Hoʻomaopopo piha nā Chimpanzees i nā pono o ka kuke kai - ʻaʻole lākou makemake wale i ka meaʻai i kuke i ka maka, akā ʻike nō hoʻi lākou no ke kaʻina kuke ʻana a ua mākaukau lākou e hoʻolimalima manawa.

ʻO nā chimpanzees me kekahi wikiwiki wikiwiki e like me nā kānaka. Ua ʻike lōʻihi loa ia ua ʻike lākou i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana, akā he mea hiki ke hāpai, no ka laʻana, e hoʻohana nā chimpanzees i nā kumulāʻau lāʻau e like me nā ihe, hopu nui i nā mōlani galago liʻiliʻi? E pili ana i kēia ʻaʻole lōʻihi i loko o kāna moʻolelo i Royal Science Open Science wahi a primatologists mai Iowa State University. A ʻaʻole i hala ʻelua mau mahina mai ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e like me Nā hana ʻana a ka Royal Society B Ke kamaʻilio nei nā mea noiʻi Harvard e pili ana i kekahi loea kahaha o nā chimpanzees - ke kipa ʻia lākou e maʻalahi ke kuke.

Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka kuke ʻana, ʻike pinepine mākou i ke ahi. Akā, i mea e hoʻohana ai no ka no culinary kumu, pono ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i kekahi mau mea nui. ʻO ka mua, pono ʻoe e aloha i ka ʻai kīʻaha ma mua o ka momona, a me ka lua, pono ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo he ʻelua ʻāpana o ka meaʻai - ka maka a me ka kuke ʻia, a ʻo ka kolo ʻana i ka mua i ka lua, o ke kolu, pono ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i ka huahana ʻāpala e mālama ʻia. a hoʻolilo i kahi i hiki ai iā ia ke hoʻomākaukau.

Ua ʻike ʻia e makemake ʻia nā chimpanzees a me kekahi mau holoholona ʻē aʻe i ka mea kuke i ka ʻai, a me nā hoʻokolohua hou e Alexandra Rosati (Alexandra Rosati) a me Felix Farneken (Ua hōʻike ʻo Felixekeken) Ua hōʻoia hou kēia. ʻO nā mau ʻokaʻohana keu (zoologists i hana i ka mālama Chimpunga i ka Repubalika Kongo) ua mākaukau e kali i ka minuke a hiki i ka wā ʻuala ʻia (kālua ʻia, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe pata a me nā mea ʻala.)

A laila ua hōʻike ʻia nā “ʻanā” ʻelua i nā chimpanzees, kahi i ʻoki ʻia ai kahi ʻuala a i ʻole ʻālepaʻa i mākaukau ʻia, i nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole mau i loli. Ua like nā ʻōnaehana like 'ana me nā kīnaki palaka ʻelua i waiho ai i nā mea kanu huaʻai, a laila e lū pū me i mua o ka ihu o kahi chimpanzee, e hōʻike ana i ka kuke ʻana, a laila lawe maila lākou i ka mālama. ʻO ka hoʻopunipuni i ka mea hoʻokahi, lawe ʻia ka ʻāpana like i ka waʻa, a ma ka lua, ua hoʻohiki ʻia nā kīʻaha e lilo i mea huna, a mai ia mea, ma o ka puʻupuʻu maʻalahi, nā ʻāpana i hana ʻia i loko o ia ʻokoʻa i ka ʻāea i lawe ʻia mai loko mai o ia mea. Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana o nā kaileo i kēia mau mea āpau, pono lākou e kau i kā lākou ʻāpana o ka ʻuala i loko o kahi a i ʻole "mea hoʻohana". Ka mea i makemake i nā chimpanzees makemake i ka papa ʻaina kahi e kuke ai ka meaʻai, me he mea lā, a ua hoʻoikaika ʻia kēia koho me ka ʻike. (Hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i ka wikiō me ka hoʻokolohua ma aneʻi.) Eia kekahi, ʻike pono nā mea ola ʻaʻole ʻaʻole kūpono nā mea āpau - ma ka laʻana, me ka hāʻawi ʻia i nā ʻāpana o ka lāʻau ma kahi o nā ʻuala uala, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻāʻo e "kuke" iā lākou. Mai kēia manawa, ua hoʻoholo nā mea kākau o ka hana i nā holoholona o ka ʻike i ke ʻano o ke kaʻina ʻike a ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻaʻa ʻana e like me ke ʻano o kahi hoʻohuli.

ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ke kolu o ka helu ka lawe ʻana i meaʻai i kahi o ka hoʻomākaukau. I ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka poʻe noiʻi i ka hoʻokolohua hou aʻe, ʻaʻole lākou i hilinaʻi nui loa: ʻike maopopo ia me ka mālama ʻana iā ʻoe iho a i ka pili ʻana i ka meaʻai, ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa nā holoholona, ​​a pūlohi pū me nā ʻāpana anthropoid. No nā mea hoʻomaka, pono ke cimpanzee i lawe i kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻai maka 4 mika ma kahi e kuke ʻia ai. ʻOiai ua ʻike pinepine ʻia ka lawe ʻole ʻana o nā mea ʻai i nā wahi a pau, a ʻai wale ma laila, eia naʻe, ma ka hapalua o nā hihia i hana ai lākou i kēia huakaʻi. Eia nō kekahi, kali ʻo nā chimpanzees i kekahi mau minuke a hiki i kahi kanaka ke puka mai me kahi mea kuke "kuke". ʻO ia, ʻo nā mōʻī, e like me ka mea i huli ʻia, aia nō ma ke kumu ke hoʻolālā i nā kaʻina kulupele, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻokaʻawale i nā meaʻai mai kahi a i kahi a hiki ke kuke ʻia. Ma waena o nā chimpanzees aia kekahi ʻelua o ka poʻe i mālama maʻamau no ka manawa lōʻihi i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kiki a lākou e hoʻoiho ai ma hope.

Aia kekahi manaʻo kaulana i hiki ke hiki ke kuke i ka ʻai i ka ʻai a ke kanaka. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, e like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai ma luna aʻe, ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā kulana me ka pili ʻana i ke kapu o ke ahi. Eia kekahi, ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia hiki paha i ke ahi ke noho i kekahi manawa ma waena o ko mākou mau kūpuna kahiko no ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana i nā hale a i pale ʻia mai nā mea hoʻopilikia weliweli, a manaʻo ʻia nā kānaka ma mua o ka wā e kuke ai i ka wā ma hope. Eia nō naʻe, e like me Rosati a me Warneken, hiki koke lākou ke hoʻohana ʻana i ke ahi no ka ʻenehana culinary, no ka mea, e like me kā mākou e ʻike nei, ʻike ʻia nā mea puki e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻolālā i kā lākou ʻai.

ʻElua mau mea hou aʻe aʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻololi i nā meaʻai ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻololi i kā mākou mau kūpuna kahiko mai nā hua i nā kūleʻa a me nā rhizome o nā mea kanu e pōmaikaʻi ana i ka ʻaʻa ʻana. ʻO ka lua, he hiki i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa kulua ma kahi a i ʻole liʻiliʻi, a me nā kaiāulu altruistic kahi hikiʻole iā ʻoe ke makaʻu i ka lawe ʻana o kāu hoaaloha i kāu meaʻai. ʻO Chimpanzees, ʻoiai i ko lākou ʻoihana kaiāulu nui, ʻaʻole e poina i ka manawa e ʻaihue ai i kekahi mea mai kekahi, a i kēia hihia, ʻo ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ʻai koke ʻia ʻoe. Eia kekahi, hoʻopuni nui ka kuke ʻana i nā manawa mamao loa me ka nui o ka pilikia - hiki i ke kanaka ke hopohopo ʻole a hōʻino wale i nā mea a pau āna i kuke ai me ka mālama ʻole ʻia, a ʻoi paha ka mea i hoʻomaka ʻia ma kahi e hiki ʻole ai ke haʻi kekahi i ka meaʻai ʻole.

Kaʻana i kēia:

ʻO Boris Akimov: No nā mea hoʻomaka, hoʻokahi nīnau hoihoi. Ma kāu pukeK? Kuhiahikū ʻoe i ka paʻakikī o ke kaʻina hana e hoʻoikaika ai i ka holomua kanaka. ʻOiaʻiʻo ke ʻano: ʻo ka nānā ʻana i ka meaʻai wikiwiki ka mea e hoʻemi ai i nā kānaka? ʻO kēia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻopauʻana i ka evolutionary?

