ʻO ka eurenis i hoʻohālikelike ʻia he ʻano nahesa liʻiliʻi i hiki ʻole ke hele aʻe i ka hapalua mika ka lōʻihi, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o 30 cm.

ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o kona kino slim ma mua o kahi penikala. He poʻo liʻiliʻi ʻo Eurenis, uhi ʻia i nā ʻōpū nui a wehe iki ʻia mai ka ʻōpala, me ka muzzle pōkole pehina a me nā maka liʻiliʻi. Palapala ʻia ka ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa o ke kino i nā mea ʻalani a hina paha. ʻAʻohe ʻano hoʻohālike e pili ana i kēia kuʻuna, akā ʻoi aku ka lihi o kēlā me kēia ma waena o ka lōkihi ma mua o nā kihi, e hana ana i kahi kuʻuna i koho ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka wahi wale nō e nānā ʻia he poʻo manu palala a ʻeleʻele paha i ka ʻāʻī ma keʻano o ka "collar", ma muli o ia mau ʻano i loaʻa ai kona inoa. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia hīnaʻi ma waena o nā nahele ʻōpio, aia kekahi mau lā i nā ʻulaʻeleʻele a me nā ʻūhā paha ma nā ʻaoʻao o ko lākou mau kino, a ma luna o ko lākou poʻo i ke kumu o nā wahiʻeleʻele a me nā kaula. Mālamalama ka lalo o ke kino - he hina, hina, ʻulaʻula a ulaula paha, ʻaʻohe hala.

ʻO ka Habitat Collar Eirenis

ʻO ka ʻāina o kēia mau kauhele he Iran, Iraq, Turkey, ʻo Caucasus, ma kā mākou'āina e loaʻa ai lākou ma ke kahua o Dagestan.

ʻO nā wahi noho o nā eurenises i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻāina a me nā ʻāina maloʻo. Loaʻa nā mea loaʻa ma nā pūlani semi-deses a ma nā kīpē me nā mea kanu ulu. Piʻi aʻe hoʻi ʻo Eurenis i nā mauna a hiki i ka 1600 mika. Hiki i lākou ke loaʻa ma nā kula.

Eirenis i kālai ʻia - he noho o nā wahi grassy.

Makemake nui ʻo Eurenis i alakaʻi i kahi ola huna, hū ʻia nā nahe i nā huna i ka lepo, piʻi ma lalo o nā pōhaku a holo i loko o nā ʻuā o nā ʻalā a me nā pepeke. I nā hale makemake maikaʻi, hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka eurenis ke kiʻekiʻe. Kahi ʻaʻohi kēia mau nālue i ka ihu. Loaʻa i ka manawa pinepine e loaʻa i ka pūnāwai, ʻāwīwī i ka lā ma hope o ka ua. Hiki i ka overwinter i nā hui o kahi 30 kanaka.

Collar Eirenis Diet

ʻO kēia mau mea nāu i hopu ʻia ma nā ʻano mea ola like ʻole: nā makika lāʻau, nā ʻōpala honua, nā hua o nā kime, nā manuahi, ka mea i loaʻa i ka ʻāina a me lalo o nā pōhaku. Eia nō kekahi, hiki i ka collir Eirenis ke hoʻouka i nā mea ʻala, nā scolopendras, a me nā ʻoki.

He mea huna hūnā a makaʻu nā Aurenis.

Hoʻomoe i ka Eurenis kulu

ʻO kēia mau lehelehe e waiho i kā lākou hua. Hiki i kēlā me kēia wahine i ka pipi i nā 4 a 8 mau hua. Kahi iki ka lōʻihi o nā kūmole ma lalo o 2 mau kenimita, ʻo ke ʻano he ʻōpiopio, no ka mea, naʻu e like me nā nui a like me ka nunui.

Ma mua o ka moe ʻana, aloha nā ʻaina i nā hula. I ka wā o nā hula like ʻole, e hahai ana ke kāne i ka wahine a pena i kekahi manawa a puni kona kino iā ia. ʻO kekahi manawa, ʻo ka lā aʻe ma hope o ka moe ʻana, pili pū kekahi pū me nā kino.

ʻO Collir Eirenis ʻaʻole kahi nahesa make.

"Piliʻāina" o kahi eurenis pūʻulu

ʻO kahi ʻano eirenis i hoʻohālikelike ʻia he eirenis haʻahaʻa. He ʻano like ʻole o kēia mau ʻano a me nā wahi o ka hoʻoili, ʻo ke ʻano, he ʻano like lākou i ka helehelena a loaʻa ke ʻano like o lākou.

O nā lehua ʻelua o nā nahesa pono ʻole. Kūpono ʻole lākou iā lākou, a hoʻopakele ʻia mai nā poʻe predatorite aloha i kahi nohona huna. Hoʻouka ʻia lākou e nā mea kikowaena nui a me nā mea liʻiliʻi, ʻo nā ʻenena a me nā mea kīhai.

Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.

ʻO ka ʻohana ʻUov - Colubridae

ʻO ka hui nui o nā nahesa i kēia wā. Kālele ʻia ke poʻo mai ka ʻāʻī a uhi iā ia ma luna me nā pale pale nui symmetrically. Hoʻomaʻomaʻo ka flope flaps a puni ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino. ʻAʻohe o nā lōkahi o nā wāwae a i ko lākou kāʻei. ʻAʻole hona ka nui o nā ʻano ʻuʻulu, akā naʻe, ua hele kekahi i nā niho ʻalaʻawa i loko o ka waha, a loaʻa kahi pilikia e ʻike ʻia e nā kānaka. I nā holoholona o USSR, 39 mau ʻano no 16 genera.

Rod Uzi - Natrix

ʻAʻohe - Natrix kahi helu (L.)

Papa 23: 1 - nahesa maʻamau (206), 1a - puka mākaʻi, 2 - nahesa wai (208), 3 - nāhe a tiger (210), 4 - nā nahesa ʻuala (212)

Palapala 84. ʻdinlelo maʻamau

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kahi nahe nui, a hiki aku i 140 cm lōʻihi a kahi paha o 3-5 mau wā e oi aku ai. Nā pale pale internal no kahi ʻano trapezoidal hou aʻe paha. ʻAʻole ka lōʻihi o ka suture ma waena o ka intermaxillary a me nā pale pale mua i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka suture ma waena o ka intermaxillary a me ka internasal. ʻO ka Preorbital ka mea maʻamau 1, orbital 2-4. He labyrinth kūloko, ma ke kānāwai, 7, ma lalo o 6 a 8. ʻO nā kaulike kino me nā iwi i haʻi ʻia. Mawa a waena o ke kino ma ka lālani o 19 mau paona. Pākuʻi wai ʻole 153-193, sub-caudal 50-88 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻAno ke kala o ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ke kino mai ke kaʻe-ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka ʻoliva-hina i ka brownish-brown a ʻeleʻele hoʻi. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo ma hope o ka luakini he 2 mau ʻeleʻele a ʻulaʻula, a ʻulaʻula a i ʻole keʻokeʻo paha i ka ʻeleʻele. I nā hihia pinepine, ʻike palupalu a haʻalele ʻole kēia mau wahi āpau. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka pā, ua ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻelua me nā lā palena lōlihi ʻelua ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kua. Pī ke keʻokeʻo a ka ʻōpū ma nā wahi ʻeleʻele nui a i ʻole ka elongated e kū pono ana i kahi kikoʻī, i kekahi manawa hui pū kekahi me kekahi, a laila e ʻeleʻele ka ʻōpū.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Kahele nui ʻia i loko o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka USSR, e komo pū ana me ka Caucasus, ma Kazakhstan, ma ka hema o Western Siberia a me South-Western Turkmenistan.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ʻo ia ma nā kapa o nā kahawai, nā loko, nā loko, nā wai me nā heiʻe, a me nā moina, i nā wahi a me nā wahi like. Ma ka pūnāwai ua loaʻa a lōʻihi loa mai ka wai. Ma nā mauna ua ʻike ʻia a hiki ke 2200 m ma luna o ke kai. Aia ʻo ia i ka papahele, hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā haole ma lalo o nā aʻa, nā ʻōpala o ka lāʻau a me nā pōhaku, nā māka ma waena o nā lāʻau o nā alahaka a me nā ʻūhā, nā kaupala o nā koʻokoʻo, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻōpala a me nā ʻōpala. Ma nā wahi āpau i maʻamau. E hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi iā ia a hoʻihoʻi, kū i lalo a hiki i kahi hapalua hola a keu paha ma lalo o ka wai. I loko o nā kino nui o ka wai, i kekahi manawa ua kāpae ʻia i kahi mau kilomita mai ke kahakai, a kaomi ʻia me kona poʻo i hāpai ʻia ma luna o ka ʻaoʻao, e waiho ana ma hope o kahi ʻano. Hoʻohana nui ia i nā rana, ka ʻehala a me kā lākou pili, akā, ʻai pū kekahi i nā iʻa, nā moʻoʻai, nā momi liʻiliʻi a me nā manu. Pau mau ke kanu ʻana i ke ola. I ka wā hana o ka mākele, i ka lāʻApelila - Mei, he nui ka poʻe i hōʻuluʻulu i kahi, e ʻohi ana i kahi tangle. I Iulai - ʻAukake, waiho aku ka wahine i nā hua 6-35, ke ʻauʻau nei no kēia i nā puʻu o ka lau i hāʻule a i ʻole ka manure, i nā ʻōpala i ʻole, nā heiʻe a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe kahi i mālama pono ai ka lepo. I kekahi manawa ua loaʻa nā wahine nui i nā hua ma kahi kūpono, i kēlā mau wahi a i loaʻa paha nā hua he 1000 a keu paha. ʻIke mau ʻōpio 11.5-14 cm i ka hopena o Iulai - ʻAukake. I ka pilikia o ka pilikia ma lalo o ke kīpē a me nā nahu. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke lele maka, lawe iā i kahi mana hoʻoweliweli, ka ʻīlū ʻana ma kahi pōpō a i kekahi manawa me ka ʻaihue e hoʻolei i kona poʻo i ka ʻenemi. ʻO ka hoʻōla he hoʻomau mau ʻia a ka ʻula e hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai ka cesspool. ʻO nā pōpoki no kahi kanaka, ʻaʻole ʻino nui loa kēlā.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Ma nā wahi i loaʻa pū ʻia me ka kahe wai, mai kēlā me ia ka like me ka melemele a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana ʻulaʻula ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo.

Wai-wai - Natrix tessellata (Lomi.)

Kulana 85. Waiwai wai

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka nahesa nui, a hiki i ka 140 cm a ma kahi o 5-6 mau manawa pōkole. Nā kikowaena kūloko o kahi kūlike pākuʻi. ʻO ka suture ma waena o ka intermaxillary a me ka pale mua labial mua loa ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka suture ma waena o ka intermaxillary a me ka internasal. ʻO ka ʻāpana Preorbital 2-3, postorbital 3-5, ma luna o ka labial 7, he ʻokoʻa loa 6. ʻO ke kino a me nā ʻāpana ʻāpana me nā iwi lōʻihi i haʻi ʻia. Mawa a waena o ke kino ma ka lālani o 19 mau paona. Pākuʻi ʻia ka pahu 162-190, sub-caudal 47-87 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua.ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka lāʻau ʻoliva, ʻeleʻele-hina, ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻulaʻula a ʻeleʻele paha i ka waihoʻoluʻu me nā ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā ​​pihi liuliu olakino. Ma hope o ke poʻo i kēlā me kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ʻeleʻele ʻano maʻamau i ke ʻano o nā wili i ʻelua e hoʻohuli ana i kahi kihi ʻoi aku i ke kua o ke poʻo. He keʻokeʻo ka palahalaha, nā melemele, ka ʻulaʻula a i ʻole nā ​​ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula ʻia, me nā wahiʻeleʻele i hoʻonui ʻia i nā ʻāpana like ʻole, e hui pū ana i nā wahi me kekahi. Aia kahi'āpana, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele maʻamau.

Kuhi. 46. ​​ke poʻo o kahi nahe wai mai luna mai

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka hapa ʻEulopa o USSR, me ka Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan a me Tajikistan.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ʻo ia a noho ma nā kahawai wai o nā kahe a me nā kino o ka wai, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka mahiʻai, a me nā kahakai kai a me nā mokupuni. Ma nā wahi maʻamau. Pipi ʻo ia a hoʻohemo maikaʻi ʻana, e ʻauʻau pinepine i loko o ke kai. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i nā neonee mai kahi ʻāina ʻē aʻe a hiki i ka waiwai nui e ka ʻāina. Ma nā mauna ua loaʻa i ka 2800 m ma luna o ke kai. He mau lua a me nā ʻōhū i nā pōhaku kahakai, nā ʻaluna o nā pōhaku, nā pūlima rodent, reed sheaves, hayfields, etc. etc. mai Malaki - ʻApelila a ʻOkakopa - Nowemapa. E hānai nui i nā iʻa like ʻole, e piʻi pinepine no kēia kumu i ka lawaiʻa a i ʻole ai ka iʻa iʻa i loaʻa i nā pahu lawaiʻa. ʻO ka huaʻai liʻiliʻi he baki a me nā mane, a me nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā manu manu. E ʻai nō ia i nā mea ola. I ka wā hana o ka moe ʻana, e hana ai i nā ʻōpala, i kekahi manawa he mau kenekulia. Endog 3.0-4.5 cm ka lōʻihi, me 6-23, e waiho ma ka hopena o Iune - Iulai. Kūleʻa ka pipiʻi 15-22 cm i ka lōʻihi. I ka hihia, hiki iā ia ke hoʻopakele i ka wai a hū ma ka lalo, i kekahi manawa a hiki i ka hapalua hola a ʻaʻole i hele hou i ka maka. Ika lā ma ka ʻāina, kuʻi ʻo ia iā ia iho i kahi pōkole paʻa a hūnā i kona poʻo i loko, a i ʻole kaʻi ʻana i nā mea hoʻowalewale me ka ʻae ʻana i ka ʻenemi.

Ma kekahi mau wahi, hoʻopōʻino nui iā ia i ka mahiʻai iʻa a me nā lawaiʻa lawaiʻa, e hoʻopau ana i nā iʻa ʻōpio. ʻO nā pōpoki no kahi kanaka, ʻaʻole ʻino nui loa kēlā.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Ma nā wahi i ʻike pū ʻia me ka naʻaupō maʻamau, mai kahi kaawale me ka hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona a me ke ʻano o kekahi ʻaupō o ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke poʻo.

ʻO Tiger kekahi - Tigrina Natrix (Voie)

Ka Palapala 86. Tiger ʻAi (1), dinodon ʻulaʻula (2), dinodon hikina (3), iʻa moku (4)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kahi nahe nui nui, a hiki i 130 cm lōʻihi a kahi paha o 4-5 mau manawa e ʻoi aku i ka huelo. ʻO ka flape internalal kahi trapezoidal i ke ʻano. ʻO ka suture ma waena o ka intermaxillary a me ka labial mua iʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o ka suture ma waena o ka intermaxillary a me ka internasal. Preorbital scutes 2, postorbital 3-4, ma luna o ka labial 7. Ke kino a me nā ʻāpana ʻili me nā iwi ākea ākea. Puni ke waena o ke kino ma ka lālani aia he 19 mau pauna. Pākuʻi ʻia ka pahu 141-170, sub-caudal 46-85 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao luna he ʻoliva ʻeleʻele, uliuli ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻōmole a me ka ʻeleʻele hoʻi, me ka puhalaha ʻana a me nā palahalaha ʻeleʻele paha ma ka pihi. ʻO ka hapanui o nā wahi dorsal a me lateral, e hui pū me kekahi i kekahi, i hana i kahi ʻano "tiger" transintinge kapa. Ma ka ʻāhala he kolala ʻeleʻele nui, i kekahi manawa i haki ʻia i loko o ka 2 mau wahi ponaʻeleʻele e kū ana i hope. Ma ke kolu o mua o ke kino, nā ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana ʻokiʻoki, ma nā pūnāwai ma waena o nā wahi ʻeleʻele, he kukui-ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula paha. Ma lalo o ka maka he poli ʻeleʻele me ka ulaula e kuhikuhi ana i ke kua a me nā kala like, akā nui ka lono i ka wahi o nā ʻōpū ma waena o nā pale pale labial. ʻO ka lalo, he maʻa, ka melemele-ʻoliva, me nā kihi mua o nā pale pale ventral e maʻamau me nā wahi lihi liʻiliʻi ʻeleʻele.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Hema o nā panalāʻau o Primorsky a me Khabarovsk.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Ua ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā kahe e kahe ana a me nā kino o ka wai a me ka mamao o ka wai i loko o nā ululāʻau i kohu ʻia a me nā wahi paʻa ʻole. E ʻai ʻana i nā rana, ka ʻeleʻele, nā iʻa pinepine. E ʻai nō ia i nā mea ola. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hua 1822 i Iulai.ʻO 15-17 cm lōʻihi ka wā i loaʻa i ʻAukake - Kepakemapa Ma kahi pilikia o ka pōʻino, hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e ʻauheʻe, akā lawe pinepine ʻo ia i kahi hoʻoweliweli hoʻoweliweli, aneane hoʻokiʻe i ke kolu o ka papa mua o ke kino a hoʻohewa wale i nā ʻōpū i ka ʻenemi. No nā kāne, ʻaʻole ʻino loa ia.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Ma kekahi mau wahi e noho pū me ia me kahe a Iapana, mai kahi ʻokoʻa e like me ka waiho ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona, ma ka waiho wale ʻana o nā wahi i ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kino.

