Nā pāpō lihilihi (Bombina variegata) noho i kahi noho nūhou mau loa. ʻAʻole koi ka wai i ka maikaʻi, hiki iā ia ke noho i loko o nā wai wai i hoʻohaumia ʻia e ka wai lepo. Hoʻokomo nui nā invertebrates Terestrial i kaʻai. Aloha nui ʻo ia i ka mālamalama, ikaika i ke ao. ʻEā hiki ka pō ma ka pō. Paʻu ka ʻaka anuo.

Kāleka

ʻO ka wāwae ʻeleʻele me ka ʻōwili liʻiliʻi e like me ka wāwae liʻiliʻi. He mānoanoa ka ʻōlelo o nā ʻōpū, pili i ka ʻaoʻao o lalo, no ka mea i kapa ʻia lākou he ʻano paepae. Ua hala ʻo Eardrum. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ia e nā iwi iwi o ka iwi haʻahaʻa, pili kokoke i nā ossicles auditory. E hoʻolohe i nā kuʻekuʻe e waiho ana ma ka lepo a i lalo, e kaomi ana i ko lākou poʻo i ka honua. Lohe ʻia ka hapanui o nā leo haʻahaʻa. E holo hewa. Lulu like like a lōʻihi a lōʻihi paha ma nā wāwae. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ko lākou kino. ʻOkoʻa ka kāne ʻē i ka wahine ma ke alo o nā kāhea ʻana i ka male ma ka wāwae o 1st, 2nd a me 3 i nā wāwae mua. Nā loko i nā kāne hānai. Ua liʻiliʻi ko ke poʻo, ua puni i ka helehelena. Nui nā maka, nā haumāna he triangular a i ʻole ka puʻuwai puʻuwai. ʻO ke poʻi o nā maka he keleawe. ʻAnoʻulaʻula ʻia ka ʻōpū o ka wāwae, kapa, me nā warts liʻiliʻi e kokoke ana i ka cloaca. Ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal, hoʻomōhala maikaʻi ʻia nā tubercles e hoʻopau i nā spines koi. Ua hoʻonui iki ke kaʻina hana ʻōiwi o ka vertebra sacral. ʻĀhinahina a me nā melemele nā ​​hopena o nā manamana lima.

Kāleka

ʻO ka piko ka brownish, taupe iʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, me nā wahi ʻeleʻele uliuli a ʻeleʻele paha. ʻEleʻele ka ʻōpū me nā ʻeleʻele-ʻalā hina pōkole me nā aʻala. ʻO kēlā ka hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia pā. ʻO nā lihi o nā manamana lima, ma luna a ma lalo, he māmā (melemele).

He leo leo

I ke ahiahi, hīmeni nā kāne o nā ʻūnu melemele i ke alo ma lalo o ka wai. Māholo ʻia nā kuʻekuʻe ma luna o ka wai me nā wāwae a pālahalaha lākou. I ka wā hīmeni ana, lele ke kino o ke kāne, a piʻipiʻi ka ʻaoʻao mai loko mai o ia wahi. ʻO ke mele a ke kāne like me “huu, huu. "." Nā kikowaena maʻamau - 400-600 hertz. ʻAʻole nui nā mea hoʻoponopono i ka wā e croaking.

Kōwili pua ʻōlani, ʻōpū

Hoʻaiho

Noho ke kawi polū-polū i loko o nā hale noho kūmau mau loa. Noho nā noho ola a me nā kuahiwi i kahi kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 1900 m ma luna o ke kai. ʻAʻole koi ka wai i ka maikaʻi; hiki iā ia ke noho i nā kino wai i hoʻohaumia ʻia e ka wai lepo, i nā wahi wai paʻakai, a ma nā wahi hoʻopukapuka hydrogen wale nō. Hoʻoweliweli ka ʻike ʻana i ka launa ʻana i ka wai. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo ia i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a ʻaʻole i lōʻihi i ka ʻākau. Hiki ke loaʻa ʻaʻole ma nā wahi kauhale wale nō, akā ma kekahi mau wahi māla kūloko a me nā mea kanu pilikino.

