Manaʻo nā hale pāpale i nā holoholona gregarious, ma muli o kēia hiʻohiʻona e hilahila, ʻaʻole i kaohi a ʻoluʻolu ʻole.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole kēia kumu o ke kumu, akā he nui ka poʻe e ʻike he mau naʻauao maikaʻi ʻole, he noʻonoʻo kilokilo a me ka hana wikiwiki.
ʻO Clever Hans, kaulana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa no kona mākaukau e "kamaʻilio"
Ua hōʻoia ʻia ʻo ia i hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki i hala aku ai e ka mea nona ka lio Kelemania a me kahi mea hana kekona kolona Karl Krall.
Ua hoʻomaka ʻo kona kaulana e like me ke kumu kula lio nui me ka mea nāna i kūʻai i kahi trikter ʻo Orlov i kapa ʻia ʻo Hans. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia lio, no ka mea, me ka mea nona ka mea i mua e hoʻokau a puni ka aneane a puni o Kelemania, loaʻa iā ia kahi inoa e like me ka "ʻenekema loio" a me ka inoa like "Smart Hans". Hōʻike ka lio i nā pono matematika maopopo.
I kekahi hihia, ʻike maopopo ʻo ia i ka helu ʻana ma kona noʻonoʻo, no ka mea i nīnau ʻia ʻo ia me nā pilikia matematika ma kahi ʻano ʻano, hiki iā ia ke kiʻi i ka pane pololei ma ka papa.
Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka nīpī i lanakila loa kēia hanana a hiki iā Wilhelm von Osten, nona ka lio i ia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki ke kū ʻole i ka hoʻouka ʻana, a lawe ʻia ia iā K. Krall. Ma kahi o kēia lio, loaʻa nō iā Karl i ʻelua mau lio ʻĀpana - ʻo Muhammad lāua ʻo Tsarif a me kekahi pony i kapa ʻia ʻo Hansik. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i kaupalena ʻole i nā lio: ʻokoʻa aku iā lākou, loaʻa iā ia kekahi keiki bipi Kama a me kahi lio makapō maoli, nona ʻo Berto kona inoa. ʻAʻole pono kēia i hiki i Karl Krall ke kiʻi i nā lako helu e hōʻike nei ʻaʻole pono ke kaʻina aʻo aʻo i hoʻokahi no ka lio aloha kūikawā.
Hans me kana kumu, Krall.
ʻO ka mea lanakila Nobel, ka mea kākau M. Meterlink, i kākau hope loa e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua a Kraal, me ka mālama ʻana iā ia ma kahi puke i loko o kāna puke "Unknown Guest". Hoʻokahi ʻo Karl Kraal iā Meterlink e kipa iā ia, i hiki iā ia ke ʻike mai i kona ʻike ponoʻī i ka hiki i kāna mau holoholona.
E like me ka mea ma mua o Clever Hans, hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Karl i kāna aʻo ʻana e pili ana i ka pā ʻana i nā hoofs ma ka papa o nā pane i nā pilikia pākuʻi. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i palena ʻo Karl i nā pilikia arithmetic. Inā ma nā haʻawina makemakika ua pili ʻia ka helu me nā helu ʻē aʻe i kēlā me kēia helu, a laila i loko o nā haʻawina o ke kākau ʻana a me ka heluhelu ʻana, ua kamaʻilio ʻia kekahi a i ʻole i kekahi mau leka. ʻOiaʻiʻo, no ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻo Karl i ka hoʻohana maʻamau i ka "kanaka" maʻamau i ke aʻo ʻana: no kēia hana ua hoʻomohala ʻo ia i kahi pīpī kūikawā no nā lio.
Maʻalahi paha kēia ʻano hoʻokele, akā ua ʻike ʻo Karl i kāna hana ʻana a ua hoʻōki ua mau lio iaʻu me ka nui o ka hoʻoikaika. A i hiki i ka mea lohe ke hoʻomaopopo i ka mea "kīkē" ka lio, ua hōʻike ʻia lākou me kahi hoʻolālā e wehewehe ai i kēia kiʻi.
