Pterodactyls (lat. Pterodactyloidea, mai Helene. πτερ | ν - "wing" a me δ κτυλος - "manamana lima") - kahi hana hoʻomalu o nā reptile e lele ana i ka mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa (pterosaurs) e noho ana i nā manawa Jurassic a me Cretaceous.

I 1784, kahi kikoʻī o ke koʻī o kahi mea ʻike ʻole ʻole ʻia ma Bavaria (Kelemānia). Ua hana ʻia kahi ʻalā pōhaku me kahi ʻōmole, a ua hana ʻia hoʻi he kiʻi kiʻi mai ia. Eia naʻe, i kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke hāʻawi i kahi inoa i ka holoholona i loaʻa a kālohi iā ia.

I ka makahiki 1801, hele mai nā koena o ka mea ola i ka ʻepekema Farani ʻo Georges Cuvier. Ua ʻike ʻo ia ua hiki i ka holoholona ke lele a lilo i ke ʻano o ka dinosaurs lele lele. Hāʻawi ʻo Cuvier iā ia i ka inoa - "pterodactyl" (hele mai ka inoa mai ka manamana lima lōʻihi ma ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka pangolin a me kahi membrane hoʻonaninani.

Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi hui kūikawā loa i ke ola i ka lewa. Hōʻano ʻia nā Pterodactyls e kahi ʻōpala koʻikoʻi kahi elongated. Ua liʻiliʻi nā niho. Hoʻokaʻī ʻia ka cervical vertebrae, me ka huaka ʻole cervical. ʻEhā nā wāwae ʻehā mau wāwae, ikaika nā ʻēheu a pālahalaha, nā lūlū lele e lele ana. Hoʻopili loa ka huelo. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā iwi o ka wāwae ʻākau.

ʻAʻole nui ka nui o nā pterodactyls - mai nā mea liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka nui o ka pua, a i nā pteranodons nunui a me nā ʻēheu a hiki i ka 15 mika, nā hulu manu a azhdarchid (quetzalcoatl, aramburgiana) me nā ʻēheu a hiki i ka 12 mika.

ʻAi nā mea ʻuʻuku, nā nui, nā iʻa a me nā holoholona ʻano ʻē aʻe. ʻIke ʻia nā koena o ka pterodactyls mai ka Jurassic kiʻekiʻe a me ka waiho ʻana ma Cretaceous ma ke Komohana o ʻEulopa, ʻĀpana ʻAulopa a me ʻAmelika, ʻAmelika, a me ka ʻāina Volga ma Rūsia. Ma nāʻaoʻao o Volga no ka manawa mua, ua loaʻa ka koena o pterodactyl i 2005.

ʻO ka pterodactyl ka mea nui i loaʻa ma Romania ma ke kūlanakauhale o Sebes, Alba kalana, me nā ʻēheu o 16 m.

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka papa i ka nui o nā ʻohana.

Isstiodactylidae - he ʻohana nona nā luna i noho ma ka Jurassic a me Cretaceous manawa. Loaʻa nā ʻike a pau o kēia ʻohana ma ka ʻākau ʻākau - ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia. I ka makahiki 2011, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻano hou o Gwawinapterus beardi, ma kēia ʻohana. Loaʻa ʻia ma Kanada ma Cretaceous sediment e hoʻomaka nei ma hope o 75 miliona mau makahiki.

Pteranodontidae- He ʻohana nui o nā pterosaurs Cretaceous e noho ana ma ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻEulopa. Hoʻokomo kēia ʻohana i ka huaʻomaʻi ma hope iho: Bogolubovia, Nyctosaurus, Pteranodon, Ornithostoma, Muzquizopteryx. Loaʻa nā koena o Ornithostoma, ke lālā kahiko o ka ʻohana, i ka UK.

Tapejaridae i ʻike ʻia mai Kina a me ʻĀsia ma ke kakahiaka Cretaceous.

Azhdarchidae (inoa inoa mai Ajdarxo (mai ka Persian Azi Dahaka kahiko), kahi deragona mai ka palapala moʻomeheu Persian). ʻIke mua ʻia lākou mai ka hope o ka Cretaceous, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka ʻike o kekahi helu o ka vertebrae i kahi ʻia mai ka Early Cretaceous (140 miliona mau makahiki i hala). ʻO kēia ʻohana kekahi o nā holoholona nui e pili ana i ka ʻepekema.

E huli ka mōʻaukala

• ʻO nā mau pterodactyl mua i loaʻa ma ka 1780 ma ka nui o ka mauʻu Zolnhofen ma kahi o Eichstät i Bavaria (Kelemānia). Ua lawe ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i ka hōʻiliʻili o Count Friedrich Ferdinand. I ka 1784, ua wehewehe ʻia lākou e ka ʻenekana Italia ʻo Cosimo Alessandro Collini.