Kanikau

E loaʻa i nā naiona ka nahesa, nā pōpoki, kekahi mau manu, a me nā hedgehog a me nā ferrets, i nā hihia koʻikoʻi, inā ʻaʻohe meaʻai ʻē aʻe. ʻAi ʻia nā ʻōleʻa e nā mea hou. Ke hoʻokokoke o ka ʻenemi, kū ke pani wili a ka ʻalekilihi a kūwili e ʻike ʻia kona ʻūhā, huli i kāna mau lima, a i kekahi manawa huliʻe i kona kua, e hōʻike ana ana i kona ʻōpū.

ʻAno lawehala

ʻO ka hapa nui o ka manawa i hoʻopau ʻia i loko o ka wai paha. E aloha ana ka lei ʻeleʻele. Hoʻohana i ke ao. Paulo. Loaʻa kēlā me kēlā me kēia pālani i kā lākou ʻāina me ka radius o 0.6-0.75 mika. Haʻalele ia no ka hoʻoilo i Kepakemapa-ʻOkakopa. Hoʻopau lākou i nā ʻāpana o 1-6 mau kanaka i loko o nā ʻuā o nā rodents, ma lalo o nā aʻa lāʻau, nā peʻa o nā pōhaku a me nā lau. Hoʻi hou i nā kino wai i ka lā Malaki-ʻApelila, ma nā kuahiwi - i ka Mei. I nā punawai wai wela e ikaika ai ka hoʻoilo. Ka hapanui o nā kuahiwi e make ai mai ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo, ma kahi o ka hoʻoilo hau hoʻoilo: a hiki i 1-2 mau makahiki, ʻo 1-2% o ka nui o nā huina o nā ʻūlaka i hānau ʻia.

ʻAno hānau

Kūkulu ʻia nā puka i ka pō. Hoʻopiʻi nui amplexus. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Caviar ma nā loko hāhā lohi. Hoʻokomo nā wahine i nā hua manu i nā ʻāpana a hoʻopili iā lākou i nā ʻōpala a me nā lālā o nā mea kanu, nā pōhaku, ka lalo o ka punawai. Hoʻokomo kahi wahine wahine i loko o nā wahi liʻiliʻi mai 45 a 100 mau hua.

Hoʻohui

ʻO ka Tadpoles 45 mm lōʻihi e puka mai i nā hua (kahi ʻike mesh i ʻike ʻia ma ka hope caudal). I ka wā mua, ua hānai nā ʻōpala i ka lilo o ka ʻeke o ka ʻogala. Hoʻopau ka kiki i nā hebedoma mua o ke ola ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi waha e wehe ana i nā mea kanu a mea ʻole i nā pōhaku. ʻO nā wīwī Toad. Algae (detritus, algae uliuli-uliuli, a me kekahi mea), nā ʻōpala, nā huaʻai, nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe a me nā protozoa ka mea ʻai. Loaʻa ka metamorphosis piha i 2-2.5 mau mahina. I ka wā o ka metamorphosis, e pani ka mea kanu no kahi manawa pōkole. ʻO ka wā kai i ka ʻele i ka manawa i loko o nā ʻauʻau.

ʻO keʻano

ʻAʻole lōʻihi nā wati a nā pālemakule i ka lōʻihi 35-55 mm. Kākau: ʻāpana brownish, hina-brown i ka ʻeleʻele uliuli, me nā wahi ʻeleʻele uliuli a ʻeleʻele paha. ʻEleʻele ka ʻōpū me nā ʻeleʻele-ʻalā hina pōkole me nā aʻala. ʻO kēlā ka hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia pā. ʻO nā lihi o nā manamana lima, ma luna a ma lalo, he māmā (melemele).

Ke kūlana o ka palekana a me ka pae

Hoʻopili ʻia nā pāpale polū a me nā kala i loko o ka paukū Kāleka ʻEpuka Kau Kau IUCN. Noho ka noho nui ma waena o ka hema a me ʻEulopa, ma nā kahawai, nā puʻu, nā muliwai, nā kaiāulu, nā kaiāulu, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 100-2100 m ma luna o ke kai. Ua lawe ʻia ʻia i UK, akā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia no kekahi mau ola ʻehā i ola i laila.

