Palapala Latin: | Caprimulgus europaeus |
Kaulana: | Mako-like |
Ohana: | ʻAi-kai |
Hoʻohui: | ʻO ka wehewehe ʻōiwi Europa |
ʻAno a me ke ʻano. ^ E Ha yM. He liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka ʻōpū ma ka lōʻihi o ke kukuna (ka lōʻihi o ke kino 26–28 cm, ke kaupaona 60-110 g, nā ʻāpana wingpan 57–64 cm), lōʻihi a ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o nā ʻūhā, a me nā wāwae pōkole a me ka liʻiliʻi, kūleʻa lalo i ka beak. Ua nui ka poʻo, ua wili ʻia e like me ka wikiwiki, pālahalaha ka waha, lōʻihi nā mākeke lōʻihi e ʻike ʻia ma kona mau ʻaoʻao - "ka mustache", nui nā maka, ʻōiwi. E alakaʻi ana i ke ola nocturnal, e noho ana i ke ahiahi, e peʻe ana i ka lepo a i ʻole i nā lālā lāʻau, loaʻa iā lākou ma ka pinepine pinepine, ʻaʻole ma kēlā me kēia, e like me nā manu ʻē aʻe. Ma muli o ka kala palekana maikaʻi, paʻakikī loa ka manu e ʻike; e hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia ana i ka ʻōpū a me ke ʻano like ʻole he mea ola, akā he ʻoki manu. I kekahi manawa ke hūnā i nā kao hiki i nā maka maka, akā inā i loko o ka pōpilikia, uhi pinepine ʻo ia iā lākou.
ʻO ia nō ia i ka lula a me ka pō, i ka wā e hānai ai i nā iniseti lele lele, ka mea maʻamau ma luna o nā ululāʻau ʻoihana, nā kihi o nā waihona kālā, a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. He māmā a he manu a lele ke lele, hiki ke kau ma ka lewa a hana i ka wikiwiki i nā ʻōkuhi i manaʻo ʻole ʻia. I ka pō, e noho mau ana ia ma luna o nā lālā lāʻau, nui loa nā mea ʻoki, ma ke ʻano maʻamau, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ke alo ʻole, ʻaʻole i hele pū. Kūpono ka helehelena, aneane hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale iā ia me nā manu ʻē aʻe. Hiki i ke kao lele make ke kahuhū no ka cuckoo, akā ʻoi aku ia a lōʻihi a ʻēheu kona mau ʻēheu, ʻaʻole hoʻi i maʻuli ka ʻili, akā, ʻoi aku ka ʻano o ka ʻūʻā (ʻā ia i ka wā i lawe ʻia). I nā kāne, i ka wā lawe, lawe ʻia nā wahi keʻokeʻo ma luna o nā ʻēheu a ma ka huelo.
ʻO keʻano. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā kala helehelena, brownish-hina, me kahi hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o nā pāpaʻomaʻo liʻiliʻi a me nā wahi liʻiliʻi. Ma aneane ʻike mau aniani i lalo o ka maka, ʻelua mau wahi keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻāʻī a me ke kaula ākea o nā ʻāpana kukui i ka lehelehe nalu. ʻO nā kāne, ʻike ʻia nā wahi keʻokeʻo nui ma luna o ka lele a me nā hulu ʻili huluhulu. ʻAʻohe wahi keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe o ka wahine. ʻEleʻele nā maka, i ka pō ma ke kāʻei o ke kukui a i ʻole nā mālamalama mālamalama e hamama a kokoke i - i ka wai ʻula, a i ka mamao - i ke keokeo. Uhiʻi ʻia nā ʻōpiʻi Downy i nā ʻili polū o ke kala ʻeleʻele me nā pā hulu nui, nā manu ʻōpala i holo like ʻia me nā wahine makua, akā heʻeleʻele.
Manaʻo. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka mele aloha, he modulate rumbling (a i ʻole rattling), e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ka chirping o ka bea. I ka pau ʻana o ke mele, neʻeneʻe mau nei, hana i kekahi mau kī nui me nā ʻēheu a (a i ʻole) nā kū kani akaʻi "hopena pule"." ʻO kēlā uē like i ka manawa i kū mai me ka ʻoliʻoli nui. I ka hopohopo (no ka laʻana, kokoke i ka pili), pinepine ʻo ia i ka hū me ka lewa, me ka weliweli nui me ka hoʻoweliweli, e wehe ana i kāna waha ʻulaʻula nui, i kēia ʻano he ʻano maʻamau no nā moa.
Ke Kūlana ʻokoʻa. ^ E Ha yM. Hāpai ka uhi pālua e pili ana i ka ʻākau ʻĀpana a me Eurasia mai West Europe a hiki i Transbaikalia a me Kina waena. Ua pālahalaha loa ma ko Rūsia ʻĀina, hiki i Karelia ma ke kūkulu ʻākau, i nā palena o ka wahi i noʻonoʻo ʻia ma ka hema, akā he pololei ia. I nā wahi kūpono he mea maʻamau a lehulehu loa. He manu lele i hala, e hele mai i ka pūnāwai i ka pō pōkole, i ka manawa i māhilo ʻia ai nā pō e ʻike ʻia ai nā iniseti lele e hele mai (ma ka ʻaoʻao waena - ma mua o Mei. I ka wā lulu, e hele mau ana nā manu kūloko a hiki i ʻOkakopa. ʻO Winters ma Africa.
Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka lepuni, maʻamau ka noho ʻana i nā mākela pupu i ke one a i ʻole nā palahalaha kiʻekiʻe, ma nā kīhāpai kahiko a me nā wahi kuni, ma nā wahi kahi i loaʻa nā māka o ka ʻāina i kū ʻole ʻia i ka mauʻu, a ma ke kūkulu hema e hiki nō iā ia ke pūlea ai i ka ʻeke ākea. Hāʻawi ka wahine i nā hua honu 2 oblong i ka ʻāina mākaʻikaʻi, ʻaʻole hoʻi i hana i kahi ʻano o kahi pā. ʻO nā hoalauna ʻelua e hūnā ana i loko o ka masonry, e peʻe ana i ka pili o ka pūnana o ke kao, he aneane hiki ʻole ke ʻike ke ʻike ʻole ke ʻano kahi i noho ai ʻo ia. Ke lele mau nei ka manu ʻōlohelohe i ka manawa hope loa, e kāʻili ʻia ana i ka wā e hoʻokokoke aku ai ia mai lalo o kona mau wāwae. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka incubation, ua lele lele pinepine ke kao makaʻu a hūnā mai ka nānā aku, mai nā incubated masonry a ʻoi loa mai nā moa liʻiliʻi hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaka "hoʻoneʻe", e hoʻohālike ai. Hūnā nā mea weliweli inā i ka pōpilikia. Mālama nā mākua ʻelua i kā lākou hana ʻana.
E mālama pono i nā manu ʻōpio i nā manu ʻōpio i kahi lōʻihi ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana e lele. Hoʻopau mua nā pipi i nā wahi pili i ka pili, a laila hoʻomaka i ka hū a lau ʻole; i ka hopena o ke kauwela a i ʻole hāʻule paha, ʻike nā manu ʻōpio i kahi kaʻawale mai ko lākou mau mākua. Poni nui ʻia i ka pō lele manuahi, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau pōpoki holo ʻole a ʻo nā pōa, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke ʻohi i ka waiwai mai ka honua aku.
ʻAtlelo Kūlike (Caprimulgus europaeus)
Nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau a me nā hiʻohiʻona kula
Kahi i ka nui, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kahi kīwaha, me ka ʻāʻī o nā ʻēheu lōʻihi a me kahi huelo lōʻihi, ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele me nā ʻōmala ʻano variegated, me nā wahi keʻokeʻo e pili ana i ka ʻāʻī, nā ʻēheu a me ka huelo. Aia i oi aku ka pouli ma mua o ka kao ʻakaʻī, kahi i hui pū ai ma nā wao nahele o Central Asia a me Kazakhstan.
Kiʻina 24. ʻO nā wāwae o nā Kozodoys (ma hope o: Spangenberg, 1951):
a - maʻamau, b - mahina.
E wehe ke ʻano, e like me nā kao ʻē aʻe, a palalupalu ka plumage, e like me nā ʻawewe. I ka lā awakea a i ka pō, ka like me ka silhouette o kahi lele-manu lele lele e like me kahi mea hoʻomāne liʻiliʻi i like me ka derbnik. he māmā kona lele, noho mālie a manuʻeleu nui, ua pū pū ia me nā pani i hiki ʻole ʻole a huli hoʻi ka huli. I ka manawa pinepine, ma hope o ʻelua a ʻekolu paha hiʻona hohonu, hoʻolālā ka kao i nā ʻēheu kaawale, hiki ke kau ʻia ma kahi hoʻokahi, e lele ana e like me nā ʻēheu o kahi kestrel. Hoʻohana i ke kakahiaka nui. E hopu ana i kou maka i ke ao ma o ka pōpilikia wale nō ia, ke kaalo koke ʻana i ka manaʻo maoli ma lalo o kou mau wāwae. Ua paʻakikī paha ka ʻike ʻana i ke kao kao e noho ana ma ka lepo a i ʻole ma ka lālā, ma muli o ka pale o ke kaohi o kona ʻeleʻele hina me ka hana jet a me ka ʻano o ka hūnā, e noho mau ana. ʻAʻole hele a hū ʻole, ʻaʻole noho i ka mauʻu ākea kiʻekiʻe, makemake i nā ʻāpana o ka ʻāina a uhi ʻia paha me nā lāʻau ulu palaka haʻalulu. I ka hopena o ke kauwela a me ka ʻohi, hiki ke loaʻa ke kao i loko o nā waikahe ma nā ala, kahi i ke ahiahi i ka manawaʻeleʻele i ke aniani o ke kumu o ke kaʻa a me ke kaʻa paha hiki iā ʻoe ke mākaʻi mai kahi mamao loa i nā maka e hōʻike ana i ka mālamalama. I ka manawa holo ʻole, nā manu (a ʻoi aku nā ʻōpio) ka poʻe mālama ʻole, ka mea e alakaʻi ai i ka make ma lalo o nā huila o ke kaʻa. Hiki i kēia hiʻohiʻona e hopu i nā kao no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā kumu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kumu kukui māmā.
He ʻokoʻa ka leo. ʻO ke mele kaulana loa ka pālule kani ʻana, i kapa ʻia i kekahi manawa he purr a heʻe mau paha. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi iā ia ʻo "warrrerrr ... .errr". Ke loli lohi nei, e hoʻomau mau ka mele i hoʻokahi minute, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi. I kekahi manawa, like kona ʻano like me ke "mele" o ke kao ʻalaʻula. Ke lele leo malū nei ʻo Kozodoi i loko o ka pōʻeleʻele i ke kani ʻana o "ka hopena pule ... ma hope o ka hopena", ma hope o ke mele me ka hoʻopau ʻana. Hoʻopili nā manu ʻehā i ko lākou mau pepeiao a hana i kahi kani kūloko i ke ao. I ka wā e kahaki ana nā kāne, lele pinepine nā kāne i kā lākou mau eheu. I ka waenakonu o ka wā moena, hiki ke lohe ʻia i ke mele a ke kao i kekahi manawa i ke ao, nui i ka lā me ke ao. Ma waho o ka hoʻouka ʻana e noho mālie.
ʻO keʻano
ʻAukui. He kāne i ka lole o nā pākeke. ʻOkoʻa ka laulā ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o ka piko mai ke kala kala ʻana i ke anā kala. E like me ke kānāwai, nā poʻo o luna o ke poʻo, ka mantle a me ke kua hoʻi i loko o ka ulaula-brownish-hina me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ʻole i ka hala, a me nā paina melemele-brown. I ka puni ʻana o nā maka, he mau puʻupuʻu pōkole nā pupuʻu a me nā kihi o ke aniani i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke aniani kaua, ma lalo o ka pelvis - he kaula māmā. ʻEleʻele nā pepeiao. ʻO ka huelo a me ka huelo o ka pena like o ke kua me ke kua, me nā ʻōwili polu a me ke kala. ʻElua mau aila hoʻokele ākea - me nā māla apical keʻokeʻo nui he 25-35 mm lōʻihi. He ʻeleʻele a poʻo hina paha nā ʻēheu nā pale a me nā hina, me nā pōkoki me nā pihi o nā pūnaewele waho. ʻEleʻele ka hulu i ka hulu, me nā wahi pihi ākea ākea a me nā wahi keʻokeʻo ma luna o nā pūnaewele o ka papa o ka I-III mua ma I-III (ke keʻokeʻo-III hoʻi, ke keʻokeʻo hoʻi i loko o nā pūnaewele waho). ʻO ka lalo a me nā ʻāpana he māmā, ocher-hina, i nā manawa koʻikoʻi nā brownish. E keʻokeʻo ka ʻākala, ʻelua mau wahi keʻokeʻo ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpū o nā wahine. Nui ka undercoat i ka ʻōpū, a me nā manamana transverse brownish. ʻO nā mea kīwī keʻokeʻo a me nā māʻī ʻōʻī e hoʻomālamalama ʻia, nā ʻōpū kūwili i nā kihi a nā ʻaoʻao o nā ʻēheu a me ka huelo, ʻike ʻia a lele ʻia i kahi manu lele e kū ana i ke ahiahi, akā i ka wā o kahi lele o kēia manawa (Piechocki, 1969, Schlegel, 1969, Korelov, 1970).
ʻOkoʻa kekahi wahine wahine ʻokoʻa ma kahi kāne i ka hala ʻole o nā wahi keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻēheu a ʻulaʻula, ma mua o ke keʻokeʻo, nā ʻūhā ma luna o ka ʻāʻī a hoʻopau i nā helmona: ʻo ka hope he lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o 13-29 mm a me nā hulu hulu (Piechocki, 1966).
Downy moa. ʻIke ʻia e ka mea ʻike ʻia, me nā kēke auditory wehe. Ua uhi ʻia me ka maloʻo nui loa: ka pōkoki pōkole i ka dorsal a lōʻihi, hina hoʻi hina, ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino. ʻAno polū ka waha a ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele ka beak, me kahi ʻōpio ulaula ʻia ke ʻano he "niho". Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā kumu o nā manamana mua ʻekolu e kahi membrane e nānā ana, e palupalu ke kahakaha o nā manamana waena, me ka ʻole o ka puʻupuʻu o kahi kao kāne makua. ʻO ka lōʻihi loa o ka lug he 10-11, ʻo ka lika ka 11-12 mm.
ʻO nā ʻōpio o nā kāne a pau i ka hopena mua o ka ola, ua like like ia me nā wahine ʻōpio, ʻokoʻa ʻole mai ia mau mea mai kahi ʻūhā liʻiliʻi, ke ʻū, a me ka huelo ʻoi aku ka umauma, ua liʻiliʻi ʻia nā ʻōpio ma mua o nā pākeke, nā wīwī ma hope o ke kua ma mua, he mau wīwili liʻiliʻi me ka ʻōpala keʻokeʻo, a me ka huelo ua mahele iki nā hulu ma mua o nā pākeke (Ivanov, 1953). Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ākea o nā manu ʻōpio ma nā mākeke maikaʻi loa: i nā kāne, nā pā o ke keʻokeʻo e noho ana i ka 5-10 mm, i nā wahine ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 4 mm (Piechocki, 1966). Eia kekahi, ʻo kekahi mau kāne i ka makahiki mua e loaʻa i nā peʻe keʻokeʻo ma ʻekolu o nā ʻōwili mua.
Manaʻo
ʻO ka manu ʻano like ʻole, ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano o kāna mele e like me nā leo o nā manu ʻē aʻe a lohe ʻia i kahi mamao o 1 km. Kāne ke kāne kāne, e noho ana e noho ana ma luna o kahi lāʻau make ma ke kihi o kahi ululāʻau nahele a i ʻole ʻāhewa paha. ʻO kāna mele - mau kahe trill "rrrrr" - he mea hoʻomanaʻo ia o ka ʻūhā o nā bako a i ʻole ka huki ʻana o ka ʻōpio liʻiliʻi, nui wale nō ka ʻūhā. ʻO ka monotonous rattling me nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e hoʻomau mai ka wana i ke kakahiaka, aʻo ka tonality, ka nui a me ka nui o ke kani kani e hoʻololi pinepine ʻia. Ua hoʻoweliweli pinepine ka manu i makaʻu ʻana i ke kaola me kahi lōʻihi a lōʻihi loa "Furr-Furr-Furr-Furrrryu ...", me he mea lā kahe nui ʻana o ke ʻano o ka motoma. Ke pau ʻana i ke mele, lawe mau ke kao a waiho i nā lau. Hoʻomaka ke kāne male i kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana a hoʻomau i ke mele ʻana i ke kauwela āpau, e hoʻomaha mālie ana i ka lua o ka Iulai o Iulai.
ʻĀnō a me nā ana
ʻO ka ʻēheu kiʻekiʻe 10, hoʻokele 10. ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻēheu: II> I> III> IV. Kūkulu ʻia ka piko o nā ʻēheu e ka welo mua ʻekolu o nā manu lele, nā pūnaewele waho o nā flyworm lua a kolu a me nā wī. He palupalu ka beak, pōkole a pālahalaha ia ma ke kumu: ākea ka pālahalaha o ka waha a he palena ʻo ia e nā bristles i mua. He liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi nā puka wai, puni, a hoʻopuni ʻia e nā ʻalika retractable. He pōkole ke kaila, paʻa i mua o 3/4 ka lōʻihi. Ua huli ʻia i loko o ke kua, i nā piula o nā manamana lima waena e hoʻomohala nāu i ka poʻe ʻōpio. Aia ka manaʻo i ka hana o kēia mau pahu, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ke koena o ka papa ʻaina meaʻai kaomi "vibrissa" e ulu ana ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka waha (Schlegel, 1969). ʻEleʻele ka pīpī, nā poloka nā wāwae, ʻeleʻele ka hiʻona o ka maka he nui (Spangenberg, 1951, Ivanov, 1953).
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa pili i ka nui o nā manu makua (Cramp, 1985). ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka ʻēheu (mm) i nā kānaka o nā subspecies nominative (1-4) a me C. e. Meridionalis (5-7) i hōʻike ʻia ma lalo (ʻo ka liʻiliʻi a me nā waiwai nui e hāʻawi ʻia ana, ka waiwai ʻokoʻa i loko o nā brackets):
1. Netherlands, Kelemānia, kāne kāne (n = 33) 184-201 (192), nā wahine (n = 19) 184-202 (195)
2. Britain kāne (n = 10) 185-195 (191), wahine (n = 9) 184-194 (189)
3. Ke komohana Europamans (n = 12) 190-200 (196), wahine (n = 11) 187-201 (195)
4. Romania, nā kāne hema hema (n = 5) 198-208 (201), nā wahine (n = 8) 185-202 (194)
5. Sepania, Portugal kāne (n = 7) 183-192 (186), nā wahine (n = 4) 185-189 (187)
6. Algeria, Kanikela kāne (n = 12) 175-186 (181), wahine (n = 5) 175-186 (183)
7. Greece kāne (n = 7) 175-186 (180), nā wahine (n = 3) 179-181 (180)
Kahi lōʻihi (mm) - kāne (n = 34) 129-146 (137), wahine (n = 23) 129-144 (136)
Lō lōʻihi (mm) - kāne kāne (n = 10) 16.1-17.8 (16.8), nā wahine (n = 12) 16.3-18.2 (17.2)
Beak lōʻihi (mm) - kāne (n = 12) 8.0-9.5 (8.8), nā wahine (n = 16) 7.5-9.7 (8.9).
I ka wā ʻōpiopio, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka lā ka ʻoi aku ma mua o nā pākeke, ʻokoʻa ʻole nā ʻano ʻē aʻe (Cramp, 1985). I ke kikowaena, a me ka Hikina. I ʻEulopa, ʻo ka huelo o nā kao kāne ma ka awelika 11 mm mau a ma mua o nā pākeke (Piechocki, 1966). Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i ka paona kino i ka papa 6.