Kepani ua - Vizakari Natrix (Boie)

Ka Palapala 87. Ua Kepani paha

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka lōʻihi maʻamau o ka nahesa, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o 53 cm, a ma kahi o 4-5 mau manawa e ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka huelo. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma ka suture ma waena o ka scutes intermaxillary a me internasal i ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o ka suture ma waena o ka intermaxillary a me ka hana mua. ʻO ka preorbital flaps 1, liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi 2, orbital 2-3. ʻO nā kino a me nā ʻāpana ʻili me nā puʻupuʻu lōʻihi i kūkulu ʻia. Mawa a waena o ke kino ma ka lālani o 19 mau paona. Pākuʻi ʻana o ka holomoku 130-152, sub-caudal 45-88 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ma luna o ke kino ka mea ʻulaʻula, brownish-ʻulaʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula hoʻi, iʻeleʻele maʻamau i ke poʻo, mua o ke kino a ma ka pihi. Hōʻalo ke kiʻi ma ke kino. ʻO ka lehelehe lepili polimona, me ka ʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā ​​ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele paha ma nā kihi. Mai nā kihi o ka waha a hiki i ka kua o ke poʻo i kahi mau pihi he melemele a i ʻole paha i nā kāʻei a i ʻole. ʻĀmaʻomaʻo paha ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, a me nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i nā ʻāpana o kēlā me kēia pale pale, e hui pū ana i nā kaula lōʻihi, e hoʻomau ana ma ka huelo.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Hema o nā Khabarovsk a me nā panalāʻau o Primorsky.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Aneane ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia. Loaʻa ʻia ia ʻelua kokoke i ka wai a ma nā kuahiwi pōhaku o nā mauna. E paʻa ana ma lalo o nā pōhaku. Luku. E hānai ana i nā amphibians liʻiliʻi a me nā pepeke. ʻO 155-16.0 cm ka lōʻihi i loaʻa i Kepakemapa ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Ma nā wahi i loaʻa pū me ia i nā nahe tiger, mai kēlā ʻokoʻa i ka ʻāpana kino hoʻokahi me nā waiho ʻole.

Kahu Dinodon - Dinodon

East Dinodon - Hoʻohana ʻia Dinodon (Hilgendorf)

Papa 24: 1 - ka puaʻa kaulua ʻAkia (268), 2 - dinodon hikina (213), 3 - bonito ʻelua mau ʻāpana (269)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kahi nahelā maʻamau, a hiki i 80 cm lōʻihi, he 6-7 mau manawa ka ʻoi aku ka pōkole. Ua neʻe iki ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā. Ua kalai iki ʻia ka intermaxillary scutellum ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka muzzle a ʻike ʻole ʻia mai luna aʻe. ʻO ka laulā o ka flal mua ma ka laina e pili ana i nā kikowaena o nā maka ma kahi o 2 mau manawa ka laula o ka infraorbital, a ʻo ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka lōʻihi o ka suture ma waena o ka parietal. ʻO ka ihu a me ka posterior nasal e like me ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻohe preorbital, ʻaʻohe pale pale orbital 2, ma luna o ka mahele ʻehā, nona ka 4 a me 5, a i kekahi manawa nō hoʻi ka lā 3, e paʻi i ka maka. Mawa a waena o ke kino ma ka lālani aia he 17 mau kaulike maikaʻi. Nā kikowaena o ka'ōpū i ka makahiki 199-214, sub-caudal 60-76 o nā pakanikua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kino he brownish-hina a ʻulaʻula paha i ke kala, me nā brownish-ʻeleʻele e hele ana ma hope o ke kua a me ka huelo, nā wahi i ulana ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻano kūlike. Ma kēlāʻaoʻao o ka ʻāpana like, loaʻa nā wahi liʻiliʻi ma nā ʻaoʻao. ʻEleʻele ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke poʻo, ʻaʻohe wahi. He māmā ka ʻōpū, me nā hiʻi ʻeleʻele i waenakonu o kēlā me kēia pale pale.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Ma loko o USSR, hoʻokahi wale nō i loaʻa ma ka mokupuni o Shikotan, ka hui o nā Mokupuni o Kuril.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia. Loaʻa ʻia ma waena o nā mea kanu wili a me ka honu lāʻau a ma nā kapa o nā wai wai. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Mai ka dinodon ulaula i ulana ʻia, ai ʻokoʻa nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻano ʻano, me ka maikaʻi ʻole i ka lilo ʻana o nā ʻōpala preorbital a me kahi pale umauma i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia.

Belts Dinodon - Dinodon rufozonatum (Cantor)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kahi nahesa nui, a hiki i 110 cm lōʻihi, 6 mau manawa pōkole. Hoʻohālikelike ke poʻo i ke kua. Hoʻokomo ikaika ka wī intermaxillary i ka ʻaoʻao o ka muzzle. ʻO ka laulā o ka flip i mua ma ka laina e hoʻopili ana i nā kikowaena o nā maka ʻaʻole i emi iho i 2 mau manawa ka laula o ka infraorbital.ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka frontal i mua o ka lōʻihi o ka suture ma waena o ka parietal. ʻAʻole ka liʻiliʻi o ka lōʻihi o ka parietal ma mua o ke kanalua ka lōʻihi o ka prefrontal. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka pale nasal hope ma mua o ka mua. Preorbital 1, postorbital 2, labial 8, o 3, 4 a me 5 e hoʻopā ʻia i nā maka. Mawa a waena o ke kino he 17 mau kaulike kūpono. Kūpono ka pahu kikowaena 185-208, sub-caudal 57-83 mau pālua. ʻO ka pale anal mea hoʻokahi ʻāpana. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha i ka kala, me nā palahalaha keʻokeʻo e pili ana i ka palahalaha ma ke kua, ʻo ka laulā e ʻoi aku ai i ka laulā o nā kaʻao e hoʻokaʻawale ai iā lākou. Aia ma kēlā me nā mea weliweli o ka ʻaoʻao o luna o nā poʻo he mau wahi pōkole nui me nā ʻōhua like ʻole, kahi manawa e hui pū ai i nā ʻāpana parietal i kahi kaula e hele ana i nā heiau. He melemele o ka lalo ma waho, me nā pale ʻole i ʻike i kekahi mau manawa i ka lalo o kahi huelo.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Aia kahi manaʻo e pono ai ka hōʻoia ʻana e pili ana i ke kahua o kēia ʻīlio ma ka Hikina mamao, ma ka ʻaoʻao o Vladivostok.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia. Ma nā wahi e pili ana iā Korea a me Kina, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ke kokoke loa i ka wai a mamao i kahi mamao. Paʻu ʻia i nā iʻa, nā baki, nā ʻihi, nā mōlī a me nā mea nāhelehele. Hoʻomoe ma ka waiho ʻana i ka hua manu. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOkoʻa ke kala i nā nāhelehele ʻē aʻe i loaʻa ma ka Far East.

Pōho Wolfhide - Lycodon

ʻO Wolfhawk kaulana loa - ʻO ka Lycodon striatus (Hōʻike)

Papa 25: 1 - variable oligodon (248), 1a - kona poʻo ma luna, 2 - rhinchocalamus poʻo ʻeleʻele (225), 2a - kona poʻo ma luna, 3 - stigated wolf-tooth (214), 3a - kona poʻo ma luna, 4 - Afghan litorinh ( 230), 4a - luna kona poʻo

Ka Palapala 88. ʻO Striated Wolfhawk

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. He lua liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi me ka lōʻihi o ke kino ʻoi aku ma mua o 40-45 cm a me 3-5 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka pōkole. Kūleʻa ka haumāna. Ua neʻe iki ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā. Piʻi ʻia ka palu lau a me kona ʻōpala ke keʻokeʻo a puni. ʻO ka pīho maxillary kahi kokoke i kāʻili ʻole ma luna o ke poʻo i luna a ʻike ʻole ʻia mai luna mai. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā ʻōpala prefrontal ma mua o nā mea intern intern. ʻO ka laulā o ka flip i mua i ka laina e hoʻopili ana i nā kikowaena o nā maka ma kahi o 2 mau manawa i ka lōʻihi o ka infraorbital. He lehelehe kihi 8, liki loa 7. Nopipopo a puni ma waena o ʻelua mauʻu scutes. Ke maʻa iki nā unahi o ke kino, me nā iwi ʻole. Mawaena waena o ke kino i ka lālani aia he 17 mau unahi, ʻōpū 153-193, a ma lalo o caudal 42-66 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. Aia ke poʻo ma luna a ʻoi paha ka ʻaoʻao o ka kino i ka ʻeleʻele a i ʻole he ʻeleʻele paha, me ka puhukū keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula paha e holo ana ma waenakonu o ke kua, nā māka ma waena o ka mea i lilo i ka ʻaoʻao ma ka huelo. ʻO nā pāpaʻi māmā kūloko ma ka hapa o ka hapalua o ke kino i nā ʻalohalihi a me nā piko paha. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino ua hele ma ke ʻano o nā wahi kīnā ʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia e nā kihi kukui o ka pouli i ka waena o nā paona. Ke keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele paha ka ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo a me ke kino.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Turkmenistan Hema, Uzbekistan a me Western Tajikistan.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ʻo ia ma nā ʻalopeka ma luna o ka pā pōhaku, ka pākeke a me ka ʻeleʻele me nā lau semi-wao a me nā mea kanu steppe. Ma nā mauna ua ʻike ʻia a hiki aku i ka 1800 m ma luna o ke kai. E alakaʻi ana i kahi ola i ka pō a me ke ola nocturnal, e peʻe ana i lalo o nā pōhaku i ka lā, i nā kākā i ulū a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. E ʻai ana ia i nā pōpoki liʻiliʻi. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua manu he 2-4 ma ka hopena o Iune - Iulai. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOkoʻa ʻē ka pena a me ke kāʻei ʻana me nā nahesa ʻē aʻe ma Central Asia.

Mālama Rod Rodner - Coluber

Nahenu a ʻalani - Jugularis Coluber (L.)

Papa 26: 1 - iwakāluakui keleawe maʻamau (246), 2 - nahesa-ʻalani a ʻulaʻula (216), 2a - puka ʻulaʻula, 3 - ʻoliva oliva (218), 4 - nāhelehe ʻeleʻele nui (puka-ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele) (225), 4a - puka kumu (225) ), 5 - nahesa ʻulaʻula ulaula (220), 6 - nahesa ʻokiʻuma (227), 7 - kaheʻe striated (222)

Palapala 89. Na kahe ʻomaʻaka

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka nahesa nui, ākea ākea, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 150 cm a me kahi o 2.5-3.5 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi. Ua neʻe iki ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā. ʻO ka mānoʻo o ka muzzle i heʻupuʻu lūlū ʻia.Hoʻopili iki ka intermaxillary scutellum ma luna o ka puʻu o ka muzzle, nawaliwali i waena o ka internovae. Hoʻokahi preorbital nui, ma lalo e waiho i kahi infraorbital liʻiliʻi. ʻO Postorbital 2-3, mai 8-9 labial 2 hoʻopā i nā maka. I nā ʻōpiopio'ōpiopio, pili nā mandibular i kahi pili i kekahi; i ka pākeke, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou e ka lālani o nā lau liʻiliʻi. Puni ka waena waena o ke kino 19, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka 17 mau kaulike maʻa. ʻOiua 191-215, sub-caudal 87-131 mau pānana. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO ka ʻōpio ma luna o kahi kala melemele, hina a ʻulaʻula paha, me ka 1 a me 2 paha mau lālani ʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā ​​brown-brown nā wahi e hele aʻe ana ma hope o ke kua, i kekahi manawa ka hui pū ʻana me kekahi a me ka hana ʻana i nā kīwī wili pōkole. Pahu ʻia kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka liʻiliʻi i nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino a me ka liʻiliʻi ma nā kihi o nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke poʻo, symmetrically loaʻa nā wahi liʻiliʻi i ka papa maʻamau. Me ka wā o ka makahiki, ua pau ka hū i nā wahiʻeleʻele i ke kino (ke mau nei o lākou i ka nahesa me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i ka 80-100 cm) a loaʻa ka ʻeleʻele-hina, ka pua-brown, melemele-oliva, ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula, ka cherry-ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele. ʻO kēlā me kēia paila kino me kahi kaula lihilika a mika ma lalo o nā kihi. Ke kala o kēlā me kēia ʻōpū, ma muli o ke kala o ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ke kino, nā ʻāpana a i ʻole a i ʻulaʻula paha me kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka pearly shimmer i lanakila. Ma ka laulā, ʻo ka ʻulaʻula o ke kino i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā poʻe mai ka Caucasus a me Turkmenistan.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka hapa ʻEulopa o USSR, me Crimea a me ka hapa nui o Caucasus, aʻo ia hoʻi ka kāʻei Kopetdag ma ka ʻaoʻao hema ʻo Turkmenistan.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Mālama ʻia ia i nā pā helehelena, nā mākaʻi semi-koraha, ma nā kahelehele o nā nāhelehele i nā wāwae, i nā mākaʻi, a me nā pā miihi, a me nā pā o nā kahawai wai, ma nā moena maloʻo, nā māla, nā māla waina a me nā mea like. E like me nā pale, e hoʻohana i nā kaʻo rodent, nā palaki i ka lepo, nā mea hoʻokalakupua o nā pōhaku, a i kekahi manawa nā puʻu haʻahaʻa. Ma nā mauna ua loaʻa i ka 1500-1600 m ma luna o ke kai. Hoʻoikaika mai Pepeluali - Malaki a Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa

E hānai iā ia i ka rodents, i ka lizards, nā nakahi, nā amphibians, nā pepeke, nā manu a me nā moa. Hoʻomau pinepine ʻia ka pōloli liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai ka nui o ka mea nui, ka mea e pale aku ana, ua ʻāʻī ʻia i ke kī ʻana i ka lepo a i ʻole ka hūnā i mua o ke kino i loko o kahi kakaka. Ke waiho nei i nā hua 6-6 4 cm lōʻihi e loaʻa ana i Iune - Iulai. Hiki i nā ʻōpio a hiki i ka 35 cm lōʻihi a i Sepatemaba. ʻO kekahi mea ʻona hewa nui a me ka hoʻoweliweli o kā mākou manu. Ke hālāwai me kahi kanaka, ʻaʻole ʻo ia e hoʻāʻo e peʻe, akā lawe i ka pā hoʻoweliweli a me nā leo nui, me ka hāmama ʻana o kona waha, e hoʻolei iā ia iho i ka ʻenemi. Hiki i nā nāhe nui ke piʻi aʻe i ka 1 m ʻo ka lōʻihi, e hoʻolei iā lākou iho i ka maka. He ʻeha a pehu ka ʻelemakule a ʻō, akā ʻaʻole hoino.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. E like me nā hōʻailona o kahi uhi scaly, ka mea like me ka nahe a ʻoliva, mai kahi e hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi ai me ke kino mānoʻomaʻo a me nā hiʻohiʻona ka hoʻokaʻawale - ka nele o nā kīwī kukui ma loko o ka maka.

Olive ʻili - Coluber najadum (Eichw.)

Ka Palapala 90. Olive ula (1), ʻokiʻoki nui (2)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. Kahi i ka nui, nāniki, loloa ka lōʻihi, ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 100 cm a ma kahi o 2-3 mau manawa i ka ʻoi aku ʻo ka pōkole. Ua neʻe iki ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā. ʻO ka mānoʻo o ka muzzle i heʻupuʻu lūlū ʻia. Hoʻopili iki ka intermaxillary scutellum ma luna o ke poʻo o ke poʻo a nawaliwali palupalu ma waena o ka internasal. He 1 preorbital flap, ma lalo o kahi infraorbital liʻiliʻi, 2 orbital, 2 labial ma luna, a i ʻole 9, 2 e pili pū ana me ka maka. ʻO ka mandibular posterior he 1.5 mau manawa i ʻoi aku ai ma mua o ka mua a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā lālani o nā pahu liʻiliʻi. Miki a waena o ke kino he 19 mau kaulike kūpono. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā puʻuwai manu 210-263, ma nā kihi o ka ʻōpū i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka iwi maikaʻi. ʻO nā ʻāpana Sub-tail 113-145. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau ka ʻoliva, mauʻu ʻeleʻele, ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ʻōmaʻomaʻo.I nā nahe ʻōpiopio, ua hōʻike pū ʻia kahi ʻano hoʻohiki i loko o ka ʻāʻī a ʻeleʻele paha, i lei ʻia me nā ʻāpana māmā, aia ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī a me ke alo o ke kino. Aia ma ka huelo, e emi ana kēia mau wahi, e emi iki ana i ko lākou kukui a huli i loko o nā wahi pihi liʻiliʻi e hōʻea i waena o ke kino. ʻO kekahi peahi paha o kēia mau wahi i hoʻohui ʻia i ʻelua i nā ʻāpana o ka ʻāʻī. I nā nāhele makua, ua nalowale loa nā palahalaha paha a lilo i ʻōlamalama maoli, e mālama ana i ka waihoʻoluʻu wale nō i ka pihi ʻulaʻula. ʻO ke poʻo i luna ʻo hoʻokahi kala, ʻaʻohe hala. Ma mua a ma hope o nā maka e ʻike mau paha i nā paku o ka ʻā. ʻEleʻele a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha ka pipa ma lalo.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Kahele nui ʻia i ka poʻe Caucasus a me Kopetdag i ke kūkulu hema ʻo Turkmenistan.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ia ma nā puʻu pōhaku, sc scows a me nā ʻili o nā pōhaku i kālai ʻia me nā mea kanu palalā a me nā mea kanu lāʻau, i nā lāʻau oak a me ka juniper, ka liʻiliʻi i nā wahi ākea o ka pohō semi-wao. Loaʻa ʻia kekahi lāʻau lāʻau, nā māla waina a me nā mea kanu. E like me nā pale, e hoʻohana i nā puʻupuʻu a me nā pā ma nā pōhaku, nā puʻu o nā pōhaku a me nā ʻalaahi o nā rodents. Ma ke kuahiwi e hōʻea ana i 1800 m ma luna o ke kai. Ma Transcaucasia maʻamau loa. Hoʻoikaika mai Malaki a Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa Mālama ʻo ia i nā lizards ʻē aʻe, e ʻai pū ana ia i nā mea nui a me nā rodents. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ka hopu ʻana i ka waiwai ma ke alu, ʻoi aku ka mea ʻalāʻau i nā pōlika liʻiliʻi e ola ana, a hōʻuluʻulu i nā mea nui, e kaomi ana i ka lepo me kona kino. Ke waiho nei i nā hua 3-6 ma Iune - Iulai. Kōkuhi mauʻu 28-29 cm i Kepakemapa. I ka ʻōlelo o ka wikiwiki a me ka wikiwiki o nā neʻe, ua haʻalele ka ʻoliva ololi ma hope o nā mea nui e like me ko mākou manu. Palakila wale i kekahi wahi ma nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā ​​lālā o ka nahele, ua nalo me ka wikiwiki a hiki ʻole ke hiki ke hahai i kāna mau neʻe, a me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi loa i ka manaʻo no ka flickering a e hūnā ana i ka iwi hina. Ke hopu ia, ka hoʻokūkū nui a ikaika loa, hoʻopili i ke koko, ʻaʻole like me nā ʻano he nui ʻē aʻe o ke kau ʻona ʻaʻole ia i nā mea a me ka hoʻoweliweli hoʻoweliweli e wikiwiki i ka ʻenemi. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Ma kekahi mau hōʻailona, ​​like ia me ka nahe melemele ʻeleʻele i maʻamau i ka Caucasus, mai kahiʻike maikaʻi loa ia e kona ʻilikai kino a me nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona - aia nā palahalaha keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe i mua o a ma hope o ka maka.