Mālama

Noho kēia holoholona ma Central a Eastern Europe a me nā Urals. Hāʻawi ʻia i nā lāʻau ulu lāʻau, steppe a me nā pae lāʻau ala-ala. E waiho ana i ka papulu (emi iho ma lalo o 50-70 cm hohonu) mau loko wai, nā loko, nā ʻalā me nā mea āpau o ke kahakai, silie a i ʻole ka lalo lalo. Hōʻalo i nā loko i nā ʻāpana kahakai me nā wahi me ka wikiwiki.

Lāiau a me kaʻai kino

ʻO nā mea ʻai nui he mau pepeke: lele, crickets, moths. Luiʻulu ke ʻano. I ka ʻike o nā mea e kau ai, hoʻowalewale ʻia nā ʻūhā iā lākou, e hōʻike iā ia i kahi ʻulaʻula ulaula a i ʻole paha i ʻulaʻula i ke kino e makaʻu aku iā ia. ʻAʻole hoʻopā ka ahi i nā kānaka, ʻoiai ʻo ka peptides bactericidal aia i loko o ko lākou pa.

Noho ʻo ia ma aneane o ka manawa kauwela holoʻokoʻa i ka wai. Kālai i ka pā mahana ma 10 a 30 ° C, ma mua o ka mahana o ka ea 18-20 ° C. Hoʻolaha ka hoʻoilo i nā hau kūlohelohe: nā kīhāpai burrows, nā lua, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hānau ai mai ka mahina o Okatoba-Nowemapa a Malaki-ʻApelila.

Kuhikuhina

• Papaʻikepili "Vertebrates o Lūkini": keiki kuahiwi ʻulaʻula

• Kanaka phabetlelo
• Nānā i nā pōpilikia
• Bombinatoridae
• Nā holoholona i wehewehe ʻia i 1961
• ʻIkeʻāina o ʻEulopa
• Holoholona hihiu

Pūnaewele Wikimedia. 2010.

E ʻike i ke ʻano he "Red-bellied toad" ma nā ʻatikala ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka ʻohana hope o nā rīlona umauma paʻa ʻole ʻia e mālama ʻia. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou e kahi kāʻei ʻo ka poʻohiwi palepa, ka hele ʻana o nā niho ma ka ʻāʻī luna, ka lōʻihi o nā kaʻina hoʻokolohua o nā vertalral sacral, a ʻo nā lālani pōkole, ... ... Ola ola

Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia ʻohana i nā amphibians mua kahiko e noho ana i ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia. Loaʻa iā 8 mau ʻano no 4 genera. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kumu maʻamau o kēia ʻohana ka komo ʻana i ... ... Biological encyclopedia

Kona waena a me ʻEulopa. Noho nō ia ma nā pāpū ma nā wahi o nā wāwae, nā lāʻau ākea ākea a me nā ʻano kāwili (1, 2). Ma ka māhele o Ryazan, loaʻa nā manikani red-bellied i loko o nā wahi o nā apana ʻāina he nui ma ka moku ʻo Meshchera a me ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka muliwai. Oka (3-5). ʻIke ʻia nā wahi e pono ai no Ryazansky (Lukovsky Forest), Spassky (OGPBZ), Kasimovsky (ke kaona o Popovka, kahi kauhale ʻo Saburovo, ke kūlanakauhale o Novaya Derevnya, ke kahawai wai o ka muliwai Oka, ka muliwai Unzha), Kadomsky Moksha muliwai) a me Shatsky (kauā Zhelannoe) mau moku (3, 4, 6, 7).