Mālama
He kozoda mau ʻōiwi i ka wahi a me ka mahana o ke komohana ʻākau o ʻAmelika a me Eurasia ma ka hikina i Transbaikalia, kahi i kahi ia o nā ʻano like ʻole - kahi kozoda nui. Loaʻa ʻia ka aneane ma nā wahi āpau ma ʻEulopa, e komo pū ma luna o ka hapa nui o ka mokupuni o ke Kaiʻāina, akā i loko o ka māhele waena he luhi. ʻOi aku ka maʻamau ma ka Iberian Peninsula a ma ʻĀrani ʻEulopa. Aia ia ma Islandia a me nā ʻāpana ʻākau o ʻElepika, a me Scandinavia, a me ka ʻaoʻao hema o Peloponnese.
Ma Lūkia, he honu ia mai nā palena komohana i ka palena ʻo Onon ka wai kahawai (palena me Mongolia), hui ma ka ʻĀkau a i ke kahawai subtaiga: ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻEulopa a me nā moku Arkhangelsk, ma nā Urals a ma kahi o ka 60 mea ʻae like, ma ka Yenisei a Yeniseisk, ʻākau ʻo Baikal a me ka waena waena o ka hakahaka Vitim. Ma ke kūkulu hema, ma waho o Lūkia, ua kahele ʻia ʻo ʻĀkia Minor hema i Suria, ʻĀkau nui o Iraq, Iran a me Afghanistan, a i ka ʻaoʻao komohana o India, i ka ʻaoʻao komohana o Kina a hiki i ka ʻaoʻao kiwi o Kunlun a i Ordos. I loko o Aferika, nā nests mai Maroko i ka hikina a me Tunisia, ma ke kūkulu hema a me ka High Atlas.
Hoʻololi
Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ia. I nā manu pākeke, lele ka hulu a me ka hulu manu i ka hoʻoilo, a me ka hulu liʻiliʻi i ka nui ma nā wahi e puʻupuʻu ai, ma mua o ka lele ʻana, a me ka hiʻu o nā mea hope ke neʻe wikiwiki loa, e uhi ana i nā hulu ʻōpiopio i ka manawa like (Neufeldt, 1958). Ma ka manawa like, ʻike ʻia ke ʻano lahilahi kūikawā, mālama kekahi manu i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hulu liʻiliʻi āpau o ke poʻo, nā kuʻi a me ka hapanui (internal ʻē) ka lele manu-mua ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻana, ʻo kekahi wale nō ʻokoʻa, a me ka lele wale aku nō hoʻi o kahi mau lehelehe kahiko.
Hoʻomaka ka hoʻōla ʻana ma hope o ka poʻe ʻōpio i ka hopena o Iulai-ʻAukake. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā hulu o ka lei, ka humeral, kahi ʻāpana o ka hulu o ka goiter a me nā ʻaoʻao. Hoʻohou ʻia nā uhi puʻu liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻaoʻao ākea i ko lākou holo ʻana i ka hoʻoilo ma Kepakemapa-ʻOkakopa. ʻO nā molts lele mua i November-Dekemaba, ma mua o nā makua. Mālama kekahi mau kānaka i nā uhi ʻē aʻe i ʻole kaheu ʻē aʻe a i ʻole nā pihi ʻē aʻe paha, aia no kekahi makahiki (Cramp, 1985)
Hoʻaiho
Noho ʻia ka ʻāina hū a me nā hūnō makamae me nā wahi maloʻo, hoʻomehana ʻia, me nā kumu nui no ka kūleʻa ʻana i ka hiki ʻana i ka ʻala maloʻo, ka ʻike maka a me nā hiki ke lele koke mai ka pūnana mai lalo o ka ihu o ka mea e ʻānai ʻia, me ka nui o nā lele manu lele i lele.
Noho kūpaʻa ʻia i nā ʻāina heiwa, nā wao nahele, i ka mālamalama, pōkā pulu ulu me nā ʻāina kahikimaka a me nā mākaʻu, ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kahawai, nā kula, nā awāwa wai, nā ʻōpala. I ka hema a me hema hema o Europe, he mea maʻamau ma nā wahi i kālai ʻia a me ke one o nā maici. Ma nā wahi waena o ʻEulopa, ua hōʻea i nā helu helu nui loa ma nā kahua koa kaua a me ka haʻalele ʻana i nā paio. Ma ke komohana Komohana, aia ka ʻuʻu ʻana i nā pali iʻa me nā pua laka. ʻO ka nohona kumu nui i loko o ka hiehoke, aia nā pulu kai a me nā pulu o nā ʻōpala me nā pūʻulu o nā lāʻau a lāʻau paha.
Hōʻalo ke kao i kahi ululāʻau mau ka hoʻomau, a hoʻokahi wale nō subspecies. C. e. plumpibes, i loaʻa i ka wao nahele o ke Gobi. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, e noho ana ia i ka papu, akā ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi e noho ana i lalo o nā subalpine zone. No laila, ma nā kuahiwi o ʻAsia Central, he maʻamau nā kao ma nā mauna ma luna o 3000 m ma luna o ke kai, a ma nā wahi hoʻoilo, ʻike ʻia lākou ma ka palena o ka hau ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 5000 a ma luna o ke kai. ʻO nā hana waiwai a ke kanaka, e like me ka deforestation a me ke ahi ʻana i ke ahi, he hopena kūpono ma ka helu o nā kao. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ulu nui ka nui o nā alanui i ka nui o ka nui o kēia mau manu.ʻO ka mālamalama o nā mālamalama kaʻa e hoʻohālikelike i nā pōpoki pō, kahi e ʻimi ʻia e ka kao, a ʻo ka ʻōpū ua hoʻomehana ʻia i ka lā he wahi kūpono kahi leʻaleʻa. ʻO ke kumu, hāʻule pinepine nā manu ma lalo o nā huila, ke alakaʻi nei i ka luku piha ʻana i nā wahi me nā kahe nui.
ʻĀina kalepa
Aia he 5-6 subspecies, nā palena o kekahi ma kekahi mau hihia.
1.Caprimulgus europaeus europaeus
Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 193, Suetena.
ʻO nā subspeciesʻeleʻele a me kahi nui loa. ʻO kaʻeleʻele maʻamau o nā ʻaoʻao a i lalo a ʻoi aku ka ʻulaʻeleʻele, ʻoi aku ka ʻulaʻula mai luna mai me kahi hāliʻi haʻalulu, ʻoi aku ka hina ma mua o ko C. e. Meridionalis. Hoʻohui pū ʻia me ka meridionalis i ke Kaiʻula a i ka ʻĀkau. Kaukaia, me ka ʻāhewa - ma ka ʻākau. ʻO Kazakhstan, me dementievi - i ka moku Baikal.
2.Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis
Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hartert, 1896, Ibis, p. 370, Helene.
Ua kokoke kokoke ia i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike, akā ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka maka. I nā kāne pākeke, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahi keʻokeʻo ma luna o ka lele nui ma mua o S. e. Europaeus.
3.Caprimulgus europaeus zarudnyi
Caprimulgus europaeus zarudnyi Hartert, 1912, Vog. Pal. Fauna 11.1912, 849 pp. 1912, Tarbagatai.
Hoʻokaʻawale ia mai nā subspecies nominative ma kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka māmā o ka plumage.
4.Caprimulgus europaeus dementievi
Caprimulgus europaeus dementievi Stegmann, 1948 (1949), Conservation Nature No. 6, p. 109, Orok-Nur, lulu. ʻāpana o ka gobi.
Kokoke i S. e Unwini. He poʻo hina ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke kino me ka isabella hue. Nā kahakaha ʻalihi ākea ma ke poʻo a me nā poʻohiwi me nā kihi buffy. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa o ke kino he ʻeleʻele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā.
5.Caprimulgus europaeus unwini
Caprimulgus unwini Hume, 1871, Ibis, p. 406, Abbottabad, Khazar. He oi aku ka lika ma mua o S. e. Europaeus a me S. e. Meridionalis, he hapaha ke poʻo o ke kino ke poʻo hina, he kime lōʻihi i ke poʻo a me nā poʻohiwi hoʻi ʻeleʻele, hina i ka umauma, a me kahi kākāhi pua i ka ʻōpū. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wahi keʻokeʻo ma nā kāne flywheel mua ma mua o nā meridionalis.
6. Plapipo 6.Caprimulgus europaeus
ʻO Kaprimulgus plumipes Przevalski, 1876. Przhevalsky, Mongolia a me ka'āina o Tangut II, p. 22, 1876, lulu. hapa ʻāpana o ka muliwai. ʻO ka muliwai melemele.
Ma ke kala, kokoke loa ia C. e. Zarudnyi. Ua hui ʻia i luna o ka lele ma nā ʻaoʻao hema a ma pae ʻāina o Kazakhstan (Kovshar, 1966, Korelov, 1970).
Kālā
Nā kikowaena waena. Ka uhi ʻia ʻo ka ʻāina me ka hapa nui o Eurasia: mai ke kahakai ʻo Atlantika i ke komohana a hiki i ka popo. R. ʻO Onon a me Ordosa ma ka hikina, ʻo nā mokupuni o ke Kaiʻula (Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete, Kipila) a me North-West. ʻApelika mai Maroko i ka hikina a me Tunisia, hema i ke Great Atlas (Stepanyan, 1975). Ma ka hema, pālahalaha loa iā Suria, North. Iraki, ka lulu kapakai o ke Kai Aria, ma ke komohana komohana o Inia (Fig. 25).
Kiʻi 25. ʻĀpana ʻāpana o ka waiū kao maʻamau.
a - wahi e pili ana, b - keena hoʻoilo. NĀ Moho: 1 - C. e. Europaeus, 2 - C. e. Meridionalis, 3 - C. e. Zarudnyi, 4 - C. e. Dementievi, 5 - C. e. Unwini, 6 - C. e. Plumipes.
Ma ka ʻākau i Scandinavia a hiki i ka 64 ° N, ma Finland a hiki i 63 ° N, ma ʻĀpana ʻaoʻao o Rusia a me ke Komohana. ʻO Siberia a 60 ° N, ma ka ʻāina Tomsk. a hiki i ka 61 ° N, i ka aū. Yenisei a 58 ° N, e lulu. Baikal a me nā ʻāpana waena o ka pālua Vitim.