Nā ʻōlapa - ʻO Ruborhachis Coluber (Ian)

Palapala 91. Ka ʻula ʻula ʻulaʻula (1), ulana ʻoki (2)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. Kahi i ka nui, nāniki, loloa ka lōʻihi, ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 100 cm a ma kahi o 2-3 mau manawa i ka ʻoi aku ʻo ka pōkole. Ua neʻe iki ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā. ʻO ke kihi o ka muzzle e kuhikuhi. Hoʻokui ikaika ka intermaxillary scutellum ma waena o nā kihi interanasal. Aia he mau peʻa mua mua a me ka flraorbital, 1 orbital, 2, labial ma luna, 9, pilikia 8, kahi 2 e hoʻopā nei ma nā maka. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā mandibular no ka mea ma mua a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou mai kēlā me kēia ma o nā lālani 2-3 mau pae pālima. He haʻalulu ka pāpaʻi o ke kino a puni ke kino he 19 mau paona. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻōpū ma waena o 210-263, ma nā kihi o ka ʻōpū o lākou ka iwi i hua ʻia. Kēlā ʻiliʻu 110-145. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau ka hina, ʻulaʻula-hina, ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka waiū-kape ʻokoʻa, ʻike ʻokoʻa i mua o ka mua a me hope o ka hapalua o ke kino. Hoʻopuni i kahi kaula ākea a ʻulaʻula paha i ka piko, mai nā parietal scutes a hiki i waenakonu o ke kino, a i kekahi manawa a hiki i ke kumu o ka huelo, a i ʻole, e hoʻopili ana, e holo ana ma ka ʻaoʻao o mua o ka kino i loko o ka pūlima pōʻeleʻele, elongated ma waena o ka palau, e nalowale i ka hiʻu. I nā wahi ma waena o nā dorsal ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino e ʻā nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka kala like. He māmā ka ʻōpū, me nā wahi pōkole liʻiliʻi ma ke kihi o nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Kahele nui ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao hema i ka ʻaoʻao o Turkmenistan, hema ʻekekekistan, ma komohana a me kahiki ʻo Tajikistan, komohana Kyrgyzstan a me Kazakhstan hema.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. ʻIkia ʻia ia i nā mauna a me nā ʻalopihi, e komo ana i nā wahi ma nā wahi kokoke i nā wao nahele.He mea maʻamau no nā kahawai a me nā pali e pili ana i nā kahawai wai, ma nā ʻano hepala, nā pilala o nā pali a me nā ʻōpala o nā pua, ma nā pili wai. Ma ke kuahiwi ua hiki ai i 2300 m ma luna aʻe o ke kai kai, kahi e noho ai ma nā wahi o nā ululāʻau juniper. Ma nā wahi āpau i maʻamau. Ke koho ʻo ia i nā pūhaka rodent, nāāmiki a me nā lua ma ka ʻāina a hōʻea ma lalo o nā ana o nā pōhaku he mau nāho. Hoʻoikaika mai Pepeluali - Malaki a Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa Mālama ia i nā lizards a me nā rodents liʻiliʻi, a i kekahi manawa e ʻai ʻia nā manu. Hoʻokomo pinepine ka mea pio i ke pio a puni ke kino. Ke waiho nei i nā hua 3-9 ma Iune - Iulai. Hōʻike nā ʻōpio iā Kepakemapa.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hele ʻana a like me kahi nahesa striated, ka mea maoli no ka poʻe e nele ana i ke ʻano ʻulaʻula ulaula e hele ana ma ke kuahiwi. I ka hihia hope loa, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ia mai ia ma ka waiho ʻole ʻana i nā heiau o kahi ʻano ʻulaʻaha ʻula e hiʻona nei o ka mea hoʻokani striated.

Kahe nui Striated - Karelini Coluber Huaā

Ka Palapala 92. He ʻoki na Transcaucasian (1), nā lehe striated (2)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. Kūpono ʻia ka nui, nā manu ʻoliki, lōʻihi a ka lōʻihi, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i ka 66.5 cm a ma kahi o 2-3.5 mau manawa i ka ʻoi aku ka pōkole. ʻO ke poʻo mai ka ʻāʻī loa. ʻO ke kihi o ka muzzle e kuhikuhi. Hoʻopuka ākea ka intermaxillary scutellum ma waena o nā kihi internasal. Pre- and infraorbital flaps hoʻokahi i ka manawa, postorbital 3, labial 9, nona wale nō 1, maʻamau ʻo ka 5th, e pā ana i ka maka. He kikowaena ka posterior mandibular a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka mua a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi mai kekahi e nā lālani 2-3 mau pae ʻāpana. Ke kūleʻe nei nā pale pālua, me ke oʻa. Mawaena waena o ke kino he 19 mau ʻāpana. ʻO ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, he 192-220 mau kapālua, ma nā kihi o ka ʻōpū i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka iwi maikaʻi. ʻO nā kihi sub-tail 85-117. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. He ʻaoʻao hina ka ʻaoʻao luna o ka ʻōpū me ka hina melemele a i ʻole kahi brownish. Ma ka hope o kahi lālani he kikoʻili ʻilihui a he ʻeleʻele paha kahi koʻikoʻi. I nā wahi ma waena o lākou, ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke ʻala ke hele ma ka lālani o ka kala like ʻole, e kahe ana i nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. He ʻeleʻele a ʻili paha paha i kēlā me kēia wahi o kēlā me kēia wahi o ka waha. He māmā ka palena ma waho, ʻaʻohe wahi ʻole.

Kuhi. 47. Lā o ka nahesa striated

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan a me Southwest Kazakhstan.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ka ʻāina lepo lepo a me nā one, nā ʻōpala maloʻo, noho nō hoʻi ma nā ʻalopoli a me nā kuahiwi, e piʻi ana i ka 1600-1800 m ma luna o ke kai. ʻO nā mea maʻamau maʻamau ma nā pali kahawai a me nā ʻōpala ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā kahawai, a me nā wahi ʻole. Hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā poho a me nā lua i ka lepo a me nā ʻōpū o nā rodents i mau hale noho. Hoʻoikaika mai Pepeluali - Malaki a Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa E hānai ana i nā kīʻaha like ʻole, e ʻai ana i nā koena liʻiliʻi. Ke waiho nei i kahi hua 4-9 ma ka waena o Iune - ka mua o Iulai. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻōpio iā ʻAukake. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona, ua like ia me nā kānaka hoʻokahi me kahi ʻano kuʻahi a ke kanaka o kahi nahesa ʻulaʻula, mai ia ʻokoʻa i kahi ʻano ʻulaʻula i luna o nā heiau.

Kaʻa wīwī - He spinalis Coluber (Peters)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. He manu liʻiliʻi, ʻilikai iki, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 86 cm a aneane e pili ana i ka 3-4 manawa ʻoi aku ka pōkole. Ua neʻe iki ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā. ʻO ka mānoʻo o ka muzzle i heʻupuʻu lūlū ʻia. Ua palupalu nā intermaxillary scab i ka ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo. ʻO ka laulā o ka frontal ma ke laina e hoʻopili ana i nā kikowaena o nā maka me ka laulā o ka infraorbital. Preorbital 2, laha 1, orbital 2, labial 7-8, kahi mea maʻamau ka 4 a me 5 i pa i nā maka. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka posterior mandibular mai kekahi i kekahi e nā lālani 1-2 o nā pahu liʻiliʻi. Mawa a waena o ke kino he 17 mau kaulike kūpono. Kūpono ka pahu kikowaena 188-207, sub-caudal 91-101 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka ʻulaʻula, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻōmaʻomaʻo a hina hina paha. Hele ma ke kuahiwi, e hoʻomaka ana ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke poʻo, aia kahi kaila ʻala a i ʻole ʻalani paha e kaulaʻi ʻia e ka laina a me ka aʻalolo paha nā kaila pōkole. ʻO nā labial ma luna, preorbital, a me nā ʻeke postorbital he māmā a melemele paha ke keʻokeʻo.Ke keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele paha ka lalo.

Kuhi. 48. Na kahe huehue

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka manawa wale nō e ʻike i loko o ke kaumaha o Zaysan ma East Kazakhstan. Aia nā ʻikepili e pono e mālamalama e pili ana i ka hele ma ka Far East ma Khabarovsk.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia i ka USSR. Ma Kazakhstan, loaʻa iā ia ma ka wao nahele o ka ʻōpala maloʻo kahi o nā ʻōpala pili. Mālama ʻo ia i nā lizards like ʻole. Ma Mongolia a me North China, ua kau ʻia nā hua he 4-9 i Iulai. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. I ke kū o ke hele a me ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe, ka mea like me ka pua a pua, me ia i loaʻa i loko o ke awāwa o Lake Zaysan. Mai ka pua ʻumeʻume i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā peculiarities o ka pāula, i kahi kaila hāikiʻu e kū ana ma ka ʻaoʻao, e hoʻomaka ana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo.

Ka ʻili ʻili - Palaha Coluber (Lāne.)

Palani 93. He nahesa ʻāpana

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kahi nahepania, me kahi lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 100 cm a me kahi mau manawa ʻoi aku ka 2-4 a ʻoiʻu ʻoi. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā a makaʻihi hoʻi. ʻO ka mānoʻo o ka muzzle i heʻupuʻu lūlū ʻia. Hoʻokomo mālie ka ʻili intermaxillary ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka muzzle a kūlō liʻiliʻi i waena o ka internovae. He kiki nā kihi o nā pale ʻākau. ʻO ka maʻamau 2 preorbital, ma lalo o kahi haʻahaʻa i kahi infraorbital liʻiliʻi, 2 orbital, 2 kāpili ma luna, ʻehā pinepine a 9 a i ʻole 10, 2 pākuʻi ʻia nā maka o lākou. ʻO nā pale o ke kino me nā iwi lōʻihi ʻokoʻa. Mawaena waena o ke kino ma ka lālani aia he 21-25 mau kaulike. Nā kikowaena o ka māmā 190-225, sub-caudal 74-108 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a pale a i ʻole, i ka liʻiliʻi, i hoʻopili ʻia. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa o ke kino he brownish-hina poʻo hina paha-ʻulaʻula me kahi tinge melemele. ʻO brown, lead-grey a i ʻole ʻeleʻele paha, pinepine i nā ʻōpū a i ʻole nā ​​lihilihi, a hoʻohui ʻia i kekahi manawa ma nā wahi i kahi kaula zigzag e hoʻomau ana, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka lālani. Loaʻa nā kala like, nā ʻuʻu liʻiliʻi i hoʻokahi a i ʻelua mau lālani ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ke kino. Ma ka huelo, 3 mau ʻōlapa pōʻeleʻele i hoʻokumu pinepine ʻia, e lawelawe ana ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā wahi ʻokiʻoki. Ma aneane ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻōleʻa monochromatic me nā pahu dorsal i ʻole a i ʻole ma waho. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke poʻo he mau pūʻulu o nā wahi liʻiliʻi i kahi palena māmā e hana ana i ka hana kūpono. Mai ka ʻaoʻao poʻomanaʻo o ka maka a hiki i ke kihi o ka waha, i ke kaula pōliʻi pōkole o ia maka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea pōkole ka lalo o ka maka. ʻO ka lalo o ke kino ka hina hina-keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula paha, pinepine me nā wahiʻeleʻele a me nā ʻāpana. Ma Central Asia, aia nā mau spesi me ke poʻo ʻalā ʻeleʻele a i ʻole he ʻeleʻele ʻē aʻe.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, South Dagestan a me Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan a me ke kūkulu hema o Kazakhstan.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Aia ia ma nā puʻu pōhaku i ulu nui ʻia me nā lāʻau lāʻau, ma nā pōhaku ma kapa o nā kahawai mauna, i ka pākolo a me nā papa semi-desres, i nā lāʻau juniper a me nā lāʻau lāʻau, ʻaʻole pinepine i nā wahi o nā kuahiwi kuahiwi. ʻAʻole hoʻi ʻo ia e pale i ka kokoke o ke kanaka, e noho ana i nā wahi ʻino, nā māla waina, nā ʻokiʻoki, ma nā hale ʻalani a me nā ʻihi o nā hale. Koi maʻamau. Ke piʻi nei ke kuahiwi i 2600 m ma luna o ke kai. Me nā hale noho, e hoʻohana ana i nā kamaha i nā pali, nā ʻalū i ka lepo, nā wahi ma lalo o nā pōhaku, a me nā ʻūhā o nā rodents, nā honu a me nā manu manu. I ka lepo maloʻo, hiki i nā mea holo ke kahikaha nā lua, e ʻō ana i ka honua me ke poʻo i kihi ʻia e like me ka hoʻopā. Hoʻoikaika mai Pepeluali - Malaki a ʻOkakopa - Nowemapa. E hānai ia i nā amphibians, nāolaʻi, nā rodents, nā manu a me nā pepeke nui. ʻO ka ʻai liʻiliʻi - nā kiʻi, nā kīlapa, nā kīlaha liʻiliʻi, nā moa - ʻai ʻia ke ola, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻūhā, hoʻopili ʻia i ka leʻa o ke kino a hoʻopili ʻia me kekahi mau apo. Ke waiho nei i nā hua he 5-16 3.5 cm ka lōʻihi ma Iune - Iulai. Hiki i nā ʻōpio a hiki i ka 31.5 cm ka lōʻihi o Sepatemaba. Hūlū ʻia kahi nahesa e kekahi kanaka e puʻupuʻu nui i nā kani nui a hūnā iā ia ma kahi ākea kokoke loa. Hoʻokuhi nā pipi, maʻalahi me ka ʻili. He meaʻino ʻole i nā kānaka, eia naʻe kekahi manaʻo ʻike nō ka lawena o nā nahele nui, ke komo ʻana i ke koko i ka wā e palania ai, hiki iā ia ke hōʻawaʻawa i ka ʻāina, me ka edema.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻohālikelike ia i nā ʻano naile a ʻē aʻe kahi e noho like ai me kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻona ma ke poʻo a me ʻekolu mau kaila lōʻihi ka lōʻihi ma ka huelo.

Genus Flaky Skids - Spalerosophis

Ka poʻe i ʻike ʻia - Hoʻopiʻi ka spalerosophis (Schhelgel) (= Coluber tyria)

Palapala 94. nahesa welo

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka nahesa nui, ʻaʻole nui ka mānoanoa, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 150 cm a me 4-5 mau wā ʻoi aku ka pōkole Hoʻomaʻawale ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻāʻī o nā kua. ʻO ka wili o nā muzzle e kāʻei ʻia. Hoʻopili iki ʻia ka pale intermaxillary ma luna o ka muzzle. Ma waena o nā pakaka mua o ka prefrontal a me frontal, ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā lākou, aia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kiʻina liʻiliʻi 1-6, aia wale nō i nā hihia loaʻa ʻole. Hoʻopili i ka maka he 7-13 nā pale pale liʻiliʻi o ka nui like, ʻo ka lalo o kahi e hoʻokaʻawale loa ia mai ka labia o luna. ʻO 12-13 ka mea hope loa, he 10 a 14 paha. ʻO ka poster intermaxillary ka mea maʻamau i ka moʻolelo ma mua o ka mua a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kekahi mai nā lālani 2-3 mauʻu. Ke kūpaʻa ʻana o nā kino me nā iwi lōʻihi i lalo ʻole, i ʻole o nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. Mawaena waena o ke kino 25-35, mau mea maʻamau 27-29. Pākuʻi ʻana o ka pahu kikowaena 207-255, sub-caudal 65-110 mau pālua. ʻO ke kaulike anal ka hoʻohui ʻana, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa o ke kino he hina hina a he ʻulaʻula paha paha i ka kala me kahi browning a pinkish tinge paha. Pahu ʻia nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo pōkole a i ʻole nā ​​ʻulaʻula i waena o ka hope, i haʻi ʻia i ka poʻe ʻōpio, kahi mau ʻona ia i hoʻopuni ʻia e ke ʻano māmā. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino, i nā wahi ma waena o ka dorsal, hoʻokahi mau laina o nā wahi liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku ka ili o ka kala like. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻo luna o ke poʻo ma waena o nā maka he keʻokeʻo-brownish, ka mea maʻamau i ke kāʻei i mua i ka alo, i hoʻolālā ʻia e kahi palena māmā. ʻO ke kahe a ka mea i hoʻopili ai i ke kaʻe o ka kala like i kekahi manawa i loaʻa ma ka pilahi prefrontal. I ka wā pākeke, ʻoi aku ka laka ʻana o kēia mau ʻāpana a ua mahele ʻia i nā ʻāpana, ke kuleana ka koena o luna o ke poʻo e ka wahi liʻiliʻi. Ma nā heiau o ke kihi o ka maka a hiki i ke kihi o ka waha, i wahi ʻalā pōʻele. He māmā ka ʻōpū, ʻaʻohe wahi ʻole.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Hema-bani Tajikistan, Hema-hema Kyrgyzstan me South Kazakhstan.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ʻo ia i loko o nā kahelehele pākuʻi a me ka pākolo lepo, a ʻoi loa ka makemake ʻana i nā wahi me ka māla sparse a me nā mea kanu lāʻau. Hoʻopili ʻia i loko o nā ʻuā rodents a me nā lau, a me nā palahalaha a me nā ʻamo o ka lepo. Ma nā wahi āpau he nani a maʻamau. Hoʻoikaika mai Malaki - ʻApelila a Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa Hoʻohana ʻia ia ma nā rodents a me nā lizards. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea Strangles, kāʻili i nā apo a puni ke kino. ʻAʻohe ʻike hoʻolaha. ʻOvvosile i loko o Iune. Ke hālāwai nei me kahi kanaka, lele ʻo ia e peʻe ana i ka lua kokoke loa. Ke haʻalele nei i ka manawa e peʻe ai, lawe pinepine ʻo ia i kahi paio hoʻoweliweli a me ke kūlohelohe a me ka wehe ʻana o kona waha, i ka ʻenemi, a hiki iā ia ke ʻāʻī i kona ʻili i ke koko. ʻAʻole pōʻino no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona, ua like ia me kahi nahebula he ʻokoʻa, kahi i kūʻokoʻa ai i nā pale liʻiliʻi ma waena o ka maka a me nā pale labial ma luna.

