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† Pachycephalosaurus

Sandy Cast, Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Royal Ontario

Hoʻonui hou o ka helehelena

Kahi ʻano ʻepekema

Aupuni:

Eumetazoi

Moulou

Nā lāʻau kikowaena

Maikuhi:

† Pachycephalosaurus

Kāhea:

† Pachycephalosaurus

Inoa kaʻepekema ʻenehana

Pachycephalosaurus
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943

Dracorex Bakker et al. , 2006
ʻO Stenotholus Giffin et al. 1988
Stygimoloch Galton & Sues, 1983
Tylosteus Leidy, 1872

Hogwartsi Dracorex
Bakker et al. , 2006
Hogwartsia Dracorex
Bakker et al. , 2006
ʻO ka grangeri Pachycephalosaurus
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943
Pachycephalosaurus reinheimeri
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943
Stenotholus kohleri
Giffin et al. 1988
Stenotholus kohlerorum
Giffin et al. 1988
ʻO wyomingensis Troodon
Gilmore, 1931
Stygimoloch spinifer
Galton & Sues, 1983

miliona mau makahiki	He manawa	Uei	Aeon
2,588	Naau
2,588	Ka	P a n e R e pili ana s e e pili ana th
23,03			Neogene
66,0			ʻO Paleogen
145,5	kahi ʻāpana o ka pala		M e s e e pili ana s e e pili ana th
199,6	Yura
251	Kaʻāina
299	Permian		P a la l e e pili ana s e e pili ana th
359,2	Kālā
416	ʻAloni
443,7	Poliki
488,3	Hoʻokele
542	Kōmike
4570	Precambrian

Pachycephalosaurus (lat.Pachycephalosaurus) - he genus o nā dinosaurs pachycephalosaurids, loaʻa kekahi ʻano hoʻokahi - ʻO ka wyomingensis Pachycephalosaurus. ^ E Ha yM. Noho noho ʻia ma ka lā Cretaceous kiʻekiʻe (ʻo Maastrichtian makahiki) i ka ʻāpana o nā ʻĀmelika Hema. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Fossil o pachycephalosaurus i ʻike ʻia i United States (Montana, South Dakota a me Wyoming) a me Kanada (Alberta).

Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ua ʻike ʻia ka pachycephalosaurus i ka mea kanu, akā ʻo ka ʻike ʻana o kāna ʻūlū me nā niho posterior i mālama ʻia e like me nā niho o ka nui o Mesozoic theropod i hōʻike ʻia he omnivorous, a loli ka ʻai i kēlā me kēia manawa i kēia manawa, no laila e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ka ʻai ʻana o nā bea. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi o nā niho kaʻawale e pili ana i nā theropod a loaʻa i nā ʻano ʻano kahi i noho ai ʻo ka pachycephalosaurus nona. ʻO Pachycephalosaurus kekahi o ka hoʻomehana non-avian hope loa ma mua o ka hoʻopu ʻana o ka Cretaceous-Paleogene.

E like me nā pachycephalosaurids, ʻo ka pachycephalosaurus he holoholona bipedal (bipedal) me kahi haleahi cranial ikaika loa. He lōʻihi kona ʻū me nā forelegs liʻiliʻi. ʻO Pachycephalosaurus ka mea i kaulana nui o ka hui like o ka pachycephalosaurus. ʻO nā domes cranial hohonu o ka pachycephalosaurus i hāpai i ka hypothesis i hoʻohana nā pachycephalosaurs iā lākou i nā kaua intraspecific.

Ma mua, ua hoʻopili wale ʻia nā mea o nā pākeke ma ka pachycephalosaurus, ma muli o kāna ontogenesis (e ulu ana ka ulu ʻana), akā, ua ʻike ʻia ka waiho ʻia ʻana o ka fossil i ka genera Dracorex a Stygimoloch, i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i nā poʻe ʻōpio o ka pachycephalosaurus, a me ke koho ʻana o kēia mau genera ma ke kumu o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka iwi dome me ke kūlana a me ka nui o nā spines he pololei, ʻoiai ua loli maoli kēia mau mea i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana.

Pehea e hoʻohala ai

ʻAʻole paʻakikī ia Taming Pachy - e hoʻokuʻi iā ia e pono ʻoe i hoʻokahi pōhaku a me ka hapalua hola, a i ʻole nā pua kīwī me 1-5. Meaʻai punahele - nā hua ʻai Mezhuberry, nā mea kanu a me nā huaʻai (makemake i nā ʻuala, ka lemona, nā kāloti) a me ka meaʻai maloʻo ma luna o Dilo Egg.