Ma ke kaukaʻi o Oka ma nā kōkoʻi mokulele i ka makahiki 1971-1980. ka nui o nā kūlike he 10,145 mau mea pākahi ma kahi (8). I kēia mau makahiki, i nā pūnāwai wai me nā ʻoka, he 10 aelē ka nui o nā makahiki heaka. I ka makahiki 1981-1990 ua emi ka helu o nā makahiki i 0.5%, a i 1991-1996. ua nele lākou i kekahi (9). I ka makahiki 1998, ma ka hana kuke wai o ka muliwai. Oka (ke haukapila o ke kaila Oka Reserve) 100-120 mele kāne manikani i nānā ʻia, a ua loaʻa nā kolo o nā kahe ʻulaʻula ulaula i loko o nā mea kiki. Ma waena o 2000 a me 2010 ʻO Zherlyanka i kahi makahiki kau i kau wai ma ka wai i loko o Oksky Reserve i ke kahawai o ka kahawai. Oka. I kekahi mau makahiki, ua hala kahi hapa o nā kino wai wai, kahi i mālama ʻia ai ka mālama lōʻihi ʻana, ma muli o nā puna wai o ke kauwela (10). Ka kehele ʻia nei ia mau ʻano. ʻAʻohe hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻike ʻikepili i ka nui o ka wahi.

Nā ʻitlelo a me nā hana ʻona

E noho ai nā loko wai i loko o ka wai loko moho i loko o ka wai mole, nā lunakahiko a me nā wahi wai liʻiliʻi o nā kaʻe wai o Oka a me nā kahawai ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina (4). Loaʻa ia ma nā ʻano biotopes ma ka Pae Oka, akā ʻike ʻia ka haʻo kiʻekiʻe loa i nā loko o nā kahawai o Oka a me Pra (12). Hiki i nā ʻikake ke hiki aku i ka mahana mū o ka ea i kēlā me kēia lā he + 10 ° C. Hoʻomaka ka hana hou i ka wai i ka mahana +15 ° C. Mai ka hōʻike nui ʻana o nā ʻanoa a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, ka awelika o 13-14 mau lā i hala. ʻO ka caviar Masonry ma ke ʻano o nā pā compact me ke kiʻekiʻe o 20-30 mm a me ka diameter o 10-13 mm e pili pinepine ana i nā kīhāpala o ka mauʻu make, pōpilikia, etc. Ma kahi pākaukau hoʻokahi, ka awelika o 37 mau hua (12). Hoʻokomo hoʻokahi wahine i nā hua 80-300 (e like me kekahi mau kumu, 500-900) ma nā māhele o 2-80 ʻehā (1, 2). ʻO ka lōʻihi maʻamau o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka embryonic o ka pōpoki i hoʻōla ʻulaʻula ʻia i nā lā 7. Loaʻa ka metamorphosis i nā mahina 2-2.5 (51-74 mau lā). ʻO ka nui o nā metamorphoses hoʻopiha piha ʻana mai ka 14 a 21 mm. I nā mahina kauwela, he ʻāʻea nā mikikaa makua. Mālama ʻia nā kahawai wai i nā makahiki a me nā makahiki. I Kepakemapa, haʻalele lākou no ka hoʻoilo (13). Hoʻohana lākou i nā invertebrates aquatic, ulō iʻa, mollusks, a me nā ʻewekele. ʻO ka lōʻihi loa ma ke ola he 12 mau makahiki (1, 2, 13).

ʻO nā hana palekana e lawe a pono

Mālama ʻia e ka Berne Convention (ʻAkuhipa II). Ma ka māhele o Ryazan, mālama ʻia ka palaka ʻulaʻulaʻula mai ka makahiki 2001 (14). Pono e mālama i ka wai spawning. Ka pono e hoʻonohonoho i nā kūlohelohe kūlohelohe "Kochemar marina", "Ryabov Zaton", "Ageeva Gora", "Upper Sheikino", "Tract Lopata" a me "Orekhovsky Ostrov", aia i loko o ke kahua palekana o O Reserve Reserve a me ke ʻano o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe . ^ E Ha yM.

ʻO nā ʻōmulu - kahi ʻohana amphibians tailless, ma waena o nā ʻano he 10, ma waena o nā poʻokela o kēia moʻolelo, ʻo ka ʻulaʻula ulaula (Bombina bombina), ʻo ia paha ka mea kaulana loa a ākea.

Ua liʻiliʻi ka frog: ʻo ka lōʻihi o kona lōʻihi e pili ana i 6 cm. Ua pālei ʻia ke kino, oval, ua puni ke alo. Aia kaʻili o nā leʻaleʻa e kokoke kokoke i ka maka ma mua o ke kaʻe o ka muzzle. Hoʻohāiki nā limu, nā pelekiki kīpī maikaʻi, ʻaʻole i hōʻea i nā palena o nā manamana lima.

Ua uhi ʻia ka ʻili i nā ʻula, ma ka kua ma mua o ka ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka ʻōpū, ua kau ʻia lākou a liʻiliʻi iki paha, he pālaha nā ʻōkapu liʻiliʻi.

Ke hina hina ke kino ma luna o nā wahiʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele ka ʻaoʻao ventral me nā ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula a i ʻole nā ​​ʻulaʻula paha e hui pū ʻia. ʻEleʻele ka manamana lima o ke kua o ka lima. I ka manawa moe, hoʻomohala ʻia nā kāne i nā ʻōpī uliuli ma mua o ka manamana mua a me ka lua o nā forelimbs a ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka palupalu.

Hiki paha ke hoʻohana ʻūhū manu ʻana i kēia ʻano ʻano me nā keiki melemele-bellied, no laila, ʻokoʻa ka ʻano o kēlā me kēia ʻano.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻano o ka manamana

I nā ʻeleʻī wīwī ʻāwīwī ʻula e hele i ka ʻāina. Hoʻopili ʻo ia i ka hapanui o kona ola, e pālahalaha ʻana ma ka ʻili o ke kaiāulu, nāʻauʻau kai ʻana, i ka wā neʻe ʻana a kaʻe me nā wāwae hind. ʻO ka pinepine ka mea e hele mai i uka mai puddles, kahi nui a ka wai e hānai nui ai. Ke alakaʻi nei i ke ola maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā.

Mai nā wai wai ka lele ʻana a ʻaʻole ka lōʻihi i ka manawa o ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai pōkole, no ka hoʻoilo a me ka hoʻoilo, e emi pinepine ana i ka wā o ka wai o ka wai. Ma ka maʻamau ʻo ia ʻaʻole ia e neʻe hou aku mai ka punawai mau aku ma mua o 3-5 mau mika, a ma ka makaʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi ke hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hele i loko o ka wai me nā puʻu liʻiliʻi, a inā kūlehe ʻo ia, lele ʻo ia i lalo a hāʻule i loko o ka ʻōpala.

Kūpono ʻia ma ka ʻāina, ʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa ke kihi i ka hope o nā wāwae, e hōʻike ana i kahi kahe ʻulaʻula me ka ʻono o ka limu a me ka ʻōpala.

No kēia mau ʻano, kahi i pili ʻole i ka ʻāina ma mua o nā amphibians, hoʻohaʻahaʻa a me ke ea wela, ʻaʻole ia nā kumu koʻikoʻi e hoʻoholo ai i ke ola. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wai wai i kūpono i nā ʻāpana ʻulaʻula ulaula ma mua o nā amphibians. Hiki ke loaʻa iā Zherlyanok nā ʻelua i nā puddles me ka mahana o ka wai o 40-45 ° C, a me nā pūnāwai a me nā luawai, kahi e ʻaʻole nui ai ka wela o ka wela ma o 8-10 ° C.

Kahi hana

Hoʻohana kēia ʻano i ka wā o ke ao a hiki i ka wā lohi, a ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wā mālama, i ka ʻōpū o nā amphibians e hōʻuluʻulu i nā hui a hana i nā kani kupaianaha. Wahi a nā huaʻōlelo like me ka "noʻonoʻo ... noʻonoʻo." ʻO kekahi mau manawa ma hope o ke ʻano o nā kani ʻana i nā kekona o kahi kekona, he ala lōʻihi ka lōʻihi. Hiki i ke "mele" mele a nā ʻaka manu ma lalo o ka wai. Ua emi iki ka hana i loko o ka makani hau a me ke anuanu.

Hoʻokumu i nā hale, hānai nā ʻūʻula ulaula i ka hoʻoilo i ka mahina o Kepakemapa - ma ka mua o Nowemapa, a ala hoʻi i ka hopena o Malaki - i ka hoʻomaka mua o Mei. Hoʻomaʻa pinepine lākou i nā hoʻoilo o ka rodents, ma nā ʻāpana nui.