī e hōʻili i nā ʻekikeke o laila. Akā hiki i kahi pīpī ke hanu me kahiū wale i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, inā i lohiʻia kāna mau kaʻina āpau a ʻaʻole i koi ʻia ka nui o nā oxygen.

ʻEleau piliva

I ke ana o larva, nā manu a me nā luna o nā kālahu diptera - ka hoʻoilo piluwī.

Loaʻa i nā ʻōkū manu me nā huaʻala, a ua hanu lākou i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka oxygen i ka wai. ʻO ka "koko koko" ʻike ʻia i ka lawaiʻa - ʻōpala ʻulaʻula - ʻo ia nā ʻōpala o nā namu o nā pua ʻohana.

Noho nā bele ma lalo o ka lepo o lalo. ʻO ka ʻāʻī "koko" liʻiliʻi a nui loa - nā ʻōpala o kēia me nā ʻano like ʻole.

ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻoilo ʻana o ka lau i ka ua i loko o ka hoʻoilo ʻana i kahi mahele lāʻau raspberry. Hoʻomailei kēia mea hana i ke kūlana larval.

Inā nānā ʻoe i nā ʻōpio ʻōpala o nā ʻōpala o ka hoʻoilo, hiki ke ʻike i ka puhipuhi ʻana, hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻaila lāʻau. A ʻo ka wehe ʻana i kēia ʻāpana kūleʻa o ka kumu, ka mea i kapa ʻia ka ʻōpala, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka huahelani a ʻulaʻula o ka raspberry gall midge.

ʻO nā koina ʻai hoʻoilo āpau i ka wā hoʻoilo i hoʻokahi pahuhopu - ke ola i nā wela haʻahaʻa.

Ma mua o ka hānau ʻana, hana nā ʻano o nā hana kūlohelohe i nā iniseti. ʻO kekahi o nā kaʻina nui o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka glycerol.

ʻO nā ʻōnaehana āpau e hana i ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo ke kū nei i kēia mea.

I ka hoʻoilo, ua nalowale kekahi ʻohana ola o nā pepeke mai ko mākou mau maka. Ma lalo o ka uhi o ka hoʻoilo, ke kali nei lākou i hoʻokahi hola o ka hōʻeuʻeu hoʻoluʻu - ke manawa punahele lōʻihi.

A. L. Kalutsky, entomologist

Nā ʻano o ka ʻōpala: nā inoa a me nā kiʻi. Nā lālā o ka ʻāpana manu

ʻO nā manu manu ʻo nā pepeke mua e hele mua ai: nā koena o ko lākou mau kūpuna mamao i ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe archaeologists i hoʻi mai i ka manawa Carboniferous (350-300 miliona

mau makahiki i hala). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā makahiki lōʻihi o ka ʻōlohelohe i ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana manu, no laila ua helu ʻia kēia mau mea he mua.

I kēia manawa, ua ʻike nā mea ʻepekema a hoʻopaʻa ʻia o nā ʻano he 5 mau mea o kēia mau mea ʻino. Akā he ʻano liʻiliʻi loa nā ʻano o nā manu manu i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāpana o ka Lūkia: ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi haneri o lākou.

Makemake kēia mau manu i ka ʻulana o nā neʻe, no laila ke noho nei ka hapa nui o lākou i nā ululāʻau ʻūlekanika o ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAsia Hema. Ma nā wahi me ke anuanu, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā dragonflies.

Ka nani

Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, kū i kahi ʻakaʻāina kahi manuahi ma waena o nā pika manuahi no kāna mau aesthetic. A ma ke kānāwai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonani i nā luna o ka ʻohana nani. No ka laʻana, he mau liʻiliʻi nā kaikamahine nani (a hiki i 5 cm lōʻihi), nā manu ʻalipani manuahi me nā ʻēheu o ʻaʻole pono ma mua o 7 cm. ʻO ke kino a me nā ʻēheu o ke kāne i poni ʻia i loko o uliuli, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nā poni a me nā ʻāpana metallic.

I nā wahine, kala ke kino, akā ʻaʻole nā ​​ʻēheu.