Ke kuhi ʻoe iā ʻoe, ʻaʻole ʻoe e hiki ke hoʻohana iā Groin e halihali i nā kalakona he nui, akā e kiʻi ʻoe i kahi kuahiwi maikaʻi e lawe aku iā ʻoe mai kahi wahi pilikia ʻole, a hiki ke kū aʻe no ka mea nona, e kau nei i nā mana poʻokela ikaika i ka mea hoʻokūkū hiki.

Pachycephalosaurus

† Pachycephalosaurus

Sandy Cast, Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Royal Ontario

Hoʻonui hou o ka helehelena

Kahi ʻano ʻepekema

Aupuni:

Eumetazoi

Moulou

Nā lāʻau kikowaena

Maikuhi:

† Pachycephalosaurus

Kāhea:

† Pachycephalosaurus

Inoa kaʻepekema ʻenehana

Pachycephalosaurus
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943

Dracorex Bakker et al. , 2006
ʻO Stenotholus Giffin et al. 1988
Stygimoloch Galton & Sues, 1983
Tylosteus Leidy, 1872

Hogwartsi Dracorex
Bakker et al. , 2006
Hogwartsia Dracorex
Bakker et al. , 2006
ʻO ka grangeri Pachycephalosaurus
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943
Pachycephalosaurus reinheimeri
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943
Stenotholus kohleri
Giffin et al. 1988
Stenotholus kohlerorum
Giffin et al. 1988
ʻO wyomingensis Troodon
Gilmore, 1931
Stygimoloch spinifer
Galton & Sues, 1983

miliona mau makahiki	He manawa	Uei	Aeon
2,588	Naau
2,588	Ka	P a n e R e pili ana s e e pili ana th
23,03			Neogene
66,0			ʻO Paleogen
145,5	kahi ʻāpana o ka pala		M e s e e pili ana s e e pili ana th
199,6	Yura
251	Kaʻāina
299	Permian		P a la l e e pili ana s e e pili ana th
359,2	Kālā
416	ʻAloni
443,7	Poliki
488,3	Hoʻokele
542	Kōmike
4570	Precambrian

ʻIke moʻolelo

Kaulana ka pachycephalosaurus no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi iwi nunui a hiki i 25 sentimeter ka mānoʻa ma luna o kona ʻōpala, kahi mea e hoʻopalulu i nā mea hōʻalo. Hoʻopaʻi ʻia ka hope o ka dome e nā iwi ʻōiwi a me nā iwi pōkiki e kūlū ana mai luna mai ka muzzle. ʻO ka piʻaka he paha i ʻoi aku ka koʻo.

He pōkole kona ʻōpala a he mau maka palahalaha nui o ka maka e kū nei i mua, e hōʻike ana he maikaʻi nā maka o nā holoholona a hiki iā ia ke ʻano ʻike kīnā ʻole. He muzzle liʻiliʻi ka pachycephalosaurus, kahi i hoʻopau ʻia me kahi pahu nui. He liʻiliʻi nā niho me nā lei lei lau. Ua kākoʻo ʻia ke poʻo e ka ʻāʻī o ke ʻano he "S" a i ʻole "U". I nā poʻe ʻōpiopio, ua loaʻa nā pachycephalosaurs i nā ʻololilo ʻolua me nā puʻupuʻu nui e puʻe mai ana i hope o ka iwi ʻula. I ka ulu ʻana o ka holoholona, ulu nā pū a puni, a nui ka dome.

ʻO ka pachycephalosaurus he bipedal (bipedal) a ʻo ia ka pachycephalosaurus nui (nui dinosaur-poʻo). Ua kuhi ʻia ua hiki aku ka pachycephalosaurus i ka lōʻihi o 4.5 mika ka lōʻihi a kaupaona paha ma kahi o 450 kilograms. He manawa pokole ʻo ia, pōkole, pōkole, pōkole kino, nā wāwae ʻeha lōʻihi a me kahi huelo koʻikoʻi, he paʻakikī paha ia i ka tends ossified (ossified).

