E kūʻē ana i nā ʻīlio - ka huaʻōlelo i hoʻohana hou ʻia e pili ana i nā ʻīlio lawelawe i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaua kaua (kaua, nā kaua) e ka poʻe kaua me ka wā o ka wā kahiko a me ka Middle Ages me ka manaʻo e pepehi pololei ana i nā pūʻali koa.

I ka manawa ma hope, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻīlio i ke kaua no nā kumuhana like ʻole, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻohana maʻamau lākou e pepehi koke i nā pūʻali ʻenemi, ʻoiai ʻo ka pili ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II ua hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻīlio.

ʻOiai he wā

I loko o kēia manawa manawa, ua ʻoi ka nui o nā ʻīlio puaʻa manuahi i nā noi hana i loko o nā wahi like o ke ola kanaka. Ke loli mau nei nā mea aloha, hui ʻia, mea hou nā mele i koho ʻia e ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā huapalapala. ʻAʻole noho kekahi ʻano kūpuna no nā ʻīlio hou. Wahi a kekahi moʻolelo, nā ʻīlio āpau a pau mai ka wolf a me kekahi mau ʻanoʻano o nā ʻīlio.

E ʻoi aku ka ʻīlio o nā ʻīlio, ʻo nā ʻīlio o ka pūʻulu pua Molossian i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ai.

ʻO nā ʻōlima Molossoid ka hui o nā ʻīlio ikaika a me nā ʻīlio nunui me kahi muzzle pōkole a me ka hiʻohiʻona weliweli, aia ma ke kahua o nā ʻano mua, a i ʻole ʻano puʻukū ʻōiwi o nā ʻīlio aboriginal o Pureke Helene, nā Aupuni kahiko o ka Hikina, Etruria a me Celts ma ka ʻāina o ka Emepera Roma. Uhaʻi ʻia no ka pale (bipi, people, etc.), me he ʻīlio holoholona hihiu a me ka ʻīlio kahu kiaʻi o nā garrisons a me nā mākaʻi i nā pūʻali koa. ʻO nā inoa "Nā ʻīlio Molossoid", "Molossoid dogs", "Molossi" i ʻike ʻia ma ʻEulopa mua ma ka makahiki waena (ua ʻōlelo ʻia lākou, ma nā ʻano ʻo Saxon Grammatik). Ua ulu pālahalaha loa ia i ka makahiki 16 ma Farani, a ma ʻEnelani i ka wā Renaissance, ʻo ia hoʻi, mai ka 17th keneturi. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka huaʻōlelo ʻo "Molossian group of dogs i ka ʻōlelo kū hoʻokahi i ke kenekulia 20 wale nō.

ʻO nā ʻīlio holoholona hihiu i komo i loko o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pūʻulu Molossian he mauʻano maoli o ka Hikina Hikina (Mesopotamia, Persia), Greece kahiko, nā ʻāina o Etruria, nā kānaka e noho ana ma nā ʻāina o ka Celts, a me ka ʻāpana o ka Roma kahiko. ʻO ke kūpuna ʻo nā ʻīlio hakakā o nā ʻano kahiko e like me ka ʻīlio Nui Tibetan. Ua pāhalaha kēia mau ʻīlio ma India, Nepal, Persia, a me nā ʻāina o ka kokoke a me Middle East e pili ana i 3 tausani mau makahiki i hala. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau holoholona ikaika i kahu hipa, kiaʻi, a me nā kahu. A i ke kaua pū kaua maikaʻi hoʻi.

ʻO kāna mau kiʻi kahiko i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 12 o BC - kahi kiʻi o ka liona liona me kahi ʻīlio Tibetan i loaʻa ma ka hale pule o Babulona.

Mai ka makahiki 4 SM e., ma ka pae o ko Greece kahiko, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kumu o ka "huaʻai", ka mea i lilo i kumu hoʻomaka no ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole a ua kapa ʻia nā "ʻīlio Molossie" e ka inoa o ka ʻohana Molossian kahiko e noho ana iā Molossia - ka ʻāina waena o Epirus. Aia kēia wahi i ka wahi o Ioannina ma Helene.

ʻLelo

Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pākuhi piha o nā ʻīlio i nā hakakā. Holo koke nā ʻīlio i nā kumu kaua o ka ʻenemi, e hana ana i ka haunaele kupaianaha, ka hōʻahewa ʻana i nā lio, nā hōʻoki ʻana a me nā kīkī ʻana i nā pūʻali koa. Eia nō kekahi, he hoʻohui i nā kauoha kaua a ka ʻenemi e pale ai i kona nānā ʻana, ua luku pū ka ʻīlio hakakā nō hoʻi i nā koa o ka ʻenemi. ʻO ke ao holoʻokoʻa o ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻīlio hakakā, ʻoiai ke hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia nei, e hoʻopili ana i kahi koa, ua hakakā ka ʻīlio a hiki i ka lanakila a make paha i kahi hoʻoilina. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka ʻū ʻana a me ka hopu ʻana i kahi palekana palekana, kaumaha, kino ikaika loa, ʻona kūikawā i ʻike ʻia no ka pepehi ʻana i kekahi kanaka, ʻo ka paʻakikī loa ka hana. Ua kau ʻia nā kolamu kūikawā me nā pupu a me nā pena ma nā ʻīlio me nā peʻa kūikawā. Ma mua o ke kaua ʻana, ʻaʻole i hānai nui ʻia nā ʻīlio i kahi manawa lōʻihi, ua hoʻonui kēia i ko lākou huhū a hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou aku iā lākou. I ke kaua no nā pūʻulu o nā ʻīlio e nānā pono nā mea hōʻeuʻeu, e hana ana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana a me ka kauoha ʻana i nā ʻīlio ma ke kahua kaua. I ke kauoha a nā ʻīlio, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia lākou mai nā lehelehe a hoʻonohonoho kūʻē i nā ʻenemi ʻenemi (ʻoi aku paha mai ka flank a i hope paha). He hopena maikaʻi loa kēia, ʻoiai, ʻo ka ʻīlio ʻōpala hake pōkole ʻaʻole i ʻauheʻe wale i ka ʻenemi, akā hōʻaʻā i nā ʻano hoʻoili kaua kaua.