No ka mea lōʻihi, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ke koena pterodactyl e loaʻa ana i ka holoholona hihiu ʻike ʻole. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ʻepekema Kelemania ʻo Johann Georg Wagler e hoʻohana ʻo pterodactyl i nā ʻēheu e like me ka flippers a he pilina waena ma waena o nā manu a me nā mammals.

• I ka 1800, ua ʻōlelo mua ʻo Johann Herman ua hoʻohana nā pterodactyls i ka manamana ʻehā no ka mālama i ka membrane o ka ʻili. I ka mahina o Malaki o kēlā makahiki, ua hoʻouna ʻo ia i ka French naturalist Georges Cuvier i kahi wehewehe o ka loaʻa a me ka hana hou mua o ka hana o ka pterodactyl. Ua ʻae ʻo Cuvier i ka loaʻa ʻana o Herman, a i ka makahiki 1809 ua hoʻopuka i ka wehewehe kikoʻī loa o nā fossils, e hāʻawi ana iā lākou i ka inoa ʻepekema mua loa ʻo Pterodactyle (mai nā hua ʻōlelo Helene "ptero" - ʻae a me "dactyle" - manamana).
• I ka makahiki 1888, ua kuhikuhi ke kanaka Pelekane Pelekane Richard Lidecker i ka inoa ʻo Pterodactylus antiquus i nā ʻano ʻano.
• ʻOi aku ka nui o 30 mau pterodactyl i mālama ʻia (nā ʻōpū piha a me nā ʻāpana.
• I ka makahiki 2005, ua loaʻa nā koena o ka pīkī lele lele ma nā kapa o Volga ma Lūkini.

Nā ʻano o Pterodactyls

A hiki i ka makahiki 1970, ua loaʻa nā mea āpau o nā pterosaurs i kapa ʻia he pterodactyls. I ka 2000, ua hoʻemi ʻia nā hua o ka pterodactyls i ʻelua mau ʻano. Pterodactylus antiquus a me Pterodactylus kochi.

Wahi a ka papa inoa hou, ua hoʻokomo nā ʻohana ʻehā i ke kauoha pterodactyl:

• Istiodactyls (istiodactylidae),
• Hoʻokomo (Pteranodontidae),
• Tapeyarides (tapejaridae),
• Azhdarchids (azhdarchidae).

He ʻano huila

ʻO Pterodactyls kahi mau pterosaur pōkole liʻiliʻi me kahi kino liʻiliʻi a he poʻo nui i pili i ke kino.

Hōʻike ʻia nā Pterodactyls e kahi ʻāpana o ke kukui elongated me kahi beak nui, kahi ma kahi o 90 mau niho conical kuʻili. Ua ulu nui nā niho i mua o ka pūliki, a i ko lākou komo ʻana i ka waha, nui ka nui o nā niho.

ʻAʻole like me nā ʻano pterosaurs ʻē aʻe, nā pololei o nā lehelehe o ka pterodactyl a ʻaʻole i kahiki.

ʻO ka maka mua ʻo Pterodactyls, no laila, ʻike maoli ʻo ia mai kahi kiʻekiʻe nui, a hoʻomohala i ka cerebellum, nona ke kuleana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe.

Ma ke poʻo o ka dinosaur ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi ala i waena o nā pihi o ka maka i ke kua o ke poʻo. Ua hana ka comb i kahi hana hōʻike hōʻike a hoʻohana ʻia no nā pāʻani lawehala e huki i kahi hoa.

ʻO ka ʻūhā a me ke ʻūwili o ka dinosaur i loaʻa i ka lua nā ea e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o ka iwi.

ʻO nā elele cervical ke kālele ʻia, me ka ʻāʻī ʻā ʻole e kākoʻo ana i kahi lei lōʻihi. ʻO ka pahu nui o ka dinosaur he keila kiʻekiʻe. ʻEā lōʻihi a paʻa ka ʻāʻī, ke kau nei nā iwi pelvic.

He lōʻihi loa nā wīlō o nā dinosaur e pili ana i ke kino a hoʻopau i nā manamana lima ʻehā. Ua hoʻopili ʻia ka membrane (membrane) o ka ʻēheu i ka lōʻihi loa. ʻO nā ʻēheu pterodactyl i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia i nā pihi lateral o ke kino i ka wāwae hind. ʻO nā eheu o ka pterodactyl he 1.04 mau mika.

Kūkulu ʻia nā ʻēheu o ka pterodactyl e ka membrane musculocutaneous i kākoʻo ʻia e nā paleneke collagen, a ma waho o nā ʻāpana keratin e like me ka manu hulu manu a i ʻole nā ​​manamana lima. Hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i kahi kūlana paʻa i ke ʻano o nā ʻēheu a hōʻemi i ko lākou ʻaʻa. I kā lākou hoʻolālā, ua like nā ʻēheu o ka pterodactyls i mau ʻāpana hoʻāla ʻia i loko o nā ʻōpū.

Ua uhi ʻia ke kino o ka pterodactyl me ka lauoho pōkole, e pale ana i ka hypothermia i ka wā o ka lele, a maloʻo nā ʻēheu.

ʻO ka wāwae ʻōʻī a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana ʻekolu. Hoʻopau nā manamana lima me nā kīpī. ʻO kā Pterodactyls i moe e like me nā pā, ma luna, a me nā kīwī e paʻa ana i nā lālā.

He aha kāu mea e ai ai a me ke ʻano o ka nohona

Ua alakaʻi ʻo nā keiki liʻiliʻi i ke ola like me nā manu o kēia lā, i.e. ʻai manu ʻai, noho ma luna o nā lālā lāʻau, etc. Ua hānai nā kānaka nui i nā iʻa a me kekahi mau nīnū liʻiliʻi.

E like me ka ʻike ma waena o nā mea a pau o luna, ʻo ka pterodactyls he mau manu maʻamau, kēlā, ua alakaʻi lākou i ke ala o ke ʻano ola. Noho lākou i ka ʻohana, lele ka lā a ʻimi e ʻimi i ka ʻai, a moe lākou i ka pō. Ma ke ala, moe lākou i ke kūlana like me nā pāiki, i.e. nā paʻa wāwae i nā lālā o nā kumulāʻau a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i lalo. A me nā mea i like me ka mea ʻē aʻe, ua loaʻa kahi ʻano like me kahi - ke kaʻina hana (a hāʻule wale lākou mai ka lewa a hohola i ko lākou mau ʻēheu, inā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke wehe)

Nā kikoʻī kikoʻī o ke kino

ʻO nā eheu, ʻaʻole i like me nā mea pterosaur ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i uhi ʻia me ka huluhulu, ua like lākou me ka ʻili o ka ʻili. He māmā ka pale ʻana no ka mea iwi ka iwi. He kiku liʻiliʻi kekahi, akā ʻo ka hapa nui.

29.05.2013

ʻO Pterodactyls (lat. Pterodactyloidea) pili i nā leka manuahi manuahi, a i ʻole pterosaurs (Pterosauria). I kēia manawa, ua loaʻa ma mua o 20 mau ʻano o kēia mau mea e noho ana ma ka hopena o ka manawa Jurassic.

ʻO ka hapa liʻiliʻi o lākou ka nui o ka manu, a ʻo ka mea nui ka nui i hiki i nā ʻēheu a hiki i 12 m. Ua loaʻa i nā koʻi o nā pua nui i Texas (USA) a ua kapa ʻia ʻo quetzalcoatl. I ka manawa o ko lākou olaʻana, ua uhi ʻia nā expanses o kēia lā i nā kikapu a me nā kahawai liʻiliʻi.

Ke hoʻohiki nei ʻo Quetzalcoatli ma luna o lākou a ʻai iʻa iʻa. ʻO Pterodactyls kahi papahana hoʻonāuki maikaʻi i kūkulu ʻia a me ka ʻike maka.

Ua hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻia kā lākou lolo a hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka lolo o ka nui o ka dinosaurs. Manaʻo nui nā mea noiʻi he mau mea inu wela nā holoholona.

ʻO nā ʻanoʻano o ka manuʻai

Ua noho ʻo Winged dinosaurs ma ko mākou honua i ka manawa Mesozoic. Ua hoʻololi ʻo Pterodactyls i ka hui mua o pterosaurs - ramforinham (Rhamphorhynchus), i loaʻa i ka wā Triassic, a ua hoʻololi hou ʻia iā lākou e ka hopena o ka manawa Jurassic.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻona o pterodactyls e loaʻa i nā iwi huwa a me kahi ʻūhā hūʻaka. Ua hoʻopau ʻia kā lākou huamo, ʻo ke vertebrae o nā pelvic a me nā kāʻei umauma i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o hoʻokahi iwi. ʻAʻohe o lākou kolepa, akā he nui nā lehe poʻohiwi.

ʻO nā mākaʻi o ka hapa nui o ka pterodactyls i paʻa pū me nā niho koʻikoʻi. ʻO kekahi o lākou he mea ʻole loa. ʻAi lākou i ka iʻa, nā pepeke, nā hua o nā mea kanu a me ka plankton wale nō.

He mea aloha i ka plankton ia pterodaustro (Pterodaustro guinazul).

He mau ʻēheu kona e pili ana i ka 120 cm e lele ana ma luna o ka wai i luna a ʻā ʻo ia i kahi hapa wai me kahi beak-kut, ua like like me ka beak o nā pelican hou. Ua kānana ʻo ia iā ia ma nā wahi lehulehu o nā niho liʻiliʻi, a hiki i ka plankton nutritional.