ʻIke moʻolelo

ʻO nā fosilona no ka pachycephalosaurus e ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1850. Ma ke ʻano o Donald Baird, i ka makahiki 1859 a i ka 1860 paha, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Ferdinand Vandiver Hayden, kahi kolamu o nā fossder mai North America West, i kahi ʻāpana o ka iwi ma kahi kokoke i ke kumu o ke kahawai o Missouri, i kēia manawa ua kapa ʻia ʻo Lance Formation ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Montana. ʻO kēia specimen, i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo ANSP 8568, i wehewehe ʻia e Joseph Lady ma 1872 i pili i ka mea nona ke aʻoki i kahi holoholona reptile. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka pōkole i kahi ʻanoʻano hou. Tylosteus. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kona ʻano maoli a hiki i ka wā hou o Baird i hoʻoponopono ʻia ai ma mua o hoʻokahi kenekulia ma hope a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka iwi scaly (iwi ma ka hope o ka skull) o ka pachycephalosaurus, me kahi pūʻali o nā protrusions bony e pili ana i nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka pachycephalosaurus. Mai ka inoa Tylosteus preceded by ka inoa Pachycephalosaurus, e like me ke International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, ʻoi ʻia ka inoa mua. I ka makahiki 1985, ua noi ʻo Baird ma hope Tylosteus inoa inoa Pachycephalosaurus, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ka inoa hope no nā makahiki he kanalima, ua kau ʻia ia ma luna o nā kumuwaiwai o off-diagnostic a me nā kūlana kahi kūpono a me ke kūlana stratigraphic. ʻAʻole paha kēia ka hopena o ka moʻolelo, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Robert Sullivan i ka makahiki 2006 ua like ka ANSP 8568 e like me ka iwi pili Dracorexma mua o ka iwi pachycephalosaurus. Eia nō naʻe, eia ka nīnau maopopo ʻole kēia nīnau, no ka mea, ua hōʻike hou nā noi ʻana i waiho ʻia ka fossil i pili Dracorex, lilo i nā poʻe ʻōpio o ka pachycephalosaurus.

ʻO ka wyomingensis Pachycephalosaurus, ka mea maʻamau a me kēia manawa wale nō ka mea kūpono o ka pachycephalosaurus, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Charles Gilmore i ka makahiki 1931. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kēia inoa no kahi pale skull USNM 12031 mai Lance Formation ma Nyobrara County, Wyoming. Ua hōʻike ʻo Gilmore i kāna ʻano hou i ka troodon, e wehewehe ana iā ia e like me ʻO wyomingensis Troodon . ^ E Ha yM. I kēlā manawa, manaʻoʻiʻo nā paleontologists e like ko ka troodon, ʻike wale ʻia e kona mau niho, i like Nā mākelenona nā niho like. Wahi a ia, ʻo kēlā mau genera i kapa ʻia i kēia manawa he pachycephalosaurids no nā ʻohana troodontid, he kuhi hewa ʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia ma ka makahiki 1945 e Charles Sternberg.

I ka makahiki 1943, ua wehewehe ʻo Barnum Brown a me Erich Maren Schleikier i ka huaʻōlelo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waihona hou. Pachycephalosaurus. ^ E Ha yM. Ua kapa lākou i ʻelua mau ʻano: ʻO ka grangeri Pachycephalosaurus, type type of the genus pachycephalosaurus and Pachycephalosaurus reinheimeri. P. grangeri ua kau ʻia ma luna o ka hōʻike AMNH 1696, kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻa piha loa mai ka Hell Creek Formation ma Ekalaka, Carter County, Montana. P. reinheimeri ua hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma luna o ka DMNH 469, i hōʻike ʻia e kahi dome a me kekahi mau mea pili i ka Lance Formation ma Corson County, South Dakota. Ua lawe pū aku lākou i kahi ʻōpiopio kahiko o ka Trojan. huikihiko i kona ohana hou. ʻO kā lākou mau ʻano ʻelua i manaʻo ʻia he mau inoa inoa junior. P. wyomingensis mai 1983

Kaukaʻikaʻi Stygimolochnā mea i hāʻawi ʻia i nā holoholona wale nō - Stygimoloch spinifer, i wehewehe ʻia e ka paleontologist Pelekane ʻo Peter Galton a me ka paleontologist Keleman Hans-Dieter Sue mai ka National Museum of Natural History i ka makahiki 1983. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ia Stygimoloch unuhi ʻia e nā ʻōpala o nā kakalaioa ma hope o kahi ulia, kahi i kūpaʻa ʻia ai kahi pūlima waena nui e 2-3 mau pepeiaohao liʻiliʻi, a he puʻupuʻu kiʻekiʻe hoʻi. Ua maopopo hou ia ke kii ana a pau i kuhikuhiia i Stygimolochnona nā pachycephalosaurs makua, a Stygimoloch, ʻae ʻia, ʻo ia nō ka mea ʻona like ʻole no ka pachycephalosaurus.

