ʻO ka manaʻo o nā mea ʻono no nā holoholona he mea koʻikoʻi. No ka hui ʻana, ma kahi hālāwai e pane koke a pololei i ka nīnau nui: ʻo wai ʻoe, he hoaaloha a he ʻenemi paha? Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo kekahi mea ola, e like me ia, uhi ʻia i loko o ke ao ʻala, e hoʻonui ana i kona nui maoli a ʻae ʻia e ʻike ʻia ma kahi mamao.

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Ma aneane nā mea ākea āpau, inā he liona paha, tiger, wolf a ermine paha, ʻā kekahi manawa lōʻihi ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka ʻimi ʻana, e hoʻoholo ana no ka lōʻihi o ko lākou pōā i hiki mai ma ʻaneʻi, ʻoiai ke kūpono e alualu ai iā ia, no hea ʻo ia e hele ai a me kāna mau manaʻo, akā ʻo ka mea mua ʻo wai ʻo ia, ʻoiaʻiʻo.

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Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i haʻalele ka kina i nā holoholona aloha-aloha i ke ʻano maikaʻi o ka honi. Hiki i ka Deer, hares, a me marmots ke nānā i ke ala o kahi neʻe i mua o ka wā e ʻike ai lākou. Inā ʻaʻole i pipi wale ʻo ia ma ka ʻaoʻao lewa.

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No laila ma waena o ka mea pīpī a me ka mea pio i nā manawa a pau ke ʻano he ʻano hakakā - ka mea ʻē paha e ʻike i ka hele ʻana o ka ʻenemi. ʻAʻole kumu no nā holoholona he mea nui loa ia e ʻoki ai i kā lākou hona, no laila, i ka neʻe ʻole e nānā nui loa.

p, mea pā 4,0,0,0,0,0 -> p, blockquote 5,0,0,0,0,1 ->

ʻO ka Octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, no ka laʻana, ke hilinaʻi nei i kēlā me nā hihia i ka hopena o ka stupefying o ke aniani wai a lākou e hoʻokuʻu nei inā makaʻu lākou i kekahi mea. A hiki i kēia wā, manaʻoʻiʻo ia e mālama nei kēia mea i ka hana o ka uahi o ka uahi. Ua ʻike ʻia aia ka popo huehue i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o nā huila oliva i nā ʻaluna moray a me nā iʻa ʻē aʻe e huki ana i nā mollusks.

ʻO kā mākou lawelawe a he mea paʻakikī a paʻakikī hoʻi: e pili ana i ka ʻoihana o nā ʻīlio

ʻAʻole ʻoluʻolu ke ʻano o ke ʻano i ke kanaka, ʻoiai he nuku ke kaumaha. Akā i loko o nā ʻīlio i hoʻomohala ʻia kēia manaʻo, ma kahi o 12 mau manawa nui a ʻoi aku ka nui o ko mākou "homosapiens" a me kekahi mau momi e noho ana ma ka Honua.

Aʻo ia kekahi, ʻike paha ʻoe i nā pakuhi "The Cat That Walk on its Own", kahi hui o kekahi o nā moʻolelo o Kipling kaulana. Hoʻākāka maʻalahi a noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kekahi kanaka kahiko e "hui pū" no ka pono o ia iho me nā holoholona he nui. A ʻo kekahi o ka mea mua i hoʻomaka e lawelawe i nā kānaka he ʻīlio. Nānā nā kūpuna iā mākou ua kūkulu ka ʻīlio i ka ʻano o ka honi ʻana, akā, lohe nō hoʻi i ka ʻike. Loaʻa iā ia kekahi ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hoʻomanawanui a me nā hiʻohiʻona hakakā: ʻo ia ka mea āu e ʻimi ai a hele i ka piʻi ʻana no nā mahina. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻokahi e ola nei ma ka Honua i hiki ke aʻo ʻia a nui a me ka wikiwiki e like me ka ʻīlio.

I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Honua, ua aʻo ʻia nā makamaka ʻehā mau wāwae i ke koa ma ke kaua. Ma hope aku, ʻo nā kahu hipa akamai he mau manawa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka poʻe e hoʻokūkū i nā misioni kaua i kau ʻia ma luna o lākou, a lilo ia i poʻe pōā maikaʻi loa o ka mina a me nā mea paʻi manu. Wahi a nā helu helu ma hope, i ke kaua o 1941-1945. Ma luna o ka ʻehiku tausani he mau ʻīlio kūikawā i komo pū ʻia. ʻO ka hana nui i kēlā manawa ʻo ia ke kaua aku i nā kalapu Kelemania. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻīlio me nā puhaka, kahi a lākou e manaʻo ai e lawe mai i ua ka wai, ma muli o kahi hua mai. No laila, me ke kōkua o ka hakakā ʻana i nā hoa hele wāwae ʻehā i ka wā o ke kaua, ua luku ʻia nā waʻa 300 o nā kaʻa kaua a me nā kaʻa kaua kaua.

A ʻo nā ʻīlio kūpaʻa hilinaʻi nui i hana ʻia e like me kaʻu poʻe ʻekena. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻo ka mea ʻona o nā ʻīlio kekahi i kūʻokoʻa loa a kūleʻa, no laila, i ka mea e ʻike ai lākou i nā mea e ʻike ʻia ai ka lapalapa ma ka honua - ka pīpī wale! I ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kahe koko e ʻimi nā mines i ka lepo, hāʻawi koke lākou i kahi leo a kuhikuhi i ka wahi kūpono o ka ʻike o ka mea pōʻino.

Ehia mau mea kūpaʻa a ikaika a hoʻopakele i nā kānaka i loko o ke kaua - ʻaʻole e helu ʻia! Ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻo ka hana nui loa e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke kula o USSR, ma hope o ka hopena o ke Kaua Honua II, ua hāʻule i ka ʻīlio hakakā. He mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka makahiki 1945 no ka iwakālua mau kaukani mau miliona a me nā ʻaina like ʻole i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻīlio ʻike ʻia. A i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, ʻo Sergeant Malanichev, me ke kōkua o kāna mau ʻīlio hoʻomaʻamaʻa loea, ua hoʻokele e kū aʻe i nā 200 mau minuke: ʻoiaʻiʻo i nā hola 2 o ka hana mau.

ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi ke hoʻomanaʻo wale i ka ʻīlio hōʻano kūwaho - kahi mea nānā aku i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Dzhulbars. Ua mālama ʻia kēia ʻīlio kaua no nā makahiki he nui a lawelawe ʻia no ka pono o ka ʻāina makuahine i loko o ka brigade pūkonihi kaua ʻumikumamāhā. No nā manawa āpau o kāna "lawelawe ʻīlio" ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma kahi o ʻehiku mau minuke. Ua kaulana ia ʻīlio ma muli o ka hiki ke komo ʻana i nā hale kākela a me nā hale aliʻi ma Prague, Vienna, ka ʻāina ma luna o ka Danube. I kēia mau mahina ʻeono i hala aku nei, ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaua, ʻo Djulbars ma Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i kona ihu ʻili, ua loaʻa iā ia ʻehiku a me ka hapaono mau minuke o nā ʻano like ʻole. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā ʻano mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, ma Ukraine ua hoʻomaka lākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kēia "sapper" wiwo ʻole ma hope o ke kōkua ʻana e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hale kupapaʻu o ko ka luna penikena nui ʻo Taras Shevchenko a me Kiev Vladimir Cathedral ma Kanev.

I kēia manawa, mālama pū ka mākaʻi a me nā lawelawe kūikawā ʻē aʻe i nā kahu hipa o Kelemania a me nā ʻīlio ʻē aʻe o kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe, kahi e kōkua ai i nā poʻe e ʻimi i ka pale ʻana i ka lāʻau ma ke kaua weliweli. E lau aku ʻoe i nā hoa hele wāwae ʻehā i kekahi ʻāina o ka honua i ka wā e hele ai ka palena, ka mālama ʻana i nā moʻomeheu: ua kau ʻia lākou ma laila ʻo nā ʻīlio lawelawe e hiki koke ke ʻimi i nā "waiwai kīnā" a maopopo ka mea hewa.

Nā ʻ Bearlio

Hōʻike ʻia ka bears i ka ikaika ikaika o ka ʻae ma waena o nā holoholona āpau ma ka lewa. ʻOiai ʻo ka lolo o ka bear e pili i kahi hapakolu o ka lolo o ke kanaka, ʻo ka manawa i mālama i ka manaʻo o ka ʻeka o ka manawa ʻelima mau manawa o ke kanaka. E hoʻohana i nā bears i ke ʻano o ka ʻono e loaʻa i ka meaʻai a pale i nā pōpilikia, me ke kālai ʻana i nā cubs i ka hihi. Hiki i ka bear aku ke ʻike i ke kino o kekahi holoholona ma kahi mamao o 32 km.

Elele

ʻO ka elepani o Aferika ka helu nui loa o nā mea nānā e hoʻoholo ai i ka ʻala. ʻO ka ʻala o kahi elephant ka mea paʻa loa i ka wā e hana nei me ka wai. Hiki i nā elele ke ʻike i ka wai ma luna o 19 km. ʻO ka ʻeke o kahi elephant he nui nā manaʻo o nā ʻono ʻono.

ʻO Kiwis, ʻaʻole e lele ana nā manu, pono ke loaʻa i ka ʻai i ka honua. ʻO nā Kiwi nā pūnaka ma waho ma nāʻaoʻao o kāna nukuhū, e hoʻoikaika ai i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻai ma lalo o ka lepo a me nā lau hāʻule. ʻO ka Kiwi ka lua o ka pauku olfactory nui i waena o nā manu āpau, e hāʻawi nui ana i ka kiwi i ka ʻohu o ka honi.

E like me nā bears, loaʻa i nā kaile i loko o ko lākou waha i kapa ʻia nā pūnaehana Jacobson, e hōʻike ana i nā mea ʻoniʻoni ʻē aʻe. Kūpono ka manaʻo o ka nahesa i ka aʻa a ikaika, hoʻohana i kona alelo e hopu i nā ʻōpū o ka pulu, a, ʻo ia hoʻi, e neʻe i ka pūnao ʻo Jamesson no ka ʻike.

2. ʻElua mau ʻīlio oliva i loko o ka lolo.

Hoʻokumu kēlā me kēia paona he 60 g, ʻehā mau manawaʻoi aʻe ma mua o kā mākou mau ʻula ponoi. Mahalo iā lākou i ke poʻo o ka holoholona, ​​ʻano hana ʻia nā ʻona a pau e nā hōʻailona liʻiliʻi loa. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia mau pepeiao pepeiao hiki ke hoʻoholo i ke kukū, ka ikaika a me ka hou o kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu. Ma ke ala, loaʻa iā kāu ʻīlio he 4,000% nui nā mea ʻoluʻolu o nā mea aloha āu ma mua o kou.

5. Ano ka pae ʻana ka ʻīlio ʻana i kahi wāwae o kahi kanaka, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻāʻī i kahi, a ʻoi ʻo ia i ka nui o nā manawa, e kū ana me ka hema a me ka hema.