I Hikina ʻEulopa a me Kauka. ʻO ʻAsia, noho ʻia ke kao ka wahi a pau o ʻEulopa mai ka palena ʻāina a i ka hema. Karelia a me Arkhangelsk, a hiki i 60 ° N i nā Urals (Ivanov, 1953, Stepanyan, 1975), a Zap. ʻO Siberia - nā ʻāpana lakone, nā wao subtaiga, nā ʻaoʻao hema a me nā waena waena o ka taiga, ka ʻākau i ka pahu. R. Konda, p. Lar-Egan (waiho hema o nā Ob) a me r. ʻO ka moena ma luna o kona lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa (Gordeev, I960, Gyngazov, Moskvitin, 1965, Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977, Moskvitin et al., 1977, Ravkin, 1978), ke laha ma waena o Central Siberia ma subzone hema ma ke kūkulu ʻākau i waena o Angara (Shvedov , 1962) a luna. Lena. Ua kauoha ʻia nō hoʻi e loaʻa hope ka kao i hala a hiki i ka 62 ° N. - ka palena maʻamau o nā ʻano like ma Siberia (Reimers, 1966). Ma ka māhele ʻo Baikal, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka loko, i ʻike mua ia ma luna o kahi kahua ākea e kokoke ana i ke kipa o Zavorotnaya (Malyshev, 1958.1960). Ma ke komohana ʻIke ʻia ke kahakai o Lake Baikal i ʻAukake ma kahi kokoke i ʻO Ryty a me Zavorotny capes, a i ka nahelehele-alahele o ke awāwa Barguzinsky i ke kauwela o ka makahiki 1960, ʻo ia kao ka manu manu manu maʻamau (Gusev, 1962). ka hema ʻO Transbaikalia ka palena hikina o ka laulima o nā ʻano. Ua ʻike ia aia nā nests o nā nī kao i loko o ka puʻe Dobe-Enhor (ʻākau-hikina o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Ulan-Ude), kokoke i ka loko. Shchuchye, me. Krasnoyarovo, kokoke i ka wai. Gusinoe (Izmailov, 1967, Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973). Ma kēia wahi, e hoʻonui maopopo ana ke kao i kona ʻano ākea, e neʻe ana i ka northeast ma ka awāwa Barguzinsky a me Udinsky (Gusev, 1962, Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973). ʻIke ʻia ka kauwela no ka hema. Transbaikalia - okr. kauā Aga, Bain-Tsagak, Tsasuchey (Gagina, 19616, Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973), akā ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ʻia ka ʻaihue ma laila.
Ma ka ʻokoʻa, no Siberia, ka palena ʻākau o ka ʻāpana ʻana i ka kao kao i hoʻoholo ʻia e nā ʻāpana: Tomsk, Achinsk, Yeniseisk, Baikal. Ma waho aʻe o ka hema, he mea maʻamau i ka Terina Minusinsk a me Zap. Sayans (Sushkin, 1914, Petrov, Rudkovsky, 1985), in Altai (Sushkin, 1938, Folitarek, Dementyev, 1938, Kuchin, 1973, Ravkin, 1973).
ʻIke ʻia ia ma nā wahi a pau i Kazakhstan a me ʻAsia Central, akā ʻaʻole i pili ʻole i nā kihi i loko o nā Urals, Irgiz a me Turgay, i nā pāpū pāwauwao o Ustyurt a me Betpak-Dala, i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe a me nā nāhelehele o ka nahele o Tien Shan (Zarudny, 1888, 1896, 1915, Sushkin, 1908, Ivanov, 1940, 1969, Rustamov, 1954, Bogdanov, 1956, Yanushevich a me kekahi, 1960, Stepanyan, Galushin, 1962, Abdusalyamov, 1964.1971, Kovshar, 1966, Zaletaev, 1968, Korelov, 1970, Shukurov, 1986 )
Kiʻī 26. Ke kuʻuna o ka kao mau ma ʻEulopa ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hema.
a - - puni pū.
I ka hihia, na ke ʻano o ka kao mau i East. ʻEulopa a me Kauka. ʻAʻole i heleʻo Asia i nā hopena he nui i hoʻololi ʻia, koe wale nō ke hoʻonui ʻana i kona mau palena i ke kahakai, i ka wahi o kokoke i Transbaikalia. I kekahi mau ʻāina Ua ʻike ʻo ʻEulopa i kahi holomua holomua o ka ulu ʻana o ka moku (Cramp, 1985).
Nā Moho
ʻO ka hana ʻana i kēia hana i ka pōʻeleʻele, ʻaʻohe aneane ʻike e pili ana i kona ʻano. I ike wale ia wale no ka lele ana o Kozodoi i ka po a i ke kakahiaka a ke aumoe ala ae, aole o lakou e hele. Hele nā hiehue ma kahi ākea ākea - i kēia manawa, loaʻa ka ʻoki-kaheo kao ma nā wahi a pau.
I ka pūnāwai, ua hōʻea lākou i ka pō, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā lā mahana a me ka puka o nā mea inikua lele e lele ana, a i ka waena o ka ʻaoʻao o ka Europa ʻo Rūsia i ka kiʻekiʻe o ko lākou hiki ʻana i ka pili me ka pua o nā lau oak (Ptushchenko, Inozemtsev, 1968).
Ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka US mua ma mua, ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona mua o nā kao-dodger ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka Caucasus - i ka lā 9 ʻApelila ma ka Likhsky Range. (Zhordania, Gogilashvili, 1969), i ka manawa like i kekahi mau makahiki i hoʻopaʻa ʻia lākou i ka interface Volga-Kama (Garanin, 1977). Ma waena o ʻApelila 14 a me 17, puka ke kao i ka Lesser Caucasus (Jordania, 1962), ma Stavropol Territory (Budnichenko, 1965), ma Crimea (Kostin, 1983), Moldova (Averin, Ganya, 1970), ma ka hikina a me ke komohana o Ukraine (Strautman , 1963, Kolesnikov, 1976), ma ka nahele Bialowieza (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967). Ma waena o ʻApelila 20 a me 24, ua ʻike ʻia ka hōʻea ʻana o kahi kozodoy ma kahi o Kharkov, Minsk, Pinsk Polesye, Smolensk, Lake Ladoga. (Somov, 1897, Reztsov, 1910, Schnitnikov, 1913, Noskov et al., 1981). I nā lā ʻelima hope loa o ʻApelila, hele mai nei nā mea mua i Tambov, Tula, Moscow a me Leningrad. (Reztsov, 1910, Ptushchenko, Inozemtsev, 1968, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). E lele ka mokulele i ka hapa nui o Mei, ma Belarus i hoʻopau ʻia e 15, ma ka ʻāina ʻo Moscow. - e ka Mei 22 (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967), akā ma ka Leningrad Region. hele i ka mua o Iune (Noskov et al., 1981, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983).
Hiki mai kekahi kao kāne ma ka ʻāpana o ʻAmelika ma mua o ka nui ʻEulopa. ʻO Samarkand lāua ʻo Tashkent, kona nānā mua ʻana i kekahi mau makahiki i ʻike ʻia ma waena o ʻApelila 10 a me 17 (Ivanov, 1969, Korelov, 1970), ma nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika Hema wale nō i ʻike ʻia ma ka hopena o ʻApelila: ma ka lā 26 ma ka mauna o Gissaro-Karategin a ma ka haʻahaʻa. . ^ E Ha yM. Syrdarya (Spangenberg, Feigin 1936, Popov, 1959), 28-29 hōʻike ma ka hema. ka hui ʻana o Ustyurt a i nā mauna kokoke i Zeravshan (Rustamov, 1951, Abdusalyamov, 1964). Hōʻike ʻia ma ka hema o Kazakhstan i ka hoʻomaka o Mei: Mei 7-8 - ma ke ʻākau. ʻO nā kiʻi o Zap. Tien Shan (Kovshar, 1966), Mei 1-8 - e pili ana. Nā Barsakelmes ma ke Kai ʻO Aral (Eliseev, 1986), Mei 5 - i nā kuahiwi Anarkhai (Korelov, 1970). I ke kikowaena, a ma ka hikina. ua hōʻea mai nā wahi o Kazakhstan i ka waena o Mei: Mei 14 - ka hālāwai mua ma ka lalo. Embe (Sushkin, 1908), Mei 15 - kokoke i Almaty a ma ka moku. Bizha (kahi kīwaha o ka Dzungarian Alatau), Mei 16 - kokoke i Karaganda, Mei 19 - kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale o Panfilov (ka ʻaoʻao hema o nā Dzungarian Alatau) a kokoke i loko. Tengiz i ke kikowaena. Kazakhstan (Korelov, 1970). ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hiki ʻana ma Altai ʻo Mei 18 (Sushkin, 1938), akā ma ka palena haʻahaʻa o Chulyshman ua kuhi ʻia ʻo ia ma Mei 13 (Kuchin, 1976). I Komohana. Mahalo ʻo Siberia i ke kolu o nā makahiki o Mei: i nā manawa like i ʻike ʻia ma Tomsk ma Mei 15-20 (hālāwai nui mua - i Mei 4, 1974), ma Novosibirsk - i ka Mei 27, 1959 (Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977), ma ka ʻāao hema ʻO Ob, ʻo ka mele mua loa o ke Kahu ua lohe ʻia ma Mei 24, 1967 (Ravkin, 1978).
I ka ngahulu, lele mua ka manu ʻōpiopio. Kahi, hoʻokahi i ka hopena o Iulai, hoʻomaka e lele. E haʻalele ana i ka haʻalele i ka wā o ʻAukake a me Kepakemapa, a hoʻopau i nā ʻāpana ʻākau (Ladoga) i ka hopena o kēia mahina, a ma ka hema - i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻOkakopa. ʻO nā hālāwai hope loa loa o ka Kozodoy ma ka ʻāpana ʻĀina e pili ana i ka USSR ma mua ma ʻOkakopa 21 ma nā wahi komohana o Ukraine (Strautman, 1963), ʻOkakopa 28 ma Moldova (Averin, Ganya, 1970), Nowemapa kokoke Orenburg (Zarudny, 1888) a me Nowemapa 5 ma Crimea (Kostin , 1983), ma ka ʻāpana o ʻAsia - ʻOkakopa 25 ma Kurgaldzhino (Vladimirskaya, Mezhenny, 1952) a me ʻOkakopa 28 ma nā wahi o Zap. Tien Shan (Kovshar, 1966).
Hoʻaiho
ʻO ke koi nui no ka biotope puaʻa kahi hui pū ʻana o nā mea kanu Woody-shrubby me nā kikowaena ākea a me ka loaʻa ʻana mai o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāina hānai a i ʻole nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi ulu ʻole. Ma ke aua ulu lāʻau, pono kēia mau koi i ka ulu lāʻau paona, i makemake ai ke kao i nā wahi ākea o ka hapa ʻākau o kona awāwa - mai Belarus, ʻo Baltic mau moku a me Karelia i ke Komohana. Sayan a maikeke. Transbaikalia (Promtov, 1957, Neufeldt, 1958a, Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967, Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968, Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973, Garanin, 1977, Moskvitinidr., 1977, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983, Petrov,. Ma ka hema ka mea e noho ai i nā ʻano ulu lāʻau aniani: ma ka Carpathians a ʻoi loa ia - ma ka ʻāina beech ma lalo o nā ʻulāʻau (Strautman, 1954), i Moldova - i nā ulu lāʻau lāʻau me nā ulu lāʻau ulu maikaʻi a me ka ulu ʻana o ka mākaʻi maikaʻi (Averin, Ganya, 1970), ma Crimea - ma nā ulu lāʻau ʻoka ʻāʻī a he nāhelehe ala ala lāʻau (Kostin, 1983). I ka pae o ka nahele-steppe ulu, kū pinepine ia ma ke kihi o nā māla lau nahele a me nā loiloi kumulāʻau manu (Budnichenko, 1965). ʻO S. e Zarudnyi a me C. e. Unwini e noho ana i ka Kazakhstan a me Central Asia, e noho ana i ke kuahiwi a me ka wao, koho i nā wahi me nā nāhelehele (e pili ana i nā kumu lāʻau saxaul ma ke one), a ma nā kuahiwi - nā puʻu pōhaku me ka juniper, pistachio, walnut a me nā wahi lāʻau (ma nā kahe nui o nā mea i pihi i ke kuahiwi, ke ahi a me ka nahele nāhelehele me ka mauʻu mesophilic ʻaʻole). I ka ulu ʻana o ka mauna, ua piʻi a kūlia i kahi koʻo waiiper a subalpine me 2,800 m ma luna o ke kai (Yanushevich et al., 1960, Kovshar, 1966), a ma nā kuahiwi o Gissaro-Darvaza ua hālāwai pū ia i ke kauwela ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 3,100 m ma luna o ke kai. .m. i nā hui wahie juniper moraine o ka Muzgaz glacier (Popov, 1959).
No ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka eurytopic ma mua, no ka laʻana, ka mahina o ka mahina, ka mea maʻamau ʻaʻole i pale i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻolike ʻāina a ʻoi aku ka makemake i ka hoʻopunipuni a me nā piula o nā wahi ma ka ulu lāʻau (Somov, 1897, Promtov, 1957, Neufeldt, 1958a, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983), a i loko o ʻO nā kālai lāʻau - nā mea kanu lāʻau, mālama maikaʻi hoʻi i nā kīhāpai, ma nā māla huaʻai, ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā pā, he nui ka heʻe i loko o nā kūlanakauhale nui, no ka laʻana, Vilnius (Idzelis, 1976).
Helu
Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ia ma ʻEnelani a me ʻIlani, 3-6 tausani mau pūʻulu kao e hūnā ana, ma Farani 1-10 tausani, i Kelemona - 5 tausani, ma Farani - 4.3 tausani (Merikallio, 1958, Sharrock, 1976, Glutz , Bauer, 1980, Cramp, 1985). ʻO ka huina ma ka Hikina. ʻEulopa a me Kauka. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ʻo ʻAsia, ʻaʻole i helu ʻia no kekahi mau wahi o ka mua USSR. ʻOkoʻa ka poʻe i nā wahi ʻokoʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao he ʻumi: he haʻahaʻa loa ia ma nā kumu taiga o Siberia a me nā mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma nā ululāʻau paʻu (Table 7).
I kekahi mau wahi, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia ka emi ʻana o ka helu o nā kao - i nā Volga-Kama interfaceluve (Garanin, 1977), ma Latvia, kahi e like ai me C. Wilks, mai nā makahiki 1930. ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa mau i ka nui o nā kao keiki kāne (Strazds, 1983), i nā wahi Leningrad a me Kharkov. kokoke i nā hale noho, ma nā wahi o ka ʻoliʻoli nui (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983, Krivitsky, 1988). Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā ʻano like like i kekahi mau maka o ko Komohana. Europe - ʻEnelani, Palani, Belelika, Netherlands, Kelemānia, Kelemānia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Italia (Cramp, 1985). ʻO nā kumu nui he ka emi ʻana o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka meaʻai ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides, kahi ʻano hoʻohālikelike, a me ka make pololei ʻana o nā pipi a me nā moa.
Hoʻopaʻa o ka lā, hana
ʻO ke kao ka mea ma ka lōkole, a ʻo ka hoʻohālikelike o nā manawa hoʻomaha a me ka ala ʻana e hilinaʻi nei i ka latitude kiko o ka ʻāina a me ka manawa o ka makahiki. Ma ka waena waena, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā kao i ke ahiahi a me ke kakahiaka kakahiaka: i Iune - mai 21 mau hola a 22 mau hola 50 mau minuke. a mai 1 h. 30 min. i 2 mau hola 50 mau minuke, i Iulai - mai 20 a 22 mau hola a mai 2 mau hola 10 mau minuke a hiki i ka manawa 3 h 40 min., i ka wā huna o ka pō, ua hiki lākou ke mele a hānai i nā keiki keiki. Ma Karelia, i waena o nā pō keʻokeʻo (ʻo Iune), ua ikaika nā kao mai 23 a 2 mau hola, i ka hopena o Iulai mai ka 22 hola 20 mau minuke. a hiki i 3 mau hola, akā me ka hōʻaha ma waena o 24 a me 2 mau hola, a i ʻAukake, ua like like ke kiʻi o kā lākou hana i ka ʻaoʻao ma waena o ke kauwela o ka manawa o ke kauwela (Neufeldt, 1958a). I nā ʻike i ʻike ʻia, ʻo ka manawa o ka nui o ka hana o nā kao he 3-4 mau hola ma Zap. Ua hoʻokūpa ʻia ʻo ʻEulopa e hoʻomaka ka hana a nā Kozodoy ma mua o 11 mau minuke ma mua a ʻaʻole ma mua o 26 mau minuke ma hope o ka hele ʻana o ka lā, ua hōʻailona ʻia ke mele mua me ka hoʻomālamalama mai 2.25 a 40 moka, a ua like pololei ka mana o ka hana ma ke kaho o ka hoʻomālamalama o 10 lux ( Schlegel, 1969).
I nā kūlana o ka ʻĀlani Hikina, ʻo ka hana o kēlā me kēia lā o ka dodger kao ka mea e hilinaʻi nui ana i nā kūlana meteorological: ʻaʻole mele nā kāne i ke ao palaka, a nui hoʻi i ka wā me ka ua a me ka makani (Neufeldt, 1958a). Eia nō naʻe, i ke ʻano wela o ʻAmelika Huipū ʻia, hoʻopiʻi ka uhi ʻana i ka hana leo, ʻike ʻia hoʻi i ke mele ʻana i ka ua nui (Schnitnikov, 1949). Males S. e. Unwini i Mei-Iune hoʻomaka ke mele i 30-40 mau minuke ma mua o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā, lohe ʻia kā lākou mau kiʻina puʻukū a me ka wā o ka lā (Eliseev, 1986).
Mea ʻai
E hopu ana nā manu Insectivorous ma nā lehelehe lele e lele i ka pō a me ka pō. Lawe ʻia ka ʻai ʻaʻole wale i ka lewa, akā no ka wai o ka honua, ka wai (no ka laʻana, he ʻano wai ka wai), mauʻu a me nā kumu lāʻau. Nui ka ʻōiwi o nā mea i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia - aia ma ka ulu lāʻau ʻo Saval wale nā loiloi o nā iwi 114 i pili i 25 mau ʻohana i loaʻa ma ka meaʻai o kozodoy (Malchevsky, Neufeldt, 1954) - akā naʻe, nā mākeke a me nā pōpoki ke kumu nui o ka meaʻai.
Wahi a ka loiloi o nā kiko o ka ʻōpū o nā kao makua, nā pipi i ka nui o nā mea i helu ʻia: 62% ma Karelia, 47% ma ka Volga-Kama Interluve, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 2% i ka manawa haʻahaʻa o ka Dnieper, a me 12%, 86%, a me 97% o nā mea pīpī, ma kēlā me kēia (Neufeldt, 1958a, Garanin, 1977, Kolesnikov, 1976). Ma ka ulu iki ʻana, ʻaʻole i emi iho ka hapa o Lepidoptera ma muli o ka mālama maikaʻi ʻole i ko lākou mau koina i loko o ka ʻōpū o nā manu make (Garanin, 1977). Loaʻa nā hōʻailona mau hou i ka loiloi o nā ʻanalili pali i loaʻa mai e ke ala o nā ligature cervical (Malchevsky a me Kadochnikov, 1953); i loko o ka hale ʻaina Savalskaya, nā pōpō he 64%, mau pīpī - 25%, ma Kelemela - 62 a me 8, kēlā me kēia, ma ka palena haʻahaʻa o ka Dnieper - 98 a me 2 (Malchevsky, Neufeldt, 1954, Schlegel, 1969, Kolesnikov, 1976).
ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, ʻai ka poʻe ʻoki-ʻeke mai ka lepidopteran scoops, ʻohe, nā moa, leafworms, hawthorn, ke ahi ahi, a me nā bagpipe, mai nā pīpī-pīpī (pinepine a me Iune chives), nā manu, nā pīpī lau. Ma nā ulu lāʻau, ʻai ʻia nā pōpoki konipeka: scoop hoʻoilo, nānā maka a me nā burrowworms coniferous, pine hornwort, June chrysanthemum, pine a me nā aʻa shortshooted lumberjacks (Prokofieva, 1976). I ka hema, ʻoi aku ka mea like me ka mea nona kao kao. No laila, ʻopa. ʻO nā Barsakelmes mai 1498 mau mea i loaʻa i nā wahi o 107 o nā meaʻai o nā kao kao, 33% he mau pōpoki, 20% mau pīpī, 15% mau puʻu, 14% he ʻēheʻe, he 8% mau ʻēheu, 5% mau kīnā, a ma kahi o 32 ka i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻohana. Ua loli like ka nui o nā hui kai i nā lā ʻē aʻe: inā ma Iune 15-17 ka hapa o ka hapalua o nā mea ʻai he orthopterans, a ma Iulai 7-8 he mau pōpoki lākou, a ma ka lā 17 Iulai 19 he 80-90% ka lepidopteran. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o kēia mau ʻike me nā hualoaʻa o ka hopu like ʻana i nā mea inikua i ka mālamalama e hōʻike nei i ke kaawale ʻana o kekahi koho i ka ʻai o ke kao (Eliseev, 1986).
ʻO nā ʻenemi, nā mea pōʻino
ʻAno hopu ʻia nā pālule huluhulu i nā manu ʻōlima, ʻo ia hoʻi, kekahi ʻano manu ʻai ʻaukā, kahi ʻaukā pepeiao (Zarudny, 1888), he manu ʻlala, he hawk - he sparrowhawk a me kahi goshawk, kahi caplet European a me kahi buzzard (Piechocki, 1966). Nā hōʻike noiʻi a ka hope hope o nā kumu make o nā kao ma ʻEulopa e hōʻike ana he hapa ka ʻāpana o nā kao i ka hana ʻana o nā manu manuʻala: he 46 wale nō i kēlā me kēia 148 103 mau helu kau inoa maoli o nā mea i hōʻeha ʻia (0,03%). Akā ʻo ka make pinepine ma nā alanui, kahi a lākou e makemake ai e hoʻomaha ai a ʻimi paha no nā pōpoki pō i nā wahi e ʻike ai i nā kukui: mai Malaki a Iune, loaʻa iā lākou nā kino he 12 o nā manu makua, mai Iulai a Nowemapa ma ka ʻāina Leningrad (Piechocki, 1966, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). ʻO nā kumuwaiwai e like me ke anthropogen, ka nui o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o ka poʻe i ka nahele (i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hua, nā hua manu) i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana i nā manu e make no ke kao, a mai kēlā mau wahi i kahi o nā kūlanakauhale nui, e nalowale mau nā kao-kao kāne (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). ʻO ka kānalua ʻole, ʻo ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke kumu ʻoi o ka loiloi o ka lāʻau lapaʻau o ke kao i ʻike ʻole ʻia i nā inikini, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka hohonu.
I ka loko o ka ihu o kekahi kao maʻamau, 2 mau ʻano ʻano o nā parasites-rinonissids i loaʻa: Vxtznissus scotornis Fain lāua ʻo Vitznissus caprimulgi (Fain), loaʻa i ka mea i loaʻa i nā manu i loaʻa ma Azerbaijan, Ryazan. a me Tatarstan (Butenko, 1984).
ʻO ka waiwai waiwai, pale
Ke luku nei i ka nui o nā pōpoki lae o nā ʻōpū, nona hoʻi kahi nocturnal a no laila hiki ʻole i nā manu ke ao, a he kao, i ka ʻike ʻana i nā manaʻo o nā manu, i kapa ʻia ʻo ia he manu kūpono no nā māla, nā māla, a me nā māla kime. Ma muli o nā ʻano o kāna kīʻaha, hiki ʻole ke hana ʻo ia i ka hana o kekahi mea o ke koho kūlohelohe ʻana i ka heluna o nā mea pōpilikia. He kūpono ke ka poepoe a puni a me nā mea hoihoi i nā wahi ulu o ka pā kula o kēia wā, kahi pono e hana ai i nā wahi hoʻomaha no ka hoʻoulu ʻana o kēia manu ʻāina.
Aia ia i loko o ka Red Book of Latvia, a ma Russian Federation - i loko o nā Red Book o Arkhangelsk Region, Sev. ʻO Ossetia a me Tatarstan.
ʻO ka holoholona make nui loa ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maka o ka niho
Ua hōʻoia ka poʻe noiʻi i ka hypothesis o ke ʻano o ka mea make o ka holoholona Euchambersia, ma ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o kona mau niho. Ua huli aia i kū pono ma luna o nā ʻapo kuahiwi, he lua me kahi keehi ʻona, mai kahi i kahe mai ai ka ʻāwili o nā kanu. Nā hopena o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana.
ʻAno hānau
ʻO nā moʻomeheu ma nā kuʻekuʻe kaʻawale ma ka ʻāina i nā kumulāʻau pine a me nā pine pegana. ʻAʻole hōʻoluʻolu ʻia nā hale. Hāʻawi ka wahine i nā hua ellipsoidal 2 māmā-hina ma luna o kahi lihi coniferous, ka'āina a i ʻole nā pōhaku. Hoʻopili nā manu ʻelua i ka masonry no 16-18 mau lā. Kohu ʻia nā huaheʻe i loko o ka fluff makaʻo. Hoʻokahi ka lua o ka moa ma mua o ka ʻoi aku ma mua o ka lā. Hoʻomaka lākou e lele i nā makahiki 26, a hānai nā mākua iā lākou no nā pule he ʻelua. I ka lua o ka mahina o Iulai, ʻimi kūwili wale nā manu ʻōpala i nā pipi a me nā pīpī, i loaʻa ʻia ma ka lele me kā lākou mau ākea ākea.
Lele nā manu ma ʻAukake a hoʻopau i Kepakemapa.
Kahi o ka inoa inoa
Ua loaʻa ka inoa o ia manu no ka mea mai ka wā kahiko aia kekahi wana e lele ka kao i ka pō i ka ʻohana a hāʻawi i ka waiū i nā kao a me nā bipi. No ia mea, ua hoʻoluke pinepine ʻia ʻo ia mai nā holoholona, a ua pepehi ʻia i kekahi manawa. Akā ʻaʻole ka manaʻo o ka kozodoy i loko o ka waiū o nā holoholona, akā, i nā iniseti e hānai nui ana i ka ʻoi aku ma luna o lākou - e hānai lākou i ka kao. ʻO ka luku ʻana i kahi nui o nā mea ʻino maikaʻi, he kao ʻokoʻa maʻamau ke kōkua nui i ka ulu lāʻau a me ka mahiʻai.
Palani a me nā kumu
Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia e Carl Linnaeus i ke kao maʻamau i ka makahiki 10 o kāna Nature System i ka makahiki 1758. Ka inoa inoa Caprimulgus, unuhi ʻia mai ka ʻōlelo Latin "" kao "a" waiu o nā kao "(mai nā ʻōlelo Latin pāpale - nā kao, a me mulgeō - nā waiū), mai hōʻaihewa ʻia mai Natural History (Liber X 26 Ivi 115) Pliny the Elder - ua kaulana kēia mea kākau moʻolelo Roma a ua kākau nei e inu ka manu i ka waiū kao i ka pō, e hoʻopili ana i ka pā o ka holoholona, ma laila a hele i ka makapō a make. He ʻike maoli paha ka ʻike o nā manu ma nā wāwae o ka ʻalāʻau manu, akā ma muli o ka nui o nā iniseti, hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā holoholona a i hānai ʻia paha i ka honi o ka manure. ʻO ka inoa, i kau ʻia ma kahi manaʻo kuhihewa, mālama ʻia wale nō ia i ka ʻepekema wale nō, akā ua neʻe ʻia i kekahi mau ʻōlelo ʻEulopa, ʻo ia hoʻi o Lūkia. ʻIke inoa Europaeus ("ʻEulopa") kuhikuhi maoli i ka wahi i hōʻike mua ʻia ai nā ʻano ʻano.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻeono mau subspecies o ke kao, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka nui o ka nui a me ka ʻano o ka ʻāpana o ka plumage:
- C. e. Europaeus Linnaeus, 1758 - ka ʻākau a me waena o Europe ma hikina a Baikal, hema a ma kahi o 60 ° C. w lu.
- C. e. lokahi (meridionalis) Hartert, 1896 - ʻAmelika Komohana, ka Iberian Peninsula, ke Komohana Kalerini, Crimea, ka Caucasus, Ukraine, ma ke komohana ʻākau o Iran a me nā ʻāpana o ke kai ʻo Caspian.
- C. e. sarudnyi Hartert, 1912 - ka Central Asia mai Kazakhstan a me ke kahakai hikina o Caspian i ka hikina a hiki i Kyrgyzstan, Tarbagatai a me nā mauna Altai.
- C. e. hana ʻole Hume, 1871 - ʻĀsia mai Iraq a me Iran i ka ʻākau i nā kahawai komohana o Tien Shan a me ke kūlanakauhale Kina o Kashgar, a me Turkmenistan a me Uzbekistan.
- C. e. palapu Przewalski, 1876 - ke komohana hema o Kina, komohana a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻĀkau o Mongolia.
- C. e. dementievi Stegmann, 1949 - ke kūkulu hema ʻo Transbaikalia, ʻākau ʻākau o Mongolia.
He kao, a he kao kāne maʻamau (lat.Caprimulgus europaeus)
ʻO ke kao maʻamau, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i ka kao (Caprimulgus europaeus) he manu nocturnal. Kekahi o ka ʻohana ʻo True Kozodoi i huli nui ʻia ma ke komohana ʻĀkaukau o ʻAmelika, a ma ka leo nanā o Eurasia. Ua hāʻawi ʻia e Karl Linnaeus ka ʻōlelo ʻepekema o kēia ʻano ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻumi o ka paʻi i ka System of Nature back in 1758.