Ka inoa inoa Stygimoloch ua hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka inoa inoa o ka muliwai Styx, ka mea, ma ka nīnika Helene kahiko, e kahe ma ka lua o lalo, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana iā Hell Creek, a no Moloch, ke akua Kanaʻi pili i ka mōhai keiki, koho ʻia i pili me ka ʻano ʻano maikaʻi o ka holoholona. ʻIke inoa hoʻōla unuhi ʻia he "prickly". ʻO ka inoa piha o nā ʻano, no laila ke ʻano "ʻoiaʻiʻo ke aloha mai ka muliwai Styx."

ʻIke ʻia nā poʻe ʻōpio o ka pachycephalosaurus mai kahi ʻōpio piha piha (TCMI 2004.17.1) a me ʻehā cervical vertebrae (Atlanta, ke kolu, ʻewalu a me ka ʻeiwa). Ua ʻike ʻia lākou ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka lāʻo Hell Creek Plateau ma South Dakota e ʻekolu mau palemona hoʻomalu wahine mai Sioux City, Iowa. Ma hope aku, i ka makahiki 2004, ua lawe ʻia kēlā ʻikepili i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻĀina o Indianapolis no ka noiʻi. I ka wā mua, ua liʻiliʻi nā huaʻai. Hana ʻo nā mea kōkua i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke kaʻe ʻana no nā makahiki ʻelua. Ma ka Mei 22, 2006, ua hoʻolaha ka mōʻaukala i kona komo ʻana i ka hoʻolaha (ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka hanana i hui pū ʻia me ka wehe ʻana o ka Federal Conference on Fossils). Loaʻa ʻia ka ʻike i loaʻa e Robert Bob Backer a me Robert Sullivan ma 2006 ma ke ʻano he genus hou. Dracorex . ^ E Ha yM. A 'o kekahi Stygimoloch, Dracorex ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ia ka inoa ʻōpio hope loa no ka pachycephalosaurus.

ʻO keʻano

Kauʻai

Me nā niho puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole hiki i nā pachycephalosaurs i hōʻuluʻulu i nā mea kanu fibrous e like me ka maikaʻi loa e like me nā dinosaurs ʻē aʻe o ka manawa like. ʻO nā niho dentive hāpū e waiwai loa ia no ka huki ʻana i nā mea kanu, e hōʻike ana e ʻai nā pachycephalosaurs i nā lau, nā hua a me nā hua. Eia kekahi, ʻike pū kekahi i ka ʻai i ka ʻai. Hōʻike ka ʻakaʻawa piha loa i hoʻopuni ʻo ia i nā niho anterior, e like me nā mohena, e like ai me nā niho o nā nonropod carnivorous o nā manu. ʻO ka mea e ʻike ʻia ai, a me nā mea kanu mea kanu, ʻai nō hoʻi ka pachycephalosaurs i ka mammals liʻiliʻi, ka pūpili, ka pāoʻi, a me nā kīleʻa liʻiliʻi paha. Ua manaʻo ʻia, e like me ka meaʻai o nā bea modern, ua loli ko lākou papa ʻana mai ka manawa a hiki i ke kau. Malia paha kekahi mau niho i mālama ʻia i nā theropod e pili ana i ka pachycephalosaurus.

Kahi helu

Pachycephalosaurus hāʻawi i kona inoa i pachycephalosaurs (lat. Pachycephalosauria), kahi māla puaʻa-pakanui-manuʻumi i noho ai i ka hope ʻAmelika ʻĀpana a me ʻAsia. ʻOiai ʻo kona kūlana bipedal, ua pili loa ʻo ia me nā ceratops ma mua o nā ornithopods.

Ma lalo iho nei ke kiki ʻo Evans et al., 2013 .

Ontogenesis

Kuhi hewa hewa i hāʻawi ʻia i kā lākou ʻano genera Dracorex a Stygimoloche like me nā haʻawina hou ʻia i hōʻike ʻia, nona nā pachycephalosaurs, ma muli o ko lākou mau makahiki, ʻaʻole kūpono nā kome a me nā pū. Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia noʻonoʻo ʻana ma ka hālāwai makahiki o 2007 i ke ʻano o ka Vertebrate Paleontology Society. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Jack Horner o ke Kulanui o Montana, ma ke ʻano he loiloi o ka ʻōpala, ʻo ia wale nō ka manaʻo e kau ʻia. Dracorexʻike paha he kūlana maikaʻi kēia dinosaur Stygimoloch. ^ E Ha yM. Eia kekahi, hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā hōʻike i hōʻike i kēlā a Stygimoloch, a ī Dracorex paha nā kumu liʻiliʻi o ka pachycephalosaurus, i hōʻoia hou ʻia.