Mahalo i kēlā me "ke kiʻi ʻewalu" ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia e hoʻohālikelike i ka kahi o ka hou, ka ikaika a me ke ala o ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea ʻona o ka lepo a me ka ʻike i loaʻa. Ma muli o kēia loiloi e hoʻomaopopo iā ia i ka lōʻihi o ke waiho ʻia ʻana a ma ke ala kahi i neʻe ai ka mea. He holoholona akamai maikaʻi ʻole, ʻaʻole anei?

6. Ua ʻike nā kānaka a pau ka ʻīlio e ʻike ai i nā lāʻau, nā mea kaua, nā pona, a me nā mea hou aku.

ʻO ka mahalo, ʻoiai ma ka home, hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i ka pā hanohano o kāu holoholona. No laila, ma kahi hoʻolālā (e ana iā 25x25 m), e kau i nā ʻāpana he 5. Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia kona ʻono a me ka wikiwiki a loaʻa iā ia.

7. Hoʻopili loa nā ʻīlio i kā lākou mea nona (e hoʻomanaʻo wale i ka moʻolelo o ka mea kiʻi akua ʻo Hachiko)

No laila, ke haʻalele nei ʻoe, e ʻimi kāu holoholona i ka ʻoni o ka mea nona nā kihi a pau o ka hale. ʻAʻole wale ia, hiki iā ia ke hele i ka lā o kou moena, moe i kou lole a me ke ʻano ʻoi aku ka nui, e kāʻili ʻo ia i nā kāmaʻa maikaʻi ʻole.

A ʻo ke kumu ke ʻano o kēia mau ʻalehu fluffy, ʻokoʻa ka loli, i ka loli kemika o kou kino. No laila, hiki i nā ʻīlio ke hōʻemi i nā loli hormonal iki loa. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ua hoʻopakele hou ʻia nā ʻīlio i ko lākou mau mea mai kahi puʻuwai puʻuwai.

A ma USA, Kanada a me kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa, aia kekahi mau kula e aʻo ʻia ai kēia mau holoholona e kōkua i ka poʻe me ka epilepsy. He mea kupanaha ia! Hiki i nā ʻīlio ke manaʻo i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana e ka loli liʻiliʻi, ka ʻili o ka ʻili a me nā nui o ka haumana.

9. Ma ke ala, inā ʻaʻole hiki i kāu ʻīlio ke loaʻa i ka mea āu e pono ai, ʻaʻole kēia ke manaʻo he mea hewa ʻole kāna manaʻo.

Hiki ua maluhiluhi ke ʻano hele ʻehā ʻehā. No laila, me ka hana mau loa o ke kino, hoʻomaka ka ʻīlio e hanu ma o ka waha, a no laila 10% wale nō o ka oxygen e hele mai ma ka ihu. ʻAʻole lawa kēia kālā no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā mea ʻala. ʻO ia ka mea i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻīlio, hohonu kona hanu a lohi.

12. No ka hiki ʻana i ka ʻīlio e hiki ai i nā ʻīlio ke hoʻohālikelike i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hopu, nā maʻi, a laila komo kēia papa inoa i ke kanesa.

No laila, ua hōʻoia nā mea nona, nā mea i hōʻike i nā maʻi hōʻeha, i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i hoʻokahi mau mahina ma mua o ke ʻano he ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe paha ka holoholona. Hōʻike ka poʻe Veterinarians i kēia ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana, hiki paha i nā ʻū a nasal ke hiki ke honi i nā popo i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ulu e ulu ana.

Puhi i ke ola o nā holoholona - ʻala a me ka ʻala

ʻO ke ʻano o ke ʻano mea he sensora he mea koʻikoʻi nui ia i nā mea ola a pau. Inā hiki ke nalowale ke nānā aku, a me ka hoʻopā a me ka paʻi ʻana, e kū mai ka manaʻo o ke ʻano i ke ola holoʻokoʻa. Mahalo i keʻano o ke ʻono, hiki i nā mea āpau ke hana hou a loaʻa i kā lākou ʻai ponoʻī. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā momona o nā holoholona a me ke aha a lākou e hana ai i ke ola o nā holoholona. ʻO nā ʻakaʻaka i ke ola o nā holoholona - ʻala a me a ʻohu - heluhelu!

ʻO nā ʻakaʻaka i ke ola o nā holoholona - hālāwai hui ʻīlio

Maʻaneʻi paha i ka poʻe āpau e nānā i ke aloha o nā ʻīlio. He ʻohu kūikawā kēlā ʻīlio, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ma lalo o ka huelo, no ka mea, ma laila kekahi honi kūikawā i huna ʻia. I ka ʻike ʻana kekahi ʻīlio kahi ʻīlio ʻē aʻe, ua ʻoki ʻo ia i kēia wahi. Inā makaʻu ka ʻīlio a makemake paha e hūnā i kekahi mea, ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nei kona huʻu i ʻole ka palahalā ʻana.

Puhi i ka nohona holoholona - nā pōpoki

ʻIke ka poʻe āpau i nā mea ʻono a pau a ko lākou makemake wale nō, ʻoiai inā aia kekahi mau mea like me ka nui o nā poʻe. Hoʻokomo kēia mau ʻona i ka sulu. Makemake nui nā ʻōleʻa i ka ʻoni o ka valerian, a me nā ʻīlio, nā ʻīlio e like me ka honi o ka anise, a no kekahi mau kumu ua huki nā kāmeke i ka uahi o ka tapaa.

ʻO ka ʻakaʻaka i ke ola o nā holoholona - nā ʻalalā hihiu

Ke pau ka hānai ʻana i ka wā poperty, hoʻomaka ko lākou mau kōlulu salebary e huna i kahi ʻala ʻokoʻa i ka wahine. He mea like kēia ʻono me ka ʻala o nā ʻōpala nui loa i loko o ka honua - truffles. ʻO ia ke kumu i hoʻomaka ai e lawe ka poʻe i ka puaʻa me lākou no ka ʻalī manu, kahi ma o kā lākou hona e loaʻa ai nā truffles.

Nā Pāʻani Polokalamu Kūʻē

ʻO ka ʻakaʻaka i ke ola o nā holoholona - rana

O ka haohao o na pahee o na poli a na kane, i hoihoi no ia me ka wahine. No laila, ʻo ke kāne, e hoʻowalewale i ka wahine, alakaʻi i kona wāwae i mua o ka ihu o ka wahine, ma muli o ia mea e hiki ai iā ia ke waiho i ka hua manu.

ʻO nā ʻakaʻaka i ke ola o nā holoholona - nā nahesa

ʻIke ka poʻe āpau e pili ana i nā hoʻokūkū ikaika i ka hihiu. Na nā nakahi e kiʻi i ka wahine maikaʻi loa, e mākaukau e hele i nā kuikahi. No laila, ua aʻo ʻia lākou i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻoni o ka wahine, no laila e hoʻopalike i nā kāne ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai ʻo ka mau kāne hoʻopunipuni e hahai i ke ala pololei, holo nāhelehe i kahi i koho ʻia a hana i kā lākou hana.

Pīhoihoi Kukū Pōhoihoi

Puhi i ke ola o nā holoholona - nā pipi

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻōpū o Saturnian ma o ko lākou ʻano maikaʻi o ka ʻono, nāna e kōkua iā lākou e noʻonoʻo i ka wahine a hiki i ka lōʻihi o hoʻokahi mile.

Hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā holoholona o nā holoholona

Puhi i ka holoholona holoholona - nā ʻalopeke

Inā ʻano ʻino ʻole nā ​​ʻano o nā holoholona nui, pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo pono. He mau leʻaleʻa maikaʻi loa kekahi mau holoholona. ʻO ka laʻana, ʻā nā ʻoki manu pheromones e like me ka violet.

Wolf piss mālama mālama iose

Puhi i ke ola o nā holoholona - moose

Ma ke kūkulu ʻĀina o Suena, ua nui nā hihia i hoʻopiʻi ʻia e nā kaʻa i ke kaʻa kuʻiki e hoʻokaʻawale i nā moose. I mea e pale aku ai i kēia, ua hele mai nā luna me kahi ala kumu mua: ua hōʻailona ka poʻe i nā alanui me nā ʻūlio uhu, ka ʻāʻī o ka moose.

Kūleʻa ka ʻōpū o nā holoholona hihiu

Puhi i ke ola o nā holoholona - nā bea

Ma ke komo komohana o Kelemona, loaʻa pinepine nā luna i ia pilikia e like me ka heʻe ʻana o nā holoholona hihiu me ka poʻe. I mea e pale ʻole ai i nā make, pono nā hana wikiwiki.

Ma kahi o nā alanui, ua waiho ʻia ka plastik porous, ka mea i hoʻonā ʻia me ka ʻala kanaka like ʻole.

No ka loaʻa ʻana o kēlā ʻano ʻano, pono ia e kāwili i ka ammonia, ka ʻūhā kanaka a me ka acid butyric, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka ʻala i like me ka ʻala o nā lemona.

Puhi i ke ola o nā holoholona - ʻili

No nā ʻiʻala, ua lilo ka mea ʻala i ʻōlelo ma muli, e hoʻoulu ana lākou i nā enzyme kūikawā e ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻāʻo a me ka manaʻo. Ma muli o kēia, hoʻouna lākou i nā hōʻailona like ʻole, no ka laʻana, ka ʻenekau a i ʻole ka pilikia.

ʻO ia ka momona o nā kime ke hōʻike nui.

Pēlā no ka mea, ke pālahalaha ʻia kahi popona me kahi mea hoʻonaninani kūlohelohe, manaʻo paha kona poʻe hoahānau ua make ʻo ia a ʻaʻole ʻo ia e ʻike hou iā ia e ola ana, ʻoiai me ka manaʻo e neʻe ʻo ia.

Ke kūlana o ka manaʻo o ka ʻono

Ke ʻano o ka ʻohu o ka ihu e lawelawe iā mākou i hiki ai iā mākou ke leʻaleʻa i nā ʻono maikaʻi a me nā ʻaʻala maikaʻi. Panana mai ʻo ia iā mākou i nā ʻano mea like ʻole o ke kīwī (ke ahi, ka leakena ʻōpala). ʻO kahi manaʻo maikaʻi loa o ka pona he mea nui loa no kekahi kanaka, ʻoiai ʻole a hiki ʻole ke nānā ʻia ka honua ma 100%. No laila, me ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻole o ka honi, hiki i ke ola ke hina hina a ʻōpala, ʻaʻohe o nā kala a pau.

ʻO ka manaʻo o ka ʻohu he mea e loaʻa ai ka ʻike, e kōkua ana i kekahi kanaka e ʻike i ka honua. Ua ʻike ʻia nā keiki e ulia ana i ka mea ʻala ʻole e hiki ke hoʻomohala pololei a lawa ʻole ma hope o kā lākou mau hoa.

Hoʻopili pū kahi mea o ke olfaction o kahi kanaka me ke kino o ke ʻano. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka nalowale o ka hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa a hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea momona a hoʻowalewale i ka leʻaleʻa o ka meaʻai ʻono loa. A koho pinepine nā kānaka i ko lākou wahi e ka honi.

ʻAʻole paha e hiki i kekahi ke kamaʻilio lōʻihi no ka lōʻihi me kahi mea inā ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu loa kāna mea ʻala.