Hoʻomākaukau kālā

Ua aʻo ʻia nā ʻīlio koa e kaua i ka ʻenemi mai ka ʻōpīwī. No kēia kumu, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano aʻoaʻo maʻamau i kēia lā. ʻO ke kumu kōkua, ua ʻaʻahu i kahi kapa kūikawā o ka ʻili mānoanoa, hoʻowahāwahā i ka ʻīlio, me ka huhū. I ka iho ʻana o ke kumu kolohe i ka ʻīlio mai ka ʻeha, kuʻi ʻo ia iā ia iho ma ke "ʻalā" a kālai aʻela iā ia me kāna mau niho. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻāʻo ka mea kōkua i ka ʻīlio ʻana i ka ʻīlio i nā māhele like ʻole o ke kino (e kuhikuhi ana i ke koa i ka mea kaua. Pēlā i hoʻomohala ai i ka noho o ka ʻenemi ma ke kūpono. I ka manawa like, ua aʻo ʻia nā ʻīlio i nā mākau e like me ka alualu ʻana i kahi kanaka e holo ana a me ka hana pū me kahi kanaka wahaheʻe. ʻO nā kānaka hoʻowahāwahā i nā ʻīlio e hoʻololi pinepine i ke ala e hoʻāla ai i ka huhū ma kahi ʻīlio no nā kānaka āpau, ʻaʻole no ke kanaka kūikawā. I ka papa aʻe o ka hoʻomākaukau, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka mea kaua o ka ʻenemi i ka lole mai ka ʻili, a laila ua kau ʻia ka mea kaua ma ka ʻīlio, a me ka haʻahaʻa ka make ʻana i ka wahi e like me ka hiki o ke kaua. Ua koho ʻia nā liwana i ka pāpale a me ke koka me nā lāʻau lāʻau. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā ʻīlio i nā haʻalulu, puʻu i nā pale pale, hoʻokani i nā mea kaua, nā lio.

Nā ʻĀlau Hoʻoaka

E hoʻonui i ko lākou mau hakakā kaua, a inā hiki, e hana i nā ʻīlio a i ʻole e hōʻeuʻeu i ka kila anu, a laila e hoʻonui ʻia ka manawa e lanakila ai ka ʻenemi, e kū mau ana nā ʻīlio koa i nā mea kaua i hana ʻia, i lilo ka pūlima a i ʻole nā ​​mea hao e uhi ai i ka hope a me nā ʻaoʻao o ka holoholona. Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia ka leka uila.

I ka manawa o ka hoʻokūkū ʻana o ʻAmelika i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻīlio hakakā ʻana me nā ʻīlio,

Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pāpale kele e pale i ke poʻo. Ma ke kolone a me ka pāpale, ʻaʻole wale nā ​​kakalaioa, akā i kekahi manawa he mau ʻāpana a ʻelua nā mea i ʻoki a wīwī i ke kino o ka ʻenemi, ʻoki ʻia nā kuʻekuʻe o nā wāwae a haki aku paha i ka ʻōpū o ka lio i ka wā e paio ai nā ʻīlio hakakā me ka pūʻali koa.

I ka wā lanakila o ʻAmelika, ua hoʻohana nui ka naita ʻana i nā ʻīlio hakakā like ʻole. No laila, pale lākou i nā kino o nā ʻīlio mai nā pua pua a ʻAmelika Hema. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻili a me nā mea kaua quilted no kēia.

ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻīlio hakakā ma ka honua kahiko

ʻO nā hōʻike i kākau mua ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻīlio kaua i ke kaua e pili ana i ka wahi o ka Middle East. ʻO ke kiʻi kupaianaha o nā Tutankhamun kaulana i pakele i ke kaua (ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia i lawe ma ke kaua). I ke kiʻi, ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kāua o ka pharaoh, lele nā ​​ʻīlio i ka ʻenemi. Hiki i nā kiʻi like like i nā kiʻi he nui o ka huni pharaohs a ʻike ʻia kēlā me nā ʻīlio i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaua me nā ʻīlio kaua.

He Cane Corso kahi mamo o nā ʻīlio kahiko Roma e hakakā nei i ka ʻīlio.

Eia naʻe, ua pau ka mōʻaukala o ʻAigupita i nā ʻīlio hakakā ma ʻaneʻi. Akā ʻike mākou ʻike nui hou loa e pili ana i nā ʻīlio kaua o ʻAsuria. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ia ua hoʻohana ʻo ʻAsuria i nā ʻīlio molossoid nui i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki ʻewalu BC. Na nā ʻīlio o ka ʻAsuria i alakaʻi i ka pūʻali koa a me ka mālama kiaʻi. E pili ana i nā hopena o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma Nineveh, ua loaʻa ka hopena o nā ʻīlio kaua i ka nui o nā kaua o Ashurbanipal i hakakā ai. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka pūʻali koa ʻAsuria hoʻoilina na ko lākou mau hoʻoilina - nā Peresia. Ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou e Cyrus Nui a me Cambysus ka lua, i kaua me ʻAigupita. Ua komo nā ʻīlio hakakā i nā kaua ʻo Peresia me nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Greek.

Ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana o Helene ma luna o ke aupuni Peresia, hele mai nā ʻīlio kaua ke kaua i ka Helene. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ka poʻe Helene i ko lākou mana hakakā a hoʻomaka e hānai iā lākou no ka hana o ka pūʻali koa a no ke kūʻai aku ʻana, ma ka wahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Molossia, kahi i puka mai ai ka inoa maʻamau o nā ʻīlio nui mastiff. Hoʻohana ka mōʻī Spartan ʻo Agesilaus i nā kaua haneli haneli kilogram e hoʻopuni ana iā Mantinea, a ua hoʻohana ke aliʻi o Lydia Aliatt i kā lākou lawelawe ma nā kaua e kūʻē i ka Cimmerians a me Media i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia ʻeono BC.

Ua hoʻohana pū ka poʻe noho o Colophon a me Cassabalens iā lākou, akā naʻe me nā kiʻī. Ua hoʻohana ka makua kāne o Alexander Nui iā lākou e alualu i ka poʻe i koi i ka wā i lanakila ai ʻo ia iā Argolis. Ua hoʻoilina nā keiki mai kāna makua kāne i ke aloha i kēia mau ʻīlio a lilo i aloha nui ʻia o kēia mau ʻīlio nui, ma ke kumu a lākou i pālahalaha aku ai ma ka ʻāina āpau o ka aupuni o Alexander ka Nui.

Ua hoʻohana ko Spartans i kā lākou mau ʻīlio 100 kg ma ke ʻano he mea kaua e kūʻē i ka poʻe lanakila.

I ka lilo ʻana o Helene i mea nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻoilina o Rūma, hakaka ʻia nā ʻīlio i ka ʻAmelika Apennine.

ʻO ka mea mua, me nā elele o ke kaua, ua lawe ʻia e ka Pyrrhus kaulana, nāna i hoʻohana i nā heihei ʻīlio kaua i ka Kaua o Heracles, e lawe iā lākou i kona hele ʻana i nā Apennines. Ua ʻike ʻia ua lawe ʻia ʻo Lucius Emilius Paul hoʻokahi haneri ʻīlio hakakā ma Roma, he mau puʻupuʻu kaua i hopu ʻia ma ke kaua a ke aliʻi Makedoni Perseus i ka waena o ka lua o ka makahiki BC. A laila, ʻo ka manawa mua loa, hele nā ​​ʻīlio hakakā me nā alanui Roma me ke aliʻi i hopu ʻia.