Ua ʻike nui ʻia ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana ma ke ʻano o Karl Krall.
Eia naʻe, e hoʻi mākou i ka M. Meterlinka. ʻO ka mua, ua hoʻolauna lākou iā ia i kahi lio nona ka inoa ʻo Muhammad. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Karl, ʻo ka lio "kākau" i ka inoa ʻo Meterlink, i ʻōlelo ʻia i kekahi manawa i kekahi manawa. Hopu māmā ka lio a laila hana i kekahi mau punches me kona ʻākau a waiho ʻia nā hoove, a i ʻatikala ʻia i kā Krall e pili ana i ka leka "M". Ma hope o kēia, huli ka lio i ka paʻi ʻana i nā leka ADRLINSH, a laila e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ka inoa o ka mea kākau i ke ʻano o ka lio.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hana pākaukau e ka momona momona ʻo Gansik i haʻi ʻia. I ka manaʻo ʻana o Meterlink e hoʻokaʻawale iā Hansik ʻehā haneri a me kanahākumamākahi i ʻehiku, a laila ʻaʻole kānalua o Hansik i kahi manawa e kī ai i ʻekolu mau pu me kona puʻe ʻākau a ʻeono mau pū me kona lima hema, e pili ana i ka helu he kanaonokumamākolu. A i ka wā e paipai ʻia ai ka ponies, ua huli ʻo "Hansik" i ka huli, ua huli ka 63 i ka 36, a laila hana hou iā ia. Me ke leʻa me nā helu, maopopo maoli nō ia. A no laila ʻaʻohe wahi hilahila, ua noi ʻo Meterlink iā ia i nā helu.
Ma hope o kekahi manawa, ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo Karl i ka quackery.
Ua ʻōlelo nui ʻia ʻaʻole i pili ʻo Karl Krall i nā lio i ka wā o ka hōʻike, ʻaʻole ia i hāʻawi i nā hōʻailona iā lākou a ʻaʻole i haʻi i ka ʻōlelo. I loko o ka'ōlelo, ʻaʻohe mea e hōʻike i ka mālamalama. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo Karl foresaw skepticism mai nā hoahele, no laila ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻo Berto, he lio piha makapō. Ua aʻo ʻia ʻo Karl iā ia i ka lāʻau e hoʻohana ana i nā pā māmā ma kona ʻaoʻao.
He ʻano haʻahaʻa nā ʻano aʻo a Krall. ʻAʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia kēia i ke aʻo ʻana. Ua ʻōlelo ikaika ʻo ia me nā lio, me ka mālama pono ʻole i kahi lio makapō.
ʻO ka hoʻokō nui loa ʻo ia ka mea i hiki i nā lio ke kamaʻilio me ko lākou haku. Ma kahi laʻana, ma mua o kekahi haʻawina, hoʻopili ʻo Tsarif i nā huaʻōlelo ma kēia papa: "Ua hōʻoki ʻo Albert i kā Hansik." Ma kekahi haʻawina ʻē aʻe, hōʻole ʻo ia e hāʻawi i nā pane, ma mua i ka paʻi ʻia "ʻeha ʻo ka wāwae." ʻAʻole naʻe i hāʻawi i ka elepani Kama i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana. Akā, ua wehewehe ʻo Karl i kēia me ka nele o ka ʻike naʻauao i ka elephant, akā i kona wā ʻōpio.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua loaʻa koke nā hopena o nā hana a Krall, e hōʻike koke i kēia "ʻimi hoʻomaʻamaʻa") i ʻoi aku e hōʻike i nā lio i kūkulu i ka naʻauao. Ma muli o ka lohi ʻo ka psychologist ʻo O. Pfungst ka mea i holo mua e hele aku iā von Osten. Wahi a nā ʻōlelo i hala, ua hāʻawi ka mea nona ʻo Smart Hans iā ia i nā hōʻailona me ka maopopo ʻole e pili ana i ka pane.