Nā nahesa Genus Bigeye - Ptyas

Ka nahenahe nui - ʻO ka mukos ptyas (L.)

Papa 27: 1 - nahesa ʻokiʻoki (241), 2 - nā leopona leopio (232), 3 - nā leona Transcaucasian (233), 4 - ka nahesa Aesculapius (235), 5 - nahesa ʻehā (239), 6 - nahesa nui (229)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka nahehi nui, hiki i 2 m ke lōʻihi. ʻO ka huelo he 3-3.5 mau manawa i ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o ke kino me ke poʻo. Ua neʻe iki ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā. He nui nā maka me nā haumāna pōʻai. ʻO kekahi nunui a maʻa mau i kahi infraorbital liʻiliʻi, postorbital 2, kahi labial 8, ʻo ia ka 4 a me 5 i hoʻopā ai i nā maka. ʻO Zygomatic scutes ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o 2. He palalaha nā hui nui o ke kino, koe wale nō no ka hiʻu, kahi me nā iwi kuahiwi. Ma ka waena o ke kino i ka lālani he 17 mau unahi nui, mau ʻōpū lōpū 180-213, sub-caudal 95-146 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO nā ʻōpiopio ma luna o ka hina hina, me nā ʻāpana ʻāpana o ke kaʻa a pau a keʻokeʻo paha ke keʻokeʻo.I ka wā pākeke, ʻo ka ʻelee ma luna o ka tan, ʻoliva a i ʻole ʻulaʻula, ʻo ka maʻamau me nā ʻalopona i kahi pōpō liʻuliʻu ʻē aʻe i ke kolu o hope a ma ka huelo. He melepele ka labrum a he mau ʻulaʻeleʻele. He ʻulaʻula-keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpū, keʻokeʻo, keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula paha. Aia nā mea kūʻokoʻa a ʻeleʻele loa.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Turkmenistan Hikina.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ka noho ma ka pali o ka loko i lilo me nā mea kanu lāʻau a me nā mea kanu palaʻai, ma nā kahawai kahakai a me nā pali pali o ke kahawai o Murghab. Loaʻa ʻia kekahi ma nā loilo o ka huhū a me nā ʻāina moʻomeheu - i loko o nā ʻohi, nā pā waina, nā melons a me nā mea kanu. Mai haʻalele i nā kauhale. Koi maʻamau. E like me nā pale e hoʻohana ai i nā ʻūhā o nā rodents a me nā manu, nā lua i ka lepo a me nā kumu lāʻau. Hoʻohana ia mai Pepeluali - Malaki a ʻOkakopa, akā i ke kauwela mahana ia e kū pinepine ana i ka hoʻoilo. Lulu a kāohi maikaʻi, noho lōʻihi no ka wai. Hiki ke piʻi i nā lāʻau a me nā lāʻau. Mālama ʻo ia i nā rana, nā ʻeleʻele, nā mōlia, nā rodents, nā nahe a me ka iʻa mau manawa. ʻO ka maʻamau ke ʻai i ka mea ola ola. Ke waiho nei i nā hua 6-6 a hiki i 6 cm lōʻihi ma Mei. ʻAkahi 36-47 cm lōʻihi a loaʻa i ʻAukake. Ke hālāwai nei i kahi kanaka, hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e peʻe a lawe paha i kahi hoʻoweliweli hoʻoweliweli - hoʻāi nui ʻo ia i ka hapakolu o ke mua o ke kino ma ke kihi, hoʻonui nui ʻia i ka mokulele me ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo. ʻAʻole pōʻino no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Mai nā nakahi e ʻike ʻia ma ke kūkulu hema o Turkmenistan, hoʻohanohano maikaʻi ʻia e kona mau hiʻohiʻona ʻāpana a me nā nui.

Rod Litorinch - Lythorhynchus

Afghan litorinh - Lythorhynchus ridgewayi Boul.

Ka Palapala 95. ʻAmelika Litorinh (1), Lakes Snake (2)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kahi nahepoki liʻiliʻi me ka lōʻihi o ke kino ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 36 cm a ma kahi o 5-7 mau manawa i ka pōkole. Ua neʻe iki ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā. Ke kū ikaika nei nā muzzle i luna, ke kau nei ma luna o ka puʻu waha. He mamao loa ka pelu intermaxillary i luna ma luna o ka muzzle, maʻamau me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka scutes internasal, ākea loa ka scutellum mua: ākea kona laulā e hoʻopili ana i nā kikowaena o nā maka he liʻiliʻi i 2 mau manawa ka laulā o ka infraorbital. Nā kumuwaiwai ma ke ʻano o nā ʻōhua oblique. ʻO ke kiko mua, ʻaʻole pili i nā pale labial i nā maka. Miki a waena o ke kino he 19 mau kaulike kūpono. Pākuʻi ʻia ka loko 170-188, sub-caudal 40-52. ʻO ka pale pale anal e hoʻohui a ʻokoʻa paha. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o nā pākeke huluhulu ʻelemakule me kahi pale pale pua. Ma ka ʻaoʻao i ka lā laina kaohi ʻia aia he mau poloka a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana poʻomanaʻo i hohola ʻia ma luna o ke oval me kahi contrated serrated, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao me ke kua pōkole, a me kekahi o ka palena keʻokeʻo. Hele ma ka ʻaoʻao wana he kiko pōkā liʻiliʻi. Ma nā ʻaoʻao me nā lālani hoʻokahi kahi lōʻihi o ka hina hina, brownish a i ʻole nā ​​ʻulaʻula kukui paha e kū like ʻole i nā pulu e uhi ana i ke kua. Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo he alaloa pōkole ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ka ʻulaʻula i ke ʻano o kahi heleuma, nā hope hope o ka piʻi o nā maka, e hōʻea i nā kihi o ka wahā o ka waha. Ke keʻokeʻo ka ʻaoʻao ventral.

Kuhi. 49. ʻO ke poʻo o ke Afghan Litorinha

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Wao waena o Turkmenistan.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ka noho ma nā waonahele a me nā wao one, kahi i hoʻopili mau ai i nā wahi i ka palena me nā takyrs a me nā kāʻei loloa. Loaʻa pinepine iki. Hoʻoikaika mai Malaki a hiki i ka hopena o Kepakemapa. I loko o nā mahina wela, he mau anilua a me ka nohona nocturnal a he ʻokoʻa loa i ka lā. Mālama ʻia ia ma lalo o nā pōhaku, i loko o nā pā i ka ʻāina a i nā nests o ka termites, e komo ana i kā lākou neʻe nui a hiki i ka hohonu o ka lepo. E hānai ana i nā pōpoki liʻiliʻi, a me nā mea hihiu pū kekahi. Kahi ʻia nā hihia o ka ʻai reptile. Kahi ʻia nā hua he 3-4 ma lune. No nā kāne, ʻaʻole ʻino loa ia.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano ʻuʻina liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i ka liʻiliʻi o ka waha o kona puʻu i hope ke pena pū, a me kāna ʻano kikoʻī a me ke ʻano kino.

Nā naheʻe o Rod Climbing - Elaphe

Nahele leaka - ʻO Elaphe situla (L.)

Palapala 96. Nahele Leopela

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. Kahi i ka nui, ʻeke ʻeke, me ka loa o ke kino a hiki i ka 78 cm a ma kahi o 3-5.5 mau manawa i ka ʻoi aku ʻoi aku. Ua neʻe iki ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā. Preorbital flap 1, orbital 2.ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ka zygomatic flap e ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kona kiʻekiʻe a me ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka lōʻihi o ke kīpaha o ka ihu i hui pū ʻia. Mahele lehelehe lip 8 mau, liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi 7 a 9. ʻO nā paona o ke kino a me ka ʻole, Mawaena o ke waena o ke kino 27, emi iki a 25 a i ʻole 23 mauʻu. Kuhiā kikowaena 232-251, sub-caudal 72-92 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. He hina ke kala o ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kino, ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula a me ke pua paha. Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao kuʻu, he māla-ʻeleʻele a ʻulaʻula paha, ma nā ʻaoʻao kahi i ʻike ʻia ke kālai ʻia i ka uli, a i ʻole ka noho ʻana o ke kua āpau e ka lālani pōkole ʻulaʻula nui, ʻulaʻula, a i ʻole paha nā kakano i ʻalihi ʻia ma ke ala transverse, i kālai ʻia me ka ʻeleʻele. Ma ke poʻo ma waena o nāʻaoʻao mua o nā maka he luli ʻala ʻeleʻele. Mai ka waenakonu o ka suture ma waena o nā mea kikowaena infraorbital a i mua, i holo mua kahi ʻāpana o ke kala like, hiki ke alo i hope o ka waha. Aia kekahi wahi liʻiliʻi ma lalo o ka maka. Mālamalama ka ʻōpū me nā wahi ʻeleʻele a i ʻole he ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha a ʻeleʻele.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka mokuʻo Crimean. Aia kahi ʻike e ʻike ʻia kēia hānai ma ka North Caucasus a me Transcaucasia.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ia ma nā puʻu pōhaku i uhi ʻia me nā lāʻau, a me nā nahele sparse a me nā mea kanu i nā awāwa maloʻo. Mai haʻalele i ka kokoke o ke kāne. Ma Crimea, maʻamau maʻamau. Ma nā mauna e loaʻa ana a hiki i 600 m ma luna o ke kai. E hūnā ma lalo o nā pōhaku a me nā ʻuā o nā rodents. Hoʻoikaika mai ʻApelila a ʻOkakopa - Nowemapa. E hānai ana i nā rodents, shrews, liʻiliʻi manu ʻokoʻa. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea Strangles, kāʻili i nā apo a puni ke kino. I ka hopena o Iune - i ka hoʻomaka o Iulai, ua hoʻolilo ka wahine i ka hua he 2-5 a hiki i ka lōʻihi he 3.7-4.0 cm. kahi pūkele, manuahi lapoʻa, piʻi maikaʻi ma luna o nā pali, nā lāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau.

Pono ia i ka pale e like me ke relic o ke ʻano kahiko o Crimean. No nā kāne, ʻaʻole ʻino loa ia.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Ma Crimea, ma kekahi mau wahi i hui pū ʻia me kahi nahe eʻehā ʻehā, mai kahi ʻokoʻa a pālahalaha ʻokoʻa a me nā kiʻi like, ʻokoʻa hoʻi ke ʻano o kahi ʻano hoʻohālike ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke poʻo.

Kuhi. 50. ke poʻo o ka nahesa ʻaka

Naheu Transcaucasian - Elaphe hohenackeri (Str.)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka nui o ka nahesa, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 75 cm, ʻo ke kāʻei e pili ana i ka 4-5 mau manawa i ka oi aku. Ua neʻe iki ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā. Hoʻokahi i ka florb preorbital nui, ʻaʻohe infraorbital, 2 orbital, 2 labial ma luna, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o 7 a 9. ʻO nā ʻāpana o ke kino e a i ʻole a me nā iwi hakahaka, a ʻoi aku ka ʻokoʻa ma ka hapa hapalua o ke kino. Mawaena o ke waena o ke kino 23, anuanu 21 a 25 paha mau kaulike. Nā ʻōpala o loko o ka'ōpū 195-226, ma nā kihi o ka ʻōpū i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kahi iwi i haʻi ʻia. ʻO nā ʻāpana sub-caudal 57-74. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. Aia ma luna o kahi brownish-brown, brownish-hina a ʻulaʻula paha ke aniani me ka 2 mau laina lōʻihi o ka ʻōpū, brown, a ʻeleʻele paha paha mau ʻeleʻele, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi māka manawaleʻa māmā e holo ana i ka pihi a i kekahi manawa ke hui pū ʻia i nā kaila wāwaho pōkole. Hoʻokahi ka lālani o nā kiʻina liʻiliʻi i ka ʻāpana, me ke poʻo ma luna ma nā ʻalā pupu liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka nui ka nui o nā wahi i hoʻomākiuki parietal. Ma ke kua o ke poʻo aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona pōkole 2 mau mea e pili i ke ʻano o ka pitchfork me nā kihi kikoʻī ua kū i mua. Pahu ʻia kahi kaula manamana mai ka ʻaoʻao o ka waha a hiki i ke kihi o ka waha, aia kahi wahi liʻiliʻi o ka ʻāpana i like ma lalo o ka maka. ʻEleʻele-hina ka ʻōpū o nā ʻōpū, me nā wahi he nui a he pōpili peʻa. ʻO ka lalo o ke kolu o mua ʻāpana o ka ʻōpū ke lau pinepine ʻana i ka ʻeleʻele.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. East Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan a me Chechen-Ingushetia.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho nō ia i nā kuahiwi a me nā kuahiwi, e hālāwai ana ma nā puʻu pōhaku me nā mea kanu maloʻo, ma nā puʻu keleawe ma waena o nā kahawai pali ma nā kahawai, ma nā wahi o nā kuahiwi xerophytic piʻi. ʻAʻole ia e pale i ke kokoke o ke kanaka, e noho ana i nā māla waina a me nā kīlaʻi, kahi ʻo ia e mālama mau ai i waena o nā palahalaha a me nā pā kūpono i kūkulu ʻia nā pōhaku nui. Ma nā mauna e ʻike ʻia i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2500 m ma luna o ke kai. Koi maʻamau.Hoʻohana ia mai ka hopena o Pepeluali - Malaki a Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa Mālama ʻo ia i nā koina lāʻau like-mouse, ma hope o ua mea e pīhoihoi pinepine ai i loko o kā lākou mākeke. E kāʻei i nā mea nui, e hoʻopuni ana i ke kino me nā apo. Kēia hua 3-7 ma ka hopena o Iune. Kuhi nui i nā hua kū i ka paka a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o 4.5-4.7 cm.ʻO nā ʻōpio e kū mai i ka hopena o ʻAukake - Kepakemapa. Kahe ʻele loa, piʻi i luna i nā pali a me nā lāʻau. Ma kahi kūlana hoʻoweliweli, e hoʻolalaha loa ana ia i ke kua o ke poʻo a, me nā kani kani ʻana me ka leo nui e hoʻolalelale ai i ka ʻenemi, eia nō naʻe, ua liʻiliʻi loa ia. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. I ke kahe, ke ʻano o ke ʻano hoʻohālike, ka like me ke ʻano o nā poʻe ʻōpio o ke nahe a ʻehā mau ʻaoʻao, kahi like ʻole ma kahi ʻano iki o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke poʻo a me ka waiho ʻole ʻana o nā kala melemele i ke kala o ke kino.

Nahesa o Aesculapian - Elaphe longissima Laur.

Ka Palapala 97. Na Piʻo Aesculapius

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka nahe nui nui, lūlū, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 100-150 cm, ʻo ka huelo e pili ana i ka 3,5-5 mau manawa pōkole. Ua neʻe iki ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā. Holo nui preorbital ka nui 1, infirorbital absent, postorbital 2, luna lab 8, luhi loa 9. ʻO nā unahi o ka ʻaoʻao o mua o ke kino holoʻokoʻa, i ke kua me nā iwi paʻa. Mawaena o ke kihi o ke kino 23, emi iki pinepine 21 mau paona. Hōʻailona i loko o nā pūhaka 205-248, ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū i kau ai lākou i kahi kihi ʻoki. ʻO kahi sub-caudal 60-91 pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻAno like ke kala o ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka kino i ka laulā o ka hina ʻulaʻula, ka ʻulaʻula, ka ʻolokaʻulaʻula a me ka ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā kihi keʻokeʻo o nā ʻāpana ʻōpala o kēlā me kēia mahele o ke ʻano kaila ʻalihi a i ʻole e hoʻākāka ʻia paha. He monochromatic ke poʻo mai luna, ʻaʻohe hala, ma kona ʻaoʻao ma hope o ka waha i laila he blurry, keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e hāliʻi ana i ke kua o ke poʻo. Mai ka pihi olima o ka maka a i ke kihi o ka waha, he kolikala ʻoloka kū ʻia, nā kala like me kahi ʻāʻī piki ʻili ma lalo o ka maka. Aia ka ʻōpū i nā wahiʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi, i kekahi manawa me nā laina longitudinal māmā ma nā kihi. ʻO nā ʻōpiopio ʻōpio me nā lālani 4-7 o nā wahiʻeleʻele, i kekahi manawa e hoʻopili ana i nā kaula lōʻihi, mālama pono ʻia i nā pākeke.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Ka hema o Moldova, South-Western Ukraine a me ka Caucasus ma loko o ke Terā Krasnodar, North-West Abkhazia, Western Georgia a me South Azerbaijan.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. ʻIkia ʻia ma nā ululāʻau poʻokela, nā mania palupalu, ma nā kahe o nā puʻu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a i waena o nā pali pōhaku. Oliona maʻamau. E piʻi ana nā mauna i kahi 1000 m ma luna o ke kai. E like me nā pale, e hoʻohana i nā ʻūhā barent, rotting stumps, hollows under rock and low hollows. Hoʻopaʻa ia mai Malaki - ʻApelila a Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa E hānai ana i nā rodents, a me nā nika me nā manu. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ʻo Prey i nā apo o ke kino. Kuhi ʻia nā hua he 5-8 a 55 mm lōʻihi i ka hopena o Iune - Iulai. ʻAno wela nui, ʻoki kelepona, piʻi i nā lāʻau a me nā pali. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Ma nā wahi e ʻike pū ʻia ai me ka nahesa ʻehā mau ʻaoʻao, mai kahi e ʻokoʻa ai ka laulā hoʻokahi, me ka waiho kino kino ʻole a me ka hemahema o kahi kumu ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo.