E haʻi ʻia paha, ʻoiai ua loaʻa ka poʻe Roma i ka ʻīlio hakakā mai ka poʻe Helene, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻohana nui i ke kaua. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua hoʻohana lākou i ʻīlio i mau ʻelele. Ua waiho ʻo ka mea kākau moʻolelo Roma iā Vegetius i kahi leka a ua hoʻohana ʻo ko Roma i nā ʻīlio i ka mea e pale ai i ka maʻi e pale aku ai e pili ana i ka hele ʻana aku o ka ʻenemi. Ma ke kaua, ʻaʻole hoʻohana nā Roma i nā ʻīlio. Hāʻawi ʻia ka makemake i ka hana kiaʻi no ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻoihana nui, me nā pā palena. No kēia mau pahuhopu, koho ʻia nā ʻīlio hihiu maikaʻi loa. Ua manaʻo ʻia nō hoʻi ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻīlio e ʻimi ai no nā mea mahuka.

Ua mahalo ka poʻe Kelemania i ka ʻīlio ma ka 12 shillings, a ʻo ka lio ma ka 6 wale nō.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻīlio kaua ma Roma e nā ʻīlio hihiu.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, pono mau ka Roma i ka loiloi ʻana i ka mana hakakā o nā ʻīlio i mākaukau. Ua hana ʻia kēia ma nā kaua me nā Barbarians ʻEulopa. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia lākou i ka 101 BC i ka wā o ke Kaua ʻo Vercelli, i ka wā i lanakila ai ʻo Gaius Marius i nā Cimbrian.

Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua pale ʻia nā ʻīlio hakakā o nā Britons a me nā Kelemania i nā pale kaua a me nā mea wili hao me ka hao ʻoi a puni ko lākou ʻāʻī. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha inā kūʻai ʻia ka ʻīlio kaua i ka poʻe Kelemania i ʻelua mau manawa e like me ka lio. Ua ʻike lākou i ka hakakā ʻana o nā ʻīlio a me ka Huns. Akā hoʻohana wale nō lākou e pale i nā hoʻomoana, ʻaʻole hoʻi e komo i nā kaua.

ʻO nā ʻīlio kaua no ke Kaua Honua

Wahi a ka mea olokeʻo Medieval kaulana ʻo De Barr Dupark, i ka wā o ke kaua kaua ʻo Granzen lāua ʻo Murten i 1476, kū mai ka hakakā maoli ʻana i waena o nā ʻīlio Burgundia a me Swiss, kahi i pau me ka aneane pau loa o ka poʻe Burgundians. A i ka wā o ke kaua o Valence, ua holo ka ʻīlio i ka holo ʻana ma mua o nā pūʻali i ka ʻīlio Spanish a ua hoʻomaka ka kaua koko weliweli. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻino nā ʻīlio o ka Spaniards i nā poho nui ma luna o nā ʻīlio Farani.

ʻO kahi kiʻi kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ke kaua waena a me kahi ʻīlio e kū ana i ka pūʻali koa.

Wahi a ka moʻolelo, ʻike ke aliʻi ʻo Karl i kēia, kāhea aku ʻo ia i kona poʻe koa: "Ke lana nei au e lilo ʻoe e like me nā ʻīlio!" ʻO ke aliʻi Pelekane ʻo Heinrich ʻEwalu i kōkua aku i ka Emepela Charles, hoʻouna iā ia i kahi pūʻali pūʻali koa, he ʻehā mau tausani ʻīlio kaua.

Ua ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o Philippe o Sepania: ua kauoha ʻo ia i nā ʻīlio a pau e haki ana a puni ka pā kaua e hanai ʻia, ma muli o ia mea, ua hana ʻo ia ka mākaʻi a me ka lawelawe kiaʻi. ʻO kekahi ʻoi aku, alakaʻi ka leo liʻiliʻi mai nā Austrian i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hāpai ai nā ʻīlio i kahi māho nui. I ka wā o nā ʻāpana, hele mau ka ʻīlio ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana, ka ʻike ʻana i ka huakaʻi o nā ʻenemi a loaʻa nā ala me lākou.

E hakakā i nā ʻīlio i kēia mau wā

ʻO ka hana nui e pāʻani ʻia e ka hakakā ʻana i nā ʻīlio i ka wā o ko Kīolipopa lanakila ʻana o ʻAmelika. No ka laʻana, ma ka papa hoʻonohonoho o nā pūʻali koa o Christopher Columbus, ua ʻōlelo ʻia mai ʻelua haneri kānaka wāwae, iwakālua mau pūʻali koa iwakālua a me nā ʻīlio hakakā he iwakālua. Ma hope liʻuliʻu, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea lanakila i ka wā o ke kaua me nā kānaka ʻōiwi a pau i nā ilio hae.

I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui nā ʻīlio hakakā i ke kānāwai kānāwai, e ʻimi ai i nā waiwai kīnāwai, etc.

Wahi a Fernandez de Oviedo, ua kōkua mau ka mea lanakila i ke kōkua o "greyhounds a me nā ʻīlio ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻaʻole e makaʻu." Ua hoʻoili ʻia nā ʻīlio hakakā ʻo Spain e pili ana i nā hakakā no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana iā Peru a me Mekikoka, a i ke kaua ʻana o Caxamalca ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻīlio hakakā nui i ke ʻano o ka wiwo ʻole a ke aliʻi o Sepania i kauoha ai iā lākou e loaʻa nā penikala ola loa.

ʻO ka ʻatikala ākea o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻīlio hakakā

669-627 BC - ʻO nā ʻīlio hakakā ua lilo i ʻāpana o ka pūʻali koa o ʻAsuria o King Ashurbanipal,
628 SM e. - Ke hana nei kahi pūʻulu kūikawā o nā ʻīlio hakakā ma Lydia,
559-530 SM e. - ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻīlio hakakā e Cyrus ka Hope Nui,
525 BC e. - ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻīlio hakakā e ke aliʻi Persia ʻo Cambysus II i ke kaua kūʻē iā ʻAigupita,
490 BC e. - Ua komo nā ʻīlio kaua i kahi kaua marathon,
385 BC e. - ʻO nā ʻīlio hakakā e komo i ka hoʻopilikia ʻo Mantinea,
280 BC e. - Hoʻokomo nā ʻīlio kaua i ke kaua o Hercules,
101 SM e. - - Ua komo nā ʻīlio kaua i ke kaua o Werzel,
Kepakemaba 9 y. e. - hoʻohana a Kelemania i ka ʻīlio hakakā i ke kaua kaulana i ka nahele ʻo Teutoburg,
1476 - Ua komo nā ʻīlio kaua i ke kaua o Murten.

I kekahi mau'āina, ua hoʻokau mau ʻia nā hakakā ʻīlio - kekahi o nā hōʻike e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia.