Ma ke ʻano o Krall, hoʻomau lākou e aʻo i kēia lā.
Akā he kumu paʻakikī ʻo Karl Krall a ua ʻae kēia i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa. Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Pfungst e hoʻomaʻamaʻa me nā lio a ʻae ʻia e nīnau i nā nīnau i nā lio, e hoʻokaʻawale ana iā lākou mai ka mea nona me ke kōkua o ke kihi, kīwī a me nā shor. Akā, ua mau ʻia nā hopena: pane pololei nā lio. Hāʻawi lākou i nā pane pololei ʻole i ka haʻalele o ka haku i nā manawa pinepine ma mua o kona alo.
No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike o ka naʻauao i nā lio, ʻaʻole ia i luku wale i ka kaulana o Karl Krall, akā ua hoʻonui ʻia hoʻi. ʻO kekahi kumu, ʻo ia mau luminaries ʻepekema o Kelemania e like me E. Haeckel, G. Ziegler a me V.F. Oswald a me ka mea noiʻi Lūkini ʻo N. Koltsov i ʻike i ka waiwai nui ʻepekema o ka hana a Krall. A aʻo ʻē ʻo G. Ziegler i kāna ʻīlio ma mua o ke ʻano o Krall o kona mau lio.
Me he mea lā ua hoʻokō ʻia ka kūleʻa ʻana. Akā aia kekahi poʻe hiki ʻole ke kala i ka lio i ka mua o ka naʻauao, a me ka mea nona - ka wiwo o ka noʻonoʻo.
ʻOiai ke kumu o ka alakaʻi ʻana i nā kānaka ʻepekema i hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka noʻonoʻo o nā hoʻokolohua a Karl Krall, kahi hui o nā loea liʻiliʻi o nā limu, nā kaila, nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa, nā mea loina, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole i pili i ka ʻepekema, alakaʻi ʻia e ka Pfungst i ʻōlelo ʻia, ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻoweliweli i nā hopena o ka hana a Krall. Kūleʻa Monaco. " Ua haʻi kēia "palapala" i ka hana a Krall e hoʻopōʻino ʻia i ka zoopsychology, e wehewehe ana i nā hana a nā holoholona wale nō me nā reflexes a me nā hana leʻaleʻa. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hui pū ka halepule ma ia mea, he mea huhū ʻia e ka "hōʻino" ʻo Krall, ka mea i kau i ka lā like me ka "ʻano a me ka ʻano like me ke Akua" nā holoholona aloha, ʻaʻohe ona kuleana i ka ʻuhane wale nō no ka mea ua hoʻoholo nā makua ʻo ka hale pule.
I ka manawa a ka hoʻomākaʻikaʻi ʻia ʻana i ka poʻe luna, ua hāholo ʻia ke kaulana o Karl. Ua koho ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mele ku i ka inoa o 1000 o nā inoa o nā kamaʻāina liʻiliʻi a me ke ʻano o ka ʻike ʻana i nā kānaka ʻepekema kaulana.
A ʻaʻole koke ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua Mua. Ua noi ʻia nā lio no ka pono o ka pūʻali koa. A ʻoiai ma hope o ke kaua ʻana ʻo Karl Kral me ka ʻimi ikaika i kona mau lio, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i kūleʻa. Ua make lākou a pau i ka luku like ʻole e hoʻomaka ʻia e ke "ʻuhane" "i ke kiʻi a me ke ʻano o ke Akua."
ʻAʻole paha ʻoe e ʻimi i nā kaikunāne i ka noʻonoʻo i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e nānā?