ʻO ke koena olfactory, e kōkua ana iā mākou e ʻike i nā mea ʻala, hiki iā ia ke hana i ke ʻano a me ka hoʻoulu maikaʻi.

No ka laʻana, ʻo nā pona o ke kinamona a me nā pepelu ke hoʻonui i ka nānā a hoʻēmi i ka irritability, aʻo nā mea momona o ke kō a me ka lemon e kōkua i ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo. ʻO ka ʻōpū o ke ʻano o ka honi ka mea hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ke 10,000 ʻona.

Pono kēia waiwai i hāʻawi ʻia iā mākou ma ke ʻano. ʻAʻole kekahi o ka poʻe e makemake e hoʻōki i ka pua puaʻa, mauʻu, ka nahele, ka moana.

He aha ka manaʻo o ka ʻala?

ʻO Smell ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka honi ʻana. Pono, ʻāʻālua ka ʻike. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻikepili e hiki wikiwiki ai i ka lolo a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ia. ʻO ka kolohe e hoʻouna ana i ka ihu i ka lolo "loaʻa" i ka wikiwiki iʻoi aku ka ʻoi ma mua o ka ʻeha.

I kēia mea, ʻike ke ʻano o ka mea ʻono a he nui kūpono nui ia o ka pilina o nā mea ola a me ka honua.

ʻO ka ʻōhumu a pau o ke ʻano hanohano o ke kanaka

ʻO ka ihu he mea kūʻokoʻa kahi e hiki koke ai ke ʻike koke i kekahi mea waiwai, ʻoiai ʻole i loko o ka ʻūhū ʻana ʻana o kekahi mau mea pono o nā lako kiʻekiʻe.ʻIke ʻia ka ihu o kēlā me kēia ʻona i nā ala like ʻole a me kēia ʻano ʻono ʻokoʻa mai ka manaʻo ʻana o ke ʻano, ʻono a kani paha.

ʻEono kanalima miliona receptor cell e ʻae i nā kānaka e ʻike i nā ʻoni. Aia nā wahi nehena i kuleana no ke ʻano o ka ʻohu i ka septum nasal a ma nā papa kiʻekiʻe o ka ihu. Nā mea i koho ʻia - nā ʻano nui o nā pūnao o ke kanaka hou i hoʻomau ʻia ma ka wā o ke ola o kekahi kanaka.

Hoʻopili nui kēia mau puna i ka mea i kapa ʻia e kekahi poʻe ʻepekema ʻo "he kapa" ʻole.
ʻO nā molekule e halihali ana i kahi mea ʻono e komo i ka waha o ka ihu, hoʻonāukiuki i nā ʻāpana olfactory.

Loaʻa mai iā lākou mai, e komo mua ka ʻike i loko o ka lolo, a laila i loko o ka ʻōnaehana mana e kuleana ai manaʻo pilikino, hoʻomanaʻo ʻana, ka hele ʻana.

Hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā mea hoʻonāukiuki i ka hana o ke kino - mea hanu, poloka o na hormone, lele ke koko, etc.
He mea nui loa ka nānāʻana i kā lākou naʻau hana koke. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka mea hoʻohālikelike, inā maʻi kekahi, hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia i ka ʻoli o ka amoni. Aia koke ka ʻike i ka lolo a hoʻōla i ka hopena kino a me ka noʻonoʻo.

Aia ma luna o kēia loina nā hopena hopena o nā 'aila o ka aila e pono ai e hoʻihoʻi i ka noho like ʻana o ke kino.

He aha ka hopena o ka nalowaleʻana o ka ʻono? Ka ^

Hoʻemi a paila Hoʻohui ʻia me ka poino i ka mucosa nasal i nā maʻi e like me rhinitis a polyposis paha.

I kekahi manawa he maʻi e like me parosmia, a i ʻole kahi kuli o ka ʻono. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēia ʻano ʻano o ka honi: aia paha ke kanaka i ʻako ka lumi i kahi mea (ʻoi aʻe kekahi mea leʻaleʻa).

He aha ke ʻano o kēia ʻenehana? Ka ^

I ko kēia ao i kēia manawa, pilikia nā kānaka i kahi pōʻino o ke kūlohelohe maoli: kū i nā pesticides, nā mea wela hewa no nā hale kauwela, nā ahi ahi a pēlā aku. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hihia nui i ka wā ʻo ia ka manaʻo o ka ʻono i hoʻopakele i ke ola o kahi kanaka.

E hoʻomanaʻo i ka mea a ka wahine wili ʻo Gandalf mai ka puke moʻomeheu ʻo Lord of the Rings i ʻōlelo ai? "Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe maopopo i kahi e hele ai, hele ʻoe i kahi mea ʻono a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi."

Eia nō kekahi, ua lōʻihi nā hana i kahi e hiki ʻole ai ke hana me ke nānā ʻole o ka ihu. No kekahi, kahi mea hona kūpono (a i ʻole, noa, lihope).

Ke hana nei nā Sniffers i nā hui kālā., ʻākoʻoki i ka wai ʻana i nā ʻano wai āpau ma nā ʻoni wai hoʻāʻo. Hoʻomaopopo lākou i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka momona, kona ikaika. Mālama maoli kēia mau kānaka i kā lākou ola ma o ka honi ʻana.

ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i like ka manaʻo o ka honi no nā kānaka no ka nui o nā holoholona holoholona. Akā ʻo ka hanu i ka manawa ikaika i ka poʻe. Mai kahi mania puhent, hiki i ke kanaka ke hōʻeha i ka hōʻeha, a me kahi ʻoluʻolu ʻoluʻolu e hōʻeha i nā mea kūpono.

Mai ka wā kahiko, ua noʻonoʻo nā mea ʻala Farani i ka hiki i ka ʻona ke hoʻopihapiha i ke ʻano hōʻona o kahi kanaka, a hiki i nā ʻoni ʻaila ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻanuʻu ʻekolu hanake. Eia nō naʻe, aia i waena o nā "sniffers" maoli maoli i kā lākou mahinaʻai e hiki ai ke ʻike i nā ʻehiku mau tausani o nā ʻoni like ʻole.

ʻO nā aila āpau e pili ana i ka aila iris, a me ka momona hoʻi, no ke aha e ʻāpono ʻia ai e hoʻohana i ka aila iris?

Inā ʻoe e noʻonoʻo nei e kūʻai i kahi kukui ala, e nānā pono ma ʻaneʻi
kēia ʻatikala. E hana i ke koho kūpono!

O na ano o ke ano o ka honi a ke kanaka ^

Nui nā ʻano ʻula o ke ʻano o kā mākou. ʻO ia ke kumu he paʻakikī loa e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou, a ma ka nui, e hoʻomaka ʻia ka pae ʻana i ka loiloi kumuhana.

E hilinaʻi nui ʻia ka loiloi i ka hānai ʻana, ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o ka manaʻo, a hiki i ke kūlana ʻano kanaka. Eia nō naʻe, ua hana lōʻihi nei nā ho'āʻo ʻana e hoʻākāka i nā mea ʻala.

No ka laʻana, i ka 1756, ua hāʻawi ka mea kūlohelohe ʻo Carl Linnaeus i nā mea kakara i ʻeono hui nui: balsamic, ʻapona, caprylic, ke kāleka, ambromus, stupefying.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki iā Linnaeus i ke ʻano o nā ʻoni i ʻike ʻia me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻepekema ʻana, a ʻo ke ʻano o ke ʻano he hoʻonui nui ʻia.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi hou i loko o ke ʻano o nā mea ʻala ʻaʻole i hilinaʻi nui ʻia ka mea hānai i kahi mea kemika o kahi mea.

Hāpai nā poʻe loea i ka mahina o ka aromatherapy e hoʻohana i ka ʻikepili i ka hana. No ka hana ana aku, ua malamaia ka puka ʻana o ke kanaka i nā ʻanuʻu pololei e pili ana i ka like ʻana o ke kahe ʻana o kahi mea.
Aia a hiki i kēia wā, ʻaʻohe piha o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i nā mea ʻala, a he nui nā hana ʻepekema e hana ma kēia wahi.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka lolo o ke kanaka i ke ʻano e lawelawe ʻia ai nā ʻona no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻoni ʻekahi wale nō haneli i kana mau haneli i ka iwakāluakūmākahi. No ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻo kahi hapakolu o ka lolo ua "paʻa" i loko o kahi ʻoni o kahi ʻoni. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o kahi mea ʻala a ke kanaka e hoʻopiʻi ʻia e ke ʻano maikaʻi o nā ʻāpana o nā naʻau, a me ka hiki ʻana mai o nā mana like ʻole a me nā hemahema.

Hiki i ka ihu kanaka ke wehe elima ʻano ʻano ʻala: floral, spicy (no ka laʻana, ka ʻāpana o ka lemon), putrefactive, ʻāwili (kaʻa a i ʻole ka koko), pono (ʻawaʻawa, camphor, etc.).

ʻAʻohe o ka hopena o nā ʻona e hoʻonaninani wale ʻia e ke ʻano o ka naʻau, akā hiki ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia i ke kino pilikino iā ia iho: e ʻōlelo, ʻo ka ʻala o ka meaʻai maikaʻi e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻōpū o ka huehue, a me kahi mea hoʻowahāwahā e hoʻonā ai i ka luaʻi.

Manaʻo o ke ʻano o ka ʻohu i nā holoholona ^

Ke nele kekahi kanaka i kona mau olfactory hana, hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā holoholona. ʻOkoʻa ka ʻīlio. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka ʻohu o kēia mea kuʻuna, aia ma kahi kahi he ʻumikumamālua tausani mau manawa i ʻoi aku ma mua o kēlā kanaka. Mai ka wā kahiko, hele nā ​​lima a me nā ʻīlio lima.

Ua kōkua kēia ʻīlio i ke kanaka e ʻimi ai, e ka ʻoni āna i ʻike ai, ʻimi no ke ala o nā poʻe i nalowale i ka nahele, ua pakele paha i nā mea hana hewa. I kēia mau lā, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻīlio i kēia mana i nā mākaʻi, a me ka mea hoʻi, i nā lawelawe kūikawā i hoʻopili ʻia i ka hakakā me ka pāpā ʻana a me ka hana hoʻoweliweli.

ʻO ka ihu o ka ʻīlio hoʻomaʻamaʻa, hiki ke loaʻa i nā mea puhaka a me nā mea lapaʻau, mālama maoli i nā ola.

Akā he mea nui loa ka manaʻo o nā mea ulu no nā holoholona hihiu. O kahi laʻana, no nā kekeʻe o nā moose a me nā kāʻei waiū wai puna wai kumupono lākou e mālama i kahi kaulike o nā ʻāpana i ke kino. ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻōiwi ke kōkua i nā holoholona he nui e hoʻokele i ka ʻāina.

Me ke kōkua o ka ihu, nā holoholona hihiu e hoʻoholo i nā ala hele a me nā ala, me nā mea e noho ʻia e nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā ʻalopelo Arctic, ke hele hewa, e neʻe e like me ka ʻono i waiho ʻia e nā ʻōpio Arctic. I ka wā i ʻike mua ʻia ai ka tiger ma kekahi moku'āina, e nānā iā ia me ke kōkua o ka ʻono no ka lōʻihi. ʻO nā holoholona ʻē aʻe kekahi i ʻano kūlike.