ʻO ke kumu o nā ʻīlio hakakā

Pono e haʻi ʻia ʻaʻohe kamaʻilio o kēlā me kēia ʻano puaʻa hakakā i kēlā mau lā. Ua hui pū ʻia ka mea hoʻouluulu a hoʻololi ʻia. Ma ka like nō hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki i ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i kekahi ʻano kuana o nā kūpuna na hoʻokahi wale no ka hakakā ʻana me nā ʻīlio. ʻO kahi mea hiki ke palekana palekana ka mālama ʻana i ka hapa nui i nā ʻīlio he molossoid, he hui heiʻina o nā ʻīlio nui a me ka nui o nā ʻano a weliweli, a me kahi rula, me ka muzzle pōkole. ʻO kēia mau ʻano aloha i ka manawa i hana ʻia ai i loko o ke kaua i ka wā e hoʻonaninani nei, a e like me kā lākou e ʻōlelo nei, nā ʻano kumu o nā pali.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻīlio hakakā ma ka kumu o ke kumu kūloko o nā ʻīlio kūloko o nā Kahiki Helene, Etruria, nā ʻ Easternlelo kahiko a me nā ʻīlio e noho ana i nā panalāʻau i noho ʻia e ka Celts. ʻO ka mea maoli, ʻike lākou i ko lākou mau hiʻohiʻona a ʻokoʻa iki paha i ʻike ʻia ma ka wahi o ka mokuʻo Roma ka mana.

Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo nā huaʻōlelo "Moloski dogs", "Molossoid ʻīlio" a me nā "ʻīlio Molossoid" ʻaʻole ia he mea i ka manawa o kēia manawa, a ua ʻike ʻia nā hakakā kaua ma ʻEulopa ma lalo o kēia inoa ma ka Middle Ages. Eia naʻe, i ka ʻōlelo o kēlā me kēia lā, ua kau ʻia kēia huaʻōlelo i loko o nā kenekulia iwakālua wale nō.

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Hikina hikina

Kūlike ʻole i ka ʻōlelo a nā "popularizers o kēia manawa," i ka wā ʻo Sumero-Akkadian a me Babulona, ​​nā hakakā ʻana me nā ʻīlio ma Mesopotamia ka ʻike ʻole a ākea. "Hana kūpono" - no ka mea i ka hana o kēia ʻatikala ua hiki ke loaʻa nā palapala i hōʻike hewa ʻole i ko lākou noho 'huna' i nā kuʻuna kahiko o Mesopotamia.

I waena o lākou, no ka mea, he Sumerian fable e pili ana i ka pā kaua ʻohana o nā ʻalopona i loko o ke kūlanakauhale, a ʻōlelo ʻo ka alopeke i ke ʻano kūpono no ka ʻenekena ʻenemi, ke hoʻohiki nei e hehi i luna o kahi kūlanakauhale i lawe ʻia me kona wāwae (e hiki ai iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo i kēia hana kūpono, ka mea paha e wehewehe i kā ka hana kāʻā i nā hana a ka ʻenemi koa). Eia naʻe, ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale o 600 gars (ma kahi o 3 km), lohe paha nā alopeke i ka nū nui o ka ʻīlio mai ka hope o nā pā o ke kaona a makemake e haʻalele.

ʻAʻole mākou e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka luna o ka ʻenemi (inā i kuhi ʻo ia iā ia), ua hoʻi i ka makaʻu ʻana i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana e nā ʻīlio.Akā, ʻo ia paha, hōʻike kēia i ka palekana o nā paia me nā ʻīlio (nānā kiaʻi) ʻīlio. Koho kikoʻī: ma ka 3 km (inā he lōʻihi loa kēia, a ʻaʻole hoʻi ka hālāwai hoʻokūkū o nā ʻano kaila), ʻaʻole kēlā me nā ʻīlio holoʻokoʻa e lele ana, akā nā leo nui a ke ʻano nui o nā ʻīlio hihiu nui i kēlā me a i kahi manawa.

Ma nā kumuwaiwai Sumerian, ʻo nā ʻīlio he hoa nui o ka kiaʻi puka kiaʻi ʻaʻole i haʻi ʻia. Akā haʻi lākou ... nā bears i aʻo ʻia (ma lalo o Tsar Shulga)! Akā ke akene nei kēia "hana" hōʻike, a paʻakikī ke wehe i ka manaʻo o nā bears maanei ke kahili nei i nā ʻīlio kiaʻi, nui loa nā puka kiaʻi e pono ai.

Ma kekahi o nā sila o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Ur he nui o nā hiʻohiʻona, ka manaʻo maʻamau o ka paʻakikī ke hopu, akā e hoʻolilo kekahi mau kikoʻī iā lākou iho i ka wehewehe. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻano mea hōʻike i kekahi ʻano ma ke kaʻa kaua, ʻo ke kūkulu ʻana i ke ʻano like me nā kumu o ka "Standard from Ur", pololei ma ka lae e pale ana i ke poʻo o ka hoki a ka poʻe kaʻa kaua. A hui pū ʻia ka hale kaʻa ... he ʻīlio: ke pahu (a i ʻole, i ka manawa pinepine, ua haki ʻia ke ʻano o nā kiʻi like ʻole?), Loa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ... (Fig. 1a, b)

ʻO nā hale kaʻa o ʻAigupita, ʻAsuria a me Krito-Mycenaean i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no ka hopu ʻana, no laila hiki i kēlā me kēia keʻaina ke ʻano o nā ʻano ʻīlio holo, akā i kēia hihia, ma mua o ka paipai ʻana o nā hōʻa lio, ʻike ʻia kāua e pili ana i ke kaʻa kaua. E like me kahi mea hope loa - e pili ana i kāna piha piha.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o kēlā sila haki ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻano hoʻoilina (aliʻi? ʻAkii aliʻi? ʻO ke Akua?), I hele pū ʻia me ka ʻīlio hihiu nui aʻe. No nā ʻōlelo kikoʻī āpau, he kikoʻī ʻia ka ʻīlio ma kahi o ka ʻolowelua like me kā ke kanaka ʻuʻuku. Ke wiwo ʻole mākou i ka manaʻo maoli, ʻaʻole kēia he hoe (e like me ka mana i hāʻawi ʻia i waena o nā Sumerologists), akā he mea hōʻino a mea hakakā paha: ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia kēia mea e ka pili o ke kaʻa kaua a me ka hoʻohālikelike me kekahi o nā kiʻi Elamite (e ʻike ma lalo nei, a me ke ʻano. iloko o nā ʻōlelo hoʻomohala Sumerian, ke kūlike loa ʻole o nā ʻīlio me ke ola o ka mahiʻai. Inā manaʻo ia, a laila e hui pū ana ka ʻīlio me ke kanaka koa (ma ke ala, he ʻano maikaʻi loa kāna pose!), ʻOiaʻiʻo loa, pono ia e pono no nā mea like ʻole me nā klevets!

ʻO ka kalena ʻo Babulona kahi kalima (me nā hōʻailona astronomical ma luna o ia mea) nui a, ʻike, ʻike ʻia nō hoʻi ka ʻīlio nui, ke ʻano o ka mea i waena o kahi burholmer Denmark a me kahi mastiff hou. He paʻakikī i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kāna koho: ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pilina "kalena", ʻaʻohe palapala ʻē aʻe. He ʻīlio maikaʻi loa kēlā ʻīlio maikaʻi no ke kaua, no ka mea, no ka nānā ʻana i ka astronomical, akā ʻaʻole e hoʻolulilo ʻia ka pilikia i kēia koho wale nō - aia kekahi hoʻi he lawaiʻa a he ʻano koa kiaʻi ...

ʻO kēia mau ʻike āpau a me nā kuhihewa maoli, ʻike maopopo ʻole ʻia e nā "popularizers" o ka mōʻaukala o nā ʻīlio hakakā. No laila, e ʻōlelo ana i nā Sumerian, Kaledea a me nā ʻīlio ʻē aʻe, e hoʻololi wale lākou i nā ʻike e pili ana iā ʻAsuria ma kēia mau moʻomeheu. Akā ʻoiai me ʻAsuria, ʻoiai he nui nā mea e ʻike mau ʻia ʻole, ʻaʻole maopopo nā mea āpau.

ʻO ka maʻa pinepine, kapa ʻia nā ʻīlio hakakā i nā ʻīlio mai nā hōʻola o ka hale aliʻi Ashshurbanapanal (ʻo Kuyundzhik ka mea i loaʻa, ʻo ia ka hapalua o ka hapalua o ka makahiki 7 o ka makahiki 7). Akā ʻike maopopo maoli kēia mau hiʻona keu! A ʻoiai he mau mea hopu he nui ka mea kaua me ka pūʻali koa (me nā pahi kaua, nā pale a me nā mea hou, ai ka wā e hele ai lākou i kahi holoholona hihiu, e like me ka liona a i ʻole kahi mākaʻikaʻi!) - hiki i kēia mau wahi ke kapa ʻia ka pūʻali koa. ʻO kekahi mea ʻē aʻe ʻo nā ʻīlio hiki iā ia ke hōʻoia i ko lākou iho i ka wā o kēlā mau hunts i hiki i nā hoa waiwai nui ma ke kahua kaua. Aka, malia nae, o ka hana a na hana a ka poe koa Asuria ua pale aku i keia. Mai ka wā o ʻAsuria, he nui nā hanana hakakā nui (nā kiʻi, nā hōʻiliʻili, nā ʻōlelo wehewehe) ua iho mai iā mākou, akā ʻaʻohe wahi no ka hakakā ʻana me nā ʻīlio ma laila.

Mālama ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Pelekania i kahi mea kōkua o ko ʻAsuria mai Nineveh (i.e., hou mai ʻike ʻia ma Kuyundzhik), kahi i hui pū ai ka ihe me kahi ʻīlio ikaika e kolo ana i kahi lehelehe i hōʻike ʻia, me he mea lā ʻaʻole ia i kahi puʻu. ʻO ka manawa maʻamau ua unuhi ʻia ʻo ia he "kahu". Ka mea, he koa ka mea kiaʻi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he koa (eia nō naʻe, ʻo kēia ʻīlio puaʻa, inā ʻaʻole he pale, a laila e uhi ana i kahi kāʻei kaua me nā mea hoʻihoʻi e uhi ai i ka ʻōpū āpau - ʻo ia wale nō ke ʻano o ka mea maʻamau no nā mea hana ma ke kahua kaua. A inā e hoʻomanaʻo ʻoe i ka nui o kahi wahi nui i ka hui o ka ʻAsuria ua lawe ʻia e ka poʻe pio, ka pale o ka hoʻomoana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā pelekikena hoʻopuni i ka ʻenemi, a laila, ua kōkua ka poʻe kōkua o ka poʻe kiaʻāina like i ka inoa o nā ʻīlio hakakā.

ʻO kēia, ʻo kēia ka hua like ia i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā lei o Ashurbanipal. He hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha o nā ʻīlio hihiu like ʻole o nā nui, kahi ʻatikala a me ka musculature, ua like ia me nā kuhi ʻoi loa ʻo ka Turkmen Alabais (a he mau mea kiai pono ʻia a me nā wolfhounds, nā mea hopu i nā ʻīlio hakakā). Akā ʻaʻole ʻīnō ka ʻili a ʻaʻole kapa paha ka pahi. Hiki ma laila nā kīkaha liʻiliʻi ma ke kola, akā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia: i ka laulā, kuʻikiʻu ka pilia a ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia nā hana pale. Hoʻopau ʻia kēia i nā lako (a ʻoi paha, kona aneane piha ʻole) nā ʻīlio i nā kiʻi hopu o Ashurbanipal Palace!

Eia naʻe kekahi mea hoʻomaha hou, ka mea i hoʻākāka pinepine ʻia (i ko mākou manaʻo, ma ke kumu) he ʻano "kahikina" a kahi ʻīlio hakakā. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka pā terracotta ma lalo o ka inoa inoa inoa "Beer of Nimrud." Ke kau nei ʻo ia i ka ʻīlio i kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe: he ʻīlio kēia o nā kime kikowaena nui, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i kahi mastiff nui loa. ʻO kona paona pono e hoʻokokoke i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa hapalua. ʻO ke kino ikaika o nā ʻīlio me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoiho a hoʻomākeʻalaha iā lākou, akā e hoʻopiʻi ʻia e ka ikaika monstrous a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. i ke kaua "e kū mai ana." ʻO ka wehewehe i hāʻawi ʻia e Conrad Herezbeck i 1586 no kahi pūʻulu o nā "limahana" o nā kiʻi Pelekānia o kēlā manawa ua kūpono ia iā ia: "Me kona helehelena pono e like ia me ka liona: kihi nui, maʻi nui, ʻāhā me ka iwi ikaika, mau wāwae nui ... ʻaʻole pono. ua lohi a ʻaʻole ikaika loa ia, no ka mea ke kaua i ka ʻīlio wale nō i kona pae ... " Hoʻohui mākou a i ka wā e hoʻouka ai i kekahi kanaka, ʻaʻole pono ia e hoʻohana i ka ʻīlio, a ua lawa ka ʻāʻohi ʻana o kona mau iwi pōpopo. Malia paha he hopena maikaʻi kēlā me ka "luku" ʻana o ka ʻenemi, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole ia he puʻukū, a he hoʻopaʻi ʻia i hiki ke pale aku iā ia iho me nā pale a kūkulu i kahi pā. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki ke hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia kēia mau ʻīlio hakakā e kūʻē i ka hapa nui o ʻAsuria!

Hōʻike nui ʻia kēia kiʻi ʻae iā ia e hiki ai iā mākou ke kiʻi i nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo, ʻaʻole wale no ka poʻe assyrologists wale nō, akā no ka mea nāna i mālama nā ʻīlio. The croup and hind limbs of the "Dog of Nimrud" (but not the "liʻiliʻi" ʻīniki o Nineveh!) Loaʻa i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona kūikawā e hāhā iā ia e ala ai ke alo o kona mau wāwae hind a me kahi pū ikaika nui me kona mau wāwae mua e waiho ana ma kāna mau wāwae hind. He kūpono loa ia - inā paha ua hoʻohana maoli ʻia kēia ʻano ʻīlio hakakā e kūʻē i ke ʻōnaehana ʻenemi ...

ʻO ka kolamu Nimrud ka mea i like loa me nā mea kaua a ka poʻe koa Nineveh. Akā he aha ke ʻano o ka harness nui e uhi ai ka puhaka o ka ʻīlio nui? Eia kekahi, kahi kāʻei e like me (?) Mai ke poʻo mai i ka poʻohiwi. ʻOiai ʻaʻole maopopo kēia he manu lawena, ke wiwo ʻole mākou e manaʻo ʻo ia, ʻoiai ke ʻike pono ʻia o ka poʻohiwi, aia kekahi kiʻi stylized o ka pūpū. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo kēia mau "harnesses" ʻo ia ka mua a me hope o ka "pale" pale i hana ʻia i nā mea palupalu, e uhi ana i ke kino mai nā lau a i ka ʻōpū. Ma ke ʻano, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mea pale i ka corsetras.

I kēia hihia, ua loaʻa iā mākou ma mua o mākou ka mea i ʻike mua ʻia o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā canine pale o ka Hikina kahiko. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ia e halihali i kekahi mau kiʻea, waiho wale i nā ʻaka: he mea paʻakikī ia e lawe i kēlā pae metallurgy.

Kahi mea kaua (inā ʻo ia paha!) He mea pono nō hoʻi ia no ka hopu ʻana: ʻaʻole maopopo mākou i ke ʻano o ka ʻenemi a ke alakaʻi nei ke alakaʻi. Akā ʻaʻole e hoʻokaʻawale i ka misionari hakakā i ke kaua: hoʻomanaʻo a ʻo ko ʻAsuria mau, a hiki i ka mōʻī Ashurbanipal, kau lākou i ka mea kaua like ʻole ma ka hopu ʻana ma ke kahua kaua.

He mea kūpono loa ke noʻonoʻo i ka lei (?) O ka ʻīlio puaʻa. I kēia hihia, ua hōʻike ʻia kona kāʻei i ka mea kikoʻī iki, akā manaʻo ʻia naʻe i kāna hana palekana. Akā ʻo ka pā ākea ākea (i hana ʻia i ka ʻili nā puiu ikaika?) Ma ka ʻūhā hema hema e uhi ana i ka wahi o ka naʻau kahi mea maʻamau o nā lako hana no nā pūʻali koa māmā, ka mea e hālāwai pinepine ai mākou i nā kiʻi kaua, akā ʻaʻole ma nā kiʻi huluhulu!

ʻAʻole kekahi o nā hana ʻepekema e pili ana i ka ʻīlio a me nā ʻepekema ʻepekema kaulana e pili ana i ka hakakā ʻana me nā ʻīlio. Ua noʻonoʻo haʻaheu ka mea kākau iā ia iho ka mea nāna i ʻike i kēia neʻe - akā ... i ka mea i huli ʻia, i hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma ka manawa hoʻokahi: ma ka "History of Animals", kahi puke i ka makahiki 1952 i paʻi ʻia e ka mea loea Kelemania ʻo Richard Levinson. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻo Levinson i nā ʻīlio e like me nā nīnau, akā nā nīnau no ka ʻōuli o nā holoholona o nā hale - no laila, i kekahi ʻano, inā paha, e noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe iā ʻoe iho e kiʻi i ka mea ...

Hoʻopau kēia i ka mōʻaukala hilinaʻi o nā ʻīlio kaua o ʻAsuria: ʻaʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe, akā he kuhi. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻike ʻia kahi mea hoʻomaha papaha, ke hoʻi mai i ka manawa o Sargon II (VIII kenekema ʻoihana. E.) a me ke ʻano o kekahi o nā hanana o kona kaua ma Urartu, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka Caucasus. I kahi kokoke i ka malu o ka luakini o ko (Assesia) hoʻopilikia ʻia ʻo ke kūlanakauhale o Musashir he holoholona holoholona, ​​hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he ʻīlio hakakā. Eia naʻe, ʻinoʻino ka ʻōpū o ka hoʻomaha ma kēia wahi wale nō, ʻaʻole lanakila mākou. Hele paha ia ... he kao (i loko o kahi kūlana o ke kūlanakauhale i hoʻopuni ʻia, ka pūʻali koa a me "kanaka koa" coexist ola aʻe ma mua o ke ake mau loa). Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ua hoʻonani ʻia nā ʻili kuaha o ke poʻo i nā poʻo o nā ʻīlio huhū, ʻoi aku ka hoʻomanaʻo o nā ʻīlio "ʻuʻuku" o ʻAsuria ma mua o nā ʻīlio Kahuhipa Caucasian o nā lāhui Transcaucasian.

Ma kahi o nā ʻAsuria, ʻo nā ʻīlio kekahi (ʻaʻole mākou i makemake e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hana o ko lākou kaua hakakā) aia nō me nā kānaka e kokoke ana iā lākou. No ka hoʻohālikelike, nā ʻElama.

Aia kekahi kiʻi o Elamite no kahi hopu puaʻa puaʻa, kahi i paʻa ai ke kanaka me kahi mea i makemake ʻole ʻole ʻia e like me ke ʻano he ʻōlelo hōʻino a i ʻole ke koa kaua: ua manaʻo maoli ʻo ia e hoʻopau wale i ka puaʻa inā hana nā ʻīlio i ka hana nui. He mea kūpono ʻo ia i ka puʻupuʻu i nā ʻīlio hakakā (i ʻole, he ʻano ʻo ia ka kope o ka ʻīlio mai ke sila pū ʻana mai Ur mai. Loaʻa nō paha kēlā mau ʻīlio i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka wehewehe a me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kaua Elam a mākou e ʻike ai.

ʻO nā wehewehe a pau no ka "ʻīlio hakakā" o ka emepani Persian (ʻo wai ʻo Elam ka mea nui i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ʻAsuria), heʻoiaʻiʻo, e pili ana i nā puʻu holoholona. ʻAe, nui loa ka nui o nā kuʻuna aliʻi aliʻi o nā manawa ʻo Kuro, ʻo Cambyses, a pēlā aku, he mea ʻole lākou i kahi hana ma ke kahua kaua.

Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi ʻatikala i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka mea hana o nā kaʻao o nā ʻīlio hakakā ʻo Persian. ʻO Darius I, haʻalele aku i nā wāwae Scythian, i haʻalele me nā hoki a me nā ʻīlio i loko o kahi hoʻomoana i hoʻopuni ʻia: e lohe ana i kā lākou halulu a me ka hele ʻana aku, manaʻo nā Scythians e mau ana ka pūʻali koa Persian i loko o nā pā. He mea ʻaʻole lākou i ʻimi i ka ʻīlio: ʻaʻohe wahi o ia ʻano holo kaua. Ma ke ʻano paha mākou e kamaʻilio nei e pili ana i nā holoholona, ​​e mālama pono ana i ka kahu hānai. Akā i kēia hihia, hiki iā lākou ke pale nui i kahi hoʻomoana "i ke ʻano o ʻAsuria."