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
ʻAʻole "ʻaʻole" a "ʻaʻole" nā mea nui loa
Ke kiʻi ʻana e Natalia Bush
ʻO ka wahine poʻokela o nā keiki ʻO Olga Vysotskaya he mele "Grammar Funny"
ʻAʻole naʻe a ʻaʻole nō - aia mākou i nā ʻāpana.
Pono mākou e ʻōlelo hou iā lākou.
A mai hoʻomalalala
A ^ a ʻaʻole nō he hola ʻaʻole naʻe nalowale!
I kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiaʻiʻo, loaʻa nā hapa nui. Hāʻawi lākou i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā luhi o nā huaʻōlelo o nā huaʻōlelo, nā kīʻōlelo a me nā mana, a hiki ke loaʻa i ka nui o nā ʻano ʻōlelo.
- O WAU ʻaʻole naʻe liuliu.
— Ua hana oeoe ʻaʻole naʻe i ka h?
- O WAU oia no ʻaʻole paʻa.
— ʻO ia paha aole makau?
- ʻAʻole i hiki pōkole!
— Koʻolau ʻaʻole ʻoe e kānalua!
- O WAU ʻaʻole naʻe liuliu manao, ina ʻaʻole makemake E hiki mai ana ka ua.
Hoʻololi wale nā lihi ("ʻaʻole", "inā ʻaʻole", "ʻo", "" maoli "," at all "a pēlā aku), akā loaʻa kahi kamaʻilio maoli! Ua kapa ʻia nā ʻōpū "semant" no ka mea ke hōʻike nei lākou i nā nuance semant, nā manaʻo a me nā ʻano o ka haʻi ʻōlelo. Akā e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ka like loa ma ka "glance" ʻole "a" ʻaʻole ".
No ke aha i makemake ai ka ʻōlelo Lūkini i ʻelua mau hewa i ka manawa hoʻokahi? Hoʻokahi like lākou me nā kaikunāne māhoe. Akā ʻoi ʻia paha nā māhoe like ʻokoʻa.
Me ka huahele "ʻaʻole", maʻalahi nā mea a pau - hōʻole ʻo ia i ka ʻōlelo e kū ana ma hope ona:
ʻaʻole moa he moa, akā he moa.
ʻaʻole keʻokeʻo akā ʻeleʻele hoʻi
ʻaʻole puaʻa, akā he cackling
ʻaʻole ma luna o ka hale, akā, i loko o ka heihei moa.
He aha ka hana a ka "ni"? He nui hoʻi kāna hana:
E nānā i kahi huaʻōlelo mai kahi moʻolelo a Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky: “He aha ʻaʻole nō 'Lelo lākou, akā e aʻo ka grammar ʻaʻole naʻe nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka pono hoʻohana olelo, i.e. pololei olelo, heluhelu a kākau aku i loko o kekahi i ka ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe. Kāna kumuhana a me kāna kumu - akau, a ī ʻaʻole nō He aha kāna mea e mālama ai. "
"ʻAʻole" ma nā kūlana ʻelua, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, hoʻoikaika i ka hōʻole: ʻelua i loko o ka hui "ʻaʻole ʻia he mea a lākou e ʻōlelo ai", a me nā hui like ʻole "no ka mea ʻole." Ma ke ala, i ka hopena o ka lua, "ʻaʻole" ʻaʻole ia he pālona, akā he māhele o ka hua'ōlelo maikaʻi "ʻaʻohe mea", aia i ka hihia genitive me kahi hoʻomākaukau. Eia kahi ʻōlelo kaulana ʻē aʻe: "ʻaʻohe", "ʻaʻohe", "ʻaʻole", "ʻaʻohe mea", ʻaʻohe mea liʻiliʻi, "ʻaʻohe mea iki". Akā ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o ka pehea" e kanalua. No ke aha he "ʻaʻole" a ʻaʻole "ʻaʻole"?