E makemake nā mea nani ma nā kahe o nā muliwai kūwaho a me nā kahawai liʻiliʻi. Ke waiho nei lākou i ka hua ma nā lau o nā mea kanu kahakai, ke hoʻāʻo hoʻi nā ulia e hoʻokokoke kokoke i nā kumu a me nā aʻa. ʻO ka holo ʻana o ke kaikamahine nani e like me ka holo ʻana o ka pōkiu.

Nā ʻĀina

ʻAʻole like nā kuneki e like me ka nani e like me nā nani nani, akā e like me ka ʻoluʻolu o nā manu manu. Nā kiʻi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i hoʻopuka ʻia ma lalo nei e hōʻoia i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo.

Ke alakaʻi nei nā pua i ke ala like o ke ola me he mea nani, ke ʻole ke koho ʻia ʻo ka mea pio ma kahi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.

ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha, no ka mea, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka pua nani, he 3.5 cm wale nō, aʻo ka ʻēheu he 4,5 cm. He wili a kūhelena nā ʻēheu. He like like ka wahine o kekahi wahine me ka like ʻole o ka poʻe ʻē aʻe a ʻaʻohe ona uʻi a i ʻole nā ​​apo lima.

Holo mālie nā pua a haʻalele pinepine i nā hale. Noho a kā lākou hulima i nā hua a me nā aʻa o nā mea kanu aku. ʻAʻole hana maʻalahi i ka wehe ʻana i kekahi ʻano mai kekahi ʻohana i loko o kēia ʻohana. Akā hiki ʻole i ka hiki ke hilahila ke kanaka kīwaha me kekahi ʻohana ʻē aʻe.

Nā ʻūlū maoli

Nui nā ʻano manu manu i kēia ʻohana mai ke kahua o Diptera. Ua ʻōlelo kā lākou inoa no lākou iho: swamp, flat, blood.

Hoʻohālikelike kēia mau pepeke e kahi kino nui, ākea a pupuʻu, lele nā ​​ʻuʻuku i ke poʻo a me ke alo o nā wahi ʻeleʻele i ko lākou waihona. Pālio kahi wahine ʻāwī e moe i nā hua i loko o ka wai o ka wai i loko a i ʻole ka wai mālie, a i kekahi manawa ma ke one kahakai. Noho nui nā nymphs o nā dragonflies maoli i ka silt. He manuʻiweluwa manuahi ka nui.

He 8 cm ke kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻēheu, he 4 cm ke lōʻihi o nā kino a nā kāne a me nā kāne ʻehā nā melemele-ʻoniʻoni, akā, ʻo ka ʻōpū o ke kāne i uhi ʻia i ka poli polū ʻulaʻula, aʻo ka ʻōpū o ka wahine, he ʻulaʻula, a he ʻeleʻele nā ​​ka ʻaoʻao. Ma ke kumu o nā pihi āpau he mau ʻāpana ʻeleʻele. Ke ʻōokeʻo nā maka.

ʻO nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana he waiwai nui loa - nā ʻōpū o ke koko (kiʻi ma lalo).

Hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi lākou i ka waiho ʻulaʻula o ke kino - keʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula a i ʻole kaʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula.

ʻO kēia mau mea manuʻenehana kekahi o nā mea hou loa. Hoʻohana lākou mai ka waena waena o ke kauwela a hiki i Nowemapa. ʻO ka loli o nā ʻōpio a dragonfly i loko o nā pākeke he mau mahina hoʻokahi wale nō mau mahina.

E makua

I waena o nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia mau dragonflies, pono ia e inoa i ke kaomi motley, nā maka ākea ākea a me ka ʻike ʻana i kahi notch ma ke kumu o nā ʻao hind i nā kāne.

Hiki i nā makuakāne ke hiki i nā mokulele lōʻihi a makemake lākou i nā loko ʻauʻau me ka wai maʻemaʻe, kahi i waiho ai nā hua wahine i kā lākou hua ma ka lele.

ʻO ke kupuna kāne maʻamau, ke kākāne ʻeke a me ke kupuna kāne ʻoi loa nā ʻano manu ʻalupona i Central Russia. ʻOi ʻia kēia mau inoa (e like me ka "kupuna wahine" a i ʻole "kupunawahine keleawe") akā, e hoʻomanaʻo pono ʻoe e kapa ʻia nā kūpuna ʻōpio, a ua kapa ʻia nā makuahine.

ʻO ke ʻōpio makua kāne kahi manu ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻēheu polū. ʻAno ke kala i ke kala ʻana o aspen.

ʻAe a maikaʻi ke kākau ʻana o ka moʻomeheu, makua, a ʻike pehea e eli ai i loko o kahi pālio palupalu. A nui, kupaianaha ka wā makua, pōkole loa. ʻAʻole lākou e ola ma mua o hoʻokahi mahina.

Nā lima ʻōhumu

ʻO kēia mau mea nui a ʻoliʻoli, hoʻohuihui a me ka leka.

Ua loaʻa ʻole nā ​​ʻelele o ka ʻānō i ka ʻalani e hoʻomau i ka hoʻomau ʻia: hiki i nā pōhaku ke lele i nā mau kilomita mai nā wahi o ko lākou ʻāina. ʻO ka nui o kēia mau iniseti e hoʻowalewale i ka mahalo: ʻo nā eheu o ka Patrol master-emperor (ai ʻole emperor) hiki i 8 cm.

He ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka umauma o ka poʻe nānā, he keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpū, me ke aniani pepeiao.

ʻAno ʻē ʻole nā ​​ʻēheu o nā kāne, a ʻehā nā melemele o nā wahine. ʻĀkala-ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā lālā o ka ʻike. Noho nā Patrolmen i ka ulu wale, hoʻomaʻemaʻe pinepine i nā kino wai.

Mālama lākou i nā hua manu i ka ʻōpio manuahi e kanu ʻia ana i ka wai. Hiki i kā lākou nui ke hoʻokūkū i ka iʻa iʻa.

Eia kekahi ma luna o nā mea i luna aʻe, ma ka māhele ʻāpana o Lūkia he mau ʻelele o nā ʻohana penei: nā ʻōpuna, nā ʻamuna, nā flulgasterids. Pili ʻia nā ʻano āpau āpau. ʻAi lākou i nā mea hihiu koko a me ka pōpilikia a ma ka ʻona hoʻi, he ʻai no nā manu a me ka iʻa.

ʻO keʻano

ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 40-45 mm, ʻōpū i ka 25-29 mm lōʻihi, ʻelima elu 18-22 mm ka lōʻihi.

Hind margin of pronotum ʻekolu-lobed. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o lalo o ka kaila pre-humeral i ka hapalua o ka posterior me kahi liʻiliʻi a ʻoi paha ia i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi. Kau like nā ʻāpana kāne a me ka wahine. ʻO ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū he keleawe keleawe ma luna, he pulu iki, me kahi keleawe pōkole maikaʻi i hoʻomohala ʻia, ka hiʻohiʻona iki o ka ʻulaʻula aʻe. ʻO ka beige nui ke kiko kino kumu. Hoʻopili nā maka i ka hoʻomaka, akā i ka pūnāwai, ma hope o ka hoʻoilo, ua huli i ʻulaʻula.

Aia ka pterostigma ma ka ʻaoʻao ku pono i kahi mamao mai ka laha o ka lehe (kahi e pili ana i kona lōʻihi) ma mua o ka ʻēheu ʻākau. Ma ka hoʻomaha, mālama ʻia nā eheu ma luna o ke kino.

Taʻuli ʻakaʻO Sympecma fusca) ua like no a lyutka Siberian, he mama wale ka opu.

ʻAno hānau

ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka biology o kēia ʻano hoʻohua i ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo i ka wā pākeke. Aia ma ʻApelila, kau a moe ʻana i ka hua. ʻO ka waiho ʻana o ka hua hipa ma o ke kālai ʻana i nā pauku o nā mea kanu aku. ʻO nā papa maʻa o ka ontogenesis mau manawa 3 mau mahina. E kū aʻe ana ka hanauna hou o Iulai i Iulai. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻano ʻano hoʻoilo ma lalo o ke kō anuʻu. I loko o nā kaila wai, alakaʻi nā aniani i kahi nohona predatory a ʻai i nā invertebrates aquatic liʻiliʻi.