KAHINA

NA PAANAU KA MANAO O ANEA

I nā ʻīlio hakakā - i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā kaua o nā pūʻali o ka wā kahiko o ka wā kahiko a me ka Middle Ages me ka manaʻo e pepehi pololei ana i nā koa ʻenemi. I ka wā ma hope mai, lilo nā ʻīlio i ka ʻīlio lawelawe, ʻoiai nō i ke Kaua Honua II ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kalapu.

ʻO nā ʻōlima Molossoid ka hui o nā ʻīlio ikaika a me nā ʻīlio nunui me kahi muzzle pōkole a me kahi hiʻohiʻona weliweli, aia ma ke kahua o nā ʻano mua, a i ʻole ʻano ʻano ʻano kolohe o nā ʻīlio aboriginal o Ancient Greece, ka Ancient States of the East, Etruria a me Celts ma ka ʻāina o ka Emepera Roma. Uhaʻi ʻia no ka pale (bipi, people, etc.), me he ʻīlio holoholona hihiu a me ka ʻīlio kahu kiaʻi o nā garrisons a me nā mākaʻi i nā pūʻali koa.

ʻO nā inoa "Nā ʻīlio Molossoid", "ʻīlio Molossoid", "Molossi" i hoʻohana mua ʻia i ka makahiki 16 i loko o Farani, a ma ʻEnelani - i ka Renaissance, ʻo ia hoʻi, mai ka 17th kenekulia. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka huaʻōlelo ʻo "Molossian group of dogs i ka ʻōlelo kū hoʻokahi i ke kenekulia 20 wale nō.

ʻO nā ʻīlio holoholona hihiu i komo i loko o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pūʻulu Molossian he mauʻano maoli o ka Hikina Hikina (Mesopotamia, Persia), Greece kahiko, nā ʻāina o Etruria, nā kānaka e noho ana ma nā ʻāina o ka Celts, a me ka ʻāpana o ka Roma kahiko. ʻO ke kūpuna ʻo nā ʻīlio hakakā o nā ʻano kahiko e like me ka ʻīlio Nui Tibetan.

Ua pāhalaha kēia mau ʻīlio ma India, Nepal, Persia, a me nā ʻāina o ka kokoke a me Middle East e pili ana i 3 tausani mau makahiki i hala. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau holoholona ikaika i kahu hipa, kiaʻi, a me nā kahu. A i ke kaua pū kaua maikaʻi hoʻi.

ʻO kāna mau kiʻi kahiko i kiʻi ʻia i ka makahiki XII SM - he kiʻi o ka ʻona liona me kahi ʻīlio Tibetan i loaʻa ma ka hale pule o Babulona.

Mai ka makahiki IV o BC, ma ka mokupuni o Greece kahiko ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kumu o ka "huaʻai", ka mea i lilo ka hoʻomaka no ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole a ua kapa ʻia nā "ʻīlio Molos" e ka inoa o ka ʻohana Moloss kahiko i noho iā Molossia - ka ʻaoʻao waena o Epirus. Aia kēia wahi i ka wahi o Ioannina ma Helene.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pākuhi piha o nā ʻīlio i nā hakakā. Eia, ma waena o nā Roma kahiko ua hana lākou i ka laina mua, ma ka lua aia he mau ohu, a i ke kolu - koa koa. ʻOki koke ʻia nā ʻīlio i nā ʻano hana kaua o ka ʻenemi, e hana ana i ka haunaele kupaianaha, ka hōʻahewa ʻana i nā lio, ke hōʻoki ʻana a me ka kikeke ʻana i nā koa o ka ʻenemi.

Eia nō kekahi, he hoʻohui i nā kauoha kaua a ka ʻenemi e pale ai i kona nānā ʻana, ua luku pū ka ʻīlio hakakā nō hoʻi i nā koa o ka ʻenemi. ʻO ke ao holoʻokoʻa o ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻīlio hakakā, ʻoiai ke hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia nei, e hoʻopili ana i kahi koa, ua hakakā ka ʻīlio a hiki i ka lanakila a make paha i kahi hoʻoilina. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka ʻū ʻana a me ka hopu ʻana i kahi palekana palekana, kaumaha, kino ikaika loa, ʻona kūikawā i ʻike ʻia no ka pepehi ʻana i kekahi kanaka, ʻo ka paʻakikī loa ka hana.

Ua aʻo ʻia nā ʻīlio koa e kaua i ka ʻenemi mai ka ʻōpīwī. No kēia kumu, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano aʻoaʻo maʻamau i kēia lā. ʻO ke kumu kōkua, ua ʻaʻahu i kahi kapa kūikawā o ka ʻili mānoanoa, hoʻowahāwahā i ka ʻīlio, me ka huhū. I ka iho ʻana o ke kumu kolohe i ka ʻīlio mai ka ʻeha, kuʻi ʻo ia iā ia iho ma ke "ʻalā" a kālai aʻela iā ia me kāna mau niho. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻāʻo ka mea kōkua i ka ʻīlio ʻana i ka ʻīlio i nā māhele like ʻole o ke kino (e kuhikuhi ana i ke koa i ka mea kaua. Pēlā i hoʻomohala ai i ka noho o ka ʻenemi ma ke kūpono. I ka manawa like, ua aʻo ʻia nā ʻīlio i nā mākau e like me ka alualu ʻana i kahi kanaka e holo ana a me ka hana pū me kahi kanaka wahaheʻe.

ʻO nā kānaka hoʻowahāwahā i nā ʻīlio e hoʻololi pinepine i ke ala e hoʻāla ai i ka huhū ma kahi ʻīlio no nā kānaka āpau, ʻaʻole no ke kanaka kūikawā. I ka papa aʻe o ka hoʻomākaukau, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka mea kaua o ka ʻenemi i ka lole mai ka ʻili, a laila ua kau ʻia ka mea kaua ma ka ʻīlio, a me ka haʻahaʻa ka make ʻana i ka wahi e like me ka hiki o ke kaua. Ua koho ʻia nā liwana i ka pāpale a me ke koka me nā lāʻau lāʻau. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā ʻīlio i nā haʻalulu, puʻu i nā pale pale, hoʻokani i nā mea kaua, nā lio.

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine lākou i nā mea kaua i mea e hōʻemi iki ai i ka pahi a hoʻonui i ka hopena o ka lanakila ʻana i ka ʻenemi.ʻO ka mea kaua, he lula, he kihi metala e uhi ana i ke kua a me nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻīlio, a me ka leka uila o nā apo metala a me nā papa paha i pale i ka ʻihi o nā ʻāpana o ke kino (ka umauma, nā ʻū luna, ka ʻōpū, a me nā mea a pau). I kekahi manawa ua kau ʻia ka pale keleawe ma ke poʻo o ka ʻīlio.