Inā he holoholona hihiu no kekahi kumu i hala ʻole kona ʻumi, ʻo ia nō, i hoʻopaʻi ʻia i make. ʻO Herbivores, i hoʻoiho ʻia i ka ʻono, ʻaʻole ka mea e honi i ka hoʻokokoke o kahi kanaka wānana. ʻAʻole e hiki i ka mea kūʻai aku ke hopu a ʻōleʻe paha i kahi mea e pāpā ʻia ai kekahi a ʻo ia ke komo i ke kaua make.

ʻ saylelo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema me ka maopopo loa, ʻo ia ka scent e hele mua i loko o nā holoholona, ​​a ma hope wale nō kēlā e hoʻolohe ai a me ka ʻike nui.
Ma ka paʻiʻana, loaʻa i nā holoholona nā mea moe kolohe, nā pōpō makapo i loaʻa i nā mākua e hoʻohana ana i ko lākou ihu. Me ke kōkua o ka ʻono, hiki i ka holoholona ke hoʻoholo pono ke ola o ka lālā ʻē aʻe o ka pēpē a i ke ʻano he aha ia.

ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia hopohopo, ʻeha nui, a i ʻole ka luhi ʻana i nā holoholona me ke loli ʻana o ke ʻala o ke kino.
Ua ʻike lōʻihi ʻole ia e hoʻoholo ʻōpio i ka ʻalopona inā hiki i ʻai ʻia a i ʻole ka mea i make. Hoʻolālā ʻia nā ʻano ʻona i nā holoholona i ke ʻano o ka ʻono a hiki i ka wā kahiko.

Ke noi nei i nā holoholona, ​​hele mai nā ʻepekema me ka hopena.

Ka mea, ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka ʻala o ka holoholona, ​​ʻoi aku ka nui o ka aroma.

A ʻoi aku kahi hana maʻamau, hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻoiai he ʻano hoʻohālikelike: ʻo nā holoholona me ke ʻano ikaika o nā honi ka nui o ke ʻano o ka naʻau ma mua o ko lākou mau hoa āpau, i hōʻalo ʻia e ka maka ihili.

Inā maʻi kāu keiki a pono ʻoe e kiʻi i kahi inhaler, e heluhelu mua i ka ʻatikala
inhalation no kahi keiki, e ʻike pehea e koho pono ai i kahi hāmeʻa no kāu pēpē.

He aha nā hōʻailona a me nā contraindications e pili ana i kahi kaʻina e like me ka cryomassage o ka maka me ka haukoli wai? Hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu e pili ana i kēia ma kēia ʻatikala, e mālama mākou i ko mākou olakino!

He aha kahi freshener hau aerosol hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu i kēia ʻatikala:
http://about-air.ru/svojstva-vozduha/zapahi/osvezhitel-vozduha-dlya-doma.html. Pehea e koho ai?

No ke aha i ʻīlio ai ka ʻīlio? Ka ^

He nui ka poʻe i ʻike hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo i kahi holoholona i loaʻa ka manaʻo maikaʻi o ka ʻono ma o ke ʻano ʻana o kona ihu. Inā ua ihu ka ihu - loaʻa ka holoholona maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo kahi ʻāʻī ʻōiwi e kōkua i ka holoholona i hoʻoholo ma kahi a ka makani i lawe ai a i ʻole kēlā ʻono.

ʻO ke wikiō ma ke kumumanaʻo "Sense of smell in animal"

ʻO ke ʻano o ka olfaction o ke kanaka. Nā hana a nā ʻōpū o ke ʻano:

He mea nui loa nā ʻōpū sensory iā mākou a pau. Ma ka ʻano o ke ʻano o kahi mea hiki ke hoʻomālamalama i ka ʻike o ka honua.

Ke kūlana o ka manaʻo o ka ʻono

Ke ʻano o ka ʻohu o ka ihu e lawelawe iā mākou i hiki ai iā mākou ke leʻaleʻa i nā ʻono maikaʻi a me nā ʻaʻala maikaʻi. Panana mai ʻo ia iā mākou i nā ʻano mea like ʻole o ke kīwī (ke ahi, ka leakena ʻōpala). ʻO kahi manaʻo maikaʻi loa o ka pona he mea nui loa no kekahi kanaka, ʻoiai ʻole a hiki ʻole ke nānā ʻia ka honua ma 100%. No laila, me ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻole o ka honi, hiki i ke ola ke hina hina a ʻōpala, ʻaʻohe o nā kala a pau.

ʻO ka manaʻo o ka ʻohu he mea e loaʻa ai ka ʻike, e kōkua ana i kekahi kanaka e ʻike i ka honua. Ua ʻike ʻia nā keiki e ulia ana i ka mea ʻala ʻole e hiki ke hoʻomohala pololei a lawa ʻole ma hope o kā lākou mau hoa.

Hoʻopili pū kahi mea o ke olfaction o kahi kanaka me ke kino o ke ʻano. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka nalowale o ka hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa a hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea momona a hoʻowalewale i ka leʻaleʻa o ka meaʻai ʻono loa. A koho pinepine nā kānaka i ko lākou wahi e ka honi.

ʻAʻole paha e hiki i kekahi ke kamaʻilio lōʻihi no ka lōʻihi me kahi mea inā ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu loa kāna mea ʻala.

ʻO ke koena olfactory, e kōkua ana iā mākou e ʻike i nā mea ʻala, hiki iā ia ke hana i ke ʻano a me ka hoʻoulu maikaʻi.

No ka laʻana, ʻo nā pona o ke kinamona a me nā pepelu ke hoʻonui i ka nānā a hoʻēmi i ka irritability, aʻo nā mea momona o ke kō a me ka lemon e kōkua i ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo. ʻO ka ʻōpū o ke ʻano o ka honi ka mea hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ke 10,000 ʻona.

Pono kēia waiwai i hāʻawi ʻia iā mākou ma ke ʻano. ʻAʻole kekahi o ka poʻe e makemake e hoʻōki i ka pua puaʻa, mauʻu, ka nahele, ka moana.

He aha ka manaʻo o ka ʻala?

Hiki i ka hiki ke hoʻomaopopo a ʻike i nā ʻano mea like ʻole o nā mea ʻona i ke ʻano kai. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ʻia ʻo Odor i nā ʻano like ʻole.

Ma kēia manaʻo, lilo pinepine ka manaʻo o ka ʻono ma mua o ke ʻano, no ka laʻana, ka hoʻolohe maikaʻi a i ʻole ka nānā maikaʻi aku. ʻO ka hopena o nā mea ʻala o ke ʻano o ka nui o nā mea ʻala e hoʻōho i ka ʻōnaehana o ke kanaka.

ʻO kēia, ke huli nei i kahi loli i nā hana o nā ʻokoʻa āpau a me nā ʻōnaehana o ke kino holoʻokoʻa.

Nā lako hana

ʻO ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka ihu, ʻo ia ka mea e ʻike ai i ka hoʻonaninani ʻana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka lewa. Ke kūmole o ke ʻano o ke ʻano:

• huilea mucosa,
• olina,
• ululaʻula,
• oliveehana ʻala
• cortex cerebral.

Kuhi ka hua olfactory a me nā ʻokoʻa receptor no ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻala. Ua loaʻa lākou ma ka olfactory epithelium, aia aia ma ka membrane mucous o ka ʻaoʻao-posterior o ka kihi nasal, ma kahi o ka septal nasal a me ka pae o ka nasal. I nā kānaka, ua uhi ka epithelium olfactory i kahi wahi e pili ana iā 4 cm2.

Hōʻike nā hōʻailona āpau mai nā pūlima receptor nasal (kahi o laila a 10 miliona) e komo i ka lolo i loko o ka lolo. Ma laila, hana ʻia kahi manaʻo o ke ʻano o ka honi a ʻike ʻole ʻia.

I nā kāne, aia nā olfactory a me nā nīnūnū trigeminal, i nā kihi o nā mea komo ʻono e hui pū ai. He ʻelua mau kaʻina hana o nā ʻōpiopio. Pōkole, i kapa ʻia nā dendrite, like me nā lāʻau i kona ʻano, ʻo kēlā me kēia ma kahi o ka cilia cfm olace.

ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ke kaʻina kūloko (axons) he lahilahi; Hoʻopili kēia mau kaula i ka lua cranial, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūhaka no kēia ma ka pā o ka iwi ethmoid o ka ihu, a laila hoʻopili i ka pūpū hina, i hele ʻia i ka ʻōkuʻomaʻi olfactory.

Hoʻokomo ka ʻōmaka ma ka kumu o ka pale a hana i kahi ʻāpana kūikawā o ka lolo.

ʻO nā zona cortical o ka loiloi olfactory ka mea i ka lolo o ka visceral, a i ʻole he'ōnaehana limbic.

Hāpai kēia mau ʻōnaehana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hana aenen - ke ʻimi, ka ʻai, ka pale ʻana, ka ʻonaʻohana, ke ʻano.

Hoʻohana pū ka lolo visceral i ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hana autonomic, hana i ka ʻano hoʻoikaika a me nā manaʻo, a me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka hoʻomanaʻo.

Hōʻanoʻike

Hiki i ke kino o nā mea ʻala ke hoʻopā i ka paepae o ka ʻike maka, ʻono, ke hoʻolohe, a me ka hiʻona o ka ʻāpana vestibular. Ua ʻike ʻia inā pālua ka ʻōlelo o ke kanaka, a laila e emi iho ka nui o kona noʻonoʻo ʻana. ʻO ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka mea ʻala he ʻano kūikawā, hoʻokaʻawale ia me nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa i nā hana āpau o ka ʻikepili olfactory i kahi nui i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā manaʻo, ka hopena pili, nā hana hoʻomanaʻo, nā hoʻoponopono vegetative-visceral, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hana o nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka cortex cerebral.

Aia kekahi mau mea i kahi ala pungent (ammonia, suka kikī). Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopā aku i ka hopena olfactory a me kahi huhū i nā kinipona pili o ka nerve trigeminal. Hōʻike kēia i nā kikoʻī o ke ʻano o nā ʻano sensor. Hiki i ka Reflex frequency o ka hanu, pulse, ke koko i lalo o ke kumu o ka hana olfactory hiki ke loli.

Hoʻolaha ka naʻau

Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka paʻakikī o ka ʻono e ka ʻike hiki i kahi mea hiki ke hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka ʻāpana o 0.0000000005 mau pākahi o kahi grami o ka rose a i ʻole musk, e pili ana i ka 4.35 mau pona o kahi kākā o ka mercaptan. Inā ʻike ka ea i ka 0.00000002 g no ka 1 cm3 o ka hauea o ka hydrogen sulfide, a lailaʻike mākou iā mākou.

Aia nā mea ʻona he ikaika nui a hiki ke mālama ʻia no nā lā 6-7 tausani. ʻO kahi kumu hoʻohālikelike o nā ʻono kai i komo e ka poʻe i komo i ka hana ʻākoakoa o nā ʻāpana aliʻi o ʻAigupita.