O nā peles lele e lele nane, a ʻo ka hōʻemi liʻiliʻi wale nō i hiki iā ia ke lele lele, a hoʻopaʻi iā ia i ka pōloli.

ʻO ka ʻoihana maikaʻi loa ʻo Pterodactylus grandis. Noho ʻo ia ma ke ʻano o 'o ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika. Noho nā ʻelele o kēia ʻano ʻano i loko o ke kahakai pōhaku, ka mea e ʻona iā lākou e neʻe koke i ka lewa mai ka pali. ʻAʻole lākou i hana i nā ʻohana lehulehu, noho lākou i ka ʻāina, akā ua hoʻāʻo nā mea pākahi e noho kaʻawale mai nā ʻohana.

Ua neʻe ʻo Pterodactyl ma ka honua me ka weliweli, e hilinaʻi ana ma nā wāwae ʻehā, akā i ka lewa ua uhi ʻia ʻo ia i kahi mamao loa, e hoʻolālā ana e like me nā albatrosses o kēia manawa. I loko o nā lele, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā wai mahana.

Hiki i kekahi lele lele lele ke lele i kona mau ʻēheu, akā paʻakikī loa a lohi, no laila hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana me kahi pali kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka pōhaku. Ua lele ʻo ia ma luna o ka wai, e ʻimi ana i ka waiwai.

I ka ʻike ʻana i ka iʻa, lele ka limu i ka hoʻouka ʻana a hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā ʻā. Me kahi hopu, ua hoʻi akula ʻo ia i uka, kahi i ʻohi ai i kahi ʻai.

Ke hoʻoikaika nei, ua hoʻi ka lawaiʻa i ke kumu o ka hopu ʻana, me kona ʻeha ʻana mai ka gluttony haʻi ʻia. No ka pō, noho mau ʻo ia ma nā kahe o ka pali, kahi i hiki ʻole ai i nā mea kime.

ʻO ka hoʻopili a me ka hoʻākāka waho

ʻO nā pterodactyls nā mea ola oviparous. He nui nā mea noiʻi i hele i ka hopena i kūkulu lākou i nā kāne i mare i ka lima, ua honi paʻa i ka pipi a mālama i ka hua. ʻAʻole hiki i nā pēpē hou ke hana me ka kōkua ʻole o nā mākua ma ka liʻiliʻi.

ʻO nā eheu o Pterodactylus grandis ma kahi o 2,5 m, he paona hoʻi e pili ana iā 3 kg. Ua uhi ʻia ke kino pōkole me ke ʻano o ka "hipa", ka like me ka hulu o nā ʻalā.

Hoʻokahi ʻia ka iwi ʻōpala o nā iwi ʻōlima māmā. Uhiʻi ia nā mākuhi palu nui i uhi ʻia me kahi beak horny. Nui nā niho koʻikoʻi ma nā ʻōpū.

Ua lilo nā forelimbs i mau ʻēheu a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā wāwae hind.

ʻO nā manamana lima ʻelima liʻiliʻi ʻelima mau manamana lima. ʻEhā nā manamana lima i hoʻopili ʻia me nā kīkī, ʻaʻohe lima o ke kāʻei lima me ka lima pokole. Ua liʻiliʻi ʻo ka huelo a ʻaʻole i koʻikoʻi ke kuleana i ka lele.

Kahi liʻiliʻi nā manamana lima o nā forelimb a i hoʻopau i nā pale, a ʻo ka manamana ʻehā ka lōʻihi e lawelawe i ka ʻaoʻao no ka membrane. ʻO ka mokulele i lawe ʻia i nā ʻēheu i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka membrane leathery. Ua ʻū ʻia ʻo ia ma waena o nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino a me nā mua.

ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana a Pterodactyl

Hoʻi ʻia ka hua ʻōlelo Latin Pterodactylus i nā aʻa Helene, ua unuhi ʻia ʻo “manamana lima”: ua loaʻa i kēia inoa ka pterodactyl no ka manamana lima ikaika o nā forelimbs, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka ʻēheu. No ka Pterodactyl nona ka genus / suborder, ʻo ia kahi o ka pā nui o ka pterosaurs, a manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole ia wale nō ka pterosaur i wehewehe mua ʻia, akā, ʻo ka mea nui ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka paleontology.

Hōʻike, nā hiʻona

ʻAʻole like ka pterodactyl e like me ka reptile, akā, e like me ka manu kaʻi a me ka nui (e like me ka pelican) ihe a me nā ʻēheu nui. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO Pterodactylus antiquus (ʻo ka mea mua a me ka mea kaulana loa i ʻike ʻia) ʻaʻole i make i ka nui - ʻo kona mau ʻēheu he 1 mika. ʻO nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka pterodactyls, e like me ka paleontologists nāna i loiloi ma luna o 30 o nā koena fossil (ʻo nā ʻūhā piha a me nā ʻōpala), ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. He wili lolipiki a lahilahi nā manamana lima ʻelemakule a ʻāʻī liʻiliʻi, me nā ʻōpio pololei a nā iwi, kahi e ulu ai nā niho conical a me nā puluhi (helu ʻia nā mea noiʻi 90).