Nahesa ʻulaʻula hoʻi - ʻO Elaphe rufodorsata (Cantor)

Papa 28: 1 - nahesa ʻulaʻula like ʻole (236), 2 - naheu Amur (238), 3 - nānahi ʻili (243), 3a - ʻeleʻele, 4 - iʻa nāu (244), 5 - nā lehelehe Iapana (245), 6 - naheao maikaʻi (245)

Ka Palapala 98. Na Pūnū Kauka i hoʻōla ʻia

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. Ka ʻōpū ʻalapiha ākea, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 77 cm a he 3.5-6 mau manawa pōkole. Hoʻomaʻawale ʻia ke poʻo unongated kahi lōʻihi loa mai ke ʻāʻī. Nā pale pale Internal i ʻole i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi ʻole i kūlike. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka nostril i loko o hoʻokahi scutellum nui, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai lalo. Preorbital 1, infraorbital no, orbital 2, labial luna 7 a 8. He ʻalohilima nā unahi o ke kino. Ma ke waena o ke kino he 21 mau unahi. Pākuʻi ʻia ka pahu 154-182, sub-caudal 46-63 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o luna ka brownish-brown or olive-brownish i ke kala me ʻehā mau lālani o ke anuanu elongated, ka mea maʻamau i nā wahi kukui, kahi i ka hapalua o ke kino e hui pū i ka wā mau, nā kihi ʻili e hoʻomau ana ma ka huelo.Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke poʻo kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻona o ka ʻalani pōlani pōlani ʻehā i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā huina ma ke kihi koi ʻana i ka lae, e kahe ana mai i ka kua i loko o ka puʻupuʻu pōkole 2 mau lōʻihi i ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo mai ka kua o ka maka a hiki i nā kihi o ka waha, i kahi ʻalā pōkole ʻala, i kekahi manawa e pā ana i ka ʻāʻī a me ke alo o ke kino. He melemele ka ʻōpū, me nā pihi transverse elongated transode i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ka papa hana hōʻoia.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Hema o ka Hikina mamao, ʻākau i kahi e ʻike ʻia ai ʻo Khabarovsk a ma kahi ʻākau i nā kahawai Zeya a me Burei.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. E like me ke kānāwai, e mālama ana i kahi kokoke i ka wai, ke noho nei i nā palupalu ma nā kaila o nā wai puna a me nā kū aʻe e kū ana. Koi maʻamau. Pue nui pīhoihoi a dives. E ʻai ana ia i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi a me nā amphibians. I ka hopena o Kepakemapa, hānau mai ka wahine i nā keiki he 8-20 mau a hiki i 20 cm lōʻihi ma ka lula hua manu translucent, nākiu koke, a kīwaha ʻia nā ʻāpana o nā ʻaoʻao (ovoviviparous). ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOkoʻa loa nā ʻanuʻu ʻē aʻe o nā ʻōpū o kā mākou manu e nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele nui i ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ke kino.

ʻAmū ʻōpū - Elaphe schrencki (Str.)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kekahi o nā nahesa nui i loko o kā mākou eʻai ai, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 170 cm a me kahi ʻoi aku ka pōkole ʻo 4.5-5.5 mau manawa. ʻO ke poʻo mai ka ʻāʻī loa. Hoʻokahi i ka florb preorbital nui, ma lalo kahi i loaʻa ai kahi infraorbital liʻiliʻi, 2 orbital, 2 labial ma luna, emi pinepine 6 a 8. ʻO ka wehe o ka nostrili ma waena o nā 2 papa. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻeke o nā iwi ʻelele, he ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha, me kahi alana ʻalani a i ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​kīwaha i ulaula ʻia, e māhele ʻia i nā lālā ʻelua ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino. ʻO ke poʻo ma luna e maʻamau ia monochrome - ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā pālule pili ma luna, koe wale nō ka mea posterior, he melemele me nā ʻalani ʻeleʻele. Holo ʻia mai ke kumu maka o ka maka i nā kihi o ka waha, ʻike ʻia nā ʻaoʻao o ke kaʻe like ma waena o nā ihu a me ka maka. He melemele ka ʻōpū, i kekahi manawa me nā wahiʻeleʻele. ʻO nā ʻōpio ma luna e ʻākala me nā brown brown a i ʻole e loaʻa ai nā ʻōpū poloka i loaʻa ma ka huʻu. Ma ko lākou poʻo, ke kahakaha mau ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona aniani o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nā kaili o nā ʻalā o ke aʻalolo pūlima, a me nā wailele mua a me ka ʻaoʻao waena o nā moʻo infraorbital.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā mākaʻikaʻi ʻo Primorsky a me Khabarovsk, ʻākau i Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hapa nui kekahi nahe lāʻau, i loaʻa ma nā kihi, nā pala, i nā nahele ulu o ka lāʻau, a me ka hohonu o nā ulu lāʻau. ʻAʻole hoʻi ʻo ia e pale i ka kokoke o ke kanaka, ka noho ʻana i nā kīhāpai, nā māla kolo a me nā pā o nā hale noho. Koi maʻamau. E like me nā pale, e hoʻohana i ka lapuwale i nā ʻōpala kahiko, nā puʻu o ka hina ʻana, nā puʻu o nā pōhaku a me nā ʻuʻuku o nā holoholona burrows. E hānai aku i nā rodents, a me nā manu a me kā lākou hua, i ka ʻimi ʻana e hiki ai iā ia ke piʻi i luna i nā lāʻau. No ke kumu like, ua komo pinepine ia i loko o nā koina moa. ʻO nā hua i hoʻohiki ʻia, e like me kekahi o kā mākou mea ʻimi, ua haki ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka esophagus e nā elongated kaʻina o ka vertebrae. I Iulai - ʻAukake, e waiho ana ka wahine i nā hua nui 11-30. ʻO ka ʻōpio me ka loa a hiki i ka 30 cm ʻike ʻia i Sepatemaba Ke hālāwai me kahi kanaka, lele ʻo ia me ka lele, akā ʻo ka mea maʻamau, pale ʻo ia iā ia iho, ua hana i ka hana hoʻoweliweli a me kāna mau leo ​​nui, ke hāmama ana kona waha, ʻāwīwī aku i ka ʻenemi, ke hoʻopuka nei i kahi ʻano honi ʻokoʻa. Hiki i nā nahe nui ʻehā. I ke kūlana hoihoi, hiki iā ia ke wikiwiki me ka lūlū o ke kaʻe o ka huelo, ka mea, i ka wā i hoʻopaki ʻia i nā mea ikaika, e hana ana i ka hana ʻano maʻamau. ʻAʻole pōʻino no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka nui nui a me nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī e ʻokoʻa loa i ka hapa nui o kā mākou ʻano ʻē aʻe e piʻi ai.

Koi a ʻehā - ʻO Elaphe quatuorlineata (Lepepep.)

Ka Palapala 99. Na kahe ʻehā ʻehā

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kahi nahe nui, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 160 cm a ma kahi o 3.5-5.0 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ʻoi loa i ka huelo. Ua neʻe iki ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā. ʻO kahi pā preorbital nui me kahi infraorbital liʻiliʻi e waiho ana ma lalo. Postorbital 2-3. Ma lalo o ka zygomatic flap e kū pinepine ʻia 2-3 nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.Parietal paleke me ka elongated i mua o ka maka o waho, e like me ke kānāwai, pā loa i ka postorbital haʻahaʻa, ma luna o ka labial 8, aʻai ʻole 9. Hona o ke kino me nā iwi ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi. Mawaena waena o ke kino he 25 ka nui o ka paona 23 a i ʻole 27. Pā wīwī ʻōpio 195-224. Koho-ʻili 58-78. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO ke kala o ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke kino he ʻoniʻoni-melemele, me ka lālani ka lōʻihi o ka brown brown, brownish-brown a ʻeleʻele hoʻi, i elongated ma nā wahi, hoʻohui i nā wahi i kahi kāula zigzag, hoʻokahi laina o ka like like, nā pā liʻiliʻi i nā ʻaoʻao. Hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia kēia hiʻohiʻona i ka poʻe ʻōpio a aneane nāwaliwali i ke ʻano o ka motley ākea ma ka pākeke, no ka mea, aia kahi wahi liʻiliʻi ma luna o kēlā me kēia kino kino ma ka waena. He mau ʻōpiopio ʻōpio ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke poʻo i ka hiʻohiʻona ʻano e like me ka brownish-brown, ke kālai ʻia i ka pihi ʻula ʻākau ma waena o nā kihi mua o nā maka, 2 mau wahi liʻiliʻi o ka like like ʻole, symmetrically aia ma nā ʻaoʻao pihi o nā pale pale infraorbital, a me 2 ākea ākea e kū pono ana i kēlā me kēia. ka rehiyon parietal, e pili ana i ka ʻāʻī me ke kahua ʻoki mua. ʻO nā kīleʻele ʻeleʻele i nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo, e hoʻomaka ana i ka pākeke mai ka ʻaoʻao o ka maka o ka maka, i ka poʻe ʻōpio i hōʻike ʻia hoʻi i nā ʻaoʻao o ka muzzle. Me ka wā o ka makahiki, ua pau loa ke kaohi o ke poʻo i kahi laulā nui-ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ʻeleʻele paha ka pihi. ʻO ka lalo o ke kino ka mauʻu he melemele, hoʻokahi ʻulaʻula a me nā wahi blurry liʻiliʻi paha.

Kuhi. 51. ʻO ke poʻo o ka nahesa ʻehā mau ʻaoʻao

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Moldova, Southern Ukraine, Crimea, ka māhele hema hema o ka RSFSR, Chechen-Ingushetia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, East Georgia, Armenia a me Western Kazakhstan.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ana nā ʻūhā me nā alahele ala, a loaʻa nō hoʻi ma nā wīwī semi-desres, ma nā pāpū he nui, he kuahiwi, a me nā kuahiwi mauna. Ma nā kuahiwi ua ʻike ʻia a hiki i 2500 m ma luna o ke kai. Ma nā wahi maʻamau. ʻOiai ʻo ia e koho i nā ʻuā o nā rodents (ground squirrels and gerbils), cracks a and hole in the lepo. Hoʻoikaika mai Pepeluali - Malaki a Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ia ma nā rodents a hiki i ka nui o nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio, nā manu, kā lākou moa, ka hua a me nā ʻīleʻa pinepine. I ka huli ʻana a nā ʻuʻi manu, piʻi ʻo ia i luna ma nā lāʻau. Hoʻopili a hina nā waiwai nui i nā apo o ke kino. I Iulai - ʻAukake, e waiho ana ka wahine i nā hua 6-6 a me 4-5-6.0 cm ka lōʻihi. Ma kahi kūlana hoʻoweliweli, e hū maila i ka hapakolu mua o ke kino a, ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī, me kahi puʻupuʻu pōkole, e hoʻolei i ka ʻenemi. I ke kua e hopohopo nei, hiki iā ia ke kelu me ke kuʻekuʻe o ka huelo, ka mea, i ka hoʻopili me nā mea paʻa, e hoʻoulu ai i kahi kīʻaha ʻano. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka kala ka mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai ka leopela a me nā nāhelehele i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, ʻokoʻa aku iā lākou ma kahi nui a me ka ʻōpala-melemele ʻeleʻele.

Ka nahesa ʻokiʻoki - Aliʻi Elaphe (Pall.)

Palapala Kūlana 100. Poʻomanaʻo ʻōiwi

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka ʻalopō nui, nā hua ʻona ʻihiʻopa, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 100 cm a me kahi o 3.5-5.5 mau manawa i ʻoi ʻia ʻo ka ʻoi aku. ʻO ke poʻo mai ka ʻāʻī loa. Hoʻokū ka mea pākuʻi prefrontal i ka supraorbital me kahi suture pōkole. Hoʻokahi ka preorbital nui, ma lalo o kahi e loaʻa ai kahi infraorbital liʻiliʻi, 2-3 postorbital, 8 ma luna o ka labiale, heʻu pinepine ʻo 7 a 9. ʻO nā ʻāpana parietal me ke anterior-external elongated edge e hoʻopili i ka postorbital haʻahaʻa. ʻO nā pae wili o nā kino he lahilahi, ʻo ka dorsal - me nā iwi lōʻihi i lalo ʻole. Mawaena waena o ke kino 23-25, langka 27 mauʻu. ʻO ka puʻu kikowaena 171-214, ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū i hana ʻole lākou i nā iwi i wehewehe ʻia. Koho-ʻili 51-78. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. He poʻo hina ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke kino me kahi brownish a brownish tint. Aia ma ke kino he 4 ka laulā, unsharply outlin brown or brownish stripes, 2 waena waena e hoʻomau ana ma ka huelo. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka pālala, pōkole ʻeleʻele loa a ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele, a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi me nā wahi ʻulaʻula, i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kihi ʻeleʻele o nā unahi.Ma nā ʻaoʻao ma ka lālani hoʻokahi ka laulā lōkihi o nā kala like he ʻuʻuku, e neʻe iki aku i ka huelo. Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke poʻo kahi hiʻohiʻona, i kēlā me kēia pae, i haʻi ʻia ke ʻano o kahi halihali maʻamau, kū pinepine, ʻeleʻele me nā pihi ʻeleʻele ma waena o nā kihi mua o nā maka a me kahi hiʻohiʻona e kū ana ma hope o ka hoʻonohonoho paʻakikī, e kahe ana i ka ʻāʻī ma ke ʻano o nā kāwili lua o kahi pōʻele. Kūpono i nā wahi i loko o nā palaka ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha. Aia kekahiʻeleʻele, aneane ʻeleʻele, nā lauoho, nā kanaka ʻokoʻa, ke kiʻi ʻana ma ke kino o ka mea ke hoʻopili ʻia nei.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Waiwai hema, ʻo Ciscaucasia Hikina a me Eastern Transcaucasia ma ke komohana ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka RSFSR, ua pau loa ʻo Kazakhstan, Central Asia a me Siberia Hema i ka Terors Primorsky ma ka hikina. Ua loaʻa ma kekahi mokupuni o Caspian a me Aral Seas.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. He ʻokoʻa loa ka pākino. Aia ma nā alaloa, nā nahele ulu, tuʻe, nā kahawai wai, nā māla paʻakai, nā semi-deserto, nā lāʻau a me nā moena ʻoi hoʻi, e noho like me nā wahi a me kahi mamao mai laila aku. ʻAʻole ia e pale i ke kokoke o ke kanaka, ka ʻaha i nā ʻāina irrigated, nā māla, nā māla, nā māla waina a me nā huaʻai. Ma nā wahi maʻamau. Ma nā kuahiwi ua ʻike ʻia a hiki i 1600 m ma luna o ke kai. Me nā hale e hoʻohana ai i nā ʻuā o nā rodents, nā kumulāʻau lāʻau, nā kuʻi ma lalo o nā pōhaku, nā poho a me nā lua o ka ʻāina. Hoʻoikaika mai Pepeluali - Malaki a Kepakemapa - Nowemapa. Hoʻohana ia i nā rodents liʻiliʻi, nā manu, kā lākou hua a me nā moa, lizards, palaka, nāhe liʻiliʻi a me ka iʻa. Ke hoʻomoe nei i nā hua 5-16 a hiki i ka 5.0-5.5 cm ka lōʻihi ma Iulai - ʻAukake. ʻO nā ʻōpio a hiki i ka 20 cm lōʻihi ke kū nei i Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa Nui ka nahesa nui e piʻi ʻoki ana ma ka ʻāina, nā ʻōpala a me nā lālā o nā lāʻau a me nā lāʻau. Ke hele malū nei ʻo ia i loko o ka wai, e komo pū ai i ke kai, a ʻauʻau maikaʻi. Hiki ke wikiwiki me ka wikiwiki o ke kaʻe o ka huelo, ka mea, i ka wā i pale kūʻē ai i nā mea paʻa, e hoʻoulu ai i kahi kikoʻī. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Loaʻa i nā manawa a me nā ʻano nahelona ʻē aʻe, mai kahi e kaawale ai me ka hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke poʻo.