Hiki iā mākou ke hiki i kā mākou ihu ke ʻike i nā ʻano ʻike ʻole o nā mea ʻalaʻawa i loko o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i loko o ka ea inimona, ʻaʻole hiki ke ana ʻia ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kemika.

Ua hōʻike ʻia ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ka honi e pili ana i ka manawa o ke ao (ma hope o ka hiamoe, maikaʻi a ʻono nā mea ʻala) a me ke ʻano o ke ʻano o kahi kanaka. ʻOi aku ka manaʻo o ka ʻāʻī i ka wā e ʻike ai kekahi i ka pōloli, me ka wā o ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela.

Hiki i ke kumupaʻa o ke kanaka ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea ʻehā mau kaukani ʻano hou o nā ʻohu. Ma kēia he mea mamao loa mākou ma hope o nā holoholona. ʻO ka ʻīlio, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka 500 tausani ʻona.

Pūneʻa a me nā manaʻo

Hōʻike nā haʻawina o ka lolo i ka hemispheres o ka forebrain, nona ke kuleana kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka nihi, neʻe ikaika mai ka lolo olfactory i ka wā o ka hoʻololi.

ʻO Odor ke kumu kumu a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā ʻike like ʻole i waena o nā mea ola i ka holoholona hihiu.

Eia kekahi, no nā holoholona āpau a no ke kanaka primitif, ka manaʻo kūpono o ka honi e pono ai no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, kahi hoa wahine, ke ʻōlelo ʻana i ka pōʻino, a i ʻole hōʻailona i ka noho ʻana.

No kahi kanaka e noho nei i kēia ao hou, ke ala nui o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻike i kūlohelohe ʻia, hiki ke hoʻonele i nā mea'ē aʻe a pau i kū ma mua.

Ua ʻike ʻia ka hopena ikaika o ka pona i ka piliona pilikino, a me nā hana i pili pū me ia. Hōʻike pinepine kēia hopena i ka pae subconscious. ʻAʻole maikaʻi kēia ʻike i ka nohona kanaka.

No ka laʻana, ua kākau ʻia nā hōʻike o nā maʻi ma ke ʻano o nā maʻi psychosomatic.

ʻO ka mea nui nui o ka ʻono

ʻO nā hana a nā mea ʻōmaʻomaʻi he nui i ke ola o nā mea ola a pau, no ka mea hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka pōpilikia o ka ʻona o nā pona ʻona e hiki ke komo i loko o ke kino ma o ka hanu. Hiki nō hoʻi ke kāohi i ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai i hoʻopau ʻia me ke kōkua o kahi hāliʻi, kahi e pale ai mai ka ʻoki a me nā huahana haʻahaʻa nā haʻalū mai ka komo ʻana i ka ʻeha gastrointestinal.

Nui keʻano o nā momona i nā holoholona

No ka nui o nā mea terestrial, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o ka mea ʻono ma mua o ka hihiʻo - e kōkua ana i ke koho ʻana i nā mea ʻenemi i ka lewa. I nā holoholona kai, ʻo ke palena ma waena o ka ʻono a me ka ʻono hoʻi he ʻano uku ʻole kekahi.

Hoʻolohe pinepine ʻoe i nā moʻolelo i ke ʻano o nā ʻīlio, nalowale a haʻalele paha i nā haneli mau haneli mai ka home, me ka lanakila mau i ka ala e lawe ai i nā mea nona. ʻO ke ʻano maikaʻi o ka ʻono ua kōkua i nā ʻīlio e hoʻonohonoho pono iā lākou iho - 10,000 mau manawa i ʻoi aku i ka ʻoi o ke kanaka. Hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi no nā mea ʻala a me ka hiki ke hahai i nā ʻoniʻoni i waiho ʻia e ka poʻe nona nā ʻae, a ua ʻae nā ʻīa i ke ala e hoʻi ai.

ʻAʻole kēia he mea hopohopo. I ka hapa nui o nā momi, ka manaʻo o ka ʻono, a me ka ʻike, ʻo ia ke kumu nui o ka ʻike e pili ana i ka honua.

Holo ʻia na puaʻa e nānā i nā truffle e ulu nei i lalo o nā ʻalā, a hana lākou i kahi hana ʻoi loa o kēia. ʻAʻole kūleʻa ka ʻīlio i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ke ʻano haʻahaʻa o ka ʻōpū o nā kānaka a me nā mea maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka hemahema o ke kānāwai ākea no nā mammals.

Hoʻohana nui ka nui o nā holoholona predatory i ke ʻano o ka honi e launa me kā lākou ʻano. Hoʻomaopopo ka male a me nā paʻakai i kā lākou mau pūnaewele me ka urine. Kahi nā ʻōhua i loko, ʻo ia ka hona o ka hopu ʻole ʻana i ka ihu o ke kanaka, hoʻonāukiuki i nā hoahānau pili mai nā wahi i noho ʻia.

Hāpai nā tigers a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i nā kuleana ma ka ʻāina a lākou i noho ai a me ke kōkua o nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe: e ʻāʻī i nā lāʻau, waiho i nā ʻūhā huluhulu ma luna o lākou, e pīpī i ka ʻāina me kā lākou mau wāwae, ma nā hoe waiwai o kahi mau kulu.

No ka mea ʻaʻole mau ka momona, pono e haʻalele nā ​​holoholona i nā "kāleka ʻoihana" nani hou a hoʻi.

HĀKAU: ʻO ka hale o Corsac

Antennae a me nā wāwae - ʻano pana

I nā mea invertebrates āpau, ulu ka manaʻo o nā mea ʻala i nā mea iniseti. Ke kūloko nei nā hāmeʻa kūloko i luna ma luna o ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāwili o waho o ke kao o ke ʻano o ke ʻono.

Ua kapa ʻia e nā ʻepekema kēia huakaʻi bristles. ʻO nā honi o nā mea i hūnā ʻia e nā pepeke he nui e hoʻoponopono i ko lākou ʻano, a me ke ola, a me ka pane o ka lele.

Hiki i ka ʻili i ka hua manu kāne ke loaʻa i nā wahine ma o ka honi no kekahi mau mile. Paku aku nei nā ipo i nā ʻaoʻao like, inā hāʻawi kekahi iā lākou i kahi mea ʻalaʻeha i kahi ʻē aʻe.

Me ke kōkua o nā mea ʻala, hana nā ʻōpala lawaiʻa i nā ala e hele a me ka unmistakably e hana pono ʻia.

I ka home, ua kūkulu maikaʻi ʻia ka olfactory a me nā ʻono sensilla. Aia kekahi ma ka antennae, ʻoi aku kekahi ma luna o ka wāwae, e ʻae e lele ka lele, no ka laʻana, kahi e pili ana i ka substrate, ka momona a paʻakai paha.

ʻO kahi ʻala o nā piko

ʻO ka ʻono o ka mea ʻono ka hoʻāʻo ʻia i nā holoholona e hoʻoholo i ke ala i loko o ka lewa o nā molekika o nā mea like ʻole. Eia naʻe, hiki i nā vertebrates ke hopu i kēia mau molekula wale nō ma hope o ko lākou holoʻana i ka hoʻonā.

No laila, ʻokoʻa mau ka manaʻo o ke ʻano o nā ʻōpū me nā ʻano o ka ʻono: i nā hanana ʻelua, ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻala. I ka pau ʻana o nā molekona olakino i ka lewa i ka ʻūhā olfactory, hoʻomaʻemaʻe lākou i ka mucus ma kā lākou ʻaoʻao o loko.

Akā ʻike nā mea ʻala maikaʻi loa i ka nui o nā mea ʻala, a me nā hui o nā ʻono - wale wale nō, paʻakai, paʻakai, a ʻawaʻawa paha.

Aia i nā vertebrates terestrial, he ʻāpana o ka lihi o ka ihu ke kuleana no ka ʻono. Eia ka miliona o nā papa sela maikaʻi e lako me ka flagella maikaʻi loa.

Ke komo kahi ʻāʻī maka hou i ka ihu, ʻike kekahi mau ʻāpana o nā hua olfactory. Hoʻouna lākou i nā hōʻailona i ka lolo, no ka mea e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka ʻāʻī.

Pili ka pū ihu me ka pharynx e ka "loko o loko" - nā poʻe koho (ma nā kāne, e hāmama lākou i ka ʻeha ma hope o ka pala palupalu).

ʻO nā kumulāʻau a me kekahi mau holoholona ʻē aʻe ma ka lani i luna ke ʻano o ke kino o ka hiki ʻana i ke kinikini, nona ke ʻano o nā ʻūhā ʻelua. ʻO nā nāhelehele a me kekahi mau ʻīlio, me ka wehe ʻole o ko lākou waha, pale ke alelo i waho, kahi e hoʻomoʻe ai nā molekala i loko o ka ea, a laila e kāpae i loko a pā i nā ʻāpana o nā lua.

Mālama kēia ʻōhua i nā nahesa e ʻimi pono ʻia i ka ʻoni ʻana. Hoʻololi nui ka ʻano o nā Vertebrates i loko o ko lākou ʻano maʻi o ka honi. Mālama ʻia ia i ka ungulates a me nā mea e kau ai, nāwaliwali loa i ka hapanui o nā manu, nā pinnipeds, nā niho ʻokiʻoki ʻole a me nā primates, a i loko o nā kohola niho (no ka laʻa, nā dolphins) i piha loa ia.

E like me ke koʻikoʻi o ka ʻāʻī, pili ke kanaka i ka lua o ka ʻāpana, he haʻahaʻa loa ʻole i kēia mau holoholona he nui. Aia kekahi ʻīlio, hiki ke ʻike i ke kaona o nā molekio ʻekahi hewa i loko o ka 1 lita o ka lewa. Poni ʻia ʻo ia ma kahi mamao a 100 m, bison - a hiki i ka 1 km, nā elephants - a hiki i 5 km.

Hoʻoulu maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻala o nā mangakai, ke kime, ka nānā a me nā ʻano iʻa he nui.

E like meTouāHa haAlohaʻEhaʻehaHuhū

1

Kākoʻo i ka ʻike o ke ao holoʻokoʻa e hāʻawi i ka inoa ʻO kā mākou kikowaena ma Yandex Zen

Hoʻokahi manu ʻano kupaianaha

ʻO ka ʻona, ʻo ka ʻīlio a ʻoi aku nō, he hiki ke hopu a hoʻokaʻawale ʻē aku i nā mea he 200 tausani mau ʻā, a he 10 tausani paha i loaʻa iā mākou (a laila ʻaʻole mākou āpau). He ʻono a ʻoi aku ka momona o ka ʻīlio ma mua o ka wolfish. A ʻaʻole kēia he mea kupanaha, no ka mea, ua 225 miliona mau pūlima o ka ʻīlio, a he 8 miliona miliona paha ka mea maʻi.

E hōʻike i ke kālā

Nui nā mea a pau o ka honua me kona ʻona ʻole, ʻo ke kālā, ka mea, i ka wā i ʻole, ua hoʻohana ʻia e nā luna hana ʻAmelika e ʻike i nā ʻike kālā ʻole. Loaʻa iā nā ʻīlio maʻamau i nā ʻāpana a i nā ʻūlau wai kahi i loaʻa ai ke kālā.

