Ke ala o ka moʻomeheu terestrial ma hope o kekahi kao i ke kanaka ke komo pū me nā ʻano o nā apem. Manaʻo nā ʻepekema i ka primates kiʻekiʻe me ka homo sapiens, ma ka laulima, i puka mai i ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā primates kahiko, kahi kahi o ramapithecus a me Australopithecus, hikiʻole ke haʻalele ʻole i ka dryopithecus. I kēlā kanaka kahiko driopithecus aia ka helu nui o nā hōʻailona o ka mōʻī, manaʻo ka inoa, kahi i unuhi ʻia ai ka huaʻōlelo Heleni "pithek" me kahi moʻo. Akā ʻo "drio", ma ka ʻōlelo Helene like ʻole, ʻo ia ka lāʻau, kahi e hāʻawi ai i kahi kuhi o kahi nohona a kōkua iā ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i kahi mea e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka dryopithecus.
ʻO kēia mau anthropoids, i noho i ka wā Miocene 30-9 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻo ia paha nā kūpuna o nā chimpanzees a me nā gorillas a me nā kānaka. E hoʻoholo ana e ka ʻike molekula, orangutans a me nā gibbons (gibbons, huloks, nomaskus a siamangas) hele i ka lālā o pongid, a i ʻole monthomomorphic monkey (gibbon, gorilla, orangutan, chimpanzee) ma mua o ka nui.
Nā ʻano o Driepithecus
Ua loaʻa i nā ala mua o ka wehe ʻana o kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano hema o ʻAmelika i kahi kaumaha mai ka loiloi o ka ʻāina ma waena o nā ʻalelelelula (rift valley). Aia i loko o kēia manawa o ka noho ʻana o ka honua, ka wai wela e hūnā ana i loko o ka ʻāʻei o ka Honua i alakaʻi ai i nā haki ʻana o ka ʻū o ka Honua i loko o nā poloka.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia subfamily o nā apes i nā subgenera: dryopithecus, sivapithecus, proconsul, me nā ʻano he nui: Dryopithecus wuduensis, Dryopithecus fontani, Dryopithecus branco, iDryopithecus laietanus, Dryopithecus crusafonti. No ka ʻono o ka ʻike ʻana i ka poʻe ʻepekema e hui nei, ʻo ke kupuna o ka dryopithecus, ka mea ia e noho ana ma ka ʻāina o ʻAmelika, i mele ʻia ʻo Afropithecus. I ka manawa, i hoʻomohala ʻia kēia ʻano ākea ma ʻAmelika a me Arabia, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka heliopithecus, a me ke komo ʻana o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka heliopithecus.
Kaukaʻi ʻia Dryopithecus
Ma ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā koena i kū mai i ko mākou manawa, ʻo ka driopithecus he nui i nā ʻano like ʻole me nā oragnuts a me nā unggles gibbon. Me kahi laha o ke ulu ʻana (e pili ana i 60 cm a i ʻole 1 m) a mauʻu ka lōʻihi, hiki i kahi mea ola ke neʻe koke i nā lālā o nā lāʻau, a neʻe wikiwiki i ka honua ma nā mea he ʻehā.
Kuhi. 1 - Hoʻokiʻoki
ʻO ka mano mano nui, ka mea e neʻe ai i mua, he kūpeʻe chamfered, kahi ihu poʻohiwi haʻahaʻa, nā puʻu infraorbital a me kahi liʻiliʻi o ka ʻūhā, e like me ka moʻo o kahi nui i kahi hiki. 'O kahi mamao a ke kanaka a me pale ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka loiloi o nā mea ʻaʻole ia i hele ma mua o 320-350 cm³. A loaʻa nā hōʻailona molars i nā hōʻailona āpau o nā hominids āpau. Akā i ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻinehine palupalu o ka enamel, carnivores a me ka hiki ke hoʻomoʻa i ka meaʻai aʻai ʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia. ʻO kā lākou mau lehelehe hāpū me ko lākou mau ihu ākea, e hiki ke honi i ka hele ʻana mai o nā mea wānana, loaʻa koke lākou i ko lākou mau hoahānau a ua maikaʻi loa lākou e ʻimi ai i ka ʻai.
Hāʻawi ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona hana o nā ʻuhane o nā kānaka mai kekahi mau ʻano o ka dryopithecus (Dryopithecus brancoi a me Dryopithecus laietanus), uaʻike kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i ka hiki ke neʻe i kahi neʻe ma luna o ka ʻāʻī paʻakikī o nā wāwae ʻelua ʻelua. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻike ʻia ka hōʻike hōʻoia ʻana o kēia hoʻokūkū. Akā ʻo ka hulu manuahi, ka hiʻohiʻona o nā holoholona, ma ka dryopithecus ua lilo i mea maʻamau.