Naheole scaly - ʻO Elaphe quadrivirgata (Voie)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kahi nahe nui nui, me ke kino lōʻihi a hiki i 120 cm a ma kahi o 3-4.5 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ʻoi loa Hoʻopili wale ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻāʻī. Hoʻokahi pā florbital nui, ma lalo o kahi infraorbital liʻiliʻi, 2-3 postorbital. ʻO nā ʻōpū parietal me nā ʻōpū kūloko o ka anterior-inferior elima, mai hoʻopā i ka postorbital haʻahaʻa, nā labial ma luna loa 8. I nā unahi i kā dorsal me nā iwi lōʻihi i ʻōlelo ʻole ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao. Mawaena waena o ke kino he 19 mau ʻāpana. ʻOi ka papahaki o ka holopapa 195-215, ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino ʻaʻole lākou i hana i ka iwi iwi. ʻO nā sub-caudal 70-99 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO nā ʻōpū o nā pālona ʻelemakule ma luna o nā ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula paha ma ke kala, me 4 ka lōʻihi o ke kala pālani poli, a hala pū kekahi i ka huelo. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ma luna o ke poʻo kahi hoʻokahi ʻulaʻula, me ke ʻano ʻole. Mai ka kua o ka maka a hiki i ke kihi o ka waha, aia ke kāʻeiʻeleʻele oblique. He melemele o ka ʻaoʻao ma lalo, me nā puaʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ma luna o ka hapalua o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū a ma ka huelo. Aia kekahiʻeleʻele, aneane ʻeleʻele, nā ʻālina Spimensia. ʻO ke ʻōpiopio-ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula ʻia, me nā pōkole he nui, pinepine ka pā ʻana i ka zigzag, e maloʻo i ka hope o ke kino. Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke poʻo kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻona o kahi kaula M-shaped i ka pale ma ke alo, infraorbital a me kekahi ʻāpana parietal mau a kahi pōkā polū ʻokeʻo i waena o nā kihi mua o nā maka.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Ka mokupuni o Kunashir ma ka hui o Kuril.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Mahina i ʻike ʻia. Noho ia ma ka nahele, ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā ʻoloka a me nā mea ulu. E hānai ana i nā rodents. Hoʻomoe ma ka waiho ʻana i ka hua manu. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Mai nā mau nāu ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia ma ka mokupuni ʻo Kunashir, ʻokoʻa ia i nā hiʻohiʻona kala a me nā helu liʻiliʻi he nui ma waena o ke kino.

Mālilo mokupuni - Elaphe climacophora (Boie)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kahi nahe nui nui, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 130 cm a ma kahi o 3-4 mau wā i ka ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi.Hoʻopili wale ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻāʻī. Hoʻokahi pā florbital nui, ma lalo o kahi e waiho ai i kahi infraorbital liʻiliʻi, 2-3 postorbital. Parietal scutes me ka antero-inferior margin ʻole e hoʻopili i ka postorbital haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, labial ma luna 8. ʻO nā pae o ke kino me ka nui i kūkulu ʻia i nā iwi lōʻihi, e noho wale ma nā lālani 2-3 e pili ana i ka ʻōpū. Mawa a waena o ke kino he 23 mau unahi. Pipi ka huhū 224-244, ma nā kihi o ka ʻōpū i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka iwi maikaʻi. ʻOi aku ma mua o 90 mau ʻila (97-123) mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻōpū o luna o ka pākeke he hina hina, ka ʻona-ʻulaʻula, a i ʻole ke poʻo hina. ʻO ke poʻo i luna kahi monochrome me kahi kāhua. Mai ka laina o ka maka o ka maka a i ke kihi o ka waha, i wahi pā i poʻomanaʻo e loaʻa ana. ʻĀniu ka ʻāpana o ka ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa o ke kino i ka ʻeleʻele a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻulaʻula, me ka pupu hope o ka ʻōpū e ʻoi aku ka māmā. I nā ʻōlapa ʻōpiopio, ua nalowale nā ​​mau ʻāpana paʻa lōʻihi a uhi ʻia ke kino i nā wahi ʻeleʻele he nui o ka ʻano maʻamau, maʻamau i loko o nā lālani transverse. Loaʻa nā wahi pōkole liʻiliʻi ma ke kihi o nā ʻōpū o ke keʻokeʻo.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Ka mokupuni o Kunashir ma ka hui o Kuril.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia. Mālama ia i loko o nā wahi a i ʻole ia i nā wahie, me ka ʻole o ka pale ʻana i nā kauhale. E hānai ana i nā rodents, nā manu, kā lākou hua a me nā moa. Hoʻomoe ma ka waiho ʻana i ka hua manu. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Mai ka nahesa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i loaʻa ma ka mokupuni o Kunashir, ʻokoʻa ia i ke ʻano o nā kala a me nā helu he nui ma waena o ke kino.

Iuānake Kepani - ʻO Elaphe japonica Maki

Ka Palapala 101. ʻurlelo Amur (1), nahe ʻoki ʻokiʻoni (2), kahe na Iapana (3)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka ʻōpū ʻehā ʻapoahi, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 74 cm a ma kahi he 4 mau manawa pōkole ʻoi loa. ʻOi aku ke poʻo a emi iki paha ke poʻo mai ka ʻāʻī. ʻO ka preorbital nui, infraorbital absent, postorbital 2. Parietal scutes me ka alo-lalo elongated elima e pili ana i ka postorbital haʻahaʻa, luna labial 7. ʻo nā ʻāpana o ke kino e maʻa. Mawa a waena o ke kino 21 pale. Pipi ka huhū 205-221, ma nā kihi o ka ʻōpū i hana lākou i kahi iwi nāwaliwali. ʻO nā ʻāpana sub-caudal 66-74. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao luna he monotonous-ʻulaʻula kala, ʻaʻohe ʻano o nā ʻano hoʻohālike. Hoʻokahi māmā a ʻelua paha lālani mau unahi i ka palena me ka ʻōpū. ʻŌmaʻomaʻo ka ʻōpū.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Ka mokupuni o Kunashir ma ka hui o Kuril.

Ke noho maʻamau ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Ma ka mokupuni o Kunashir ua loaʻa pū ʻia me ka mokupuni a me nā naikahi a scaly, mai hōʻike maʻalahi ia i ka ʻaka hoʻokahi, me ka waiho kino kino.

ʻOmona ʻoi - Elaphe taeniura Kāhu

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kahi nahesa nui, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 195 cm a me kahi o 3-5 mau wa i ʻoi aku. Ua neʻe iki ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā. ʻO kekahi nunui, maʻamau ʻaʻole i hoʻopā i ka frontal, infraorbital scutellum, ma lalo kahi he infraorbital liʻiliʻi, 2 orbital, 8 labial o luna, 9. Dalesal scales me nā lālani lōkuhi i lalo. Mawaena waena o ke kino 25-28, lōkahi 27 mauʻu. Pākuʻi wai ʻole 225-259. Koho-ʻili 95-111. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ma luna, he oliva māmā me ka lilac hue, maʻamau me ʻelua mau laina elele ka lōʻihi i ka lōʻihi, i ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi ma waena o ke alapine o nā laina like ʻole o ka kala like ʻole, kahi ʻano kaila o ka ahahaka. Aia ma ka huina o ka wili āpau he 4 mau ākea ākea ākea. ʻO ke poʻo i luna ʻo hoʻokahi kala, ʻo ia kahi ʻano. Mai ka kua o ka maka a hiki i ke kihi o ka waha a i ʻole ʻoi aku i luna e pili ana i kahi kaula ākea ākea. ʻUnu keʻokeʻo a ʻōpū paha ka ʻōpū, me nā wahiʻeleʻele.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka manawa wale nō e loaʻa ma ke kahakai o Posyet Bay ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Primorsky Krai.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Ua aʻo ʻia ʻoiai. Ma Kina, ua loaʻa ma nā kuahiwi kuahiwi a i nā pae kai a i nā wahi ākea me nā mauʻu a me nā nāhelehele. Mai haʻalele i ka kokoke o ke kāne. Paʻu ʻia ia i nā koiki, i ka mau hihiʻo. ʻO ka hānai ʻana o nā hua he 10-13 i loko o Iune - Iulai.ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Mai nā poʻe ʻē aʻe o ka ʻAla mamao, ua hoʻokaʻamaʻa ʻia nā nāhelehele e ko lākou kala a ʻehā mau kaula lōʻihi i ka huelo.

Rod Medyanka - Coronella

ʻO ke keleawe maʻamau - Coronella austriaca Laur.

Ka Palapala 102. Lele pākia maʻamau

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. O ka ʻōpū ʻehā ʻapo ākea, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino ʻaʻole lōʻihi e pili ana i ka 65 cm, a e pili ana i ka manawa o 4-6 mau pōkole Ua lulu iki ʻia ke poʻo a palu iki mai ka ʻāʻī. He puni ka haumāna. ʻO ke flap intermaxillary protrudes ikaika ma waena o nā kihi interanasal i ʻole ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o kona ʻaoʻao ʻike ʻia ma mua o ka seam ma waena o lākou. Nostril ma waena oʻelua mau piliona. Preorbital 1, luhi 2, orbital 2, infraorbital maʻamau absent. Ke maʻa iki nā unahi o ke kino, me nā iwi ʻole. Mawa a waena o ke kino ma ka lālani o 19 mau paona. ʻO ka hapa 153-199, sub-caudal 41-48 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO nā papa o ka ʻōpū ma nā kihi o ka ʻōpū i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kahi mākaʻi i wehewehe ʻia. ʻOkoʻa ke kala o ke waiho ʻana o ke kino o ke kino mai ka hina, hina-brown a brownish-hina hoʻi i ka melemele-ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula-a me ke keleawe-ʻulaʻula. Hoʻololi nui ka ʻano hoʻohālike. Ma kona ʻano he kiko piha loa, he 3 mau lālani o nā ākea nui, elongated ma nā wahi i hala i ke kua. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia kēia mau wahi a i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka lālani lōʻihi o ka lemu o ka lālani o nā lepa brownish liʻiliʻi. Ma ka ʻāʻī he mau puʻupuʻu ʻelima pōkole (a i ʻole 2 mau wahi) e hoʻohui ana i ke kua o ke poʻo. ʻO ke poʻo mai luna mai kahi monochromatic a i ʻole me kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻona o kahi kīʻaha kipi, mua-ʻoki i mua o nā maka a me kahi laina ʻaki e kū ana i ka scraorbital a me ka mua. Mai nā puka alohilohi ʻana i ka maka a i hope aʻe i ke kihi o ka waha, e hāhai ana i kahi kaulaʻeleʻele paʻa, i kekahi manawa e hoʻomau ana ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī. He poʻomele, brownish, brown-brown, bluish-steel, pink a ʻulaʻula paha ka ʻaoʻao, e maʻamau me nā pōʻeleʻeleʻele a me nā ʻāpana. ʻOkoʻa ka ʻili mai lalo ma lalo o ka ʻōpū.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻĀpana o USSR, e komo pū ana me Caucasus, a me Kazakhstan Western, i ka ʻākau i 60-61 ° C. w lu.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. He loaʻa ia ma nā kihi o nā ululāʻau, nā ala, i loko o ka puʻu, nā māka ala, a me nā awāwi mauna, kahi ma ka Kauāwi ua ʻike ʻia a i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2800 m ma luna o ke kai. Ma nā wahi āpau maʻamau. ʻO nā wahi papa nā lua o nā rodents a me nā mea haki, nā mea ʻole ma lalo o nā pōhaku, nā pihi i nā pōhaku, a me nā mea e kū ana i ka hoʻomaka o Malaki - ʻApelila a Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa. ʻAi i ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana i nā lepa like ʻole, e moni ana i ke ola a mauʻu paha, e hoʻopuni ana i ke kino me nā apo. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻai ʻoe i nā kaiki liʻiliʻi, nā mea ʻamo, a me nā moa liʻiliʻi. I ka hopena o ʻAukake - Kepakemapa, hānau ana ka wahine mai 2 a 15 mau kubita 12.5-16.7 cm ka lōʻihi. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka ipu keleawe i hiki ke komo i loko o kahi paʻa paʻa, i loko e hū ai i kona poʻo, a e ʻāpono wale i kēlā me nā pā a pau me ka hoʻopiʻi nui o ke kino. Mai kēia kūlana, hiki iā ia ke kiʻi i kona poʻo i ka ʻenemi me kahi puʻupuʻu pōkole. Hopu, ʻaihue pinepine ʻia, a hiki i nā mea nui ke hoʻopili i ka ʻili i ke koko. Kūlike ʻole i ka manaʻo manaʻo kaulana, ʻaʻole pōʻino loa ia i nā kānaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. I ka hiʻohiʻona, ka like me ka nahesa hiʻona, mai ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻūhā piha ʻana o ke ʻala ʻono a maikaʻi loa a me nā helu unahi i loaʻa i kekahi lālani ma waena o ke kino.

Genus Oligodons - Oligodon

Hoʻolaha oligodon - Oligodon taeniolatus (Jerd)

Palapala Mālama 103. Olatū Oligodon

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kahi nahepoki liʻiliʻi, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 51 cm a e pili ana i ka manawa ʻo 5-7 mau pōkole ʻoi loa. Ua neʻe iki ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā. Loaʻa ka scmaxillary scab i waena o ka intranasal. Hōʻailona ka pale mua ma ke kihi ma waena o ka prefrontal, ʻo kona laulā ma ka laina e pili ana i nā kikowaena o nā maka ʻaʻole i emi iho i ka 2.5 manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o ka infraorbital. Nostril ma waena o ʻelua mauʻu scutes. Preorbital 1, postorbital 2, emi pinepine 3. hōʻike ʻole ʻia nā ʻōmua mua. Miki a waena o ke kino he 19 mau kaulike kūpono. Pākuʻi ʻia o ka pahu māmā 158-218, sub-caudal 29-56 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa o ke kino he ʻiʻo, hina hina-brown, ʻaina paha pe ʻulaʻula māmā.Aia nā ʻōpū a me nā pihi i kahi paʻa ma ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana a me ke kāʻei, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā kihi ʻeleʻele o kekahi mau unahi a i ʻōkuhi ʻia i ka mālamalama. Aia kekahi kanaka he 4 mau kaula hani ākea, 2 medium, ʻo ka ākea ākea ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka pā. Ma ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke poʻo 3 he mau pōkole transversʻeleʻele, kahi anterior ka hele ma mua o ka prefrontal scutes, kuʻi ʻia ka ʻaoʻao waena i ke ʻano o kahi kihi o ke kuʻikuʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao o mua, a kū ana ke kua ma ke kūloko parietal, e hoʻomau ana ma ka ʻāʻī. I kekahi manawa pili nā kihi 3 a pau me kekahi i ka waena waena o ke poʻo a hāʻule paha. Ma lalo o ka maka he wahi pōʻeleʻele a i ʻole kahi kaula ākea. He māmā ka ʻōpū, maʻa mau me nā wahi ʻole.

Kuhi. 52. ke poʻo o ka oligodon volatile

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kekahi naheahi laha, ʻike ʻia no kekahi mau spimensia i loaʻa ma Kopetdag.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia. Loaʻa ia ma nā kuahiwi. Mālama ia i nā hua reptile a me nā lizards liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻolike ʻē aʻe i nā ʻuʻu liʻiliʻi i loko o kā mākou manu e kona ʻula a me ke ʻano ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o kona poʻo.

Rhuschocalamus genus - Rhynchocalamus

Rinchocalamus poʻo ke poʻoʻele - ʻO ka meliocephalus Rhynchocalamus (Ian.)

Ka Palapala 104. Rhinchocalamus poʻo pihi

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka nahesa liʻiliʻi, ʻulaʻula hoʻi, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 36 cm a me kahi o 4-5 mau manawa i ka ʻoi aku ʻoi. Hoʻonohonoho iki ke poʻo mai ke kino. Loaʻa ka scillula maxillary i ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke poʻo. Hoʻokiʻoki ʻia ka ihu i kekahi, scongellum ikaika elongated, ka lōʻihi o ke ana o ka maka nui o ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ka maka. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻōpū ma lalo i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ihu. ʻAʻole hōʻike ʻia ka mana posterior. Miki a waena o ke kino ma ka lālani he 15 mau kaulike kūpono. ʻOiono 202-232, sub-caudal 52-64 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. Aia ma luna o ka ʻoni a i ʻole ka wai ʻulaʻula lohi wale ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao a me nā ʻaoʻao a me ka nalo ʻana ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ke kino e waiho wale ana ma nā lālani o nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana. He mālamalama ke poʻo mai luna mai me kahi kaula kihi ʻeleʻele e hoʻopiʻi ana i ka infraorbital, prefrontal, internasal a me nā ʻona mua. ʻO ka wahi o ka pena like o kahi ʻano hana puʻuwai e noho ana i ka hapa nui o nā ʻāpana parietal. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka ʻāʻī ke kapa ākea ke kalepa ʻoi loa i hana i mua. Ke keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula paha ka pipa ma lalo. Hoʻopiʻi nā spekens i i ka palaka me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka poni-keʻokeʻo.

Kuhi. 53. ke poʻo o ka rinchocalamus

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Aia ke awāwa o ka waena waena o ke awa o Araks i loko o Armenia a me ka Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ka noho ma kahi kaho honu ʻōpala ma kahi maloʻo, maloʻo nui a me nā mea kanu palu. Ma nā mauna e ʻike ʻia ana a hiki i 1200 m ma luna o ke kai. I ka pūnāwai a i ka hapa mua o ke kauwela ua loaʻa mau ia ma lalo o nā pōhaku, ke koena o ka manawa e alakaʻi i kahi ola eli i ka hohonu o ka lepo. Luku. E hānai ana ia i ka huaʻala antao, nā lice lāʻau a me nā mea inu liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia nā Reproduction. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Ma kekahi mau wahi i loaʻa me nā kiʻilei liʻiliʻi o ka huaʻōlelo Eirenis, mai kēlā me ia ka like like me ka kaila waihoʻoluʻu o ke kino a me nā kikoʻī kikoʻī ma ke poʻo.

Rod Eirenis - Eirenis

(Ma mua o USSR, ua kuhi hewa kekahi o kēia ʻano genus i ka genus Contia.)

Eyrenis hui ʻia - Eirenis collaris (Lāne.)