ʻO ka mea kupaianaha loa ʻaʻole i ʻike nā ʻīlio i ke kahu huna, akā "hōʻike" i lākou i nā luna āpau wale nō ke lilo ka nui o nā tausani i hūnā ʻia.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokomo a hoʻoiho hou i ke kālā e like me ka makemake ma USA, eia naʻe, inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai ma mua o 10 mau kālā, pono ʻoe e hōʻike i nā luna o ka lawehala e pili ana i kēia, ʻaʻole ka hana a nā kamaʻāina.

Aia nā ʻīlio - nā loea i ka ʻimi no nā minerala. Hiki iā lākou ke ʻike i kahi lāʻau i kahi hohonu o 12 mika!

Seʻa ʻaka

Akā ka poʻe, e like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai, i loko o ka ʻōlelo o ka honi, ua paʻakikī lākou i nā holoholona.

Inā e lawe mākou i kekahi o nā mea o ka honua a e kūkulu iā lākou e like me ke ʻano o ka maʻi o ka honi, a laila ke hele ke kanaka i ka mākaʻikaʻi hohonu, hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka hopena wale nō, akā, ʻo ia nō hoʻi ka "keleawe" i nā wahi kūpono a nani ʻole, ma ka leʻa mua, rodents a me nā iʻa nō. Eia ka lā, hiki ke ʻike makai ʻia nā mākēkē wai kahe nui o ke kahe o ka ʻenemi nui, ka trout, a me ka ʻā ʻana iho o ka iʻa o kēia iʻa.

ʻIke paha ʻoe e pili ana i kēia? Chow Chow - Kuahiʻu Shaggy

Ke ʻōlelo nei kekahi poʻe ʻepekema, ma mua o ka manawa i loaʻa i ke ʻano o ka ʻono o ke kanaka, a laila ua "kū i kona mau kuli", a i ʻole ia, hoʻohuli i ke kūlana kū pono, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka ʻohu o ka ʻimi ʻana, a hele mua ka ʻike maikaʻi. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka holomua ʻenehana a pēlā nō i "kazed" i ko mākou kino a ka hapa nui o mākou i kēia manawa ʻaʻole hiki ke kaena i ka ʻike maikaʻi.

Kuhi Zoologists: ma hope o ke hōʻike, hōʻike kekahi mau hoʻokolohua ko nā holoholona me ka nui a me nā nui nui, hopu i nā mea ʻala ma kahi mamao ma mua o nā holoholona o ka liʻiliʻi. No laila ua hoʻomau kēia nīnau a hiki i kēia manawa.

E ʻimi ana i ka makuahine

Ma ke ala, ʻo ka leo o ka manawa ke ʻike mau ai mākou i ka ʻoluʻolu o kā mākou keiki, akā, aia wale nō i ka wā liʻiliʻi. Ua nānā ʻia ua maʻalahi loa o nā pēpē hou i nā mea ʻona ma mua o nā pākeke. ʻO ke keiki wale nō ma o ka honi e hoʻoholo i kona makuahine, e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai kēia ʻano wahine mai waho. Minamina, pau kēia hiʻohiʻona me ka wā'ōpio.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mea hou loa, ua ʻike ʻia nā kānaka ʻepekema ma ke kulanui o Florida ma ke kumu i ka mea e pale ai i ka poʻe e ʻike i ka honua a puni lākou ma o ka meaʻala, e like me nā holoholona. Huli ka mea i kapa ʻia kekahi ʻano o ka mea ʻohu o ke ʻano, a i ʻole ka hemahema o ka ʻono. Inā e hoʻoneʻe a ʻokoʻa paha ia me nā mākaukau kūikawā, e kiʻi mai ka honua o nā mea ʻoni mai luna mai nā ʻaoʻao a pau!

Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua, e like me ka hana mau, i nā meʻe.

ʻO ka wehe i ka hua "maikaʻi" ke alakaʻi i nā mea i hoʻomaka ai nā mea kanu a hoʻokahi kaukani ʻoi loa aku ma mua o ka hana! ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole naʻe i hoʻoholo nā mea noiʻi inā pono ia he mea maʻalahi ke ʻano o kahi kanaka hou.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, inā "aloha" maoli mākou i nā holoholona a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe me kēia genes, no laila e kaupalena ai mākou i kekahi o ko mākou mau ʻike, pono paha i ko mākou ola? Na wai e ʻike?

ʻIke paha ʻoe e pili ana i kēia? Fenech - "plush" steppe fox

I elemakule

Okoa. E manaʻo mākou i kā mākou, ka poʻe, me ka ʻano o ka ʻona o ke ʻano, he mea hoʻokele ʻole ia. Akā ʻaʻole hiki i nā holoholona ke lilo iā ia. Inā he mea make loa ka holoholona, ​​a laila e hoʻopaʻi maoli i ka make. Hōʻalo ʻia nā Herbivores no kahi ʻoni ʻana ʻaʻole i hopu i ka ʻala o kahi mea nāna e kau ka wā i ka manawa. ʻO ka poʻe hoʻomohala, ka mea i nalowale i ko lākou manaʻo o ka ʻono, ke hoʻohuli, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hopu a make i ka pōloli.

ʻOiai, hiki ke hoʻopaʻi ʻia i ka manaʻo ʻana o ka ʻono o nā holoholona i hele mua a ma hope wale nō o ka manawa e ʻike ai a me ka lohe.

Me ke kōkua o ka ʻoni, loaʻa nā holoholona i nā hoa moekolohe no lākou iho, loaʻa nā kō i nalo i nā mākua, a maopopo pono i nā mākua kā lākou mau ʻāpana.

Ke hoʻohana wale nei i ko lākou ʻano o ka ʻohu, ʻike nā holoholona i ka ʻano o nā lālā ʻē aʻe o kā lākou hui a pūpū paha no ka mea hopohopo a hauʻoli paha paha i nā holoholona me ke ʻano o ka loli i loko o nā ʻano hanu maʻamau.

ʻO ke kōkua wale nō o ke olfaction ka mea hiki i nā holoholona ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka meaʻai benign mai ka meaʻai i pau i ka meaʻai, ʻo ia ke kumu he paʻakikī loa ka holoholona e ʻai ai i ka meaʻai i hoʻomoʻa ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​mea kanu.

ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka nalowale o ka haki (i kekahi hihia, me ke kanaka) ʻaʻole i hoʻoweliweli ʻia e nā holoholona. ʻAʻole like i nā poʻe i nalowale i kekahi mau olfactory receptors i kēlā me kēia makahiki (hana wale lākou i ka atrophy), i nā holoholona i hoʻonui pinepine ʻia kēia mau mea, no laila, mālama nā holoholona i kā lākou mau aʻelemakule a hiki i kā lākou ʻelemakule.

ʻO nā ʻili he kūʻokoʻa

ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā holoholona, ​​ke lawe nei i nā hoʻokolohua he nui, ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona hoihoi e pili ana i ka honi. Ka mea, puka hou aku ka holoholona i mea ikaika, nawaliwali i kona ʻona.

ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā ʻōpū ia, he nāwaliwali loa lākou iā lākou iho, akā he kikoʻala.

A ʻo nā holoholona hoʻi, he mea nui ka olfactory i ke kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka naʻauao ma mua o ko lākou mau hoahānau i hōʻemi ʻia e ka ihu me kahi ʻehaʻeha maikaʻi loa.

ʻAe, ʻike ka poʻe i nā holoholona me ke ʻano maikaʻi o nā ʻono ʻāʻū nahe ʻūlū. He mea maʻalahi loa ka wehewehe: pono ka ihu kahe e hoʻoholo ai i ke alakaʻi o ka makani, i mea e ʻike ai kahi i lawe mai ai ka poha.

Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻike mākou i ka ʻike i kahi e hoʻo mai ai ka makani, pono pono ke kanaka e hoʻomoʻi i kona manamana lima me ka wai e hoʻāla ai iā ia. ʻAʻole pono i nā ʻīlio (a me nā holoholona "wet-nosed") nā manamana lima.

ʻO kā lākou huhū mau me ka ʻike pono ʻole i ka ʻona wale nō, akā ʻo ka wahi o kāna kumu kumu, ma kekahi mau hola he nui.

ʻIke paha ʻoe e pili ana i kēia? ʻO ka paʻakikī paʻakikī o ka hipa kāne

ʻO ka ʻōlelo a nā mea ʻohu i ka honua holoholona

Hiki i ka holoholona ke kamaʻilio? Inā pēlā, pehea lākou e hana ai? He nui nā poʻe i ʻike i ka hapanui o nā mammals e huli ana i ko lākou ʻano pono ʻole a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka manaʻo o ka honi. ʻO ka ʻīlio maikaʻi loa, i ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi kālele a ʻai i ka ʻai, he hōʻoia maoli nō ia e moe i kona mau lā a i kahi ʻano ʻano maikaʻi e hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana e hōʻike iā ia iho i mea pio no nā ʻīlio ʻē aʻe.

Pono ke ʻano o ka ʻohana iā ia a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua manaʻo koke ʻo ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mea pio.

Ma ka hapanui o nā momi, ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻike ʻia ka hūnā a ʻaʻole hoʻi i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia, aia i kekahi mau holoholona he mau, ʻoiai ma kekahi mau manawa wale nō lākou e hoʻokuʻu ai i nā mea huna hanohano, akā he mau hōʻailona maikaʻi nō hoʻi, kahi ʻano ʻike no ka ʻohana ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka hūnā ka mea ʻāʻī o ka musk (ma ka desman, beaver, muskrat, musk deer) a me ke kāleka (i nā shrews, ka nui loa marten, kekahi mau ʻano o ka ungulates). ʻO nā ʻōniʻi keu ʻona, e hāʻule ana i ka lōʻihi o ka lauoho, ʻili ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​mea a ke holoholona e hoʻopili ai, e waiho ana iā lākou me kahi ʻoniʻoni maoli wale nō i kēia ʻano.

ʻAʻohe hoʻohanohano ʻia kēia ʻala ʻaʻole nā ​​holoholona wale nō i pili ʻia, akā na ke ʻano ʻē kekahi ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea kikoʻī, i ulu ai ka manaʻo o ka ʻala.

I kekahi mau mommals, kūwaho ka nui o nā poli kūloko a paʻa ʻole i ka hoʻohana ʻana iā ia no nā kumu pale.

No ka laʻana, he kue ke kahe ʻana i ka wai kīpē me nā mea puhent a hoʻomau mau ʻia a hōʻemi nā mea hakakā me ka ʻoluʻolu no kekahi manawa.

He mea ʻono kēlā me kēia kanaka. ʻO nā ʻīlio a me nā alopeke e hōʻailona i kā lākou wahi me ka urine a me nā feces.

Sniffing i ka lepili, hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā holoholona i ka manawa o kona loaʻa ʻana, no laila nā mea momona ʻona i loaʻa i loko o ka urine evaporate wale nō ma hope o kekahi manawa.

ʻO Mongooses, no ka laʻana, e kū ana i ke kuʻekuʻe wāwae e hoʻonui i ka radius o ke ʻano o ka launa pū me ka mea huna, no laila, e hōʻike ana i ko lākou wahi.

I kekahi manawa hiki i ka ʻono o ka huna ʻana e ikaika loa a hoʻoilo i ka waimaka o nā maka, hoʻopiʻi ʻia i ka ʻono, etc. Ua ikeia no keia kumu aole e ai o ka mea nana e ai i ko makou mau kao, mole a hoea paha aole i pololi loa. Aia kēia mau lihiniʻala maikaʻi i nā wahi kupaianaha a nani loa o nā kino o ka holoholona.

Ma ke kao ʻula, aia ko lākou ma waena o nā manamana lima, ma ka ʻāpana o ka hock, ma ke kumu o ka huelo, ma ka ʻōpū, kokoke i nā maka, a i ka desman, aia kēia mau lepa ma ka ʻū, kokoke i kona aʻa, akā i ka hares a me kā lākou mau hoa o ka lālani, ma ka lehelehe nā holoholona e like me nā marmots a me nā pikas - ma nā pāpālina, i ka beaver a me muskrat - kokoke i ka ʻōpū a me nā anus. ʻO ka mahele nui i nā holoholona, ​​e hūnā nā lula i nā mea huna ʻala i ka wā o ka rut.

No nā kāne nui, ʻo ia kahi hōʻailona ʻoi aku ka mākaukau o ka wahine no ka mare. No ka laʻana, huli pinepine ka wī-wolf i nā ʻōpala, nā lāʻau, nā kumulāʻau pilikino, kahi e hoʻihoʻi i nā kāne. ʻO kekahi marten - sable, marten - kāwili i ka ʻōkohu e waiho ana ma ko lākou ʻōpū ma luna o ka mauʻu, nā lālā, nā lāʻau a me ka waiho ʻana i kahi papa ʻaila ikaika.

ʻO nā holoholona wai (muskrat, beaver) hōʻailona i nā palena o nā plots i noho ʻia e lākou me nā mea huna ʻona, a laila pale i ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā holoholona o kā lākou mau iwi ma ka ʻāina i noho ʻia e lākou.

Ke waiho nei ka mau pua i nā mea ʻala ʻalohou: kū ana ma kona mau wāwae hind, ua weluwelu ʻo ia i kona ʻōpū a me nā ʻīhī ma luna o ka lāʻau.

I ka ʻike, hiki i nā mammals āpau ke hopu a hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻona he nui - nā feces urine, ka mea huna o nā kōpuni - ʻo ia ko lākou hiʻohiʻona.

I ka wā pinepine o ka lāʻau, haʻalele ka holoholona i kahi ʻano ʻēheu - ʻakiʻo ia i ka ʻili me kāna mau lehelehe, ʻike pinepine ʻia i ke kakahiaka nui, ke haʻalele nei i ka lua a ʻāwili i kona mau kui i ulu ai ma luna o ka hoʻoilo ma luna o ka puʻu, ʻo ia hoʻi "haʻi aku" i kekahi mau holoholona ʻē E pili ana iaʻu.

I ka hapa nui, i nā lā o ka huki, ʻo ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā pona he nui a koi a hālima kekahi i kēlā me kēia mau ʻāpana. I ka manawa like, kuʻi ka ʻelele i nā kumulāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau me nā pu, kani ikaika ka honua, e waiho ana i nā mea ʻalaʻawa he nui o kēia wahi.

ʻO ia ma o ka ʻohu a kokoke i nā holoholona āpau ke hoʻoholo i ka hōʻeha o ka pōʻino, hoʻomaopopo i ke ala i kahi e ʻimi ai i ka meaʻai, a hoʻokaʻawale hoʻi i nā ʻelele o kā lākou ʻano holoholona mai nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.Me ke kōkua o nā ʻoniʻoni, hoʻohanohano nā kāne i nā wahine o kā lākou ʻano mai nā ʻōpio ʻē aʻe, nā wahine wahine ʻōpiopio.

Hoʻopuka nā holoholona i nā mea ola biologically i loko o ke kaiapuni - pheromones e hoʻoiho i kahi ʻano kūlike i ka poʻe, ʻike lākou. Hoike, o kekahi holoholona, ​​hopu i ka honi kahi i ʻikea ai e kekahi holoholona o nā ʻano like ʻole ke ʻona, e hoʻololi i kona ala. Hoʻokomo ʻo nā kiʻi kāne i nā pheromones sex e hoʻoikaika ai i nā wahine e hōʻiliʻili.

ʻIke maikaʻi nā holoholona terestrial i ka ʻono maikaʻi, akā pehea e pili ana i nā holoholona aku? I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hāhū maikaʻi nā ʻono i loko o ka wai, akā nā momi e noho ana ma ka wai e pani i kā lākou hāliu i ka wā o ka ʻu ʻana a ʻaʻole hiki ke hanu. ʻAʻohe ʻano ʻano ʻono a me nā ʻai a me nā mea ʻalani. Ulo wale ke kai i ka ʻāina, e hemo ana kēia hiki i ka wai

Pehea, ma hope o nā mea a pau, e hele nā ​​holoholona "heluhelu" i ʻono? No nā kanaka, ʻaʻole kahi kumu o ka ʻona i ka ʻike, no ka mea, ke hilinaʻi nei ʻo ia i ka ʻike a me ka lohe, akā no ka hapanui o nā mammals, he mau mea nui nā mea hanu. Hoʻokani ke mele a ka mea nui i ke kamaʻilio ʻana o nā makuahine a me nā ʻoki.

Inā ʻoluʻolu mau ka hua, hiki i ka malihini ke hoʻomau mau ma ke ala o ka waiwai o kahi ʻē aʻe, a inā hou loa ke ʻala, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ala e pale aku ai i ka hoʻokūkū me ka mea nona ka ʻāina.

ʻO ka honu kāne nui a me nā kelepona ʻōlima i hōʻike i ka hānai o ka ʻāina āpau, a me ka huna o ka lepa i kū ʻia ma lalo o ke kao a huki i kāna hoa a me nā ʻili.

No laila ua hoʻolālā ʻo ia i ka pūnaewele nona.

ʻO nā mea ʻala o ka otter he mau pua momona nui. Ua hoʻomohala i nā martens āpau i nā anilima anal, ʻo nā mea huna e hoʻohana ʻia ai ʻaʻole wale e hōʻike ai i ka'āina, akā he ʻano pono ia o ka pale i ka pale. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻo nā pona ke kumu nui o ka ʻike, e hāʻawi i nā mammals me ke kamaʻilio pū kekahi me lākou.

ʻO kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi kēia o nā hiʻohiʻona, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o nā mea pena e pāʻani nei i loko o ka honua kaiāulu.

ʻOno o ke ʻano o ka ʻala

Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano nui o ka olfaction kanaka e ka ʻepekema o olfactometry. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa pololei ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻala. Ma kahi o ke ʻano kūlike, e hoʻohana ʻia, e like me ka loiloi ʻana i ka ikaika (pehea ka nui o ka ʻono?) Kuhi pinepine kahi pilina pololei ma waena o ka paepae o ka hoʻomaopopo a me ka uluʻana.

Aia kekahi hui nui o ka mau hewa o ka loiloi olfactory, me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻano i nā mea ʻala, i kekahi manawa e hōʻea i ka anosmia.

Ua loaʻa i nā mea ʻepekema ʻAmelika ʻo Richard Axel lāua ʻo Linda Buck ke Kohu Nobel o 2004 no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kā olfaction kanaka.

Ka ʻaʻa ʻana o ka ʻala

Mai ka ʻano o kahi ʻōuli o ke ʻano, ʻo ke ʻano o ka ʻoni ʻana kekahi o nā manaʻo kahiko a nui loa, me ke kōkua o nā holoholona e hoʻōloi iā lākou iho i loko o kā lākou wahi. ʻO kēia mea loiloi kekahi o nā mea nui i nā holoholona he nui. "Ua hele ʻo ia i mua o nā ʻōlohelohe ʻē aʻe a ka holoholona e hele ai ma kahi mamao aku i ka ʻai ʻana i nā meaʻai, nā poʻe o ka wahine ʻē a i ʻole e hele ana kahi pilikia" (Milne L., Milne M., 1966). ʻEkolu mau hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻano olfactory o nā holoholona i hoʻokaʻawale: kahi ʻona (pehea e nānā ai nā holoholona i nā ʻoni), ka hopena (pehea e ʻano ai i nā kumuwaiwai a pili iā lākou), a me ka hōʻailona (pehea e hoʻohana ʻia nā mea ʻala e kamaʻilio pū kekahi me kekahi). I ka phylogenesis, ulu nui ka manaʻo o ke kanaka.

ʻO ke kumuhana ma ka manaʻo o ka ʻohu he rautaki i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mammals (e ʻike i ka ʻano o nā ʻāpana o nā mammals).

I ka primates, ʻo ke ʻano o ka ʻono o ke ʻano mau ka ʻohu o ke ʻano, ma hope o ka ʻike, ka hoʻolohe a me ka pā. Akā i nā lemuriform (wet-nosed primates) a me nā moʻo ākea ākea, e hoʻohana ʻia no ka kamaʻilio ma waena o kēlā me kēia kanaka.

ʻO kekahi ʻano nāwaliwali ʻoi loa i nā apes anthropoid. Eia naʻe ke kū nei kekahi kanaka e kū i kā lākou mua. ʻO ka loli nui ʻana o ka hua ʻekena olfactory i loko o nā pseudogenes e hele a kokoke i 6 miliona mau makahiki i ka makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka wā o nā laina o nā kūpuna o nā kānaka (hominins) a me nā chimpanzees me kahi hakahaka i ka neʻe i ka hana i loko o nā laina kanaka.

Hoʻōla pū momona

Paipai ʻono, mea hoihoi, meaʻawaʻawa i kapa ʻia nā mea e hoʻowalewale i nā holoholona me kā lākou momona. Kelepona a nā pōpōmole - nā mea kanu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā holoholona i ke kaiapuni no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā mea ola ʻē aʻe. Ua kāhea ʻia nā ʻuhane i nā mea huna o nā lepa maka, maʻamau me nā ʻala ikaika. No ka mare ʻana, i kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia nā ʻōhua huhū. Hiki i nā huahana huaʻai ke kau aku, musk, a pēlā aku, a me ka urine (urine) a me ka excrement. Hoʻomaopopo ka hana hōʻailona i ka hana a nā holoholona e pili ana me ka waiho ʻana i nā māka hoʻonāukiuki e nā huahana excretion, musks, etc.