ʻO nā hana “ʻaʻole kekahi” ʻē aʻe a "ʻē aʻe" ʻē aʻe, "ʻē aʻe" i kū ai ka mea hōʻike ʻia "wai" a "he aha" i kū i nā hihia kūkaʻa ʻole me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana a me nā prepositions ("ʻaʻohe ʻē aʻe." like "," ʻoi aku ʻole "akā," ʻoi aku ʻole "," ʻaʻole i koe ʻē "," a me kekahi mea. " "(ʻO lākou nō, hiki nō ke kū i nā hihia like ʻole, ʻelua ʻole me ka wā ʻole a me ka hoʻomākaukau). Pehea e pale aku ai i kēia? E hoʻāʻo mākou e hoʻohālikelike i nā huaʻōlelo o nā huaʻōlelo:
"Ua ___ ia aole i koelike me kuʻu hoa aloha. " - "ʻAʻohe ʻē aʻe e kuʻu hoa, ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke ʻike i kēlā, "
"Leu ʻAʻohe mea wale nō kuhihewa maʻalahi. " - "ʻAno wale nō ʻoluʻolu, ʻaʻole ia e kuhihewa, "
"Ua hālāwai ʻo ia me ka mea ʻē aʻe me ke alii wahine. " - "Me ka mea ʻē aʻe Aliʻi, ʻaʻole ʻo ia e ʻae e hālāwai, "
"ʻAe ʻo ia ʻAʻohe mea wale nō i ke pelekikena. " - "ʻAno wale nō ma ke ʻano he pelekikena, ʻaʻole ʻo ia e ʻae. "
ʻO nā ʻano like o kēia mau huaʻōlelo he like loa, akā naʻe kekahi ʻokoʻa nui: ʻo ka ʻōlelo mua ma kēlā me kēia pālua i noi ai i kekahi mea, e kuhikuhi ana i kahi kanaka wale nō, ʻaʻole hewa ka lua, akā ke kāpae ʻana i ka mea āpau akā hoʻokahi wale nō, a hoʻoikaika i ka ʻōlelo.
Mai kēia mau hiʻohiʻona, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kahi rula maʻalahi: inā he paukū me kahi hui "e like me", Laila kākau mākou i ka peʻahi"ʻaʻole naʻe"Inā hoʻohana ʻia kahi hui (a i ʻole i hoʻopili ʻia)"Ma waho aʻe o"- pono ʻoe i ka pelule"ʻaʻole ʻole"a ʻole"ʻaʻohe mea iki"." ʻO kekahi "hōʻailona": inā ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "aole i koe"Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e ka huaʻōlelo"pololei loa", Pono ʻoe e kākau i ka pālolo"ʻaʻole naʻe"." E nānā hou i kā mākou mau hiʻohiʻona:
"Ua ___ ia (aole i koe) pololei loa e kuu hoaaloha kahiko, "keia pololei loa kuhihewa, "hālāwai ʻo ia pololei loa me ke alii wahine, "" Ua ae ia pololei loa i ka pelekikena "- he kūpono nā mea a pau a maopopo hoʻi ma aneʻi. ʻAʻole loli ka manaʻo.
A inā hoʻāʻo mākou e hana i kahi pani kuʻuna i nā papa me ka pālolo "ʻaʻole nō»?
«Kū pololei ʻaʻole hiki i koʻu hoa aloha ke ʻike i kēia, ""Hoʻohālikelike kēia e hōʻole mai iā ia, ""Kū pololei ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻae e hālāwai me ke aliʻi wahine ”,“Kū pololei ʻaʻole ia e ʻae i ka pelekikena "... E like me kāu e ʻike nei, i kēia mau manaʻo i hāpai ʻia ke ʻano. A i ʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohui pū i ka "pololei", e like me Belinsky i hana ma kāna huaʻōlelo: ". grammar pololei loa ao aku aole mea hou ae aie like me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻōlelo. "
Ka Heluhelu ʻĀina: