Aloha Kalikimaka - Mesitornithidae - He ʻohana liʻiliʻi nā manu, ua pau nā ʻano āpau i ka mokupuni o Hawaiʻi. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole maopopo loa ka nānā ʻana o kēia ʻohana - ua hoʻokaʻawale kekahi poʻe ornithologists i mea he ʻohana kahuhipa (Rallidae), e kaʻi like me ka moa (Galliformes). ʻO ka like ʻana o ka ʻāhane anatomical, ma ka ʻano o ke ʻano o ka sternum, e ʻōlelo ana i ka pilina a me nā mea pili pipi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa nā mea ʻokoʻa ma waena o lākou - no ka laʻana, ka hiki ʻana o ʻelima mau pūpū o nā puʻu fluff, ʻaʻole ʻano o ka kahu hipa, a me ka wehe ʻole ʻana o ka puʻuwai ākea. E like me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe o Hawaiʻi, ʻo ko nā kahu hipa ʻo ia ka hopena o kahi lālā lihi e like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, a he lōʻihi lōʻihi i ulu pū ʻia i kahi kaʻawale.
ʻO nā ʻano ʻekolu a nā kahu hipa o Hawaiʻi i kau ʻia ma ka International Red Book he ʻano mea like ʻole. Ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka poʻe ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka wahi a me ka maikaʻi o nā home kūlohelohe.
ʻO ka nui ākea o ka manu, ʻo ka lōʻihi o 30-32 cm.ʻO ke kino ka mana ʻokoʻa no nā manu - he cylindrical ʻano, me kahi plumage ma lalo o ka huelo a me ka huelo lōʻihi a lōʻihi. Ua pōkole nā pōpoki, pōpoki, nā wāwae i hoʻomohala ʻia. ʻWā ʻia ka beak. ʻO ka dimorphism seksual (ʻike ʻia ma waena o ka wahine a me ka wahine) i hōʻike wale ʻia i nā pua monium (Monias benschi).
Kēia mau ʻano kahuhipa āpau o Hawaiʻi i ka hopena o ka mokupuni o Hawaiʻi i ka Moana Inde. ʻO ka hapanui o ka ʻāpana ka nui o ka kahu hipa o Hawaiʻi (Mesitornis unicolor), e noho ana i kahi ʻōpala pāpū haʻahaʻa ma ka hikina o ka mokupuni. E loaʻa i ka mea mālama pua keʻokeʻo (Mesitornis variegate) i nā mokupuni o ka nahele make deciduous ma ke komohana a me ke komohana o ka mokupuni, a me ka monia (Monias benschi) i nā pali pōkāʻau ma nā ʻōpala i nā wahi liʻiliʻi ma waena o ke kahakai hikina a me nā puʻu 80 km mai ke kapakai.
Ua alakaʻi aku nā kahu hipa i ka ʻāina, i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ao. ʻO kā lākou maʻamau, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke ʻano like ʻana o ka manu nunu I ka hiki ʻana mai o ka pilikia, hoʻāʻo lākou e holo wikiwiki a hana i nā mokulele liʻiliʻi. Hōʻele nui lākou a kani iki paha, ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi, hiki i ko lākou hiki ke lele ma kahi hoʻēmi. Noho lākou i nā pūʻulu mai 3 (i ka poʻe kahu hipa keʻokeʻo a ʻākala ʻo Madagascar) i 10 (ma ka monia). Hoʻololi ʻia ka leo kīʻaha leo, ʻelua mau leo o nā kahu hipa no nā kāne kāne a me nā wahine.
E hānai nā manu i nā mea inikini, nā hua a me nā hua liʻiliʻi o nā mea kanu. Hiki ke ʻike pinepine ʻia lākou i ka ʻai ʻana i nā lau hāʻule i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai.
Manaʻo ia ʻo monia he manu polygamous - loaʻa iā lākou i ka polygyny a i ʻole polyandry. He mau lawehala ka poʻe kahu hipa o Hawaiʻi. Kūkulu ʻia ka pūnana o nā ʻano ʻekolu a kahi lāʻau i kālai ʻia a i ʻole ma kahi lāʻau lāʻau i ke kiʻekiʻe o 0.6-3 m ma luna o ka lepo. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Clutch i nā hua he 1-3 he wā, ʻo ka wā o ka wā mai ka lā mai Okatoba a ʻApelila. Kāwīwī o ka brood type, i ka wā hānau i uhi ʻia me ka fluff-brown fluff. I ka wā mua ua ʻimi lākou e noho pū me nā mākua.
Kāāʻohana: Mesitornithidae = Mesetiniformes, kahuhulu kahu hipa, nā kahu hipa o Hawaiʻi
ʻO MONIA (Monias benschi) plumage mai luna mai he hina, ʻeleʻele mai lalo. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wahine ma mua o ke kāne, ʻoiai kona ʻōpio a me kona umauma he ʻūhā ʻōpiopio. Loaʻa i nā kāne ʻelua i ka ʻāʻī ma ka umauma; kahi ipo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e hele i luna o ka maka.
Noho ka monia ma nā wahi kahawai pālona i uhi ʻia me nā kumulāʻau pōpoki o 3-6 m i ke kiʻekiʻe. Monia manuahi polygamous: wahine ka wahine me nā kāne kāne (polyandry).
ʻO ka hoʻouluuluʻana ma ka monia e hoʻomaka ana mai ʻOkakopa a hiki i Dekemaba. Aia ka moena i nā wahi māla ākea me nā pūʻulu o nā kumulāʻau nui a i ʻole nā mea ʻuʻulu e pālahalaha ʻia i kekahi mau wahi ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1-2 m (i.e., hiki ke kiʻi aku me ka kōkua o ka huakaʻi. He pāleʻaleʻa a pohono nā papahele. I ka ʻoi aku i ka manawa hoʻokahi wale nō hua melemele me ke keʻokeʻo, akā i kekahi manawa he 2 a ʻoi paha 3 mau huaʻai. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka kāne a hoʻoneʻe i ka pīpī.
Ua uhi ʻia ka pīpī ma luna o nā poloka. Hoʻopilikia ka hoʻolālā ʻana ma hope o ke ʻano moa.
Hoʻokahi wale nā Monies ma kahi ākea a, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke lele. Weliweli, holo mau nā monies. Hōʻalo iā lākou, mai ka wahi a me ka hoʻōho a me ke kani ʻole: "nak-nak-nak.", I kekahi manawa "kvak."
ʻO keʻano
ʻO ka nui ākea o ka manu, ʻo ka lōʻihi o 30-32 cm.ʻO ke kino ka mana ʻokoʻa no nā manu - he cylindrical ʻano, me kahi plumage ma lalo o ka huelo a me ka huelo lōʻihi a lōʻihi. Ua pōkole nā pōpoki, pōpoki, nā wāwae i hoʻomohala ʻia. ʻWā ʻia ka beak. ʻO ka moʻomeheu kelepona (ʻike ʻia ma waena o ka wahine a ʻo ka wahine paha) i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā pua monium (Nā Monias benschi).
Kālā
Kēia mau ʻano kahuhipa āpau o Hawaiʻi i ka hopena o ka mokupuni o Hawaiʻi i ka Moana Inde. ʻO ka hapanui o ka ʻāpana ka nui o ka kahu hipa o Hawaiʻi (Mesitornis unicolor), noho i ka wahi papa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma ka hikina o ka mokupuni. Nā ʻōpū o ke kahuhipa ʻo Hawaiʻi i ke keʻokeʻo (Mesitornis variegate) loaʻa i loko o nā mokupuni no ka maloo kai maloʻo i ke komohana a me ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka mokupuni, a me monia (Nā Monias benschi) ma nā kumulāila o nā pua liʻiliʻi ma kahi liʻiliʻi ma waena o ke kapakai hema a me nā puʻu 80 km mai ke kahakai.
ʻO nā hōʻailona kūwaho o ka pipi keʻokeʻo umauma umauma ʻōiwi.
He kahu manu keʻokeʻo ka ʻokeo ʻōiwi i ka ʻāina he 31 cm ka lōʻihi.ʻalahʻu nā kapala o ka ʻaoʻao o luna i ka ʻulaʻula, me kahi wahi hina hina ma luna, ʻo ka lalo keʻokeʻo e kāʻei ʻia me nā crescents ʻeleʻele. ʻŌpū ka ʻōpū me ka puʻupuʻu, ʻohi ʻia, a me nā koʻo. ʻO kahi ʻōhua ākea ākea a i ʻole nā laina keʻokeʻo e holo ana ma luna o ka maka.
White-breasted Madagascar Cowgirl
ʻO nā ʻēheu pōkole, he mau ʻuʻuku, a puni ka manu, akāʻo ka manu e holo ai, e mālama mau ana ia i nā manawa a pau o ka ʻāina. ʻO ke kahu hipa keʻokeʻo ʻōniʻoniʻo i ka neʻe ʻana i loko o ka ulu lāʻau i ke ʻano silhouette, me kahi pōkole hina hina, ka beak pololei. Aia nō kekahi hiʻohiʻona haʻahaʻa, kahi kāʻei paʻa a me ke poʻo liʻiliʻi.
Poni iki ke kaula liʻiliʻi. ʻO kahi maka keʻokeʻo me nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele e kāwili pū me kahi ʻōlule me ka ʻāʻī ʻīlio māmā. ʻEhā nā wāwae. I ka wā o ka neʻe, ʻo ka kahu hipa keʻena ʻo Hawaiʻi e paʻa ana i kona poʻo, ke kua a me ka ʻūhā ākea i ka maka.
ʻO ka ʻano haʻalulu a ke alo ʻōiwi keʻokeʻo ʻo Hawaiʻi.
He poʻe manu huna manu ʻo Hawaiʻi ke ola i ka honua ma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ʻelua a ʻehā paha. I ke kakahiaka nui a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka lā, lohe ʻia ke mele mele melemele a nā keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo a ka wahine keʻokeʻo. Hoʻokahi hipa i nā pā o nā manu makua a me nā kahu hipa ʻōpio. Ke hele nei lākou ma waena o ka ululāʻau, e halihali ana i ke kino kūʻokoʻa, a waʻa hoʻi i ko lākou mau poʻo i hope. E neʻe lohi lākou ma lalo o nā lei o ka ululāʻau virepa, pulehu nā lau no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻalā. Ke ʻeli nei nā manu i ka ʻūhā ululāʻau, e ʻā ana i nā lau i hāʻule a nānā i ka lepo i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻai. ʻO kā nā kahu hipa keʻokeʻo Hawaiʻi e hoʻomaha ana i kahi ʻōpū ma luna o kahi kaleka o nā lau make i ka pale, a i ka pō, e noho pū me nā lālā o lalo. Pane a lele iki nā manu kēia, inā pilikia e lele a lele wale i kekahi mau mika i loko o kahi kaʻao zigzag, pinepine ka ʻatikala i ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻopiʻi i ka mea hahai.
Ke ʻano o kahi White-breasted Madagascar Cowgirl
ʻAkē mau kaiʻai ʻōpiopio wahine ʻōpiopio.
ʻO ka honu mau keʻokeʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo keʻokeʻo i hanaʻai i ka hānai (nā pākeke a me nā ʻoka), akā ʻai nō hoʻi i nā meaʻai kanu (hua, hua, lau). Hoʻokomo ka mea ʻai i ka manawa, akā i nā crickets, beetles, cockroaches, spider, centipedes, lele, nocturnal moths.
ʻO ka ʻōkuhi hūʻaʻaʻai o Hawaiʻi
Hoʻokahi o ke kahu hipa keʻokeʻo ʻo ʻAmelika Hema.
ʻO ka poʻe kahu hipa keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e noho ana i nā ululā ke maloo nei. Kūpono ʻia mai ka moana kai a i 150 mau mika, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kekahi mau manu i ke ana i ke kahawai ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 350 mika. ʻO kēia mau ʻāina ʻōiwi ākea i makemake i nā nahele ulu nahele e kokoke ana i ka kahawai (ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka palena) a me ka nahele i komo ʻole i ka palahalaha i ka pā (ma ka ʻākau).
Hōʻailona o ka White-breasted Madagascar Cowgirl
ʻO ka hana hou ʻana o kahi kahu hipa keʻokeʻo umauma umauma wahine.
ʻO nā ʻōkōlā pua ʻōmaʻomaʻo manu manu manu manu monogamous e haku ana i nā pakanikani no ka manawa lōʻihi. Hana ʻia ka hana hou i ka wā maloʻo i Nowemapa-ʻApelila
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā wahine i nā hua maʻamau mai Nowemapa a Ianuali, ma kahi o 1-2 huaʻai. ʻO kēia nūnū kahi papa maʻalahi o nā koʻi pahu i kū kokoke i ka lepo i nā mea kanu wai-kokoke. Keʻokeʻo nā hua me nā wahi rusty. ʻIke ʻia nā huahe, uhi ʻia i lalo i lalo-ʻulaʻula.
ʻO ka hana hou o ka White-breasted Madagascar Cowgirl
ʻO ka helu o ke kahuhipa o nā umauma keʻokeʻo ʻike keʻokeʻo.
He ʻano lehulehu kekahi ʻōpio ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, nā wahi a pau ka haʻo o ka noho ʻana. Hoʻokomo ka hoʻoweliweli nui i nā pili ahi, deforestation a me ka ulu ʻana o nā kanu lāʻau. Ke emi wikiwiki nei ka nui o nā kahu hipa e ʻike ʻia nei e like me ka nalowale a me ka hōʻemi o nā hale i loko o ka pā. ʻO kahi kahakaha ʻo The White-breasted Madagascar Kahuhipa he mau iwi ʻano e like me ka helu ʻana o ka IUCN.
Hōʻike hoʻoweliweli i ka helu o ke kahuhipa ʻo keʻokeʻo ʻōiwi keʻokeʻo.
ʻO ka poʻe kahu hipa keʻokeʻo e noho ana i loko o Ankarafantsika, ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia e nā ahi, a ma ka ʻāina Menabe, hōʻino ʻia ka ulu lāʻau a me ka hoʻopuʻi ʻia o nā wahi kanu. Pilikia ka ululāʻau ma muli o ka mahiʻai a slash-and-burn (i ka plots), a me ka lola a me ka hana ʻana a ke kalala. Hoʻokomo ka hoʻopaʻa kānāwai a me ke kālai ʻole ʻana i ka manu. Holo ʻīlio me nā ʻīlio i Menaba (ma mua o Pepeluali) ua paʻa pū me ka manawa a ke kahu hipa hānai ʻana i ka nalo a lilo i mau pōʻino i ka wānana. Hoʻopili ʻia, ka huli ʻana i ka loli kūlia o ke ʻano e ka loli ʻōiwi ma kēia ʻano manu.
ʻO nā ana palekana e mālama ʻia i kahi kahu pipi keʻokeʻo ʻo ʻAmelika
ʻO nā ana palekana e mālama ʻia i kahi kahu pipi keʻokeʻo ʻo ʻAmelika.
Noho ka poʻe kahu hipa keʻokeʻo ma loko o nā pūnaewele āpau eono, he kumu nui ornithological kahi e mālama ʻia ai nā papahana mālama mālama kino. E mālama pono ʻia ka pale ʻana i ʻehā o lākou: ka ululāʻau ʻo Menabe, nā pā hale ʻo Ankarafantsik, Ankaran a me Analamera mālama waiwai. Akā i nā wahi e manaʻo maluhia nei nā manu, hoʻoweliweli i ka noho ʻana o nā ʻano.
Nā hana mālama e mālama ai i kahi kahuhipa o nā keʻokeʻo ʻōiwi keʻokeʻo.
I mea e mālama ai i ke kahuhipa o ka keʻokeʻo i ke keʻokeʻo ʻōmaka mua, pono ia e hoʻokō i nā noiʻi i mea e loaʻa ai ka nui o ka heluna kanaka hoʻonui. E hoʻomau i ka nānā ʻana i nā huliau heluna. Nānā i ka nalowale o ka nohona a me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ma nā wahi i ʻike ʻia i loaʻa ai nā manu ʻolua. Mālama i nā nahele maloʻo mai nā ahi a hoʻopuʻi ʻia. Kāohi i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana a me nā lawaiʻa lawaiʻa ma ka ʻāina Menabe. E hoʻomohala i kahi hana hoʻokele lāʻau a mālama i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka mahiʻai i ka mahiʻai. Hoʻopili i ke komo ʻana i nā mea hele i loko o ka ulu lāʻau. E noʻonoʻo e mālama i ka mālama ola ʻana i loko o Hawaiʻi ʻo ia ka mea nui i ka mālama kaiapuni.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
Ke noho maʻamau
Ua alakaʻi aku nā kahu hipa i ka ʻāina, i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ao. ʻO kā lākou maʻamau, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke ʻano like ʻana o ka manu nunu I ka hiki ʻana mai o ka pilikia, hoʻāʻo lākou e holo wikiwiki a hana i nā mokulele liʻiliʻi. Ke lele iki nei lākou a ākea iki, hiki hoʻi i ko lākou hiki ke lele ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana. Noho lākou i nā pūʻulu mai 3 (i ka poʻe kahu hipa keʻokeʻo a ʻeha a me monochromatic Madagascar) a 10 (i ka monia). Hoʻololi ʻia ka leo kīʻaha leo, ʻelua mau leo o nā kahu hipa no nā kāne kāne a me nā wahine.
E hānai nā manu i nā mea inikini, nā hua a me nā hua liʻiliʻi o nā mea kanu. Hiki ke ʻike pinepine ʻia lākou i ka ʻai ʻana i nā lau hāʻule i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai.
Ecology
He mau wao nahele ʻo Hawaiʻi i nā ʻōhulu ululāʻau i noho i nā pūʻulu o ʻelua a ʻehā mau kānaka, ʻike ʻia e hoʻomaha ana a e ʻai ana paha i ka ʻāina i ka lā. Hāʻawi ka palaʻala i kā ka wai pōkō i ka wā e hānai ana nā manu i ka ʻōpala lāʻau, ke kālai nei i ka ʻāpana litter e loaʻa ai nā invertebrates. ʻAi ʻia ka meaʻai i nā pīpī, millipedes, cockroaches, crickets, lele, spiders, a me nā huaʻala. Hoʻokele ʻia ka Oviposition mai Nowemapa a Ianuali mai kahi ʻekolu a ʻekolu mau hua ʻulaʻula me nā wahi ʻala. ʻO nā nests he hale maʻalahi o nā lāʻau interwoven, ma nā mea kanu, a kokoke i ka ʻāina.
Hoʻohele
ʻO ke kao i koho ʻia no ka nahele mahele o ka nahele a ua palena nā manu i ka ʻāpana ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelima ma ke kūkulu ʻākau a ma ke komohana o Hawaiʻi, a ʻo kekahi hoʻi ma ka hikina, ʻo Ambatovaky Nature Reserve. ʻO nā pūnaewele kūkulu ʻākau a me ke komohana ʻo Analamerana Nature Reserve, Ankarafantsika National Park, Ankarana Special Reserve, Daraina Forest a Menab Forest.
Ke kūlana
Ke hōʻole nei ka nui o kēia mau ʻano a ʻike ʻia e hoʻomau i kēia hana. Hoʻowahāwahā ʻo ia i ke komo ʻole ʻana, a ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia kona hale nahele lāʻau e ka lāʻau lāʻau a me nā wahie lāʻau. Eia kekahi, e kau i ka hopu ʻana i ke kaomi. Ua helu ka International Union for Conservation of Nature i ke kūlana mālama i kēia manu ʻo "ʻĀpelopaka."