ʻO nā niho nui hou i mua o ka liʻiliʻi a lilo i liʻiliʻi i ka ʻāʻī. ʻO ke ʻōpala a me nā iwi o ka pterodactyl (like me nā mea pili i pili i ke ʻano) he pololei a ʻaʻole i piko. E noho ana ke poʻo ma kahi ʻāʻī a elongated paʻa, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā iwi kuʻi, akā, ua ʻike ʻia kahi kuʻi cervical. ʻO ka lihi o ke poʻo i hoʻonani ʻia me kahi kolikā paʻilima pōkole, i ulu a ulu ka pterodactyl i ʻelemakule. ʻOiai me kā lākou mau ʻāpana nui, lele lele nā ​​ʻēheu digital - ua hāʻawi ʻia kēia manawa iā lākou e nā māmā a me nā iwi ihu, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā ʻēheu ākea.

Nui! Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻēheu i kahi ʻaki palā nui (like me ka ʻēheu pā), i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka hā ʻehā a me nā iwi o ka pulima. ʻAno nā ʻōpū o nā ʻōpū o nā lehelehe o nā wāwae ʻākau ma lalo o ke alo i mua, kahi i hāʻule ai ka hapalua ma ke kaʻe ʻehā, i lei ʻia me ka puʻupuʻu lōʻihi.

Paʻi ʻia nā manamana lima e lele ana, a me ka membrane o ka ʻēheu i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā ʻāwili a nā ʻili, nā ʻili a nā puʻu i kākoʻo ʻia e nā akahele keratin ma waho. Ua uhi ʻia ke kino o ka pterodactyl me ka māmā māmā a hana i ka manaʻo like ʻole o ke kūpaʻa (me ka wā o ke kua o nā ʻēheu ikaika a me ke poʻo nui). ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole nā ​​mea hana āpau i hōʻike i kahi pterodactyl me kahi kino ʻuʻuku - no ka laʻana, ʻo Johann Herman (1800) ua hānai maikaʻi ʻia.

Kūlike nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka huelo: ʻike ʻia kekahi mau paleontologists no ka ʻuʻuku loa a ʻaʻole i ke kuleana, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e ʻōlelo pono ana i kahi huelo maikaʻi e nalowale ana i ka wā o ka hoʻokau. ʻ talklelo nā mea pili o ka lua e pili ana i ka indispensability o ka huelo, i ʻauhau ʻia ʻo pterodactyl i ka lewa - manu, huli wale, a i ʻole ka piʻi wikiwiki ʻana i luna. I ka make ʻana o ka huelo, "hoʻopōʻino" ka mea hoʻopalapula i ka lolo, ka hoʻomohala i kahi e hōʻemi a nalo i ka hana ʻoi.

ʻActerlelo ola a me ke ʻano

ʻO ka Pterodactyls ka helu ʻana i nā holoholona i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia, e hōʻike ana e alakaʻi i kahi wā piha a me ka ʻohana hipa. Aia no he nīnau no ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa inā hiki i ka pterodactyls ke hoʻopololei maikaʻi i ko lākou mau ʻēheu, ʻoiai ke kūleʻa ʻole ʻana ʻaʻole i kanalua. ʻO ka hapa, ʻoi aku ka lehelehe o nā manamana lima i nā ʻeneke o ke lele ʻana, he ʻano ʻē ia me nā manu o kēia ʻano. Ma ke ala o ke lele, ua like ka pterodactyl e like me ke albatross, e hoʻolalelale ana i kona mau ʻēheu ma kahi puʻupuʻu pōkole, akā e pale i nā neʻe koke.

Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka mokulele mokulele me ka neʻe ʻole ʻana. Pono wale nō e lawe pono ʻole i ka albatross i ʻole ʻāʻī a me kahi poʻo nui, no ia mea ke kumu kiʻi o kāna mau neʻe i hiki ke 100% kūwili me ka lele o ka pterodactyl. ʻO kekahi kumuhana kūkā (me nā pūʻali ʻelua o nā hoa paio) ʻo ia ka mea maʻalahi a pterodactyl e kiʻea mai kahi papahele. Ke kanalua nei ka pūʻulu mua i ka haʻalele ʻana o ka ʻedepio i kahi pae, mai ka ʻāina.

He hoihoi! Puhi ko lākou poʻe kūʻē i ka pterodactyl e pono i kahi kiʻekiʻe (pali, pali a i ʻole kekahi lāʻau) e hoʻomaka ai, kahi i piʻi ai ʻo ia me nā puhukū kuahiʻu, panai ʻia, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, pālahalaha i kona mau eheu, a laila holo wale

Ma ka laulā, ua lele nui ka lele manamana lima ma luna o nā puʻu a me nā kumulāʻau, akā hele mālie a hele a lele koke i ka ʻāina pālahalaha: ke kāohi ʻia e nā ʻēheu kuʻi lima a lele i nā manamana lima, i mea e kākoʻo ʻole ʻia.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻauʻau - ua hoʻohuli nā membran ma nā wāwae i poʻe pōpoki, no laila ua wikiwiki ka wikiwiki a maikaʻi. ^ E Ha yM. Ua kōkua ʻia kahi ʻike makai e holo koke i ka wā e ʻimi ai i ka waiwai - ʻike ʻo ka pterodactyl i kahi e neʻe ai nā kula iʻa. Ma ke ala, aia ma ka lewa ke kū maikaʻi nei nā pterodactyls, ʻo ia ke kumu a lākou e hiamoe ai (e like me nā pā) i ka lewa: ke poʻo, ka poʻe lalo, ka poʻe e hoʻopili ana i kahi pihi / pali pōhaku.

ʻĀnō ke ola

Hāʻawi ʻia i nā holoholona pili i ka pterodactyl (a me nā kūpuna no nā manu manu hou), pono ke ʻano o ko lākou ola me ka analogy me ke ola ʻana o nā manu hou, e like me nā iwi pau i ka nui. I kēia hihia, pono ke hilinaʻi i kekahi i nā ʻikepili i nā aeto a i ʻole nā ​​manu e ola no 20-40, a i kekahi manawa 70 mau makahiki.

ʻO ka mōʻaukala kuhihewa

Ma 1780, ua hoʻopiha hou ʻia ke koena o kahi holoholona kaulana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o Count Friedrich Ferdinand, a ʻehā mau makahiki ma hope mai o Cosmo-Alessandro Collini, he mea kākau moʻolelo Farani a me kākau ʻōlelo ʻo Voltaire. ʻO Collini ke kiaʻi ma ka ʻāpana o ka mōʻaukala kūlohelohe (Naturalienkabinett), i wehe ʻia ma ka hale aliʻi o Charles Theodore, ʻO Elector o Bavaria. Hana ʻia ka mea fossil e like me ka mea i ʻike mua ʻia i nā pterodactyl e pili ana i ka pterodactyl (ma ka ʻaoʻao kuʻuna) a me ka pterosaur (ma kahi ʻano maʻamau).

He hoihoi! Aia kekahi poʻomanaʻo ʻē aʻe, e koi ana i ka primacy - ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Pester", i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 1779. Akā ma ka manawa mua ua hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau koʻi i nā ʻano hope o nā mea kanu.

ʻO Collini, ka mea nāna i hoʻomaka i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka hōʻikeʻike mai Naturalienkabinett, ʻaʻole makemake ia e ʻike i kahi holoholona lele lele i ka pterodactyl (kūʻole i ke ʻano i ka like me nā ʻolua a me nā manu), akā ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i kāna mea pili i ka fauna aquatic. ʻO ke kumuhana o nā holoholona aku, nā pterosaurs, ua kākoʻo ʻia no kekahi manawa lōʻihi.

I ka makahiki 1830, ua kuhi ʻia kahi ʻatikala e nā zoologist Keleman Johann Wagler e pili ana i kekahi mau amphibians i hoʻohui ʻia e ke kiʻi o kahi pterodactyl, nona nā ʻēheu i hoʻohana ʻia me ka poʻe flippers. Hele aku ʻo Wagler a hoʻopili pū me ka pterodactyl (me nā ʻatikala waiʻa ʻē aʻe) ma ka papa "Gryphi" kūikawā, aia ma waena o nā mammals a me nā manu..

Kaauloa

Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kino o ka pterodactyl, no laila, ʻaʻohe pilikia o ka mālama ʻana i ke koena o ka holo ʻana. He ʻokoʻa nā mīkini o nā kaʻina pterodactyl mai nā ʻenehana manu lele. Ua hana ʻo Pterodactyls i kahi lipine o ka eheu o ko lākou mau ʻēheu i kahi pōkole pōkole, a laila hoʻomoʻi ʻia i nā ʻōpū o ka lewa (ʻaʻole like me nā manu, e hana ana i nā neʻe o nā ʻēheu). Ma muli o ke ʻano o nā ʻēheu, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia mau pterosaurs ke wehe i ka lewa a mai ka ihu o ke kai, hoʻopili lākou i kahi lālā, kau ʻia ma lalo, a laila wehe i kā lākou mau lehelehe, hāʻule i lalo a hoʻolaha i ko lākou mau ʻēheu. Ua neʻe lohi ʻo Pterodactyls ma ka honua a lohi.