ʻO Richard Wangham: Aʻole naʻe wau e manaʻo. Manaʻo wau ʻo ka moʻomeheu o ka kuke ʻana i ke ahi a i ʻole ka kuke ai i ka ʻohana ua hoʻoikaika nui i ke ʻano maoli o ka ʻohana. I koʻu manaʻo, i ka wā e lawe ai mākou i ka meaʻai i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i nā mea ʻai wikiwiki a i ʻole nā ​​hale ʻai a i ʻole mākou e kūʻai i ka ʻai i hoʻomākaukau ʻia a hoʻomanahana ʻia, hoʻonāwaliwali ʻia nā pilina o loko o ka ʻohana.

ʻAʻole like ia iaʻu ke neʻe nei ka moʻomeheu i ka hele ʻana o ka lā - ke hoʻomaka nei kahi manawa hou, me kahi ʻano like ʻole i ka meaʻai. ʻO ia, pili pili kēia i ke hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻohana, a ʻaʻole ka lahilahi ma ka laulā.

B. A:.Kekahi AUa kiʻi like ʻo Lexander Genis ma waena o ka meaʻai wikiwiki a me ka meaʻai pēpē: ke kīleʻa lole, ʻai ʻoe i ka ʻai me kou mau lima, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No ke aha e komo hou ai ke kanaka i ka wā kamaliʻi a pono hou i ka ʻai pēpē?

R. R .: He nīnau hohonu loa kēia. No nā kamaliʻi, ʻoi aku kaʻai e like me ka maʻalahi. Hāʻawi mākou i nā keiki i nā meaʻai i hoʻolālā ʻia no lākou, no ka mea he maʻalahi ke kolo a me ka hoʻāʻo. I ka wā pākeke, makemake mākou i ka meaʻai like, kahi papahana biologically mākou no ia. ʻO ka mea maʻalahi wale nō: e hana i kahi meaʻai pēpē, pono ʻoe e hoʻoikaika. Akā i kēia lā, hiki i nā hana loea ke hiki ke loiloi i ka meaʻai ma kahi ala i hiki ʻole ai i kekahi mau kenekulia a keu paha. Ma kēia manawa ke hōʻike nei mākou i kahi ʻano hou o ke ʻano hou, makemake nui nā kānaka i ka meaʻai i ʻokiʻoki. Akā ʻo ka mea makemake mākou i ka meaʻai i kūpono no nā keiki, ʻaʻole ia ka manaʻo e ke huli nei mākou i keiki. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia i nā makahiki he ʻumi mau makahiki, ua ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā niho kanaka - a me nā keiki liʻiliʻi wale nō nā keiki - a ulu liʻiliʻi hoʻi ko mākou waha, no laila e lilo mākou i mea e like me ka poʻe keiki.

B. A:.ʻAʻole paha kēia he pololei loa, akā makemake wau i ka manaʻo. Hiki paha i kēia ʻano ke wehewehe i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā "scammers"?

R. R .: ʻAʻole maopopo. Akā, ʻae nā ʻōlelo o nā chimpanzees e lilo i kahi kokoke i ka lā holoʻokoʻa e loaʻa ai ka meaʻai a me ka ʻai ʻana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, lawe a kokoke i ʻeono mau hola i ka lā e hoʻomoʻa i ka meaʻai, a lawe pū ana hoʻi i ka manawa e hele ai i ka meaʻai a hoʻomaha ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana, i ka wā e ʻeli ʻia ai ka meaʻai. A ʻaʻole nā ​​mea e pāʻani nei i nā pāʻani kamepiula i kēia hana. No laila hiki wale i ka poʻe e mākaukau i ka meaʻai nā mea i hiki ke kūʻai i ka ʻoihana o kahi keiki - a he kūlana hou loa kēia mai kahi hiʻohiʻona e ʻike nei.

B. A:.Pēlā ia e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka kuke ʻana, ʻaʻole naʻe kahi i ʻai ai ʻoe.

R. R .: Āʻoia. Aia ia i ka ʻano kuke ʻana inā he kiʻi nō ka pono. No nā haʻawina like ʻia ua ʻike ka hoʻomakaʻa o nā meaʻai meaʻai me ka nele o ka ikaika. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, aia nā poʻe e ʻai i ka meaʻai maka a noho maikaʻi loa hoʻi, akā no kēia pono ʻoe e kau i kahi nui.