He ʻoluʻolu maikaʻi loa ʻo Kozodoi, no ia mau manu he mau kahu hilahila maoli ʻia. ʻO nā manu ākea piha ʻole, ʻike mua nā kao no kā lākou hīmeni koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole like i ka ʻikepili leo leo o nā manu ʻē aʻe. I ke anuanu maikaʻi, ua lohe ʻia nā ʻikepili leo leo o ke kao a ma kahi mamao o 500-600 mika.
He lōʻihi ke kino o ke kino o ka manu, e like me ke cuckoo. He lōʻihi nā ʻēheu a koi a ko Kozodoi, a loaʻa ʻo ia hoʻi kahi kāʻei elongated. ʻO ka palupalu o ka manu ka palupalu a pōkole, ʻeleʻele ka ʻoni, akā ke ʻano nui o ka ʻāpana o ka waha, me ka lōʻihi a me ka paʻakikī i nā kihi. ʻAʻole nunui nā wāwae, me ka manamana waena lōʻihi. He palupalu ka plumage, ʻano palaka, ma muli o ia ʻano e ʻike nui ai ka manu a nui ʻole hoʻi ka lulu.
ʻO ka kala plumage he maʻamau patronizing, no laila he mea paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo pono i ka noho ʻana e noho ana i nā manu ma nā lālā lāʻau a i nā lau hāʻule. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā subspecies nominative e kahi ʻāpana brownish-hina ma luna o nā motret transverse a ākea ʻole nā pika ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula, a me nā ʻoniʻula. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o lalo, he brown-buffy, me ka hele ʻana i kahi papa i hōʻike ʻia e nā kaila ʻōpiopio liʻiliʻi.
Me nā ʻano o nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe, he mau maka nui nā kao, he puʻupuʻu pōkole, a ʻokiʻoki i ka waha "frog" a ʻokoʻa hoʻi nā wāwae ʻuʻuku, nāwaliwali ʻole no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā lālā a me ka neʻe ʻana a puni ka honua.
Hōʻike ʻia ka liʻiliʻi o ka manu i kahi ʻano nani. He maʻamau ka lōʻihi o ka pākeke ma waena o 24.5-28.0 cm, me nā ʻēheu ʻaʻole ʻia ma mua o 52-59 cm.ʻO ke kaupaona maʻamau o ke kāne ʻaʻole iʻoi aku i ka 51-101 g, a ʻo ke kaumaha o ka wahine ma kahi o 67-95 g.
Hōʻike ʻia nā kao i ka maneuverable a ikaika, akā, lele lele. I waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua hiki i kēlā mau manu ke "kamaʻi" i kahi ma kahi a i ʻole hoʻolālā ai, e mālama kaawale ana i ko lākou mau ʻēheu. Ma ka papa o ka honua, neʻe nui ka manu a mālama i nā wahi i haʻalele ʻia i nā mea kanu. Ke hoʻokokoke ʻana i kahi mea nāna e kuhi ʻia ana a i ʻole nā kānaka, e hānai nā manu e hoʻowalewale iā lākou iho i ke kaʻo a puni, peʻe a peʻa ma ka lepo a i ʻole nā lālā. ʻO kekahi manawa ke wehe maʻalahi ke kao a kīwī ikaika i kona mau eheu, e neʻe ana i kahi lōʻihi.
ʻO ka mele males, e noho ana ma luna o nā ʻōpala o nā lāʻau make e ulu ana ma waho o ke kuahiʻu o nā ʻulā. Hōʻike ʻia ke mele e kahi trill maloʻo a monotonous "rrrrr", like me ka nui o ke kuahiwi a i ʻole ka hana ʻana o kahi trak. Ka monotonous rattling e hele me ka pōkole pōkole, akā ka lime tonity a me ka nui, me ka leo o kekahi mau leo e loli maʻamau. I kekahi manawa, hoʻopiʻi ka Kozodoi i kā lākou trill me kahi kaula a kiʻekiʻe a "Furr-Furr-Furr-Furrryu ...". Ma hope koke o ke mele ʻana, haʻalele ka manu i ka lāʻau. Hoʻomaka nā kāne i kahi moe i kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana a hoʻomau i kā lākou mele i ka wā kauwela.
ʻAʻole makaʻu loa ʻo Kozodoev ma nā wahi e noho ākea ana, no laila lele pinepine kēia mau manu ma kahi kokoke i nā ʻoihana mahiai a me nā mea mahiʻai, kahi nui ka nui o nā pepelu. He manu nā Kozodoi. I ke ao, ua makemake nā lālā o nā ʻano no ka hoʻomaha ʻana i nā lālā lāʻau a hāʻule i lalo i nā mea kanu uala. I nā pō wale nō e lele nā manu i ka hopu. Ma nā mokulele, hopu koke lākou i ka hopu ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō me ka maikaʻi, a pane pū kekahi hoʻi kokoke i kahi ʻano o nā pepeke.
I ka lele ʻana, hoʻolaha pinepine ʻo Kozodoi i ke kani ʻana i ka hebedoma "hemo ..." ma hope o ka hopena, a he mau ʻano o nā ʻano o nā puʻu māmā a i ʻole nā ʻano puʻu.
ʻO ka awelika inoa inoa inoa inoa hopohopo i loaʻa i ka wai o kao kaila ma nā ʻano kūlohelohe, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 10 mau makahiki.
Ma lalo o nā maka o ke kao, he wahi pulu ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo, a ʻike ʻia nā wahi liʻiliʻi ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī, aia i nā kāne ke poni keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, a i nā wahine loaʻa ʻulaʻula. Hāʻawi ʻia nā males e nā ʻāpana keʻokeʻo i ke kihi o nā ʻēheu a me nā kihi o nā hulu manu o waho. ʻO nā ʻōpiopio e like me nā wahine pākeke ma ke ʻano.
ʻO Habitat, noho
Kahi kao kāne keu i ka wana a me ka hoʻoluʻu ma ka ʻāpana o ke komohana ʻākau o ʻAmelika a me Eurasia. I ʻEulopa, loaʻa nā loiloi o nā ʻano like kokoke i nā wahi a pau, ʻoiai ka hapa nui o nā mokupuni o ka Hikina. ʻO nā kao maʻamau i lilo i nā ʻāina o ʻEulopa Hikina a ma ka Iberian Peninsula. Ma Lūkia, ulu nā manu mai nā palena komohana a hiki i ka hikina. Ma ka ʻākau, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻelele o kēia ʻano a hiki i ka subtaiga zone. ʻO kahi biorope lihi maʻamau kahi moorland.
Hoʻopuka ʻia nā ʻāina holomua a me nā wahi ākea a me nā wahi i hoʻomoʻa ʻia. ʻO ke kumu nui no ka hānai manuahi ʻana o ka ʻōpala maloʻo, me ka ʻano ʻike maikaʻi maikaʻi a me ka nui o nā mea make nocturnal lele. Kūleʻa ʻo Kozodoi i nā wahi wai, nā kānaka noho māmā, nā ulu lāʻau ākea me ka ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻaoʻao, nā ʻāpana o nā māla a me nā mahina wai, nā kahakai o ka pulu a me nā awāwa wai. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ke kau hema o ʻEulopa, ka maʻamau nā ʻano i nā ʻāpana mahele kahiki a me nā ʻalae maici.
ʻO ka nui o nā kānaka nui i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao waena o ʻEulopa, ma nā hana kuikahi a me nā kahua ʻenemi koa. Ma ka'āina komohana-komohana, ua kapa ʻia nā ʻelele o nā ʻano ʻano i nā ʻeke pōhaku i ulu ʻia nā lāʻau lili. ʻO nā wahi maʻamau i loko o ka wahi hele wāwae ke ala o ka mau lāʻau a me nā mea kanu lāʻau wai. E like me ke kānāwai, noho nā kao maʻamau i nā awāwa, akā ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, hiki i nā manu ke noho i nā palena o nā wahi o ka subalpine.
ʻO nā kao maʻamau kahi ʻano migratory maʻamau e hana lōʻihi i nā neʻe i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO nā kumu nui o ka hoʻoilo no nā ʻelele o nā subspecies nominative i lilo i wahi no ke kūkulu hema a ʻĀpelika hikina. Hiki i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā manu ke neʻe i ke komohana o ka konana. Ke hele nei ka Migration ma kahi pālahalaha ma mua o kahi ākea, akā ʻoi aku ka mea noho o nā kao mau ma kahi o ka lele e noho wale, ʻaʻole lākou i hana i nā ʻohana. Ma waho o ke kūlohelohe kūlohelohe, nā lele kaʻawale ma Islandy, i Azores, Faroe a me Canary Islands, a i ʻole me Seychelles a me Madeira i palapala ʻia.
ʻO nā hana waiwai o nā kānaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻoki nui ʻana i nā wahi a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā laina ahi, he hopena kūpono loa i ka helu o nā kao maʻamau, akā nui wale nā alanui e hoʻopōʻino i ka nui o nā kānaka o kēlā mau manu.
ʻAi nā kao maʻamau i kekahi mau manu hihiu lele. Piʻi nā manu i ka ʻuʻuku ma hope o ka pōʻele. I ka lāʻai i nā lā a pau o nā mākeke o kēia mau ʻano, ua lanakila nā pōpoki a me nā pipi. Hāpai pinepine nā poʻe pākeke i nā dipterans, e komo pū ana me nā moka, a me ka ʻimi pū i nā pōpoki, nā wai a me nā hymenopterans. I waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, nā pebbl liʻiliʻi a me nā one, a me nā mea i koe o nā mea kanu, loaʻa pinepine i nā ʻōpū hulu.
Hōʻike ka ʻakoo maʻamau i ka hana me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pouli a ma mua o ka wanaʻao, ʻaʻole wale ma ka ʻāina i kapa ʻia ʻo forage, akā he mamao loa i waho o nā palena o ia pā. Me ka nui o ka ʻai, hānai nā manu i ka pō a hoʻomaha, e noho ana ma nā lālā lāʻau a i ʻole ka lepo. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pepeke i loko o ka lele. ʻO kekahi manawa ka mālama ʻia mua o ka pio mai kahi e hoʻohālua ana, hiki ke lawelawe ʻia e nā lālā lāʻau ma waho o kahi hāpama.
I waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, aia kekahi mau hihia i ka wā e pani ʻia ai ka meaʻai e ke kao kāne mai nā lālā a i ʻole ka pona i ka honua. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka ʻimi pō, ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hiamoe ʻana o nā manu, akā ʻaʻole ka hoʻohalike i ka poʻe i loko o nā ana a i ʻole nā hoki no kēia kumu. Inā makemake ʻia, ʻike ʻia kēlā mau manu i waena o nā lau i hāʻule ai a i ʻole ma nā lālā lāʻau, kahi e waiho ai nā manu ma ka lālā. ʻO ka pinepine ke lele nei i nā manu e hoʻomaha ana inā e hoʻoweliweli ana kahi mea nāna e makaʻu iā lākou mai kahi mamao loa.
ʻO kahi ʻano e hui pū ai i nā ʻano kao like ʻole me nā hua manu a me nā ʻona manu i hiki ai i ia mau manu ke hoʻoulu i nā ʻōhiʻu kūpeʻe i ka ʻano o nā ʻōpala o nā ʻeke kai.
Pahu a keiki
Ua hiki i ke kao kāne ka makua ulu i ka moekolohe i ke makahiki he ʻumikumamālua mau mahina. Hele akula ʻo Males i ke kahua ākea e pili ana i hoʻokahi mau pule ma mua o nā wahine. I kēia manawa, ʻōlehu nā lau i nā lāʻau a me nā mea kanu lāʻau, me ka nui o nā nui o nā iniseti lele like ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā lā hōʻea mai ka lā ʻApelila mua (ʻĀpana-komohana ma Komohana a me Pakistan) a i ka makahiki mua o Iune (Leningrad Region). Ma lalo o ke ea a me ke kūlana o ka panina o Lūkia waena, kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o nā manu e kau ana ma nā pūnaewele e pili ana i ka hapalua o ʻApelila a hiki i ka hopena o Mei.
Hoʻomaka nā kāne e hele ana i nā wahi nīnū. I loko o kēia manawa, mele ke mele no ka wā lōʻihi, e noho ana ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao. I kekahi manawa, hoʻololi nā kāne i ko lākou kūlana, makemake e neʻe mai ka lālā o kekahi mea kanu i nā lālā o kekahi lāʻau ʻē. ʻO ke kāne ke ʻike aku i ka wahine, ke uhaʻi i kāna mele, a me ka huki ʻana iā ia ua hoʻopuka ʻo ia i ka uē nui ʻana a me ka hoʻōho nui ʻana o nā ʻēheu. ʻO ke kaʻina male male i hele aku me ke kahe wikiwiki, a me ka neʻe ʻana i ka lewa ma kahi hoʻokahi. I kēia manawa, mālama ka manu i kona kino kokoke i ke kūlana kū, a e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kiko ʻana o ka V-ʻalihi o nā ʻēheu, ʻike ʻia nā wahi keʻokeʻo e ʻike ʻia.
Hōʻike nā Males i kā lākou mau mea i koho i kahi mau wahi no ka oviposition e hiki mai ana. Ma kēia mau wahi, hoʻopuka nā manu a hoʻokuʻu i kahi mea nui trill monotonous. I ka manawa like, koho nā wahine wahine i ko lākou wahi ponoʻī no ka nano. Eia ua ʻae ke ʻano o nā manu manu. ʻAʻole hana ʻino nā kao ʻōpala, a hele pololei ka oviposition ma luna o ka honua, i uhi ʻia me ka ʻōpala o ka makahiki i hala, nā wī pihi a he lepo lepo paha. Kahi ʻia kēlā mau ʻano ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe me nā lau i huki mau ʻia a hāʻule paha nā lālā, nā mea e hōʻoia ai i ka ʻike piha ʻana i ke kaʻe a me ka hiki ke maʻalahi e wehe i ka wā e hiki mai ai ka pōʻino.
ʻIʻo pinepine ʻOviposition i nā makahiki i hala o Mei a i ʻole paha i ka pule mua o Iune. Hoʻokomo ka wahine i kahi hua o ka hua manu ellipsoidal ma ke ʻano me ka ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka hoʻonaninani ʻia, ke kūpaʻa nei i kahi kaila ʻulaʻula. Ma kahi o ka hebedoma ʻekolu manawa ka liʻiliʻi o ka inkubation. Hoʻohana ka wahine i kekahi hapa nui o ka manawa i ka kaʻina, akā no ke ahiahi i ke ahiahi a i ke kakahiaka nui, pono paha e loli ke kāne. Ua kūpono ka manu e noho i ka hele ʻana a i ka poʻe me ka poʻowelo i kona mau maka ma kahi hoʻoweliweli e neʻe ana i ka ʻaoʻao o ka pūnana. I kekahi mau hihia, makemake paha ke kao i mea e hōʻeha a make paha, e hāmama ana kona waha a puni i ka ʻenemi.
ʻO nā moa i hānau ʻia me kahi awelika o kēlā me kēia lā ua uhi piha iā lākou me ka popo brown-grey fluff ma luna a me kahi pale ocher. Hoʻololi koke ke ʻano o Offspring. ʻO ke ʻano kūlike o nā moa o ka kao maʻamau ko lākou hiki, e like me nā pākeke, e hele mālie.I ka wā ʻehā mau lā, ʻānai ʻia nā pēpē hulu manu e ka wahine, akā no laila ke komo pū ke kāne i ka ʻina ʻana. I hoʻokahi pō, ua lawe mai nā mākua i nā mea he haneli haneli i ka pala. I nā hebedoma ʻelua makahiki, hoʻāʻo ke keiki e neʻe, akā hiki i nā pipi ke uhi i nā pōkole lōʻihi ke hiki i ka makahiki ʻekolu a ʻehā paha pule.
Kahi keiki maoli nō ka ulu ʻana o ke kao keiki a piha ma kahi o ʻelima a ʻeono paha pule, ke neʻe nei ka pipi a puni ma nā wahi e kokoke ana a hoʻomākaukau hoʻi no ka huakaʻi holo mua ma ka hoʻoilo no ka hoʻoilo ma sub-Saharan Africa.
ʻO nā kao maʻamau ma waena o ka kaila maoli ʻaʻole nui nā ʻenemi. ʻAʻole ʻimi nā kānaka i kēlā mau manu, a i waena o nā kānaka he nui, ʻo Hindus, Spaniards, a me kekahi mau ʻohana o Aferika, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ka pepehi ʻana i kao ka mea hiki mai ke pilikia nui. ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe nui o kēia holoholona ʻōpiopio ka nui o nā nahesa nui, kekahi mau manu manu a me nā holoholona. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka nui o ka pōʻino e hōʻino ʻia e nā mea hoʻoholo i ka nui o nā manu he liʻiliʻi.
ʻAʻole wale ka mālamalama mai nā māka kaʻa i ʻike ʻia i nā helu he nui o nā pōpoki pōpilikia, akā ʻo nā ʻūʻī maʻamau hoʻi e ʻimi nei no lākou, a me ka hoʻopiʻi pinepine ʻia ka mea make i kēlā mau manu.
Kaona a me ke kūlana o nā ʻano
A hiki i kēia lā, ʻokoʻa nā subspecies o ke kao, ka ʻano o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻano o ka ʻāpana o ka huina o ka plumage a me ka nui. ʻO nā subspecies Caprimulgus europaeus europaeus Linnaeus i noho aku i ka ʻākau a me waena o ʻEulopa, a ʻo nā ʻelele o Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hartert i ʻike pinepine ʻia i North Africa ʻApelika, ma ka Iberian Peninsula a ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke Gālana.
ʻO ka kahi noho o Caprimulgus europaeus sarudnyi Hartert ma Central Asia. ʻO nā subspecies Caprimulgus europaeus unwini Hume i loaʻa i ʻAsia, a me Turkmenistan a me Uzbekistan. ʻO ka māhele ʻana o Caprimulgus europaeus plumipes Przewalski i hōʻike ʻia e ke komohana ʻĀina kahiki, komohana a me kahiki ʻo Mongolia, a me nā subspecies Caprimulgus europaeus dementievi Stegmann e loaʻa i ka hema Transbaikalia, ma kahiki ʻo Mongolia. I kēia manawa, i kahi papa inoa o nā mea heʻeha, i hoʻopau a me ka mea i hoʻopulapula, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka mea mālama kuhi maʻamau i ʻike ʻole i ke kūlana koʻikoʻi.
"Huli like" nā ʻōpū "a me LSD i ka wā like me ka dinosaurs makahiki
Hiki i nā Dinosaurs nā mea mua ma ka Honua e hoʻāʻo iā LSD - ke kākoʻo ʻia kēia e nā ʻoi i nā ʻōpala i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana o ka ʻUmi mai ka Cretaceous i loaʻa nā koena o "mau mālamalama mago," wahi a nā ʻepekema.
Ua loaʻa i nā ʻepekema nā mea like ʻole ma nā ʻano o nā keiki ʻōpio a me nā primates
Ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o St. Andrews aia nā keiki i hoʻokahi a hiki i ʻelua makahiki ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano he 52, ʻoi aku ka 95% o ia e hoʻohana ai i nā chimpanzees me nā gorillas. Ua paʻi ʻia ka hana i loko o ka puke puke ʻepekema ʻo Animal Cognition. Hoʻokomo ka poʻe noiʻi i ka kamaʻilio o nā primates kiʻekiʻe.
Maxillary (Gnathostomata)
Infratype: Maxillary (Gnathostomata) Kahi papa nūnaka no ka pae ʻana (Secondary (Deuterostomia) Type: Chordata (Chordata) Subtype: Vertebrate (Vertebrata) Infratype: Maxillary (Ghathostomata) Overclass: ʻehā mau wāwae (Tetrapores) Fish holoholona 2. ʻO nā holoholona Maxillary 3. Kahi ʻano ʻano holoholona Maxillary 1. ʻO ka ʻike maʻamau e pili ana i nā holoholona Maxillary Maxillary (Gnathostomata) Maxillary (Latin Gnathostomata) - kekahi o nā infratypes (nā pūʻulu) ...