ʻO ka pilina o ke ʻala i nā kāne me ka wahine

Hoʻokumu ka wahine me ka wahine, a ma ka wahine ke ʻano o ka male ʻana i ke kāne ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana, ka ʻike, a me ka hoʻowahāwahā. He helu liʻiliʻi loa o nā hana, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka nui o ke kāne. I loko o kahi haʻawina o Toulouse a me Wahid, ua ʻike ʻia ua hiki i nā wahine ke ʻoluʻolu maikaʻi i nā kāne o ka camphor, citral, pink a me ka wai cherry, mint a me anethole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā kāne. Loaʻa nā hopena like i loko o kekahi mau hana hou. Ua ʻike ʻo LeMagnen i nā wahine i ʻoi aku ka naʻau o ka ʻono o ka testosterone, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe o nā ala o ka safflower, guaiacol, amyl salicylate a me ka eucalyptus. Ua ʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hou i nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe no nā mea nui no ka citral, amyl acetate, derivatives androstenone, whakanui aide, phenylethyl alkohol, m-xylene a me pyridine. Ua hana ʻo Kolega lāua ʻo Bonfire i nā hoʻokolohua me nā haneli haneli. I nā huahana ʻeiwa, ua emi loa ka paepae oliva i loko o nā wahine. ʻIke pū lāua he mau keikikāne nona nā keiki kāne i loko o nā moʻo ʻana o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā mea hoʻowahāwahā.

Ua ʻike ʻia aia ke ʻano o ka honi o ka poʻe i lawe ʻole i ka contraceptives hormonal i ka wā o ka hakakā. ʻO ke ʻano ʻoi loa ka hana o ka pona e hana ʻia i loko o ka manawa ma mua o ka manawa o ka ovulation, no ka laʻana, ka manaʻo ʻana i nā kāne pheromones hoʻonui i mau tausani. I nā wahine ka lawe ʻana i nā pilama hānau, ua hoʻomau mau ka ulu ʻana o ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa i ke ao ʻana. Ua komo i ka hoʻopaʻa wahine ka wahine mai 18 a 40 mau makahiki, i noi ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea ʻala o ka anise, musk, cloves, ammonia a me nā citrus.

Loaʻa nā mea kūʻai manuahi: he aha mākou e ʻike ai e pili ana i nā kiʻi

Ua hoʻoholo kekahi pūʻulu o nā kānaka ʻepekema Belgian e hana i nā hoʻokolohua me nā kiʻī ʻAmelika nui, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia ʻo kēia mau holoholona ka mea nona nā ʻano honi like ʻole me nā ʻīlio. Ua hoʻoholo lākou e aʻo i kēia mau holoholona liʻiliʻi ʻimi e nānā no nā loea anti-person, no ka mea ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kiʻi ma mua o nā ʻīlio, no laila, he liʻiliʻi iki ka nui o ka hūnā. He kūleʻa ka ʻike o nā ʻepekema ʻana mai Belelika, a ma hope e hoʻomaka ai lākou e hoʻāla i nā kiʻiki ʻAmelika i mea e ʻimi pono ai i nā mines ma Mozambique a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ʻApelika, a pēlā pū kekahi, e like me kā mākou, ma hope o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana he nui nā pūlehu i noho hohonu i ka lepo. No laila, mai ka 2000, ua hoʻokomo nā kānakaʻepekema i kahi 30 mau kaona, i ka 25 mau hola i mālama ai i ka ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua haneli mau palena o ʻApelika.

Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ia he ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea ʻimi e ʻimi nei ma mua o nā mea ʻili a me nā ʻīlio paha. ʻOiaʻiʻo, e holo ka ʻōlima i ʻelua haneli mau mika mākeke mau minuke i ka iwakālua mau minuke, a pono i ke kanaka he 1,500 mau hulina. ʻAe, maikaʻi loa kaʻu mau mea ʻike, akā uku nui lākou no ka mokuahi (mālama pono, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻīlio) ma mua o nā "sappers" hina hina.

ʻO ka pilina o kahi olfaction i nā kānaka me ka makahiki

I nā pēpē hānau keiki hou, ulu nui ka manaʻo o ka ʻohu, akā i hoʻokahi makahiki o ke ola ua nalowale ʻia na 40-50%. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina ma ke kumu o kahi hoʻokolokolo o 10,7 miliona mau kānaka i hōʻike i ka hoʻokaʻina o ka ʻono o nā ʻono me nā makahiki no nā mea 6 he 6 ʻona ʻē aʻe. Ua hiki i ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻeke. Ua ʻoi aku ka hopena o ka makahiki ma mua o ka hopena o ke ʻano kāne, me ka poʻe wahine i ka manaʻo o ka ʻona a hiki i kona wā ʻelemakule ma mua o nā kāne.

Ua hōʻike ʻia e pili ana nā atravi o nā huila olive a me kā lākou helu ma ka nū olfactory i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia.

ʻAʻole wale ka Waiwaiwai: ʻauʻau a me nā wai moana

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia iwakālua, i ka makahiki 1915, ua ʻōlelo ʻo V. Durov, he mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa kaulana ma Rūsia, e hoʻohana ana i ka hōʻailona o ka Navy e ʻimi no nā mines o ka wai. ʻAe, no ke alakaʻi ʻana o ka Lūkini Lūkini - he mea maʻamau, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo i ke ʻano ʻoihana. Ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻīlio holomua loa nā ʻīlio iā lākou, no laila e hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻāina kahi i waiho ai ia. Akā, mai ke kaua ʻana, ua nui nā mea pā kaua i loko o ka wai. A pono ʻoe e hana i kahi mea e pili ana iā ia. A, ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea hoʻopiʻi a pau no ke komo ʻana i ka mea hao i ka ʻimi no nā mines wai, i hoʻomaka ai kahi hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ʻana o ka wai wai ma ka mokupuni ʻo Crimean.

No laila, i nā mahina 3 ʻekolu, ua aʻo ʻia nā kekona he iwakālua ma Balaclava, kahi mea haʻalulu, ua hoʻohua maikaʻi ʻia i ke aʻo. Ma lalo o ka wai, ua loaʻa i loko o lākou ka puʻupuʻu, nā mines a me nā mea ʻapo a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hōʻailona ana iā lākou me nā buoys i kēlā me kēia manawa. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa e aʻo i kekahi mau mea mea ʻimi noiʻi e kau i nā mines kūikawā ma luna o nā moku. Akā e like paha me ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki i ka moho hōʻike hou i nā hōʻailona paʻa i mākaukau e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hana - ua ʻā kekahi i ka "holoholona kaua holoholona".

ʻO nā liona hohonu o ke kai he mau ʻīpio lōʻihi i ʻike ʻia ma lalo o ka wai. Ke kōkua nei kahi koi ikaika i kēia mau mommary moana i loaʻa i nā ʻenemi. ʻAʻole i pihi ka U.S. Navy i hoʻolilo he mau miliona miliona no ke kumukūʻai no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ʻāpana o kahi papahana aʻo e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kahi mea i hōʻino a ʻike paha i nā mea hana pilikia.

Akā ma Irkutsk mau sila i kēia makahiki ua hoʻomaʻamaʻahi maoli ʻia i hōʻike ʻia i pehea e hiki ai i kēia mau holoholona ke hoʻopaʻa maikaʻi i nā pū mīkini i ko lākou mau lima, hele i ka hae me ka hae ma ka wai a hōʻuluʻulu i nā waiwai moana.

Ke nānā nei i ka honua: he aha ka mea e hiki ai i nā dolphins ke hana

Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā Dolphins e like me nā mea nānā aku o ka moho ma hope o ke kaua ʻana i loaʻa nā manikini kaulana loa ma kekahi o nā waihona moana o San Diego. Ua hoʻoholo nā ʻepekema mai USSR e hōʻoia i nā dolphins, e like me nā leona moana, i hiki ke kōkua i ka poʻe, e like me nā "komando" akamai a ʻoi loa.

I nā makahiki 60, i Sevastopol, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi hoʻolaʻa nui, kahi i aʻo ʻia ai nā dolphins ma lalo o ka wai e ʻimi ʻaʻole no nā mines mai ke Kaua Honua Kuʻuna, akā no nā torpedo he nui hoʻi. Ma kahi o kā lākou nānā loea a me ka hoʻonaninohika nui, ma ka lawe ʻana i nā hōʻailona echolocation, hiki i nā mākeke ke nānā pono i kēia kūlana, nā mea āpau e puni ana iā lākou. Ua loaʻa koke nā Dolphins i kahi mea kaua i ka wahi mamao loa. I mea e pale aku ai i nā mākaʻi mākaukau, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā dolphins i mākaukau e "kū kiaʻi" a pale i ka waihona o ka Navy ma ke Kai Kūʻai.

Hoʻolaha kūlike

ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i ke ʻano kūpono i nā hihia he nui i hōʻike ʻia nā hopena hakakā. Ke hoʻoholo nei i ka paepae o ka ʻike, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nuku hema ma nā ʻaoʻao hema, ʻoiai ka maʻa ʻūhā hema loa ka maʻa o nā poʻe hema. Ua ʻike ʻo Kane a me Ghent i ka naʻau o ka nostril ʻokoʻa kūpono, ʻaʻohe mea i hāʻawi ʻia, ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia ma nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe. I nā hana ʻelua i hala, ua hoʻohana nā mea kākau i ka ʻona phenylethyl, i hōʻike ʻia e ka hana nāwaliwali i ka nerve trigeminal. Hiki ke hopena i nā hopena o nā hoʻokolohua ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka noho aliʻi o nā nostrils i ka lā ma kēlā me kēia mau hola 1.5-2. Hiki ke hoʻopau i kēia ʻili kūpono pono ka nui ʻilo, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa no nā poʻe kūpono.

ʻOkoʻa ka ʻokoʻa

ʻO nā hopena ma ka ʻokoʻa i ka ʻono a me ka maʻa mau i ka hemahema, akā hōʻike ʻia kekahi nui o ka nostril kūpono. ʻIke ʻia kekahi mau mea kākau i ka pono o ka nostril kūpono, ʻaʻohe o ka lima. Eia nō naʻe, ua loaʻa i nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe ka loaʻa o ka pono ma ka hapa hema i nā kumuhana hema. Ma nā hana a Savik lāua ʻo Berglund, ua hoʻokū ʻia ka maikaʻi o nā nostril kūpono no nā mea ʻala maʻamau, ʻoiai ʻo Broman i hōʻike i kona pono no nā mea ʻala ʻole. Hōʻike ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka nostril kūpono i ka wā e aʻo nei i ka helu ʻana o nā mea ʻala ma o ka ikaika, ʻoiai ua hopena wale ʻia kēia mau hopena i nā wahine wale nō.

Hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo

ʻO nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hemispheres i ka ʻoni ʻana me ke ʻano he kūpono loa. No laila nā mea maʻi me nā leʻaleʻa o ka hemisphere ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻia i nā mea ʻona ma mua o nā mea maʻi me nā leʻaleʻa hema o ka ʻūlū hema. I nā hōʻike no ka haʻi waha ʻana a me ka ʻike maka ʻana i nā mea ʻala ma nā kumuhana olakino, i ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana (mua o ka ʻeu) i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka hopena i ka wā i hāʻawi ʻia ai ka lua o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana (ka huaʻōlelo a me ke kiʻi paha) i ka ʻūlū ʻākau i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hema. Loaʻa wale nō ʻo Olson lāua ʻo Kane i kahi pane pōkole o ka nuku ʻākau i nā ʻala ʻoni ʻia i ʻike ʻia a ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka hopena o ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻala kakara.