Papa 32: 1 - eirenis beled (253), 1a - kona poʻo mai luna, 2 - collar eirenis (252), 2a - kona poʻo mai luna, 3 - ʻenikean Armenian (254), 3a - kona poʻo mai luna, 4 - e ʻoluʻolu eirenis ( 256), 4a - kona poʻo mai luna, 4b - kona poʻo mai luna, 5 - Persian Eirenis (257), 5a - kona poʻo mai luna

Ka Palapala 105. Ka Hoʻokele Eirenis (1), Persian Eirenis (2)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka naʻoki liʻiliʻi, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 32 cm a ma kahi o 3-5 mau manawa pōkole. Hoʻonohonoho iki ke poʻo mai ke kino. ʻO ka mānoʻo o ka muzzle i heʻupuʻu lūlū ʻia. Loaʻa ka intermaxillary scapula i ka piko o ke poʻo. Preorbital flap 1, orbital 1-2. ʻO ka mandibular posterior, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, e hoʻopā kekahi i kekahi. Miki a waena o ke kino he 15 mau kaulike kūpono. ʻOiono 147-177, sub-caudal 44-60 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua.ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kino me ka ʻole o ka lau, ʻōmaʻomaʻo-brownish, brownish-grey, brownish-reddish a pinkish-beige, ʻeleʻele i nā kihi o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana. I ka poʻe ʻōpio, ma ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke poʻo aia kahi kikoʻī i wehewehe ʻia o ka ʻeleʻele, i kekahi manawa ke kāʻili ʻia ʻana i nā wahi ma nā ʻaoʻao mua o nā ʻōhi parietal a me ka kala like ʻole o kahi kulekele M unsharp M ma waena o nā kihi mua o nā maka. I nā pākeke, ua ʻōlelo iki ʻia ka hana i wehewehe ʻia a ʻike pinepine ʻole ʻia ka ʻike. Ma ka ʻāʻī ma hope o ke poʻo i kona mau i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele a i ʻole kahi palala aʻeleʻele paha - kahi kola. ʻEleʻele paha ka lalo o ke kino i ka ʻoni, a ʻulaʻula paha.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO East Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan a, hiki paha i nā wahi kokoke i Chechen-Ingushetia.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho nā noho ma nā wahi ākea o ka pā pōhaku a me ka lāʻau wormwood semi-wao, a me nā moʻo haʻahaʻa a me nā pihi lau me ka nui o ka māla. Loaʻa nō ia me nā ʻohiʻohi, nā māla waina a me nā ʻāina ulu. Mālama pinepine ʻia ma lalo o nā pōhaku, nā ʻōpala o ka honua, i nā pua o nā pepeke a me nā ʻoki i ka lepo. I Transcaucasia maʻamau. Hoʻoikaika mai Malaki - ʻApelila a ʻOkakopa. E hānai ana i nā meakanu aniani, millipedes, spiders a me nā ʻōpū. Wahi a kekahi hōʻike, e ʻai pū i nā lizards liʻiliʻi. Ke waiho nei i nā hua he 4-8 1,7-1.9 cm lōʻihi e loaʻa ana i Iune - Iulai. ʻO nā makahiki ʻōpio e pili ana i 11 cm lōʻihi i ka mahina o Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa No nā kāne, ʻaʻole ʻino loa ia.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia ma lalo o nā pōhaku me ka Armenian Eirenis, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi ʻia ai ke kala, me ka waiho ʻole o nā kīwī a me nā ʻōpū i ke kino.

Eirenis Striped - Eirenis meda (Cern.)

Ka Palapala 106. Pono Eirenis (1), belene Eurenis (2)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOi maka liʻiliʻi, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 32 cm a me 3-5 mau manawa pōkole. Ua neʻe iki ʻia ke poʻo mai ke ʻā. ʻO ka mānoʻo o ka muzzle i heʻupuʻu lūlū ʻia. Loaʻa ka scapula maxillary i ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka muzzle. Preorbital 1, postorbital, maʻamau 2. Pos mand mandular i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Miki a waena o ke kino he 15 mau kaulike kūpono. Kūpono ka huhū 154-174, sub-caudal 44-62 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau ka one-hina, hina, ʻeleʻele-hina a ʻulaʻula paha i ke kala, ʻeleʻele ma ke kihi o nā ʻāpana ʻoki. Nā wahi kūhā manuahi liʻiliʻi loa a i ʻole kekahi kahina liʻiliʻi i hana ʻia e nā kihi ʻeleʻele o nā unahi i kau ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kino. Hōʻalo ka ʻōpiopio occipital - ʻaʻohe koloka. I nā spimensia'ōpiopio, aia nā wahi pōkole nui ma ka parietal, mua a me nā scraorbital scutes, e nalo ana i nā pākeke. ʻEleʻeleʻele ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino, me nā hala ʻole.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Keahi ʻo Southmenmenistan.

Ke noho maʻamau aneane ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia. Luku. Noho ia ma nā waonahele wao nahele, kahi i mālama ʻia ai ma lalo o nā pōhaku. Kaulana a hiki i ka 2000 m ma luna o ke kai. Mālama ia mea iā nā pepeke, spider a me nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻohe ʻike hoʻolaha. No nā kāne, ʻaʻole ʻino loa ia.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Ma nā wahi i loaʻa pū me ia me ka Persian Eirenis, kahi mau ʻokoʻa like ʻole e ke ʻano o ka peʻa.

Eirenis ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa - Eirenis punctatolineatus (Boett.)

Ka Palapala 107. ʻAmelika ʻo Eirenis

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kahi pua liʻiliʻi, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 40-41 cm a ma kahi o 3 mau manawa e ʻoi aku ai ka huelo. ʻO ka mānoʻo o ka muzzle i heʻupuʻu lūlū ʻia. Loaʻa ka intermaxillary scapula i ka piko o ke poʻo. ʻO ka preorbital ka mea maʻamau i ka 1, ʻo ka orbital 2. ʻOi aku ka pōkole o ke mandibular o ka posterior ma mua o ke alo a ma mua o kekahi e hoʻopā kekahi i kekahi. Miki a waena o ke kino he 17 mau kaulike kūpono. Pākuʻi wai ʻole 153-175, sub-caudal 63-78 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. Hoʻololi ka kala o ka ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa o ke kino i loko o ka hina, hina hina, ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻulaʻula keleawe. ʻO kēlā me kēia māhina o ke kino, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka huelo a me nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino, e mama ana ka ʻaoʻao waena. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o mua o ke kino, aia nā lālani he 10 ka lōʻihi o ka hina hina, ka ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻekikina he pili, e hui pū ana i nā laina pōʻeleʻele paʻa e hele ana ma nā palena ma waena o nā lālani o nā ʻāpana.ʻIke ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele i nā pale o ke poʻo. Aia nā hoʻohālikelike nāwaliwali o ke kala ʻana i ke kino. He pulu hina a ka ʻulaʻula, a i ʻole ka poni ʻulaʻula.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAmelika Hema, Nakhchivan ʻAno ʻĀina ʻ Sovietlika Soviet and Republic Azerbaijan.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. ʻIa ka hapanui ma nā lehelehe e paʻa pono, a me nā wahi ma semi-wao me nā lau makehe a me nā mea kanu palu. ʻO ka maʻamau maʻamau i nā kahawai o nā ʻōpala a me nā kahawai mauna i hoʻopili ʻia me ke one, nā ʻōpala a me nā pōhaku liʻiliʻi. Ma waena o nā palahalaha, a me nā pōpoki a me nā nāhelehele i loko o nā pōhaku, e lawelawe ʻana i nā pale. Ma nā kuahiwi ua ʻike ʻia a hiki i 1500 m ma luna o ke kai. Ma nā wahi āpau maʻamau. Hoʻohana ʻia mai ka Pōʻalua ma mua - ʻApelila a Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa I ka manawa wela o ke kauwela, i Iune - ʻAukake, ʻaʻole ia e kū mai ma luna o ka honua. Mālama i nā mea inikini a me nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi, hopu iā lākou i lalo ka nui o nā pōhaku. Ke waiho nei i ka hua ʻōlelo he 3-8 sausage like 2.5-2.7 cm i ka hopena o Iulai. ʻO nā ʻōpio a hiki i ka 11.5 cm lōʻihi ke kū nei i Sepatemaba. Ke hopu ʻia, pinepine mau nei me ka hoʻoikaika a hoʻāʻo e ʻāʻū. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Loaʻa ma ka wahi ma lalo o nā pōhaku me ke kolamu a me me eirenises, a laila ʻokoʻa ia i nā ʻāpana lōʻihi a me nā ʻōpū ma ke kihi o ke kino.

Eirenis ʻōpiopio - Eirenis mauʻano (Mart.)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kahi nahele liʻiliʻi, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino i kekahi manawa a hiki i 59 cm, nona kahi 10-14 cm e lawe ai i ka huelo. ʻO ke poʻo mai ka ʻāʻī loa. ʻO ka mānoʻo o ka muzzle i heʻupuʻu lūlū ʻia. Loaʻa ka intermaxillary scapula i ka piko o ke poʻo. ʻO ka preorbital he maʻamau i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka 1, ʻo ka orbital 2. ʻO ka mandibular o ke posterior, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole e pili i kekahi me kekahi a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā lālani 1-2 o nā pae liʻiliʻi. Mawaena waena o ke kino 17 mau unahi. Pākuʻi wai ʻole 166-187, sub-caudal 55-77 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. Ma ka piko o nā hina, brownish-hina, ʻulaʻula-hina a ʻulaʻula paha, beʻeleʻeleʻele i ke kihi o nā ʻāpana ʻokiʻoki. ʻOi aku ka māmā o ka huelo ma mua o ke kino. Ma ke poʻo o nā poʻe ʻōpio a me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, aia kahi hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i ka pihi ʻili a i ʻole ka pali ʻaha loa ma waena o nā ʻaoʻao mua o ka maka a me ke kala like like me ka nui, a me ka pōkole poʻomanaʻo e pili ana i ka pīhoʻo parietal, i kekahi manawa me ka lua puni a puni. Ma ka ʻāʻī ma hope o ke poʻo aia kahi kikoʻi ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele - kahi kolala i kahi kapa melemele a pinkish paha. Ke ulu nei ka holoholona, ​​lilo a laka a me ke kumu ma ke poʻo i lilo ka māmā a nalowale pinepine i ka poʻe kahiko. Paʻalaʻele ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema, Azerbaijan, Armenia a me Dagestan.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Aia ia ma nā puʻu ukiuki nui me nā mea kanu palala, ma nā wahi o ka ʻalā a me nā ʻumi ʻumiʻumi a me nā lāʻau lāʻau xerophytic. ʻO nā piʻi i nā mauna a hiki i ka 1500-1800 m ma luna o ke kai. I Transcaucasia maʻamau. Hoʻoikaika mai Malaki a Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa Hoʻokele nā ​​keʻena ma lalo o nā pōhaku a me nā ʻalā i nā pali. Ua hānai ia i nā holoholona like ʻole, ʻehā, mollusks, scorpions, spiders. Ke hoʻomoe nei i nā hua kupu he 3-8 e lōʻihi i ka hopena o Iune - ka mua o Iulai. Nānā nā ʻōpio a hiki i ka 12 cm lōʻihi i ka malama o Kepakemapa - mua o ʻOkakopa ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Ma nā wahi kahi i noho pū ai me kahi eirenis kulu, mai kahi mea ākea e ke ʻano ma ke poʻo.

Eirenis Persianina - Eirenis persicus (Anderson)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. Kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 31 cm a ma kahi 3-3,5 mau manawa ʻoi ka lōʻihi. Ua lō iki ʻia kahi poʻo i kahakaha ʻia mai ke ʻāʻī. ʻO ka mānoʻo o ka muzzle i heʻupuʻu lūlū ʻia. Hoʻopili palu ikiʻo ka intermaxillary scutellum ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka muzzle. Preorbital 1, orbital 1. ʻO ka palupalu mandibular ʻ Mlelo, e like me ke kānāwai, e hoʻopā i kekahi. Miki a waena o ke kino he 15 mau kaulike kūpono. ʻOi aʻe 183-231, sub-caustic 51-110 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. Ma ka ʻāpana o kahi kala ʻoliva māmā me kahi brownish a brown paha, me ka hapalua o ke kino e ʻike ʻia ana ka māmā ma mua o ke alo. Paʻu ʻeleʻele hoʻi ka waena o kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ka kino o kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao.ʻO ka halihali keʻokeʻo, ʻo ia ka lula o ka lula a me ke kolu o ke kua, e kū ana ma ke kua. ʻAʻohe ke kiko kala a me ke ʻano ma ke poʻo i hala. He māmā ka ʻōpū, ʻaʻohe wahi ʻole.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Kaulana ʻia no kekahi mau minima ʻāpana i ka ʻaoʻao hema o Turkmenistan.

Ke noho maʻamau hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ka hoʻomaopopo. Luku. Loaʻa ia i nā kuahiwi a ma nā pāpū ākea a me nā mea kanu semi-wao e aloha nui ʻia. E paʻa ana ma lalo o nā pōhaku. Mālama ia mea iā nā pepeke, spider a me nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻohe ʻikepili ma ka hoʻopili. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe ia mai nā mea pili pili kokoke i - nā pokole eurenis me ke kino ʻoki loa, a me nā hiʻohiʻona kolo.

Kūpono Snake Pūnuahi - Telescopus

Kauka lelo laufu - Palapala telescopus (Fleisch.)

Papa 29: 1 - Ka pua ʻekepeke Caucasian (258), 1a - kona maka, 7 - nā ʻinā ʻinā Iranian (259), 2a - kona maka, 3 - ʻniha lehelehe (263), 3a - kona maka, 4 - boyga (261) He maka kona maka, 5 he puʻokeʻo ia (266), 5a kona mau maka, 6 he pua nahesa (264), 6a ka maka ona.

Ka Palapala 108. ʻĀpana Aliʻi Iran (1), Kauka Kaʻai Kūʻai (2)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka nui o ka nahesa, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 70 cm a ma kahi o 4-6 mau wā e ʻoi aku ka pōkole. Hoʻomaʻuha ʻia ke poʻo mai ka ʻāpana, i wahi ʻino mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua. Loaʻa i ka haumāna i ke ʻano o kahi kūho kūpaʻa. ʻO ka laulā o ka flip i mua i ka laina e hoʻopili ana i nā kihi o mua o nā maka ma mua o ke pālua i ka laulā o ka infraorbital. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka zygomatic flap e pili i ka maka e pili ana i ka maka. Preorbital 1, postorbital 2, labial ma luna o 8 (kahi liʻiliʻi 7 a 9 paha), nona 2, 3 a me 4 e paʻi ai i nā maka. ʻAʻole i haʻi ʻia nā palaka kauoha posterior. Ke kūpaʻa nā kaulike kino. Mawaena o ke waena o ke kino 19, anuanu 21 mauʻu. Pākuʻi ʻia ka pahu 186-243, sub-caudal 35-75 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. He poʻo hina ka ʻaoʻao luna o ka ʻōpū, ka ʻeleʻele hina a ʻulaʻula paha. ʻO nā pōhā nui, i kekahi manawa he ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele-hina a ʻulaʻula a i ʻole nā ​​melemele paha i hāʻawi ʻia ma hope o ka lālani mua, kahi ākea ma waena o ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino. Aia nā wahi liʻiliʻi like loa ma nā wahi ma waena o nā dorsal ma nā ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka ʻāpana o luna o ka poʻo i hoʻokahi kala, ʻoiai kekahi me kahi wahi pōʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā hiʻu parietal. Mai ka kua i hope o ka maka a hiki i ke kihi o ka waha, weliweli kekahi lō ʻulaʻeleʻele. Mālamalama ka ʻōpū ma mua o ke ʻano o ke kino nui, me nā wahi ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻāpana. He melemele a he pinkish paha ka iris. Ke keʻokeʻo a lalo o ke poʻo.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka Caucasus aia i loko o East Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, a me Eastern me Southern Dagestan.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. He mea ia ma nā pali i hali ʻia e ulu nui ʻia me nā mea kanu lāʻau a me nā mea kanu lāʻau, ma nā wahi o ke kuahiwi mauna xerophytic, a ma nā ʻāpana wīwā hāmama hoʻi kekahi. ʻAʻole hoʻi ʻo ia e pale i ke kokoke o ke kanaka, e noho ana ma nā kahe o ka hale, nā mea ʻoki i nā pā a i ʻole nā ​​paia pōhaku, i nā māla waina a me nā pā. Ma nā mauna ua ʻike ʻia a hiki ke 1700 m ma luna o ke kai. I Transcaucasia maʻamau. Hele ia mai ka hopena o Pepeluali - Malaki a Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa Eia nō ia i ke ao a me ka pō, akā, i ke kauwela wela, e kū wale ʻia nō ia i ke kakahiaka a me ka pō. Pii kaʻi ʻo ia ma luna o nā kumulāʻau a me nā lāʻau, me nā paia pōhaku a me nā pali, e hoʻopili ana i nā ʻāʻī liʻiliʻi o ka lepo ma ka hoʻopalehu ʻana i ke kino. Mālama nui ia ma nā ʻīlio, e ʻai pū ana i nā kiʻī a me nā manu manu. ʻO ka hopu pio ʻia, me ka wehe ʻole ʻana i nā ʻāʻī, hoʻopili a puni a i ʻole nā ​​apo ʻelua a ke kino a noho i kēia noho ʻana a make ka mea nona. ʻAʻole hiki i ka make o ka mea make i ka manawa nui e like me ka hana ʻana o ka ʻawaʻawa i hoʻokomo ʻia e nā niho ʻelua manu i loaʻa i ka hohonu o ka waha o ka nahesa. Kuhi ʻia nā hua 6-9 i Iulai. Hōʻike nā ʻōpio iā Kepakemapa. Ke hālāwai nei me kekahi kanaka, hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e pakele ai, akā hoʻokipa pinepine ke kanaka trap i kahi ʻano hoʻoweliweli hoʻoweliweli, hōʻiliʻili i ke kua o ke kino i loko o kahi pānaʻi ʻoi aʻe a emi mai paha, aʻo kona ʻaoʻao kaʻo e wohi i luna loa i luna. Ke noho nei i kēia kūlana, lemu a lohi paha me kahi puupuʻu pōkole e hoʻolei wikiwiki i ka ʻenemi.Aia aia nā hihia a pau nā huki o kēia lehelehe o kahi kanaka i hōʻino i kahi pōʻai kūloko, akā naʻe, i pau mau ka hoʻihoʻi wikiwiki hou i nā mea i hoʻolilo.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. He ʻike ʻia ma kekahi mau wahi i hui pū ʻia me kekahi mau ʻano na puʻu, a ʻokoʻa mai ia ma kona poʻo i kahala ʻia loa mai ka ʻāʻī a me ke ʻano paʻa o ka haumāna. Mai kahi nānā kokoke - ka iwi ʻokiʻoki o Iran i hoʻokaʻawale i ka māhele ʻāina.