B. A:.I koʻu ʻike ʻana, i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ka poʻe e kuke i ka ahi, lilo lākou i ʻāpana o ke anaina hou, no ka mea, e noho ana lākou a puni ke ahi a loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻano o nā kamaʻilio hou - a ma ka manawa i hānau ʻia ai ke kaiāulu. Uaʻoiaʻiʻo nō kēia?

R. R .: ʻAe, manaʻo wau pēlā. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, inā e kuke ʻoe, a laila pono ʻoe e pale aku i kou ʻāpono. ʻOiaʻiʻo, inā ʻoe, no ka mea, hoʻohua a wikiwiki koke i ka hua mai kahi lāʻau, ʻaʻohe mea e lawe i ka ʻai mai ou aku - ʻaʻohe mākaukau iā ʻoe. Akā inā ʻoe e hoʻomaka i ka kuke ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka meaʻai ma kahi hoʻokahi, kokoke i kahi ahi, a pono ʻoe i ka manawa e kuke ai a ʻai i nā mea āpau, hiki iā ʻoe ke pīhoihoi - hiki iā ʻoe ke lawe ʻē aʻe i kāu meaʻai mai ʻoe. ʻO kēia kahi e hoʻomaka ai ka ʻike mua ʻana o ke kanaka, ua ʻokoʻa ia ma ka ʻike chimpanzee, no ka mea, ʻaʻole ʻoe eʻai wikiwiki i ka meaʻai, akā e hoʻomaka e kāohi iā ʻoe iho a hiki ke kali a hiki i ka ʻai e lilo ai ka maikaʻi ma muli o ka kuke.

Akā ʻo kēia kaʻina hana iā ia iho i nā pilikia e hiki ai iā ʻoe: hiki i kekahi ke hele pōloli - i kēlā lā ʻaʻole ia i loaʻa i ka meaʻai - a lawe i ka meaʻai mai iā ʻoe. Eia, mālama nā wahine i nā keiki a hoʻomākaukau i ka ʻai no lākou, a hiki i ke kāne ke lawe i kēia meaʻai a ʻōlelo aku: "ʻAʻole mālama wau e pōloli ʻoe me kāu poʻe keiki." Ke manaʻo nei wau aia ma waho o kēia ʻano hana ka hopena o ka pilina ma waena o ke kāne a me ka wahine. ʻO ke kumu ke ʻike nei ke kāne: e hānai nā wahine iā ia, a hāʻawi ka wahine iā ia i ka meaʻai, no ka mea, e pale nei iā ia mai ka poʻe hiki ke lawe i kēia meaʻai.

Ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ma nā kaiāulu liʻiliʻi, alakaʻi kēia i ka mea ʻo ka wahine i pāpā ʻia ʻole e hānai i kekahi i ʻoi aku o kāna kāne. A inā ʻā kekahi kanaka e ʻimi e loaʻa i kāna meaʻai, ʻae aku nei i kāna kāne, a laila hiki iā ia ke hoʻopiʻi i nā hoaaloha, a hoʻoholo lākou e hoʻoholo ʻia kekahi, ʻakaʻaka a hoʻohemo ʻia. No laila, manaʻo ʻia iaʻu ka hoʻolapalapa ke kumu o kā mākou pilina.

B. A:.Heʻoiaʻiʻo anei kēia i ʻike ʻia nā ʻohana no nā kumu like ʻole o ke kaiāulu?

R. R .: Ka. ^ Na ʻIke ʻia ka ʻohana ma kahi o ka pepeiao. He nui ka manaʻo e huli ka ʻohana ma muli o ka mahele o ka hana ma o ka wahine. E like me ka wahine i ʻōloi i nā aʻa a lawe iā lākou i ka home, a ʻimi kekahi kanaka i nā holoholona a lawe iā lākou i ka home, hoʻololi i ka ʻai no nā hua - a mai kēia mahele o ka hana ua puka mai kahi ʻohana. Akā, manaʻo ia ʻaʻole ʻaʻole pela. Inā ʻoe e nānā i nā ʻohana o ka lawaiʻa a me ka hōʻuluʻulu a puni ka honua, e ʻike ʻoe ua loaʻa ʻole kēia. Ma kekahi mau wahi, loaʻa i kahi kāne nā meaʻai āpau - no ka laʻana, ʻo ka Eskimos ma ka ʻArikika, a ʻaʻohe wahine i nā mea āpau. Ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, aneane loa e loaʻa nā meaʻai a nā wahine, a lawe nā kāne i nā mea he nui - no ka laʻana, ma Northern Australia. Akā hoʻokahi mea hoʻokahi: ʻo ka wahine kuke no nā kāne.

Manaʻo wau he mea koʻikoʻi nui loa kēia. ʻIke iaʻu ʻo ia ka mea ʻo ka pili o nā pilina ma ka ʻohana e pili ana i ka mea a ka wahine e hoʻomākaukau ai no ke kāne. A pono ka wahine i ke kāne no laila, e like me kaʻu i ʻōlelo ai, hiki i ke kāne ke pale i ka wahine a me ka meaʻai i ka wā e kuke ana ʻo ia.

B. A:.Maikaʻi loa. Inā nui ka hana o ka kuke ʻana, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo, ua pili nā loli ʻē aʻe i loko o kā kākou ʻano leʻalena a i ʻole ka ʻai ʻana o ka poʻe?

R. R .: Me he mea lā e kū nei ka kuhi ʻana i ka puʻuwai o ke kanaka e hana i kahi ʻano kaiāulu ʻano, no ka mea ʻole o ka kuke ʻana i ka lolo, ʻaʻole paha mākou i loaʻa i kahi nui like. ʻO nā primates āpau, ʻo ka nui o ka lolo i loko o ke kanaka ma muli o ka loaʻaʻana o kahi pūnaehana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. I nā primates, ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻōnaehana digestive, ʻoi ka nui o ka lolo. A ʻuʻu liʻiliʻi ka pūnaehana digestive no ka mea kuke mākou. ʻO ka mākaukau o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kulī i nā meaʻai i ka wā lōʻihi i hala. Manaʻo wau ua loaʻa kēia i kahi ʻelua miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ʻo ke ʻano o kēia mākaukau i alakaʻi i nā kahe e hiki ai i nā kānaka ʻē aʻe.

A mai waho mai o kēia mau mana hiki i kā mākou mau hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona āpau i hoʻokumu - hoʻomaopopo ʻana, ka ʻōlelo, kā ʻoe - a, i ka hopena, kāwila.

B. A:.Manaʻo paha ʻoe ua hoʻololi kekahi mau loli i nā makahiki he 100 i hala me ke ʻano e ʻai ai a kuke ai paha ke kanaka i ka loli i ka nohona o ka poʻe a me ke kaiāulu?

R. R .: Ae 'oia. Ua kamaʻilio ʻia mākou e pili ana i kēia: aia i kēia manawa ka huaʻai, a hiki ke loaʻa koke, no laila, ʻaʻohe pono ke kāne e hoʻi i ka home i kēlā me kēia lā a me ka pāʻina me kāna wahine a me kāna mau keiki - no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hele i ka meaʻai wikiwiki a ʻai wikiwiki i laila. I kēia manawa, ua nui ka manawa i hiki ai ke kiʻi i ka meaʻai i ka ahiahi - a ʻo ka mea ʻana i ka ʻaina he mea nui loa wau - a no laila ʻaʻole pono nā mea a pau e hōʻuluʻulu i kekahi manawa. No laila mākou e noho nei i kahi kaiāulu kahi e nawaliwali nā pilina ma waena o ka ʻohana: ʻai nā keiki ma mua o ka TV, e ʻai ana ka wahine ma o ia lā, a ʻai kā ke kanaka ma ke kūlanakauhale - a ʻokoʻa hoʻi ia, hana ʻo ia a ʻai pū ma hope o ka hana. Akā e alakaʻi ana kēia mau mea āpau i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻohana kuʻuna. He mea nui inā makemake mākou i kahi ʻohana like ʻole a ʻaʻole makemake. He hopena ʻokoʻa loa kēia. Loaʻa paha he ala ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki ma mua o ka ʻohana nīkini kūlohelohe, ʻoiai he 100 makahiki i hala.