I ka manaʻo e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka neʻe o kēia mau anthropoids ma nā lālā a me ka pā o ka honua, ua lawa pono e nānā pono ai i nā hana like a nā kaola orangutans a me nā gibbon. ʻO nā ʻano āpau o dryopithecus (anoyapithecus i loaʻa i Catalonia, pyrolapithecus, udnopithek mai Georgia, me nā mea ʻole), ka lālā kokoke loa i ka poʻe ʻo is ramapithecus.
Ke ʻano hoʻokele driver
I ka wā o ka noho ʻana o ka dryopithecus, ʻaʻole hikiʻole ke kāhāhā i ka nalo o nā ʻāʻalāa, i hui pū me kekahi, nā mea i hōʻeha i nā cataclysms i makaʻu nui aʻe i ko lākou mau hopena. I kēia manawa wale aku, ua hāʻule ko ʻApika i Europa a me ʻAsia, ka mea i alakaʻi i ke Alps a me ka hōʻino ʻana i ka Honua o nā Himalaya, ʻo Rockies, Andes. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻōpala o ka honua, ka hele ʻana o nā mea ākea a me nā pōʻino ʻē aʻe e makaʻu ana i ka honua i kēia manawa a ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka honua.
Eia kekahi, ʻoluʻolu ke kino o kona kino no ke kaola ʻana i ka hale lāʻau. Hiki i kēia mau mea noho ke kau i nā lālā koʻikoʻi no ka manawa lōʻihi, ka hoʻoponopono i ko lākou kua, me ka ʻole o ka ʻoluʻolu. ʻAʻole i haʻalele i ka manawa hele e hele ma luna o ka ʻāina, ua holo ʻo driopithecus i ka hapa nui o ko lākou ola ma luna o nā kumulāʻau: moe lākou, ʻai, ʻai i ka ʻohana, me nā keiki. Maanei ua hana ka driopite i nā hoʻāʻo mua e hoʻonaʻauao i ka lehulehu.
A no ka ʻai ʻana o ka driopithecus, nona kahi huaʻala, nā aʻa, a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, nā hua mua a me nā huaʻai i punahele nui, ola ʻia ma nā lāʻau i hoʻohiki ʻole wale nō ka palekana pili a me ka manawa e kūkulu ai i ka pilina ma ka pipi, akā ua lawe kokoke iā lākou i ka waihona meaʻai. ʻO ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka mea i luna aʻe he ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o ka enamel ma luna o nā molars, kahi i hoʻolako ai i ka ʻai momona maikaʻi wale nō me nā makana ʻole i koi ʻole i ke ʻano he huaʻai a me nā huaʻai, akā ʻaʻole ka ʻiʻo maka. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i pau ka hopena o ka insectivorousness o kēia anthropoids. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua noho lākou i nā ululāʻau ʻōlau me ka nui o nā mea kanu palupalu, nā mea inikini he nui a me ke ʻano maikaʻi i nele i ka hopohopo no ka hoʻowalewale ʻana i nā home.
ʻO ka hōʻoluʻolu o ke ola i nā lāʻau neʻe mai ka mua o ka hoʻolima spherical o ka humerus, ka mea i hōʻoia i ka hiki o ka lima e huli ai i nā kuhikuhi a pau. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia i ka hihia me nā mamm tetrapod e alakaʻi i kahi ala honua. ʻO mākou nō ia, no ka mea ke hoʻomohala ʻana i ke clavicle a me ka hiki i ka forearm ke hana i nā holo rotational, i loko a i waho, ʻano ʻano hana wale nō nā primates a me nā kānaka. Hiki i nā limu o nā driepitope ke hana i nā neʻe me ka ʻoi aku ma mua o 180 °.ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo hiki i ko mākou mau kūpuna mamao ke noho nei ma luna o nā lāʻau i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻano kuhihewa i nā lima a me nā wāwae, mākou i mālama ai.
Loaʻa ʻia ka pono ma ke koho kūlohelohe Ke ʻano hoʻokele driverʻaʻohe ala ʻē aʻe, pehea e hele ai ma ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā paʻakikī, a me ka hoʻoliʻi maikaʻi ʻana. Ke laʻana: ke ola nei i nā lāʻau i koi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hana paʻa o ka pala o nā moʻo, ʻaʻole hiki ke alakaʻi akā e hiki ke hoʻomālamalama i nā mea, a hiki ke loaʻa i nā loea o ka lima o ka poʻe hou a me ka hoʻomohala maikaʻi o ka lolo, e like me ke kumu no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hana paʻakikī.
Ma kahi o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā neʻe, ua paʻa ka ʻike ʻōiwi a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka neʻe, akā, ʻaʻole nui loa i ke ala o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka leo, akā no ka hoʻololi i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pae molekala. Ua loaʻa iā Driopithecus ka ʻike hoʻokele a me ka hiki ke neʻe i nā kūpeʻe maka i ka mokulele ma mua.
ʻO ke alakaʻi ʻana i kahi ala o ke ola me kekahi mau mea hana e hiki ai ke kamaʻilio, hiki i ka driopithecus ke noho i ke ala o ko lākou noho wale ʻana no ka mea, e like me nā loea nui like nui. ʻO kahi mea koʻikoʻi i ko lākou ola kahi i lawe ʻia e ka mālama o ka hua, i hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka pili pili o ka makuahine a me ke keiki. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke ola pū kekahi i hiki ai ke hoʻohui i nā hana e pale aku i nā holoholona hihiu a me nā piliona ʻē aʻe.
Nā lako hana
ʻO ka noho ʻana ma ka honua a me nā kumu lāʻau, ʻaʻohe mau mea i hoʻomohala ʻia i loko o ka honua a me nā lāʻau, kahi mea i koi mua no ka hana ʻana i kekahi mau mea hana. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai ke pae o ka ulu ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo, aia nō lākou i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻōhaka ma mua o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Ua aʻo ʻo Driopithecus e hoʻowalewale i nā mea e hoʻopuni ana a loaʻa i nā noi pono no nā iwi, lāʻau, nā pōhaku, a me nā pebbles, ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka dryopithecus e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke ola ʻana i nā kūlana paʻakikī.
Nā ʻike maka
ʻO ka palapala hōʻike mua e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka noho ʻana o ka dryopithecus, ʻo ka humerus me ka iwi haʻahaʻa, kahi i mālama ʻia ai nā niho. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea hana ʻia e ka ʻepekema Lartet ma 1856 ma Farani. Ua ukali ʻia nā ʻike mua e nā ʻē aʻe: nā koena o ka dryopithecus ma Hungary, Sepania, China, Turkey, Kenya.
Kuhi. 2 - He ʻōpala maloʻo
ʻO ka ʻili o ka ramapithecus, ʻo nā ʻano manu āpau e pili kokoke ana i ke kanaka hou, ua loaʻa i 1934 i India (i nā mauna Sivalik), a ʻo ka inoa i hoʻohana ʻia, ʻo ke akua ʻo Rama. ʻO kahi noho o ka ramapithecus he mamao mamao loa mai kēia mau lā i ka 12-14 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā niho o kēia mea hana, ka mea maʻamau, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o kekahi mau mea hana a me nā mea hana, ʻaʻole nā lākou ponoʻī a me nā ʻāpana, e like me ka mea ma ka wā mua.
Akā no ka mea he mea liʻiliʻi loa nā mea noiʻi mai ka manawa o kēia ʻano, ʻaʻole ia e ʻōlelo ʻia me ke hilinaʻi piha a ʻo ka Dryopithecus no nā kūpuna o nā kānaka maʻamau a i ʻole nā ʻaoʻao lima o ka moʻomeheu.
Ka manawa hoʻohālikelike
ʻO Dryopithecus, nona ka hapa o ke ola e uhi ai i ka Miocene, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 11-9 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua like ke ʻano o nā moʻo ma mua o nā kānaka. ʻOiaʻiʻo, lākou. Manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi, ua lilo kēia mau lālā o nā primate i nā kūpuna no nā ʻano nui i kēia mau lā:
He ʻano ʻōiwi kanaka nona ʻo Driopithecus.
I nā kūlana i noho ai kēia mau mea ola? I ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana, huli mākou i ke ʻano kikowaena. No laila, ʻo ka manawa o ke ola o ka driopithecus e like me kēia:
- Aeon - Phanerozoic.
- Era - Kahalike.
- ʻO ka manawa ʻo Neogene.
- ʻĀpana - Miocene.
- ʻO ka tier ko ka hopena o ka Serraval a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Tortonian.
Ua loaʻa ma nā wahi mua o kēia ʻano ulu mua ma Palani, ma hope mai i Hungary, Kina a me East Africa.
Nā hiʻohiʻonaʻike
ʻO ke ʻano ola, nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā mea hana o ka dryopithecus i aʻo ʻole maikaʻi ʻia, no ka mea, ua palena loa nā mea ʻepekema i ko lākou mau lima. No laila, nui nā ʻike he hypothetical ma ke ʻano. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua like kēia ʻano o kēia ʻano ke ʻano like me nā gibbons hou a me nā orangutans. Ua hōʻike nā noiʻi e like me kēia ʻo Driopithecus:
- ʻAʻole ulu hou ma mua o 1 mika.
- No nā wā lōʻihi e hoʻomaikaʻi aku ai.
- Heʻuʻuku ka ʻōpiopio, me ka mānoanoa koʻikoʻi a me nā ʻīngi nui.
- He haʻahaʻa ka lae, he mau hiʻohiʻona supraorbital i keʻano.
- Ua pālahalaha ka ihu, pālahalaha nā ihu.
- ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kaila lauoho ma ke kino ma mua o nā ʻano kahiko.
- Ua nalo ka huelo.
Ua manaoia e hiki no keia mau moke ona ke holo maluna o ka honua ma na eha eha. ʻIke kekahi mau ʻepekema i ka neʻe ʻana o ka dryopithecines ma ko lākou mau wāwae hope, e like me nā poʻe o kēia wā (ke ʻano o nā ʻano hana o ko lākou ʻūhā e hoʻokaʻawale i kēia mea), akā ʻaʻole naʻe i hiki ke hōʻoia i kēia ʻano.
ʻAʻole i ʻokoʻa ka nui o kā lākou lolo i ka nui, e like me ka ka noi ʻana o nā ʻāpana i hiki mai iā mākou, a ua ʻimi nā mea noiʻi, ʻaʻole ia ma mua o 350 cm³. ʻAʻole lākou i hoʻohana i nā pono hana. Akā ʻōlelo nā mea noiʻi, e like me nā maketiki o kēia mau lā, hiki i ka driopithecus ke hana i nā mea pahuhopu e hana i kekahi mau hana. No ka ʻaʻa ʻana, e wāwahi i ka niu me kahi pōhaku kaumaha.
Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka manawa o ke ola o ka dryopithecus, kahi i hoʻonui ʻia i ka manawa e pili ana i 11-9 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻike mākou i nā ʻano o nā ʻano anthropoid e puka i ka ʻepekema:
- ʻO Afropithecans nā ʻelele o Dryopithecus, ke koena o ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka hikina ʻApika.
- ʻO nā mea inu ʻ Sepania - loaʻa ma Sepania.
- Rudapiteks - ma Hungary.
- Heliopithecus - ma Arabia a ma waena o Aferika.
- Griffopithecus - nā ʻāpana anthropoid e neʻe ana i Eurasia.
- ʻO nā Proconsuls ka poʻe nui loa.
Ua manaoia, ua hana kahi heiau e like me keia: ma ka mua he Afropithecans ua laha ae nei a laha aku ma ka aina o lakou - o Heliopithecines i hana ʻia. I ka noho ʻana o kēia mea ma ʻEulopa a me Asia, loaʻa mai ka griffopithecus. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, he mau driopithecus lākou a pau, ʻokoʻa ʻole i ka ʻāina o ko lākou wahi a, no laila, ma kekahi hiʻohiʻona o ko lākou helehelena.
Nā kikoʻī o ke ʻano
Loaʻa ke ola o ka driopithecus i mau miliona mau makahiki. ʻO ka makemake o nā kūlana i lawe ʻia lākou e ola. I mea e ʻike ai i kēia pilikia, pono e noiʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka manawa Miocene.
Ma muli o ke neʻe nei, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana konenika, no laila e loaʻa ka poʻe noho o ia mau manawa e neʻe mai ʻAmelika a i ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Australia a me ʻAmelika Hema e nā wai o nā moana, no laila ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ala o ke ola ma kēia mau ʻāina.
Ke mālie ke anuanu ke anuanu, ua hele mai kahi lehulehu o nā paepae. ʻO ia paha ke kumu no ke iho ʻana o ko mākou mau kūpuna mamao mai ka lāʻau a hoʻomaka a hele i ka ʻāina. He nui nā cereals, nā mea kanu, a me nā rodents.
ʻO ka kumu a me ka hoʻokumuʻana o Dryopithecus
Ke kuhi nei ʻo ia nā kūpuna o Dryopithecus (Afropithecus) i hoʻomaka i kona hoʻomohala ʻōlaʻi ma kahi ma ke kūkulu hema o ke kahawai ʻo East Rift Valley a laila laha a puni ka ʻAmelika Hema a komo i ka Arabian Peninsula (heliopithecus). A laila, aia ma lalo o ka inoa o ka griffopitec, ua ʻimi ʻo ia i kona ala ʻaʻole i loko o ʻAsia wale nō, akā i Europa nō hoʻi.
ʻĀnō, ua pili pū ʻia nā Dryopithecus i nā koena i loaʻa ma Catalonia. ʻO kēia he anoyapithek (Anoiapithecus brevirostris), he mea e ʻike like ai lākou me ka aphropithecus a me nā ʻāpana anthropoid modern. Loaʻa ʻia hoʻi kahi kokoke i driopithecus he pyrolapithecus (Pierolapithecus catalaunicus) i loaʻa ma Catalonia a me udabnopithecus (Udabnopithecus garedziensis) i loaʻa ma Georgia.
Ua manaʻo ka ʻepekema ʻepekema he ʻano ʻano ka driopithecus.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o Dryopithecus
Hōʻike keuopithecus i loaʻa ʻole kinekona. Ma muli o ka 60 cm ka lōʻihi o ka dryopithecus, a me ka hoʻopono ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ke ola lāʻau, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kona mau wāwae i mua o ko lākou mau ʻāpana, kahi i hiki ai iā ia ke neʻe ikaika mai kekahi lālā i kekahi. Oragutans.
ʻO kekahi poʻe noiʻi, i noiʻi ʻia i nā ʻanā o ka iwi o ka poʻe e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻano like me ka Dryopithecus laietanus a me ka Dryopithecus brancoi, ua hypothesize no ka mea i loaʻa i ka bipodalism i loko o ka Spanopithecus a me Rudapittec, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke kū pololei i kēlā me kēia hopena ma muli o nā hana he hana ʻokoʻa. ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻōpū o nā ʻōpū a me nā ʻalā, i lawe ʻia e ka ʻōpū kaulana o ka neʻe o ka bipedal. Me kēia neʻe, ʻo ke kākoʻo ma kekahi wāwae e hoʻohuli a me ke hāleʻa a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā wāwae ʻelua a me ka neʻe ʻana o ke kākoʻo i ka wāwae ʻelua.
Ua loaʻa ke koena o ka driopithecus ma East Africa a me Eurasia.
ʻO kēia manaʻo kuhi i ka makemake ʻepekema i ke ao kūlohelohe, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā haʻawina hou.
Nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau
Ua nānā mākou i ka driopithecus: ka manawa o ke ola, kahi noho a me nā hiʻohiʻona papa. Hoʻoholo kēia mau mea i nā mea kūikawā o ko lākou ola. Wahi a nā kānaka noiʻi, ua noho kēia mau manina i nā pā, ua makemake lākou e pakele mai nā poʻe wānana ma nā lālā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ia ke kumu, ʻo ka hiki ke neʻe i ka honua, ua haʻalele kēia mau mea kahiko iā ia, e hūnā ana i nā lei aliʻi. Ma laila lākou i moe ai a ʻai hoʻi, mālama i ka keiki. Eia kekahi, he maʻalahi loa ka loaʻa o ka ʻai no kēia mau mea kanu palupalu ma nā lāʻau.
Ke hoʻololi nei i nā kūlana ola e koi aku ana iā Driopithecus, ka mea i noʻonoʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano o ke ola ʻana, e hoʻonohonoho i kā lākou hana me nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka pā, ke ala wale nō e ola ai. Ua lilo kēia i kumu no ka ulu ʻana o kahi kaiāulu mua. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole lākou i loaʻa i ka ʻōlelo, akā hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi ʻia kekahi i nā hōʻailona maʻalahi loa a ʻuwē me ka ʻōlelo ʻana o ka pōpilikia. ʻO kēia mau kailea i hōʻike ʻia e ka fecundity haʻahaʻa, no laila, ua kūkulu lākou i ka pā leʻala maikaʻi a mālama pono i nā keiki.
Ua lilo ʻo Dryopithecus i mea nui loa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hānai ʻana o ke kanaka. ʻO kēia mau mea humanoid, me kā lākou primitness āpau, i hiki ke ola i nā pilikia paʻakikī, ʻo ka hapanui ma o ka hiki ke hana pū.