Mea ʻai

ʻO ke kumu o ka meaʻai o ka pterodactyls he iʻa. Ke holo ʻana ma luna o ka wai, nā iʻa pterodactyl e hopu i ka iʻa mai loko mai o ka wai a ʻauʻau kokoke paha i ka maka.

ʻO kahi maʻamau, ʻimi nā pterodactyls i nā mammals liʻiliʻi e noho kokoke ana i nā kino wai.
Ua ʻimi ʻo Pterodactyls i nā wahi ākea kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻolālā no ka manawa lōʻihi ma luna o ka lepo. Ua hopu ʻo Pterosaurs i kā lākou mau pōpoki ma kāna puʻu e lele koke ana.

ʻO nā hale hōʻike ma kahi o ke koena o ka pterodactyl i hōʻike ʻia

• ʻO Hale Kuʻuna o ka Mōʻaukala Hawaiʻi,
• Ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Carnegie o Nā ʻIke Kūlana (Pennsylvania, USA),
• ʻO Dallas Museum o Kaʻepekema a me ke Kumuwaiwai,
• ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻormlelo Hawaiʻi,
• ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Vienna,
• Hale Hōʻikeʻike Paleontological. Yu. A. Orlova.

ʻO nā hoahānau pili pili loa o ka pterodactyls:

• anhangvera (anguhera),
• ʻono manu
• kakaho
• malu
• luipuu,
• quetzalcoatl.

Hōʻoiaʻiʻo iā Herman

ʻO ka mea kūpono i ka manamana lima ʻehā o ka ʻōpū e pono ai e hoʻopaʻa i ka membrane lehelehe, wānana i ka zoologist Farani Jean Herman. Eia kekahi, i ka pūnāwai o ka makahiki 1800, ʻo ia nō ʻo Jean Hermann nāna i haʻi aku i ka mea kūlohelohe Farani Georges Cuvier o ke ʻano o nā koena (wehewehe ʻia ʻo Collini), e hopohopo nei e lawe aku ka poʻe koa o Napoleona i Palani. Aia nō ka leka i ʻōlelo ʻia iā Cuvier i ka wehewehe ʻana o nā mea kākau i nā fossils, i hoʻopili ʻia me kahi mea hoʻohiwahiwa - kahi kiʻi ʻūhā uliuli keʻokeʻo o kahi mea hana me nā ʻēheu e pālahalaha ana mai nā manamana lima a i nā kuʻekuʻe hulu manu.

Hoʻokumu i ka hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻūpiki, ua kau ʻo Herman i ka membrane ma waena o ka ʻāʻī a me ka pulima, ʻoiai ʻo ka nele o nā ʻāpana o ka membrane / huluhulu i loko o ka hōʻike ponoʻī. ʻAʻole i hiki iā Herman ke nānā pono iā ia i nā koena, akā ua hoʻohaunaele ʻo ia i ka holoholona i pau i nā momi. Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, ua ʻae ʻo Cuvier i ka ho'ākāka ʻana o ke kiʻi i manaʻo ʻia e Herman, a, ua hōʻemi ʻia ma mua, ua hoʻopuka ʻia kāna mau moʻolelo i ka hoʻoilo o 1800. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole e like me Hermann, ua kau ʻo Cuvier i ka holoholona i hala no ka mea he reptile.

He hoihoi! I ka makahiki 1852, ua manaʻo ʻia he pterodactyl keleawe e hoʻonani i ka māla kanu ma Pale, akā ua hoʻohuli koke ʻia ka hana. Ua hoʻokū ʻia nā kiʻi kiʻi o nā pterodactyls, akā ʻelua mau makahiki ma hope mai (1854) a ʻaʻole i Farani, akā i Pelekane - ma Crystal Palace, i kūkulu ʻia ma Hyde Park (Lākana).

ʻO pterodactyl ka inoa

I ka makahiki 1809, ua kamaʻilio ka lehulehu me ka wehewehe kikoʻī loa i ka ʻilima mau maka mai Cuvier, a laila ʻo ia kahi i ʻike ai i ka inoa ʻepekema mua loa ʻo Ptero-Dactyle, i puka mai i nā kumu Helene πτερο (wing) a me ka δάκτυλος (manamana lima). I ka manawa like, luku ʻo Cuvier iā Johann Friedrich Blumenbach i ka manaʻo no nā manu pili i ka manu. Ma ka like me ka mea, ʻaʻole i hopu ʻia nā fole e ka pūʻali Farani, akā mai ka pilia Kelemānia ʻo Samuel Thomas Semmering. Ua nānā ʻo ia i nā koena a hiki i kona heluhelu ʻana i ka puke i 12/31/1810, ka mea i ʻōlelo e pili ana i kā lākou nalowale, a ma Ianuali 1811, ua hōʻoia hou ʻo Semmering iā Cuvier i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka mea i loaʻa.