Hoʻopiliʻia i kahi mea kaua, ua kūlia ka ʻīlio me nā spike lōʻihi a i ʻole nā ​​lūlua ʻelua e kau ai i ke kihi a me ka pāpale. Me kā lākou kōkua, kākā ka ʻīlio a pale i ke kino, nā wāwae a me nā lima o ka ke koa i hoʻoulu ʻia e ia, ua ʻeha nā ʻeha o nā wāwae a haki i nā ʻōpū o nā lio i loko o nā puʻupuʻu me nā pūʻali koa o ka ʻenemi.

ʻO ka hōʻike mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻīlio i nā hana koa i hoʻoiho ʻia mai i a mākou, aia paha, ma ka Middle East. A ʻo nā mea mua a ʻAsuria. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ʻAsuria i kekahi ʻano o nā ʻīlio e kōkua i ke kaua - ʻo Dane Nui (mastiffs), ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻouka kaua wale nō, akā he mea mālama pū kekahi.

ʻO nā hana hoʻowalewale ma Nineve (ʻAsuria) ua hōʻike nō i komo nā ʻīlio hakakā ma nā kaua he nui i ka pūʻali o ke aliʻi o ʻAsuria, ʻo Ashurbanipal (669 - 627 BC). ʻO ko Peresia aupuni ko lākou hope. Kuhi ka noho ʻana o Cyrus Ii ka Nui ma 559 - 530 BC. e. ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻīlio i nā holoholo. A ʻo ke aliʻi ʻo Persian Cambyses Ii i 530-522. SM hoʻohana lākou iā lākou i ke kaua me ʻAigupita. Hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki ma hope mai, i ka pūʻali koa o Xerxes, kaua mai nā ʻīlio iā Helene.

Ua hakakā ʻo nā Helene me nā ʻīlio ma hope o ka hoʻopio ʻana iā Xerxes ma ke ʻano he trope. Ke hopena o nā kaua, hele nā ​​ʻīlio iā Epirus. Maanei ua manaʻo pono lākou i nā pono o ka pūʻali koa a no ke kūʻai aku, ma ka moku o Molossia. Mai laila mai ka inoa ʻo Molotsky Great Dane a me ka molosser.

I ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o Mantinea, hoʻohana ʻo Agesilaus i ka lawelawe ʻana o nā ʻīlio hakakā - ʻehā mau haneli mastiffs, a me Aliatt, ke aliʻi o Lydia, ua hoʻohana i nā ʻīlio hakakā ma kāna mau kaua e kūʻē i ka poʻe Medes a me ko Cimmeria o 580-585. SM Ua hoʻohana ʻo Cassabalens a me nā kamaʻāina o Colophon i nā ʻīlio no ka ʻike hou ʻana. ʻO Pilipo o Macedon, ua lanakila ʻana iā Argolis, ua kōkua ʻia e nā ʻīlio hoʻomaʻamaʻa e alualu i ka poʻe kiʻekiʻe. Mālama ʻo ia i nā ʻīlio i hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ʻia i kona puali a me kāna keikikāne Alexander, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea aloha nui i nā mastiffs, a mahalo iā ia ua lilo i mea ākea loa i ka honua.

I ke kaua o Roma me nā moku Helene, hāʻule kēia mau ʻīlio i Repubalika Roma. ʻO ia nō ka manawa mua, me lākou, me nā elepani, i lawe ʻia mai e Tsar Epirus Pierre i kāna huakaʻi ʻana i Italia, a ua komo pū lākou i ke kaua o Heracles (280 BC). A laila, ua lawe ʻia mai nā ʻīlio hakakā 100 e Roma e Lucius Emilius Paul i mea e komo ai i kahi kaʻina hana lanakila ma ka manawa o ka lanakila i Pidne i 168 BC. ma luna o ke aliʻi Makedoni ʻo Perseus. Ua hele nā ​​ʻīlio hakakā ma nā alanui o Roma e like me ka waiwai pio i ka pūʻali, me ka King Perseus pio.

A hoʻoili aku ʻo Roma i nā ʻīlio hakakā mai Helene, akā ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma laila. I ka mua, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻīlio ma loko o ka pūʻali koa Roma e hoʻouna i nā leka koʻikoʻi. A eia kekahi, ʻo Vegetius ma kāna "Military Art" ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia ka ʻīlio me nā ʻano kohu panikina e koi ʻia i loko o nā hale kiaʻi o nā pā, no ka mea, ke hoʻokokoke nei ka ʻenemi, ua ʻā a paipai i ka pā hale.

Akā i hiki i nā Roma ke loiloi i ka holomua piha o kēia ʻano mea kaua i ka wā a lākou i hakakā me nā Barbarians ma ʻEulopa. ʻO kekahi o nā mea ʻōlelo mua he 101 BC. e., i ka wā i lanakila ai nā legiona o Gaius Maria i ka Cimbrian i ke kaua o Vercellus. Ua uhi ʻia nā ʻīlio hakakā o nā Kelemania a me nā Pelekāne me ka pale kaua, a ʻo kahi koloa kūikawā me nā hao hao he mea ʻoi ia a puni ka ʻāʻī. ʻAʻohe manaʻo he ʻīlio maikaʻi ka poʻe Kelemania i nā ʻīlio he 12 he nui, a he lio - he 6. Ua mālama ʻo nā Huns i nā ʻīlio he nui, a hoʻohana lākou iā lākou e kiai.

Ua ʻike ʻo Roma pehea e aʻo ai, a liuliu koke ʻia aku nā ʻīlio i nā lehelehe, hele lākou ma ka laina mua, ma mua o nā kauwā. I ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o Herculaneum, ua ʻike ʻia kahi palupalu e hōʻike ana i nā ʻīlio i ʻaʻahu kaua i ka pale ʻana a me ka pale ʻana i ka paani Roma i alakaʻi ʻia e nā poʻe palaka.

669 - 627 mau makahiki SM e. - hoʻohana i loko o ka pūʻali kaua ʻAsuria e ke aliʻi ʻo Ashurbanipal.
628 BC - Ua hana ʻia kekahi hui kūikawā o nā ʻīlio hakakā ma Lydia.
559 - 530 makahiki SM e. - Ua hoʻohana ʻo Cyrus Ii ka ʻīlio Nui i nā ʻīlio maʻamau.
525 BC - ʻO King aliʻi ʻo Cambyses Ii i hoʻohana iā lākou i ke kaua me ʻAigupita ..
490 BC - kaua ʻo Marathon.
385 BC - Koepoe o Mantinea.
280 BC e. - i ke kaua o Hercules
101 SM - Ke Kaua Vercellus
Mai 101 BC - ua hoʻohana ka Roma i nā ʻīlio hakakā ma nā legion.

Hoʻohana