Horner a me M.B. Ua hoʻopuka ʻo Goodwin i kā lākou hopena i ka makahiki 2009, e hōʻike ana i nā iwi o nā kuʻekuʻe / protrusions a me nā domes o ka ʻūhā o nā 'īlapa' ʻekolu. Dracorexa Stygimoloch Ua ʻike wale ʻia lākou e nā specimens o nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio, ʻoiai ʻo ka pachycephalosaurus i ʻike ʻia e nā specimens o nā poʻe pākeke. ʻO kēia mau mea ʻikea, i ka manawa ʻē i ola ʻia nā ʻano ʻekolu like i ka manawa like a ma ka wahi hoʻokahi, ka hopena i ka hopena Dracorex a Stygimoloch he mau pachycephalosaurs mau makahiki, ka mea i nalowale i ko lākou mau kuʻi i ka makahiki, a ua nui ka nui o kā lākou mau waihona. I kēia hihia, ua hōʻike ʻia ka laʻana Dracorexʻōpio ma mua o nā ʻāpana Stygimoloch, aia nō ka mea ua kokoke kokoke ke lua.

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā skulls cub i pili i ka pachycephalosaurus, i wehewehe ʻia ma ka makahiki 2016 mai nā ʻāpana iwi ʻelua o nā ʻāpana like ʻo Hell Creek, i hōʻike ʻia me kahi hōʻike hou o kēia hypothesis. Ke waiho nei ka fossil e like me ka mea e wehewehe ʻia e David Evans, ʻo Mark Goodwin lāua ʻo Colegmie, ka like o nā huina ʻekolu i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā ʻae ʻāʻī o kā lākou mau ʻuʻuku, a no laila, nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa Stygimoloch a Dracorex ma ka mea, he ʻano morphologically mau i ka pihi ulu pachycephalosaurus. ʻO kēia a me nā haʻawina hou o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka poʻe kahiko i hōʻike ʻia ai nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻūhā i ke ola koke ʻana o ka dinosaur, aʻo ke poʻo kuʻuna me kahi dome i kūkulu hope ʻia.

Ke hōʻike ʻia nei e Nick Longreach a me kāna mau hoa hana ma 2010 i hōʻoia i ka hypothesis ua pachycephalosaurs flat-cranial āpau, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano flat-cranial, e like me ʻO Goyocephale a me homalocephalus, he poʻe ʻōpio lākou, a ʻo nā pāʻeke pākeke o kēia mau genera i loaʻa i ka domes cranial.

Ma ka moʻomeheu

Ua lilo ʻo Pachycephalosaurus i kahi kiʻi i nā puke, nā moʻolelo ʻepekema puke, a me ka hale kiʻi. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona kūikawā o ka pachycephalosaurus ʻo ka kiʻi ʻo "Jurassic Park: The The World World" a me nā kiʻi o ka moʻolelo "Earth before Time." I ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni "Jurassic World 2" i kapa ʻia ʻo stygimoloch Stiggy. I loko o ka franchise, ʻo ka pachycephalosaurus a me stigimoloch he mau holoholona ʻokoʻa like, a ʻoiai ʻo ke loea ʻepekema o ko franchise, ʻo Jack Horner, i hōʻike i ka hele ʻana o ka stigimoloch i loko o ka palapala no ka hewa a noi i ke hoʻololi ʻana me ka pachycephalosaurus, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia.

I ka makahiki 2009, nā keiki pachycephalosaurus i kapa ʻia i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni Dracorex, ua puka i loko o ka hiku ʻehiku o ke kolu o ka manawa ma ka series "Jurassic Portal". I ka manawa like, hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka derona - hoʻāla ʻia kona mau pepeiaohao, ua loli ke ʻano o ke koʻi o nā iwi, a ua hoʻohui ʻia nā lua ʻelua ma ke kua. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia mau mea me ka mea, ma ka moʻolelo, ua hālāwai ka pachycephalosaurus i kahi kime medieval e lawe iā ia no ka deragona a hāʻule i ka manawa o kēia manawa, ka mea i lilo i mānoʻomanaʻo o ka moʻo o ke kahe e hoʻokuʻi ana i ka dragon a hele i Gehena.

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