I ka makahiki 1812, ua hoʻopuka ʻo ka Kelemānia kāna haʻawina ponoʻī, kahi i hōʻike ai i ka holoholona he ʻano ʻano waena i waena o ka pūpū me kahi manu, e hāʻawi ana i kona inoa ʻo Ornithocephalus antiquus (ke poʻo manu i ulu).

Kue ʻo Cuvier iā Semmering i kahi ʻatikala, e ʻōlelo ana, ʻo nā koena i loko o ka reptile. I ka makahiki 1817, ua kālai ʻia ka lua o ka pōkole pterodactyl i loko o ka waihona Zolnhofen, kahi (no ka mea ua puʻupuʻu ʻia) Sömmering i kapa ʻia ʻo Ornithocephalus brevirostris.

Nui! ʻElua mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka makahiki 1815, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ʻAnoa, ʻo zoologist ʻo Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, i ka hana a Georges Cuvier, i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻohana i ka huaʻōlelo Pterodactylus e hoʻolālā i ka ʻanoʻano.

Ke nānā nei i kēia manawa, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻike a pau loa (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole) a ua paʻi ʻia nā hopena noiʻi i 2004. Ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke loaʻa i ka hopena i loaʻa hoʻokahi ʻano o ka pterodactyls - Pterodactylus antiquus.

ʻO Habitat, noho

Hōʻike ʻo Pterodactyls i ka hopena o ka Jurassic (152.1-150.8 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei) a lilo ia i mea keu 145 miliona mau makahiki i hala, i ka manawa Cretaceous. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, manaʻoʻiʻo kekahi poʻe haʻi moʻolelo ua hala ka hopena o ka Jurassic i 1 mau makahiki ma hope aku (144 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei), ʻo ia hoʻi ke ola nei o ka dinosaur lele a make a ola i ka manawa Jurassic.

He hoihoi! ʻO ka hapa nui o nā koena petrified i loaʻa ma ka ʻalelona Zolnhofen (Kelemānia), ʻokoʻa - ma ka ʻaoʻao o kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa a ma ʻekolu mau ʻāina (ʻApelika, Australia a me ʻAmelika).

Ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā ʻike ʻike maʻamau nā pterodactyls i ka nui o ka honua.. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā ʻāpana Pterodactyl nā ʻāpana poʻomanaʻo i loaʻa ma Rusia, ma nā kapa o Volga (2005)

Nā meaʻai Pterodactyl

Hoʻopau i ka nohona o kēlā me kēia lā o ka pterodactyl, ua hele ka paleontologists i kahi paʻa e pili ana i kona noho aloha ʻole ʻana ma waena o ke kai a me nā kahawai, hoʻopiha ʻia me nā iʻa a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe kūpono no ka ʻōpū. Mahalo i nā maka heʻe, kahi lehelehe lele mai a mamao i ʻike i ke ʻano o nā kula o ka iʻa i loko o ka wai, nā ʻōpio a me nā amphibians e holo nei, kahi huna nā mea kanu a me nā mea hihiu nui.

ʻO ka huahana nui o ka pterodactyl ka iʻa, liʻiliʻi a ʻokoʻa nui, e pili ana i ka makahiki / nui o ka lawaiʻa. Hoʻolālā ka pterodactyl kanikani i ka papa o ka loko a kau aku i ka mea i hoʻopihapiha ʻole ʻia me kāna mau ʻami lōʻihi, kahi i aneane hiki ʻole ke hele i waho - ua paʻa loa ia e nā niho ʻili.

Pahu a keiki

Ke hele nei i nā pūnana, pterodactyls, e like me nā holoholona lehulehu maʻamau, i hana i nā koloni he nui. Ua kūkulu ʻia nā pili me nā kaʻi wai kūlohelohe, pinepine ma nā pali kahakai o nā kapakai kai. Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe ʻepekema i nā lele reptile ke kuleana no ka hoʻoulu ʻana, a no ka mālama ʻana i ka hua, hānai lākou i nā moa me ka iʻa, aʻo ka ʻike lele lele

E hoihoi pu ia no hoi:

Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe

ʻO Pterodactyls mai kēia manawa i ka manawa i lilo ai i mau poʻe i ka poʻe neʻe mua, ka ʻāina a me ka ʻēheu. ^ E Ha yM. Ma waena o kēia hope, nā hoahānau pili pili o ka pterodactyl, ramforinha (pterosaurs lōʻihi ka lōʻihi. ʻO ka iho i lalo i ka lepo, nā pterodactyls (ma muli o kā lākou lohi a me ka wikiwiki) i lilo i mea pio maʻa ka poʻe dinivaur carnivorous. Ua hiki mai ka hoʻoweliweli mai nā kanaka compsognates (ʻo kahi liʻiliʻi o nā dinosaurs) a mai nā dinosaurs lizardotazovye (nā theropods).