Iʻa ʻokiʻā Iran - ʻO ka rhynopoma Telescopus (Blanf.)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kekahi nahe nui, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 130 cm, nona kahi 20-30 cm e lawe ai i ka huelo. Hoʻomaʻawale ʻia ke poʻo mai ka ʻōpala, i wahi ʻē aʻe ma hope. Kūleʻa ka haumāna. ʻO ka laulā o ka flip i mua i ka laina e hoʻopili ana i nā kihi o mua o nā maka ma mua o ke pālua i ka laulā o ka infraorbital. ʻO ka zygomatic flap me kona neʻe elongated i pā i ka maka. Preorbital 1, postorbital 2, labial 10, kahi o 4, 5 a me 6th pa i hoʻopā i nā maka. Ke kūpaʻa nā kaulike kino. Mawaena waena o ke kino 23 mau, a emi pinepine 22 a 24 mau ʻehā mau unahi. Pākuʻi ʻole ʻia ka pahu 259-280, sub-caudal 71-84 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale a paʻa paha ke pale pale. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka ʻulaʻula-hina a hina paha, me kahi ākea ākea ākea a me nā ʻulaʻula. Pihi ma luna ma nā wahi pōkole liʻiliʻi a me nā pala. He hina hina ka ʻōpū, ʻaʻohe wahi ʻole. ʻO nā wahi liʻiliʻi ma ka lalo o ka huelo.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. I loko o ka USSR, ʻike ʻia no ʻelua mau minima ʻekena i loko o ke kūkulu hema ʻo Turkmenistan (Kopetdag).

Ke noho maʻamau ʻaʻole i wehewehe. Noho ia i nā kuahiwi ma nā uka maloʻo a maloʻo me nā mea kanu puaʻa a me nā mea kanu lāʻau. He mea haʻala loa ia. Mālama i nā vertebrates liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole pōʻino no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kiko kikoʻī mai nā mea pili kokoke loa - ke poʻo kahe a Caucasian.

Rod Boygy - Boiga

Boyga - ʻO Boiga trigonatu (Shneider)

Kulana 109. Boyga

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka nui o ka nahesa, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 94 cm, nona kahi 12-23 cm i ka huelo. Hoʻomaʻalolo ke poʻo i ke ʻāʻī. Hoʻopili ʻia ka muzzle. Kūleʻa ka haumāna. Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia ke kino ma hope. ʻO ka laulā o ka flip i mua ma ka laina e hoʻopili ana i nā kikowaena o nā maka ʻaʻole i emi iho i ka 1.5 manawa ka laulā ma kahi o ka infraorbital. ʻO ka palaki maxillary kokoke ʻaʻole i kāʻei i ka ʻaoʻao ma luna o ke poʻo. Preorbital flap 1, kiʻekiʻe, akā pōkole, ʻaʻole i pili i ka prefrontal. ʻO Postorbital 2, kahi liʻiliʻi loa 3, labiale 8 a 9 paha, ka mea maʻamau o ka 3, 4 a me 5 i paʻi ʻia i nā maka. He haʻalulu paha nā unahi o ke kino, a ʻo nā ʻāpana o ka lāhū lōʻihi e kahe aku ana ma ka pihi he ʻokoʻa paha ka ʻokoʻa o nā unahi o ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ke kino ma ka nui. Ma ke waena o ke kino he 21 mau unahi. Pākuʻi ʻia ka loko o 206-256, sub-caudal 74-96 mau pālua. ʻO ka pale anal mea hoʻokahi ʻāpana. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka umauma he ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻulaʻula, brownish-hina a ʻulaʻula paha-ʻoliva ma ka kala, me nā kaula keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e kū ana i ka puliʻeleʻele ma ka ʻaoʻao. ʻEleʻele ke poʻo ma luna, a i ʻole he ʻeleʻele paha, me kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻulaʻula. He māmā ka ʻōpū, ʻaʻohe wahi ʻole.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan a me Tajikistan. Ke noho maʻamau. Noho ia ma nā pāpū kahawai a me ka pākolo, semi-deses a i nā kaohi pōhaku i loko o nā lau maloʻo nui. Ma kekahi mau wahi he mea maʻamau ia i nā ʻāina māla a me ka lawaiʻa, ʻaʻole ia e pale i ka mea kokoke i ke kanaka. ʻO nā wahi kiaʻi nā ʻōpū o nā rodents a me nā ʻoki i ka lepo. Hoʻoikaika mai Pepeluali a Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa E alakaʻi i ke ʻano ola nocturnal. Mālama nui ia ma nā lepa a me nā manu. Pau a me ka ʻaʻo a puni nā apo o ke kino. ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana ma USSR. Lick 3-11 hua a hiki i 4 cm lōʻihi ma Iulai - ʻAukake. ʻO 24-26 cm ka lōʻihi e loaʻa i Sepatemapa - ʻOkakopa He ʻano pakanalaha iā ia iho i loko o kahi kaʻo e paʻa ai kekahi apo o ke kino ma luna o kahi ʻē aʻe. No nā kāne, ʻaʻole ʻino loa ia. Nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻokoʻa i nā nahesa ʻē aʻe ma Central Asia e kona ʻano kikoʻī like ʻole o kahi kino i lulu ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao a i mua hoʻi o ka nui o nā unahi i hoʻonui ʻia i ka pihi.

Kuhi. 54. ʻO ka boogie scale dorsal

ʻ Snheʻe Genus Lizard - Malpolon

Lika ʻōlohelohe - Malpolon monspessulanus (Hermann)

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kahi nahe nui nui a i ke kino lōʻihi a hiki i 170 cm, nona 40-55 ka noho o ka huelo. ʻO ke poʻo mai ka ʻāʻī loa. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka muzzle i hōʻailona nui i ke ʻano o kahi puʻupuʻu longitudinal, a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kona poʻe ma hope. He puni ka haumāna. He pākiki ka pale mua, ʻo kona laulā ākea ma ka laina e hoʻopili ana i ke kikowaena o nā maka heʻoi aku ma mua o 2 mau manawa ma mua o ka laulā ma kahi o ka infraorbital. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻaoʻao frontal i nā ʻōkia 2 e hāʻule ana ma hope o kekahi. ʻO ka preorbital 1 ka nui, i ka manawa i ka mahele ʻāpana, a me 2, e emi iho i ka 3 postorbital, ma luna o ka labial 8, ma lalo o ka 9, kahi e pili ai i ka 4 a me 5 mau maka i nā maka. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka posterior mandibular e ke ana. Mawaena waena o ke kino ma ka lālani aia he 17 a 19 mauʻu launa laupaʻa, me kēlā me kēia mau puʻupuʻu kēlā me kahi nui o ka pūhaka i ʻike ʻia. Kūpono ka huhū 160-189, sub-caudal 68-102 mau pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO nā ʻōpio ma luna o kahi aniani ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele-ʻulaʻula a hina paha me ka brown, ʻulaʻula a i ʻole nā ​​ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi paha, e noho maikaʻi ʻia nā lālani lōʻihi. He ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo paha nā kihi o nā unahi pākahi o ke kua a me nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino, a he ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻulaʻula ia e hui pū ʻia me nā wahi ʻulaʻula. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ma luna o ke poʻo i kau kahi ʻano o nā symmetrically hoʻonohonoho i nā ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele i kahi kaila māmā. He ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, me nā pupu ʻōpū aʻeleʻele paha a me nā wahi keʻokeʻo, aia, ma ka lālani ma kēlā me kēia palupalu o ka ʻōpū. Ke ulu ka holoholona, ​​nalowale nā ​​wahi ma ke kua a me ka ʻōpū, a ʻo ka poʻe me ka lōʻihi o ke kino ʻoi aku ma mua o 70 cm mai luna mai he mauʻu hina-ʻoliva a i ʻole brownish-hina me ka ʻalani, a me ka ʻōpū ʻole. I nā kiʻikuhi nui, ma ka lālani nui o nā ʻāpana ʻokiʻoki ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ke kino, e hoʻolaʻa maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻōpala uliuli, i hoʻoponopono ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna e kekahi laina kāwele.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAmelika Hema, ʻ Georgialelo Kūkākūkā, Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Chechen-Ingushetia, kahi hema o ke Teravropol Territory a me ka Kalmyk ASSR.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ʻo ia i kahi neoneo e kūleʻa ai, a ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā wahi he nui a me ka nui o nā ʻāpana nunui. Loaʻa nō hoʻi iā ia ma nā wahi lāʻau maloʻo, ma nā pāpū paʻa a me nā wahi ulu lāʻau. Hoʻonohonoho pinepine ia i nā ʻāina kanu, i loko o nā ʻohi, i nā māla waina, nā pāka a me nā ʻāpana o nā waʻa o ka lawaiʻa. Māhele maʻamau. Hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā puʻu o nā rodents like i nā pale. Hoʻoikaika mai Malaki - ʻApelila a Kepakemapa, - ʻOkakopa I ke kauwela wela, e alakaʻi i ka pōkole a me ka pō. Puhi ʻo Prey i ka kali i loko o kahi ʻano hoʻohālike, aneane hoʻohiki i ke alo o ka mua o ke kino a nānā i ke ʻano. E hānai ana i nā koena, ka mea palaki a me nā mea ʻole. I ka manawa mua, hoʻokili ʻo ia i ka mea i make, e hāmama ana kona waha nui, a laila wikiwiki koke ʻo ia iā ia a puni ka pū me nā apo. Hōʻalo nā holoholona liʻiliʻi mai kahi pala i loko o ka 1-2 mau minuke. I Mei - Iune, e hāʻawi ana ka wahine i nā hua he 20 i kēlā me kēia, ke lōʻihi ka lōʻihi ma kahi o 3.5-4.5 cm. ʻO nā ʻōpio a hiki i ka 24 cm lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ʻAukake - Kepakemapa.

Ma ka pilikia o ka pōʻino, holo pinepine ʻia a ke kiola aku nei i ka lua a i ʻole ka lalo o kahi pōhaku, e hoʻomohiki koke i laila ma kahi pōpō. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke peʻe, mālama pinepine ʻo ia i ke ʻano: ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke kino, hoʻoheheʻe nui a hoʻomau, hoʻomā wale i ka pīpī a hiki i ka lele ʻana i 1 m ka lōʻihi i ka ʻenemi. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pōpoki ʻoi nui i kahi kanaka e hōʻeha, akā hoʻopau i ka neʻe hou ʻana i ka mea i hōʻemi ʻia.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Ma Transcaucasia ʻike pinepine ʻia kekahi manawa me ka pua puaa, mai ia ʻokoʻa no ka ʻano ʻāpana a me ka nui.

Loaʻa iā Rod Snake Arrow - Psammophis

Na pua ʻahi - ʻO ka lineolatus Psammophis (Huaʻī) (= Taphrometopon lineolatum)

Ka Palapala 110. Naʻu Piʻo

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. Mīlī, lōʻihi, a hiki i ka 91 cm ulana me kahi o 2.5-3.0 mau manawa pōkole. Ua lohi iki ʻia ke poʻo kuʻekuʻe mai ka ʻāʻī; ʻoi aku kona lōʻihi ma mua o 2 mau manawa ka laula. He puni ka haumāna. ʻO ka pale mua a lōʻihi loa. ʻO ka ʻili o luna o ka muzzle i mea hoʻopiʻi, a paʻa paha nā kihi i hope. ʻO Zygomatic flap lōʻihi a oloka.Preorbital 1 a me 2-3 postorbital, labial 9, kahi mea maʻamau o ka 4, 5 a me 6th pili i nā maka. Miki a waena o ke kino he 17 mau kaulike kūpono. Pākuʻi ʻia o ka pahu 168-204, sub-caudal 71-114 pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. ʻO ke kala o ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino o ka ʻeleʻele-hina, ke one-hina a hina paha. Aia ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa he 4 mau māka a me nā kihi ʻeleʻele e hoʻomaka ana ma nā pale poʻomanaʻo o ke poʻo, ua nalo pinepine a e waiho wale nei ma ke ʻano o ka pōʻeleʻeleʻele, i ka manawa kuʻi. He keʻokeʻo nā ʻōpū, monochrome a i ʻole nā ​​hina, brownish a i ʻole nā ​​ʻeleʻele-hina, i ka manawa i hui pū ʻia i loko o kahi kaula holo mau, e hele ana i waenakonu o kāna kolu mua.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan a me South Kazakhstan, a me Western Transcaucasia (hema hema o Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic).

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ma nā wao nahele, kahi i loaʻa ai ma nā pāpū paʻa a me ka semi-paʻa. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi, noho ia i ka pāpaona a me ka lāʻau o nā ʻōpala popo, i nā ʻōpū o nā puʻu, i nā ʻolo a me nā awāwa mauna, kahi i ʻike ai a hiki i 2600 m ma luna o ke kai. ʻO ka maʻamau ma Asia Central, laha i Transcaucasia. Aia nā ʻōpū i nā ʻōpū o nā rodents, nā pākeke ma lalo o nā pōhaku a me nā kumu pāpaʻi pōkole o nā ulu lāʻau wao nahele. Hoʻoikaika mai Pepeluali - Malaki a ʻOkakopa. Mālama ʻo ia i nā mea kuahiwa wao nahele. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka pio i hopu ʻia i kekahi mau apo o ke kino. Make ka makehewa mai ka hue ma hope o kahi kekona. I Iune - Iulai ka lohi o ka wahine 3-11 ikaika i ka hua nui o ka nui 3-5.5.5 cm.ʻO nā hua ʻōpio a hiki i ka 35 cm lōʻihi i kū mai i Iulai - ʻAukake. Hōʻea nā mea ʻoki uila, neʻe me ka wikiwiki nui ma luna o ke one a ma mua hoʻi o ke kumu lāʻau o nā lāʻau lāʻau, e kū pinepine i nā lālā, e kali ana i ka waiwai. No kahi kanaka, ʻaʻole ʻona nā pōpoki o nā pua a i nā nahesa, akā ʻaʻole ka mea ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā ʻona e hōʻona.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Mai nā ʻili ʻē aʻe e noho ana ma ke one, kahi ʻokoʻa ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi kino lōʻihi a ʻōpio, mai nā ʻula ʻapo e ke ʻano o ka hiʻohiʻona ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo.

Lāla ʻili, a i ole zering, - Psammophis schokari Pākuʻi

Ka Palapala 111. Pūhā Sand

Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka nui o ka nahesa, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 95 cm a ma kahi o ka 3-4 mau manawa pōkole. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kahi poʻo liʻiliʻi i ke ʻāʻī. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo ma mua o 2 mau manawa i kona laulā. He puni ka haumāna. He lōʻihi ka pale pale mua, pihi i hope. ʻO ka ʻili o luna o ka muzzle i mea hoʻopiʻi, a paʻa paha nā kihi i hope. ʻO Zygomatic flap lōʻihi a oloka. Preorbital 1, postorbital 2, labial 8-11, kahi maʻamau o ka 5 a me ka 6 e pa i nā maka. Miki a waena o ke kino he 17 mau kaulike kūpono. Kuhiā kikowaena 174-191, sub-caudal 107-123 pālua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka pale kaua. He ʻokoʻa loa ka kalaana. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ma luna o ke kino i ka hapanui o ka mea he brown brown, ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele, ka hina hina-brown a ʻoloka paha, me 2 mau kaula lōʻihi e hoʻomaka ana mai ka maka a e hoʻomau i ka neʻe o nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo a me ke kino. Holo ka holo ʻōwili pālua manamana i ke kuahiwi, ma nā ʻaoʻao a ʻoi kekahi mau poli ʻeleʻele loa i ke kaʻe ʻeleʻele. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ma luna o ke poʻo, he ʻano huinahina ʻano maʻamau, maʻamau i ka nānā ʻana i nā kālani like ʻole symmetrically i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā ʻano parietal a me kahi wahi e poepoe ai ma waena o lākou, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka haʻi ʻia. ʻAʻole like me ka pua-kahe na ka maka, ʻaʻole hele pololei ka poʻo poʻo i nā kī iʻeleʻele e hoʻomau ana i ke kino. ʻEleʻele a ʻōpū paha ka ʻōpū me nā wahi pōkole liʻiliʻi ma nā kihi a i waena o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, i kekahi manawa e hui pū ʻia i nā kaula lōʻihi.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Kahi ʻia i loko o ka USSR no kekahi mau huna i mined ma ke Komohana hema o Turkmenistan.

Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia. Noho ia ma nā ʻōpū maloʻo maloʻo me ka uahi pua a nui a me nā mea kanu lāʻau hoʻi. E hānai ana i nā lizards. Hoʻomoe ma ka waiho ʻana i ka hua manu. ʻAʻole pono kānaka no ke kanaka.

Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe mai kahi maka mamao, ka pua-nahe, a me ke kino ʻoki a me ke ʻano hiʻohiʻona i hōʻike ʻia ma luna aʻe o ka ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo.