He mea kīkī ka poʻokela mai ka ʻohana o nā bovids, kahi subfamily o nā bipi, a me kahi keʻakeʻa hoʻoneʻe manu. Ma mua, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā puaʻa āpau i ka genus Bubalus. Hōʻike wale ʻia ʻo ʻAsia i kēia manawa, ua ʻike ʻia ke koena i loko o ka ʻano ʻo Anoa a me Syncerus. ʻO nā hoahānau pili kokoke o ka poʻokela, he pālule, gaura, a me nā bisonʻAmelika Huipū, yak a me nā bison e noho ana ma kahi o ke kuʻina. ʻO nā Kerebona he mea maʻamau i nā ʻaoʻao hema o ʻAsia, ma kekahi mokupuni o Oceania, ma Africa.
Nā hiʻohiʻonaalo a me ka Habitat
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, ua māhele ʻia nā pōpoki he 2 ʻano. ʻO ka mea mua, India, ʻike pinepine ʻia ma northeast India, a i kekahi mau wahi o Malaysia, Indochina a me Sri Lanka. ʻO ka poʻi ʻAmelika lua.
Hāʻawi kēia holoholona i nā wahi i nā lau nui a me nā kahe ʻohe i kahi kokoke i nā loko a me nā haʻalulu, akā naʻe, i kekahi manawa noho ia i nā kuahiwi (ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1,85 km ma luna o ke kai. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā puaʻa nui loa, a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o 2 m a me kahi pākaʻi ma mua o 0.9 tons. wehewehe kumu hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo:
- kona ona mānoanoa, i uhi ʻia me ka lauoho uliuli-ʻeleʻele,
- nā wāwae stocky, ke kala ʻo ke keʻokeʻo ke keʻokeʻo mai luna a lalo.
- he poo nui me ka puʻu, nona ke ʻano o ka ʻehā a me ka haʻahaʻa iho i lalo.
- nā pepeiaohao nui (a hiki i 2 m), e kūloe i luna a i kahi kūmole a i ʻole huli ʻia i nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole i ke ʻano o kahi mea kuʻuna. I ka mahele ʻāpana he kūlike kā lākou
- kekahi huelo loihi me ke kakaki paakiki ma ka welau,
ʻApika ʻApika hale noho nui hema o ka Sahara, a me ka mea, a i kona mau wahi a me nā wahi i noho poaha ʻole ʻia ke koho ʻana, e koho ana i nā wahi me nā wahi he nui o ka cereal kiʻekiʻe a me nā moʻi i kūkulu ʻia i loko o nā loko wai a me nā canopy o ka nahele. ʻO kēia ʻano, ʻaʻole like me ka Inia, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. Hāʻawi ka puaʻa makua i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ka 1.5 m a me ka paona o 0.7 tons.
ʻO ka mea kalima a ke kumu piliona tamarou
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka holoholona nā pu ʻuwaimahalo nui ʻia e like me ka ʻoki lawaiʻa. Hoʻomaka mai ka poʻo o ke poʻo, neʻe lākou i nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole a ulu aʻe i lalo a hoʻi i hope, a laila a i luna a i nā ʻaoʻao, hana i nā pale pale. Eia nō naʻe, hele pinepine ka nui o nā pepeia a hiki i ka lōʻihi o 1 m.
Ua uhi ʻia ke kino me ka palaka polū hōʻole. He lōʻihi a huluhulu ka lauoho. Kau poʻo kiʻi, ma luna o nā pepeiao pepeiao nui, he wahi pokole a me ka laulā a me ka mānoanoa ikaika hoʻi.
ʻO Filipina kekahi ʻōnaehana o kēia mau artiodactyls. pōʻai tamarou a dwamf buffalo anoa. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o kēia mau holoholona i ko lākou kiʻekiʻe, aia ma ka mua he 1 m, a i loko o ka lua - 0.9 m.
Lele Kaalo Anoa
Noho ʻo Tamarou i kahi hoʻokahi wale nō, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma nā ʻāina ʻo Fr. Mindoro, a me Anoa hiki ke ʻike e pili ana. ʻO Sulawesi a ʻo lākou i waena o nā holoholona i kākau ʻia i loko o ka Puke Hoʻolaha Maʻaila.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Anoa i 2 mau ʻano: ka mauna a me ka ʻāina haʻahaʻa. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he pono kēlā me ka paipai i ke ʻano o ka honi, nāhele makemake, akā no ka ʻike maka ʻole.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka poʻina
He ʻano paʻakikī loa nā lālā o ka ʻohana buffalo. No ka laʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka India kekahi o nā mea maikaʻi loa e ulia, no ka mea ʻaʻohe ona makaʻu i ke kāne a ʻaʻohe holoholona ʻē aʻe.
Mahalo i kona ʻano akomi ʻono, hiki iā ia ke ʻāʻī i kahi pale i waho a lele iā ia (ʻo ka mea kūleʻa nui i kēia manaʻo nā wahine e pale aku i kā lākou mau lālā). ʻOiai nō ka helu ʻana o kēia ʻano holoholona i ka 3 mano BC. e., ʻaʻole lākou he holoholona holoholona pili ʻole, no ka mea ua maʻalahi lākou a hiki ke hāʻule i ka uluʻana.
I nā lā wela loa, makemake kēia holoholona i ka piha piha iā ia i ka lepo wai a hūnā paha i nā pale o nā mea kanu. I ka wā hānai, hōʻuluʻulu ʻia kēia mau bipi hihiu i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e hiki ke hele pū i loko o kahi pū.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻAmelika e kona makaʻu i kahi kanaka mai kāna e ʻāpono mau ai e pakele. Eia naʻe, i nā hihia inā e hoʻomau lākou e alualu iā ia, hiki iā ia ke lele kuʻi i ka lawaiʻa a i kēia hihia hiki ke hoʻopaʻa wale ʻia mai ia e kekahi pū i pale ʻia i loko o kona poʻo.
Hōʻalo iki kēia holoholona, me ka makaʻu me ka hoʻowalewale e like me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka bipi. Pahu nui ʻia hoʻi ka pīhoihoi punahele e hū ana i ka ʻōpala a i ʻū paha paha i loko o ka pā.
Noho lākou i nā pipi, aia kahi 50-100 mau poʻo (aia ma luna o 1000) e alakaʻi ʻia nei e nā wāhine kahiko. Akā, i ka wā o ka rut, i loaʻa mai i loko o nā malama mua o ka makahiki, haki ka pā i nā poʻe liʻiliʻi.
ʻO Anoa e noho ana ma ka nahele a me ka nahele nā mea hilahila loa. Noho lākou i ka hapa mele, ka liʻiliʻi o nā huina ʻelua, a ma nā hihia nui ʻole a hui ʻia lākou i hui pū. Makemake lākou e lawe ʻoluʻolu loa.
Mea ʻai
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pōkoi wai i ke kakahiaka a i ke ahiahi, me ka ʻole o ka anoa, e ʻāʻā wale ana i ka kakahiaka. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea i hiki aku i ka meaʻai:
- No India - nui nā mea kanu o ka ʻohana cereal,
- No Nā ʻApika - nā greens like ʻole.
- No nā mea liʻiliʻi, nā mea kanu u, ka ʻupena, nā lau, nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu kai.
He ʻano hanana like ka ʻono o ka ʻawaʻawa, kahi ʻano o ka ruminants, kahi e ʻohi mua ai ka meaʻai i ka moʻolelo o ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻuʻuku kolo, ʻūpū, a laila imua hou a ʻūʻū hou.
ʻO ka pilina a me ka lōʻihi
Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o nā wai wai i ka lōʻihi o 20 mau makahiki. ʻAʻohe mai ka makahiki o 2 ua pākō lākou a hiki iā lākou ke hānai.
Wai ka wai
Ma hope o ka rut, ʻo kahi wahine hānai no 10 mau mahina i lawe iā 1-2 keiki bipi. Pīhoihoi ka poʻe i nā maka, uhi ʻia i ka lauoho mānoanoa māmā.
Ke ulu koke nei lākou, no laila i loko o hoʻokahi hola ua hiki iā lākou ke hānai i ka waiū mai ko lākou makuahine, a ma hope o ʻeono mahina e hoʻololi maoli lākou i ka ai. Kuhi ʻia kēia mau holoholona i kahi kanaka makua kūʻokoʻa mai 3-4 mau makahiki o ke ola.
He awelika ola nui o Aferika i nā makahiki he 16 mau makahiki. Ma hope o ka hānai, i ka wā i loaʻa ai nā kaua weliweli ma waena o nā kāne no ka hoʻoilina wahine, hoʻohewa ka mea lanakila iā ia. Hānau ʻia ka wahine i mau mahina 11 mau mahina.
Ua hakakā nā pōpō ʻAmelika
Ma nā kīhā mokulele hānai, ʻaʻole i hilinaʻi ka gon i ka manawa o ka makahiki, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka manawa o ka hānau ʻana ma kahi o 10 mau mahina. Loaʻa ke ola ola mai 20-30 mau makahiki.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, makemake wau e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke kuleana o kēia mau holoholona i ke ola o nā kānaka. E pili ana kēia i nā mea ʻōlio India, ua lōʻihi ka home. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i loko o ka hana mahiʻai, kahi hiki iā lākou ke kahuli i nā lio (i ke ʻano o 1: 2).
ʻO ke kaua o ka puaʻa me ka liona
ʻO nā huahana momona i loaʻa mai i ka wai momona, i loko o kaʻaila kāmela hoʻi i kaulana loa. A ^ a ʻili lau hoʻohanaʻia i ka loaʻa ʻana he mau wāwae no nā kāmaʻa. E pili ana i nā ʻano Aferika, makemake nui ʻia i waena o nā kānaka hānai nui no o keia pōʻai.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka holoholona
ʻO kahi puaʻa he holoholona nui a nui, ʻo kona paona ke hiki ke ʻoi aku ma mua o 1000 kg, akā ʻaʻole nui ka poʻe a pau ka ʻano i ka nui. Ke kamaʻilio nei ka ulu ʻana, ma ka awelika kēia hōʻailona ma waena o 1 a 1.5 m, ʻoiai he pokole ka limu o nā pōʻai a ikaika. ʻAno maoli, ʻae ʻia mai nā ʻōkuhi awelika e pili ana i ka ʻano manu a me nā holoholona.
ʻIke maoli nōʻo ka ʻoi aku o ka momona, ʻo ia ka mea e nui ai ka loaʻa. He nui nā kuʻekuʻe ʻo Males ma mua o nā wahine, ʻoi aku lākou ma mua o ka wahine. Kaumaha ka wahine i ka awelika a hiki i ka 600 kg, ʻoiai ʻo kekahi mau mea endemic, e like me ka anoa, ʻaʻole hiki i 300 kg.
ʻO kahi ʻano hiʻohiʻona o nā poʻokela o ke alo o nā pū. Ma ka ʻano o nā holoholona maʻamau - ʻo ka puaʻa Aferika - ʻaʻole nui loa nā pū, akā naʻe ke kuhikuhi ʻia i nā ʻanuʻu like ʻole a me nā mākeke. ʻO waho, kahi e ulu ai nā pū a me ka ʻūlike e like me ka lāliʻi. Aia nō kekahi mau holoholona e like me ka wai poʻokela wai, a loaʻa nā pū i nā pepe i kahi pae kau moʻolelo: ma kahi o 2 m ka lōʻihi. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole lākou e kuhikuhi ʻia i luna, akā e ulu pū ana hoʻi i ka ʻaoʻao, i ka hopena ke huli ʻana. Loaʻa nō nā holoholona Hornless, akā he ʻano paʻakikī kēia ʻoi.
Ma kahi e noho ai nā puaʻa
ʻO ka puaa he holoholona no ia i ke aʻa o nā bipi, akā me kahi mea kūʻokoʻa: he huu nā pepeiao o lākou. He waiwai kūpono e ʻōlelo ai ma Russia a i ʻole Ukraine e hālāwai me kekahi kanaka hoʻokahi, a ʻoi aku hoʻi he ʻohana kīnā ʻole, he mea maʻamau. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka mālama maoli ʻana o ka holoholona maoli i kahi ʻāina ʻē i ka ʻāina wela me kahi mahana ʻokoʻa ʻole.
I kēia manawa, ʻokoʻa ka ʻehā mau ʻōlelo o kēia holoholona.
- Tamarou.
- Endemic anoa a ʻāpana liʻiliʻi paha (liʻiliʻi, liʻiliʻi).
- ʻAmelika (kekahi inoa ʻē aʻe ko Inia), maʻamau ma nā mokupuni ʻo Sulawesi.
- ʻO ka poʻokela ʻAmelika (e noho ana ma ʻAmelika a ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau).
ʻAno kūlohelohe, pili ka holoholona i pili i ka holoholona hihiu, e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kona kuʻuna ʻōiwi.
Eia nō naʻe, i kēia manawa, mālama ʻia ka holoholona e ke kānāwai o nā mokuʻāina he nui, no ka mea, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia kā lākou helu. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano ʻano, e like me ka anoa, ke koi ʻia e hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka Puke Hoʻomau, ʻoiai ua pili ka holoholona i ka hope o ka hemo ʻana. Ua hōʻike kekahi i kēia no ka hoʻomehana honua ʻana, ʻoiai ke ʻike nei kekahi i ke kumu e like me ka hopu ʻana no kēia mau holoholona a me ka poʻi.
Kālā ʻōiwi ʻAmelika
ʻO ka poʻomanaʻo ʻAmelika, a i ʻole poʻi ʻulaʻula (lat.Syncerus caffer) - kekahi ʻano o nā bipi, pālahalaha loa ma ʻApelika. ʻO ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻohiwahiwa o ka bipi subfamily, ke ʻano puaʻa Aferika, akā he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia a kū ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻo Syncerus me hoʻokahi ʻano (ʻo ia wale nō kekahi o ka bipi subfamili e noho nei ma ʻApelika).
Kāleka
E hoʻolōʻihi i ka mana a me ka mana o nā paikiki Aferika, he nānā wale ʻia. E hoʻoponopono iā ʻoe iho: ua hiki ke kiʻekiʻe o kona kiʻekiʻe i ʻelua mau mika, a he ʻekolu a me ka hapa kona lōʻihi. ʻO ka paona o kahi kāne pākeke ke pili ana i hoʻokahi ton, a ʻo ka hāliu nui loa ʻaʻole nā pepeiaohao (hiki i ka lōʻihi o ka mita), akā mau hooves. ʻIke nui ka ʻaoʻao mua i ka ʻāina ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wāwae wāwae ma mua o ke kua. ʻO ia ke kumu o ka hālāwai me ka lono poʻo Aferika i ka wikiwiki e lilo i mea hope loa no ka mea i hana.
ʻO ka mea hoʻonani koʻikoʻi o nā ʻelima ʻelima no nā kānaka nunui o ʻAmelika i ka poʻokela Kaffir. Ua ʻoi aku ʻo ia i kahi nui ma mua o kona mau hoahānau a ua pili loa ia i ka wehewehe o ka ʻōlelo i luna. He hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa kona, ka mea, e like me ka mea, ua hoʻolaha ʻia e ka ʻahuʻula ʻulaʻula.
ʻO Habitat a me ke ʻano
Ua wehe ʻē mai ka inoa o nā holoholona, ke ola nei lākou ma ka ʻāina ʻAmelika. Akā, ʻaʻole hiki ke wehewehe maopopo i ka ʻāina a nā poʻe kau a Aferika i makemake ai. Hiki iā lākou ke noho kūpono i ka ulu lāʻau, nā savannah a me nā kuahiwi. ʻO ka koi nui o ka wahi ʻo ia ka kokoke o ka wai. Aia ma kahi kīwaha ʻo Kaffir, Senegalese a me Nile poʻalaʻi makemake e noho.
Ma ka wahi kūlohelohe, hiki ke loaʻa i nā kolone nui o nā palanikoa Aferika i nā wahi palekana i mālama wale ʻia i ka poʻe. ʻAʻole hilinaʻi nā holoholona iā lākou a ho'āʻo e pale iā lākou i nā ala āpau, e like me nā ʻano hoʻoweliweli ʻē aʻe. Ma loko o kēia ʻike he kōkua nui lākou i ke ʻano ʻono a me ka lohe, ʻaʻole e hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia no ka hihiʻo, hiki ʻole ke kapa ʻia ʻo ia he maikaʻi. ʻO ka wahine me nā keiki ʻōpio he mea nui loa ia.
ʻO kahi hoʻonohonoho o ka pipi a me ka hierarchy ma loko kahi i kūpono iki. Ma ka pōʻino liʻiliʻi, neʻe hohonu ka bipi i loko o ka pā, a ʻo ka pā kahiko a ʻoi loa ka mākaukau e uhi iā lākou, e hana ana i kahi pale kaua. Ua kamaʻilio lākou me kekahi me kekahi ma o nā hōʻailona kūikawā a wehewehe pono i kā lākou hana. I ka huina, hiki i nā bipi ke helu mai 20 a 30 mau kanaka o nā makahiki like ʻole.
Ke hoʻohana kanaka
ʻOiai ka manaʻo o ka poʻokela ʻAmelika i kahi pōʻino nui a ke kuʻi loa nei i ka launa ʻana me nā kānaka, ua hoʻomau ʻia ka hopena o ka lawehala, a hoʻohana pono ʻia i loko o ka hale. Hoʻohana ka ʻohana i kēia mau holoholona ma ke ʻano he traction, hana i nā wahi nui ma lalo o nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu.
Eia nō hoʻi, nui ka ʻili o Aferika i like me nā holoholona. Ke ulu nui nei lākou no ka ʻai, a ʻaʻole lākou e kali a hiki i ke keiki i hiki aku ke kiʻekiʻe. Hāʻawi nā wahine i ka waiū maikaʻi maikaʻi loa e loaʻa ana ka nui o ka momona. Hana lākou i ka ʻāʻī ikaika a maloʻo, like me ka tīa feta, a inu i ka ʻai e like me kēlā.
Ma hope o ka luku ʻana i ka puaʻa ʻAmelika, i ka ʻokoʻa i ka ʻiʻo, ua mau ka nui o nā mea pono. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻili e like me ka moena, hana ʻoluʻolu, a waiho hoʻi ma luna o nā lole e pihi ana. I kēia manawa ua hoʻonani ʻia i loko me nā pū kahe nui, a ua hana ʻia nā hana mua mua no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka māla mai lākou. Hoʻokomo nā iwi i ka pāʻani - puhi ʻia i ka umu a me ka ʻāina, hoʻohana ʻia lākou e like me ka pauna a ʻai me ka hānai no nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.
Ke kūlana kūmole a me nā hoʻoweliweli
ʻAʻole i pakele nā ʻatikala ʻAmelika i ka hopena maʻamau o ka nui o nā ʻunika ʻAmelika, kahi i hoʻokahaka maikaʻi ʻia i ka 19th - hapa mua o ka kenekulia 20 ma muli o ke kī hakakā ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka hopena o ka poʻokela paena i ka pōpilikia, no ka laʻana, nā elepani - paha no ka paʻakikī a me ka pilikia o ka hopu ʻana, ʻaʻole i nā mea make nui ke kumukūʻai (ʻaʻole like me ka elephant like me nā manu nui a i ʻole nā manuahi me ka pūlima waiwai). No laila ua hoʻomau nui ʻia ka nui o nā pua. Ua hōʻeha nui ʻia nā pōpoki nui i nā pōpoki i lawe ʻia i ka maʻi o nā maʻi pipi i ʻApelika i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19 me nā holoholona o nā kamaʻāina keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka wī mua o kēia maʻi i waena o nā poʻokela i hoʻomaopopo ʻia i ka 1890.
ʻO ke ʻano pōʻai i kēia manawa, ʻoiai ua nalowale nei i nā wahi ma mua o kona noho mua ʻana, ma nā wahi he nui wale. ʻO ka huina o nā puaʻa o nā subspecies a pau o ʻAmelika ua manaʻo ʻia ma kahi o hoʻokahi miliona mau poʻo. ʻO ka mokuʻāina o nā kānaka, e like me nā manaʻo o ka International Union for Conservation of Nature, "aia nō ma lalo o kahi pōpilikia liʻiliʻi, akā hilinaʻi i nā hana mālama" (Eng. Lower risk, conservation dependence).
Noho ka nui o nā poʻipoʻi kūwaho a paʻa i nā wahi i mālama ʻia i nā wahi ma Africa. Nui nā mea makeke ma nā wahi kaulana ʻē aʻe e like me ka Serengeti a me Ngorongoro (Tanzania) a me ka National Park i kapa ʻia ma hope. Kruger (ʻApelika Hema). Loaʻa nā ʻohana nui o nā puaʻa ma Zambia, ma nā wahi kūlohelohe ma ke kahawai ʻo Luangwa.
Ma waho o nā keena, ʻo ka hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi nui i ka ʻalāʻau ka luku ʻana o ka noho. ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea make nui ke kū i ka ʻāina kūlohelohe a hoʻāʻo e haʻalele i ka ʻāina mahiʻai, no laila ke kīleʻa a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻāina, i ʻole e ulu me ka ulu ʻana o ka poʻe ʻōiwi o Aferika.
Nui nā poʻomanaʻo nui e mālama ʻia ma nā ʻōwili a puni ka honua. Kūleʻa lākou i ka noho pio ʻana, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ko lākou mālama - nā ka poʻi i loko o ka zoo i kekahi manawa a huhū loa. Aia nā hihia i kahi momona i nā mea hakakā.
Wai ka wai
ʻO ka poʻokio ʻAsia, a ʻo ka ʻāiwa ʻāʻīwī (lat. Bubalus arnee) he mau hulu manu i kālai ʻia mai ka ʻohana bovine. ʻO kekahi o nā bipi nui loa. Loaʻa nā pākeke i ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o 3 mau mika. Aia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maloʻo ma ka 2 m, a hiki ke paona i 1000 kg, i kekahi mau mea a hiki i 1200, ma ka awelika, ke kaupaʻa ʻana kekahi kāne makua ma kahi o 900 kg. E kiʻi i nā kani me 2 m, ua kuhikuhi lākou i nā ʻaoʻao a i hope a loaʻa i kahi ʻano lōlō a me kahi māhele pālahalaha. He nui a ʻaʻole paha nā pepeiaʻi nā bipi.
ʻO keʻano o ka helehelena
ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka manaʻo o nā poʻokela Indian he liʻiliʻi ma ka 6 subspecies, ua like lākou a pau i nā hiʻohiʻona like i ka hiʻohiʻona. ʻO kekahi o lākou he mau pepeiaʻe. ʻO ka lōʻihi loa e ulu i ke kua hope, kūleʻe lākou i luna a hoʻākāka i kahi mea kaua koʻikoʻi, he kūlike nō hoʻi no ka poʻe predator a me nā kānaka, a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻole like ke kaulana o nā bipi nui wai wai e like me nā bipi, ʻokoʻa lākou i kahi ʻano - ʻaʻole lākou e ʻā, a pololei.Hōʻike maoli ʻia ʻo ka dimorphism moʻo iho i nā hōʻailona kikoʻī - ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine.
ʻO ka bipi Inia, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o nā keri dwarf, hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka 2 mika. Kūpaʻa nā poʻi makua a hiki i 900 kg ka awelika. Aia ke kanaka he kaupaona ana he 1200 kg. ʻO ke kino paipai ʻia he ʻumi ʻehā paha ka lōʻihi. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā pōlapi ʻē aʻe, he mau wāwae kiʻekiʻe nā bipi. ʻO nā ʻelele o nā ʻano he lōʻihi (a hiki i 90 cm), ʻoi nui.
ʻO ka nui o nā ʻāpana nui o ke kino, hoʻomaikaʻi ka natura i nā nui loa o nā palakiani i India me kahi ola lōʻihi, a hiki i ka 26 mau makahiki i nā kūlana kūlohelohe.
Noho a me nā pilikia mālama i nā ʻano
Noho ʻo nā pōloli Wild Asia ma India, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Laos a me Cambodia, a me Ceylon. Hoʻihoʻi hou i ka waena o ka kenekulia 20, ua loaʻa ka nui o nā pōpoki ma Malaysia, akā i kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻohe holoholona hihiu i waiho ʻia ma laila. Ma ka mokupuni o Mindoro (Philippines) kahi mokulele kūikawā, dwarf subspecies i kapa ʻia ʻo Tamarau (B. b. Mindorensis) i noho i kahi kikowaena kūikawā ʻo Iglit. Ua make wale kēia ʻĀpana.
Akā ʻoi ka nui o ka mōʻaukala o ka noho ʻana o ka puaʻa nui. I ka hoʻomaka o ka makahiki mua BC. e. loaʻa ka poʻokela wai i ka moku ākea mai Mesopotamia a hiki i Kina hema.
Ma ka nui o nā wahi, noho a nā pōpoki i nā wahi palekana i ka hana i ke kanaka a no ka maʻamau ʻole o ka ʻano o ka ʻōlelo. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia ka poʻe wai i loko o Ausetalia i ka kenekulia 19 a ua pālahalaha loa ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāina.
Ma nā'āina Asia, ua emi mau ka nui a me nā helu o nā wai wai. ʻO ke kumu nui no kēia kīhai holoholona, ka liʻiliʻi o ka lawe a lawe ʻia e like me nā pākuʻi koi, akā ʻo ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka noho ʻana, ka lawaiʻa a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā wahi mamao. ʻO nā wahi kahi e noho ai kahi pōloli hihiu i kahi wahi kūlohelohe e lilo a emi iho. ʻO ka mea ʻoiai i kēia manawa, ma India a me Sri Lanka ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka poʻomela a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā paka o ke kaiāulu (ʻo ke kaulana kaulana loa ʻo Kōlei a Kina i loko o ka mokuʻāina o Assam ka nui o nā pōneki. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūlana ma Nepal a me Bhutan.
ʻO kekahi pilikia pilikia ʻē aʻe, ʻo ke kaʻi ʻana ʻana i nā puaʻa maoli me nā mea kīʻaha, ʻo ia ke kumu e pau mālie ai nā holoholona hihiu i kona hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia. Paʻa ʻole ka pale ʻana i kēia ʻike i ka ʻoi loa o kēlā me nā mea nui i nā poʻomela mau ke noho i ka pōʻai a me nā poʻe, a ʻo ia hoʻi, i mālama ʻia ka poʻokela home.
ʻLeʻele a me ke ʻano
Hōʻike ʻia ka wai momona i ka nohona ʻohana. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi mai kahi alakaʻi - nā bipi kahiko, nui mau kāne ʻōpio, ʻo nā bipi a me nā bipi. Ke puka ʻia mai kahi hoʻoweliweli, hoʻāʻo ʻo ka poʻe hipa i nā mea e ʻimi nei. Eia no naʻe, ʻōiwi hou nā holoholona a manaʻo i nā ʻenemi no ka hoʻouka mua ʻana, pinepine ma ko lākou mau papa kuʻuna. I kekahi kūlana, ho'āʻo nā holoholona kahiko e pale i ka ʻōpio.
Hoʻohui ka poʻi wai i kona ola me ka wai kūloe: nā loko a i nā ʻūhū, i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi, ʻae ʻia i nā kahe me nā kahe lohi.
He waiwai koʻikoʻi nā kaukaui:
- ʻO kahi kumu ia i nā meaʻai kūpono. Aia a 70% o ka nui o ka nui o nā mea kanu i ulu i ka wai. ʻO ke koena o ka paena i ʻai ʻia i ke kahakai kahakai.
- E kōkua i nā pōpio India e hoʻokūkū i ka wela o ka lā. E like me ke kānāwai, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pōpō i ke ahiahi a i ke kakahiaka nui no ka meaʻai. I ka lā, ʻaʻole e waiho nā holoholona i ka ʻeleʻeleʻele o kahakai a e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou iho i ka wai. ʻO ka ʻāpana wale nō o ke kino e kū mau ana i ka lewa ʻo ke poʻo.
- Noho ka ʻōpala ma ka wai, a he mau manu ka nui o nā manu ma kahi kokoke, e like me nā ʻona manu keʻokeʻo. Kōkua lākou i ka wai momona i ka hoʻokō i nā parasit. ʻO kēlā mau pepeke, kahi i loaʻa ʻole mau ai nā bipi kau mau lā, make i ka wai.
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā bipi kauhi India kekahi o nā mea ponoʻī o ka hana hou o nā hana kūlohelohe. ʻO ke kaomi i hana ai lākou i ka hoʻopili i ka hoʻōla a me ke kākoʻo i ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Loaʻa nā'ōpuni liʻiliʻi
Ma Philippines, a i ʻole, ma ka mokupuni liʻiliʻi o Mindoro, aia kahi ola liʻiliʻi i kahi kālai mole pālua. ʻO kona kiʻekiʻe he 110 cm wale, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 2-3 mika, a ʻo kona paona he 180-300 kg. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona, ʻoi aku ka like o ka antelope ma mua o ke ʻano kīnā. ʻO nā ʻāpana o ka poʻi tamarou he laʻalā, kūlou i hope, kahi e pili ana i 40 cm ka lōʻihi. ʻAno ka lole, ʻeleʻele a iʻa paha he kekona, i ka hina.
ʻOi a 100-150 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, nā wahi i noho nui ai nā pua ʻenehana tamarou. Ma ka mokupuni ʻo Mindoro, aia kahi ʻino o ka maʻi malaria, makaʻu lākou ka ʻike. Hiki i nā holoholona ke holo mālie ma nā ʻalā lae me ka makaʻu ʻole i nā mea āpau, no ka mea ʻaʻohe nui nā wānana ma ka mokupuni, a ʻo ka tamarou ka nui kahi nui. Akā ua aʻo lākou i ka hakakā ʻana i nā malaria, ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mokupuni e lilo ikaika ʻia ana i ka lehulehu. I kēia manawa ʻaʻole he hapa o ka 100-200 kanaka o kēia ʻano, ua kākau ʻia i ka Red Book.
Noho ʻo kekahi puaʻa liʻiliʻi ma ka mokupuni o Sulawesi. Kapa ʻia he anoa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma ke kālai ʻili. He 80 cm ke kiʻekiʻe a Anoa a keu ke kino o 160 cm. He kaupaona ka wahine ma kahi o 150 kg a ʻo nā kāne ke kaupaona ʻia ʻo 300 kg. ʻAʻohe aneane lauoho ma ko lākou kino, ʻeleʻele ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻili. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā keiki bipi ʻulaʻula. Aia nā ʻano like ʻole o kēia kaalo: ʻihi a me nā ʻalo a ʻihi loa Anoa. I ʻAnoa mahele mau, aia nā pūlima pololei me kahi ʻokiʻī, e like me 25 cm ka lōʻihi.
Loaʻa ke ola poʻina o ka mokupuni liʻiliʻi i kahi makahiki he 20 mau makahiki, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā meaʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe. Anoa ʻokoʻa loa Anoa. ʻOiai ke pale nei lākou i Indonesia, ua lilo pinepine nā holoholona i mau mea pōkole. Ma nā wahi kahi e kū ʻia ai kahi kanaka, hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala ikaika o ka pae ʻāina.
Aia ʻo Sulawesi kekahi o nā mokupuni ākea loa, no laila ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka anoa, ʻaʻohe hopena maikaʻi loa o ka heluna kanaka. ʻAʻole paha a ʻike wale ʻia kēia ʻike ma ke kiʻi a me ke wikiō.
Helu
A hiki i ka kenekulia 19, ua lōkahi ke ʻano poʻokela hae hihiu mai ka mokupuni ʻo Sulawesi a puni. Eia naʻe, me ka ulu ʻana o ka mahiʻai, hoʻomaka nā bipi kau e waiho i nā kahakai, ka neʻe ʻana aku i nā kānaka. ʻO nā wahi hou o nā holoholona dwarf i wae ʻia i nā wahi mauna.
Ma mua o ke Kaua Honua II, ua nui ka helu o nā puaʻa. Mālama i nā rula o ka hana puaʻa i nā holoholona mai ka luku, ʻoi aku, ua make pinepine kekahi kanaka i ka anoa. Ua loli maoli ka kūlana ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II.
Ua loaʻa i nā kamaʻāina kūloko i nā puʻu koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi. Loaʻa iā lākou ka ʻai no ka anoa. Ua hoʻohiolo mau ʻia nā rula o ka huki, a ua haʻalele ʻia nā hana i mālama ʻia e pale aku ai i nā pōpoki.
Ma muli o ka hilahila o nā holoholona, ʻaʻole hiki ke aʻo ʻokoʻa pono i ka holoholona. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua i ka palena o ka pauahi. ʻAʻole maopopo ka nui o ka nui o ka paly. Nui aku nā poʻe kuahiwi ma ke ʻano maoli, mahalo i nā mauna i hiki ai iā ʻoe ke peʻe i ka pilikia. Hoʻopau ʻia nā huaʻai i nā mea hōʻeuʻeu e nā poʻe wānana a me nā kamaʻāina kūloko, no laila e hōʻaʻawale mau ʻia kā lākou mau helu.
Ua kākau ka International Union for Conservation of Nature i loko o ka papa puke helu ʻo ka nui o nā holoholona e noho ana i ke pio ʻana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i kahi waihona liʻiliʻi o nā bipi liʻiliʻi.
Nā bipi pāloko
Kūpono ʻia ka nui o ka wai i nā tausani kau mau makahiki i hala. Hiki ke kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi o nā holoholona like a me nā kiʻi puaʻa ma nā palaka Helene kahiko a i nā ʻoihana Sumerian. E māhele ʻia ma ka ʻāina hema o ka ʻāina o Eurasia, mālama ʻia nā bipi e like me nā holoholona ma ke kūkulu hema hema a me Asia Hema. Ua lawe ʻia ʻia lākou i Hawaii, a i Iapana, a i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.
Ma ka'āpana o ka Caucasus māhele'āina, kahi huaʻai kūloko e hoʻomaka ana mai nā bipi hihiu ʻĀina ua noho lōʻihi ʻia. I kēia manawa, ke holomua nei ka hana no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā holoholona o ke kūloko: e hoʻonui ana i ka momona o ka iʻa a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka waiū waiū no nā pua ʻala. Ma ka hana maʻamau, mai ka waiū, ka mea i hoʻohua i ka gatyg a i ʻole yogut, kaymag (ʻoi aku ka momona momona momona) a me ka ayran. I kēia manawa, hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻenehana huahana no ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano ʻaka ʻole, no ka mea, ʻike ʻia ʻo ka mozzarella Italia e like me ke ʻano kumu i hana ʻia mai i ka waiwa ʻona.
ʻO nā bipi ʻōlima nā mea maʻamau ma Bulgaria (ʻolama puaʻa Indo-Bulgaria), a ma Italia a me ka māhele Balkan. Ke kūʻai ʻia nei lākou ma Transcarpathia a me ka ʻāina Lviv (Ukraine). ʻO ka ʻai momona a me ka waiū he meaʻai maikaʻi.
Ma India, kahi e kuhi ʻia ai ka ʻiʻo o nā bipi maʻamau, ʻo ka nui o ka kīʻaha kaiāulu ke kumu o kēia ʻai protein. ʻAʻole pili ʻia ka pāpā i nā bipi kīkū, a ua kīi ʻia lāua i ka wai hānai a me nā holoholona pipi. Aia ma Asia Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema, nā holoholona ikaika loa ikaika ka ikaika. Me ke kōkua o nā bipi, hoʻomohala nā kānaka i nā māla laiki, e hana ana i nā kīniki i nā palu mua a me nā ʻūlū. Ma nā kuahiwi a i ʻole nā wahi ʻāpana e hiki ʻole ai i nā lio ke hana, lawe ʻia nā ʻano kalai he nui no lākou.
ʻO nā pēpē pinepine pinepine i ke kauā i nā pōpoki hihiu iā lākou iho, e hoʻolalelale ana i ka maʻemaʻe o ke koko o ka poʻe o ka hopena. I ka loaʻa pinepine, loaʻa nā bipi hihiu i kā lākou koi kūlohelohe, hana i nā hua me kahi genotype i hui pū ʻia. Ua waiho wale ʻia nā bipi holoholona hihiu he 1 tausani mau poʻo wale.
Kumukuai Paaʻai
Ma kahi kokoke i nā hōʻailona huahana nui nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kīleʻa o nā pōpoki i nā bipi maʻamau. No laila, ʻo ka maʻamau o ka luku ʻana ʻaʻole eʻoi aku ma mua o 47%, ʻoiai ma nā holoholona maʻamau e pili ana kēia hōʻailona mai ka 50-60%. I ka manawa like, ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻiʻo ka maʻi maʻamau loa, e ʻōlelo i ka liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka make ʻana o nā pipi maoli a paʻakikī loa ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka musk, no laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano like me ka pipi maʻamau. Pono ia i kau ʻia ma kahi ololi hohonu (no ka laʻana, e hana i nā kao), a i ʻole e hānai i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe (no ka laʻana, e hana ai i ka ʻai ʻīlio. Akā ʻoi aku ka ʻiʻo o nā holoholona ʻōpio a emi iki paha me ka pipi, ʻoiai inā e hoʻēmi ʻia ma ka ʻiʻo. Ma ke ala, ʻo nā puaʻa manuahi o ʻAmelika a me ʻAulalia nā mea ʻenemi o ka lawaiʻa, akā ʻaʻole ko lākou ʻiʻo i ka waiwai kūikawā.
ʻAʻole makemake ʻia nā momona waiū i ka waiū - 1400-1700 lita no ka lactation, ʻo ia ka 2-3 mau manawa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka ʻiʻo maʻamau a me nā pipi waiū (ʻaʻole e haʻi pono ʻia nā ʻano momona maoli). Eia naʻe, ʻo ka pono o nā pā kau, ʻo kā lākou waiū i aila maoli ʻia. ʻOiai ka waiū bipi maʻamau e loaʻa ana iā 2 a 4% momona, aia ka poʻokela ma 8%. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole nā mea make e hāʻawi i ka waiū, akā i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
ʻO nā ʻili puaʻa ʻona o kekahi waiwai. ʻO ke kaupaona ʻana o nā paena maka loea mai hoʻokahi holoholona he 25-30 kg me ka mānoanoa maʻamau he 7 mm.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kīleʻa
E like me nā kūlana o ka paʻa, ʻo ke kīlei ʻeleʻele a ʻĀmelika e like me ka mea e like me ka pīkī maʻamau. Hōʻilio ʻo ia i nā kīlei i nā manawa like ʻole, ke noho nei i loko o kahi hale hale maʻamau a ma ka ʻāpana āpau, ʻokoʻa ia mai kahi bipi. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomohala ʻelua mau manaʻo kū'ē e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā poʻokela i waena o nā kahu.
Wahi a ka poʻe hoʻoweliweli a ʻoi loa ka hoʻonāukiuki: ʻike hoʻokahi wale nō mea nona a ʻae ʻia ka hānai ʻia wale ʻia e lākou. Akā ʻo ka mea aloha aloha pinepine ʻia ia e hoʻowalewale i kāna papahele e kaʻana waiū. ʻO kekahi, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo ka ʻoi aku ka mālama o nā pōpoki ma mua o nā bipi, a ʻoi aku ka pili ma ka mea ʻona ma mua o nā ʻīlio.
ʻAno keʻa a me ka ʻāʻīwahine Inikonesia ke ʻai ʻoli loa i ka mea ʻai ʻuʻuku a liʻiliʻi loa ka momona, ʻo ia ka mea kūpono ʻole nā bipi. No ka laʻana, hiki i kēia mau holoholona ke hānai i nā ʻōpala a me nā ʻōpala. Eia kekahi, hoʻomanaʻo mākou i ka poʻokela kalepa i kapa ʻia ʻo "ʻano kāwai." Hiki iā lākou ke paʻa maluhia i ka pā kuʻu a me nā wahi nahele nahele kahi i hoka ʻole ai nā bipi maʻamau. Punahele nui ʻo Buffalos ma nā lau o ke kahakai (reeds, sedge), a ʻai pū kekahi i ka ʻōpala, nāʻu a me nā pōpoki a ʻaʻohe pilikia.
Ma nā wahi kahālua ma kahi e pilikia ai ka hānai ʻana i nā holoholona maʻamau, ʻoluʻolu loa nā pōpoki. Eia kekahi, inā he liʻiliʻi kahi liʻiliʻi o ka wai wai kokoke, e ʻoluʻolu lākou e holo i loko o ke kauwela kauwela.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ua ʻae nā pale iā ʻoe i ka malulu, akā ua hāʻawi ʻia i ke kumu hema o kēia ʻano, ʻaʻole pono e ʻoluʻolu ʻia kēia. I nā wahi me ke anuanu maloʻo, pono pono nā holoholona i kahi hale hoʻomohala wela.
Nā pono a me nā hemahema o nā pōʻai
Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻo ke ʻano o nā "bipi" ka pipi a me nā bipi, akā ʻo ka loiloi domesticated kekahi ʻāpana o nā holoholona holoholona. A no ka mea ʻo nā bipi ka mea nui o kēia hui, hana pono ke hoʻohālikelike i nā pono a me nā hemahema o nā pōʻai e like me kā lākou.
ʻO nā pono maʻemaʻe ka:
Eia naʻe, loaʻa nā kumu ākea nui o nā bipi ma Rūsia.
Loaʻa ʻo Buffalos i kahi nui i loaʻa ke kī nui, no ka mea ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea mahiʻai e makemake i nā bipi:
- Hōʻano liʻiliʻi waiū. I lalo o nā kūlana like o ka mālama ʻana a me ka hānai ʻana i ka waiū pōʻaiiki e hāʻawi i nā manawa 2-3 e liʻiliʻi ʻia ma mua o ka ʻiʻo a me ka momona o ka pipi, a me ka 4 mau manawa liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka waiū.
- ʻO ka momona ʻono. ʻOiai ma kēia mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻopiʻi ka poʻe puaʻa i ka puaʻa hou o ka puaʻa, kahi i hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ai nā ʻano ʻono o ka ʻiʻo.
- Kuhi maʻamau. Wahi a nā loiloi o nā mea he nui i hana ʻia i ʻike ʻia i ka pua ʻana i nā pōloli, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia mau holoholona ma mua o nā bipi.
Nā ʻike maoli
- ʻO ka ʻōpiopio mozzarella kaulana o Italia e like me ke ʻano kūpono no ka ʻinekō momona.
- Ma India, kahi o ka pipi no ka hapanui o nā kānaka he holoholona kapu a ʻaʻole i make i ka make no ka ʻai, ua kūʻai aku ʻia, akā naʻe, hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi pinepine i ka pipi a me ka veal. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻano hoʻohuli e ka pili o ka hoʻomana i nā mea make nui, no laila, ma lalo o ka inoa inoa momona, kūʻai aku lākou i kekahi mea wale nō. Ka mea ʻokoʻa mai ka pipi maoli i ka ʻiʻo, ʻokoʻa ka pipi a ʻoi aku ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka pipi.
- I kahi o nā wahi ma Asia Hema (kahi mau wahi o Vietnam, Thailand, Laos), nā pāʻani kīkela punahele e loaʻa ka hoʻouluulu kīʻaha pōʻai.
- Kūpono ka poʻokela momona ʻoi loa no ka hoʻokūkū no ka manawa lōʻihi, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia a momona hoʻi i kahi hana kūikawā.
- Kiʻi kaua i loaʻa me ka ʻole o ke kikowaena kanaka - lawe ʻia nā kau i ka pūnaewele i kekahi me kekahi a me ke hoki a hiki i kahi e pakele ai mai ke kahua kaua a hōʻike paha i nā hōʻailona mau o ka lanakila (no ka laʻana, ua hāʻule i ka wāwae o ka mea lanakila). Lele loa ke kaua ʻana - ʻaʻole nā mea make maoli i hōʻino kekahi i kekahi. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo hoʻi ka hakakā poʻokela i lilo i mea kaulana i nā poʻe mākaʻikaʻi.
ʻO ka kumu o ke ʻano a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: ʻoni a Aferika
He poʻomanaʻo ʻAmelika i koho i nā momi art chodous artiodactyl mammals. ʻO nā lālā i ka ʻohana o nā bovids, kaawale i kahi subfamily hoʻokaʻawale a me nā huaʻala. ʻO ka mea mua o ka nui ʻōiwi ʻAmelika i ka holoholona ungulate flat-breasted, ka mea e like me kahi wildebeest.
Ua ola ka holoholona ma luna o ke kahe o kēia mau ʻāina ma mua o 15 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Mai loko mai ona ka hiki ʻana o ka laina o Simastiuma. Ma kahi o 5 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei i puka mai kahi ʻano genese ungulate kahiko ʻo Ugandax. I ka wā mua o ka Pleistocene, aia kekahi ʻanoʻano kahiko ʻo Syncerus mai laila. ʻO ia ka mea nāna e hoʻāla i ka ʻenehana ʻAmelika hou.
Me ka hiki ʻana o nā poʻokela kahiko i ka ʻāina o ka ʻĀpana hou, ua ʻoi aku nā mea he 90 mau mea nui o kēia mau holoholona nani. Nui a puni ka ʻāina o ko lākou wahi noho. Ua noho lākou ma ka ʻāina ʻAmelika holoʻokoʻa. Loaʻa iā ia ma Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia.
Ma hope aku, ua luku ʻia lākou e ke kanaka, a i loko o ke kūkulu ʻana o ke kūkulu ʻāina i kā lākou pāpā ʻia ʻana mai nā ʻāina Sahara a pau, a ma ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i noho wale ʻia ma nā ʻāina hema. Kūleʻa, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana ʻelua: ʻo ka savannah a me ka ulu lāʻau. Hōʻike ka mua i ka heleʻana o 52 chromosomes, ʻo ka lua he 54 mau chromosome.
ʻO ka poʻe ikaika a ikaika loa paha e noho ana ma nā ʻaoʻao hikina a kūkulu hema paha ma ka ʻāina o ʻAmelika. Ma nā ʻāina ʻākau, noho nā kānaka liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka loko liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka mea i kapa ʻia he poʻokela dwarf, loaʻa ma ka waena waena. I nā Kaua Honua, ua noho kekahi mau subspecies ma ʻAitiopa - kahi ʻalo mele. I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ua nalo loa.
Ehia mau kala momona Aferika?
ʻO ka paona kino o kekahi pākeke ke piʻi aku i ka 1000 kilograma, a ʻoi aku hoʻi. He mea nui ia e hoʻonui kēia mau melates i ke kaupaona o ke kino i ke ola holoʻokoʻa.
ʻOi aku ka momona o ka puʻupuʻu, ʻoi aku kona paona. He lōʻihi ka huakaʻi ʻūpiki nā holoholona. ʻO kona lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o kahi hapakolu o ka lōʻihi o ke kino a he like me ka 75-100 cm. ʻO ke kino o nā luna o nā ʻohana bovids he ikaika, ikaika loa. He liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā wāwae akā ikaika loa. Pono kēia e kū i nā paena nui o ke holoholona. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka mua o ka ʻāpana a ʻoi aku ka nui ma ke kua, no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o nā lālā mua i ke kua ma hope o ke kua.
ʻAuhea e noho ai ka poʻi Aferika?
Kiʻi ʻAmelika:
Noho ka poʻe ʻōuli ʻulaʻula ma ke kāʻei o ka ʻāina ʻAmelika. E like me nā wahi no ka noho ʻana, koho i kahi āpana i waiwai i nā ka wai wai, me nā wahi no hoʻi, kahi nui ka nui o nā lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Noho lākou i ka hānai nui, nā savannah, a i nā kuahiwi. I kekahi mau hihia, hiki iā lākou ke piʻi i nā mauna ma mua o 2,500 mau kiʻekiʻe.
ʻElua mau kenekulia i hala aku nei, ua noho nui nā poʻe ʻAmelika i kahi ākea ākea, e pili pū ana i ko ʻApelika āpau, a helu ʻia ma kahi o 40% o nā puʻupaʻa āpau ma nā wahi. I kēia lā, ua emi nui ka lehulehu o ka poʻe puʻuwai i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa.
Ka Honua Geographic:
E like me ka mea e noho ai, koho i kahi ʻāina i hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia mai nā wahi e noho ai nā kānaka. ʻOi aku ka makemake o ka noho ʻana i nā ulu lāʻau ākea, ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ka lehulehu o nā kumulāʻau me nā lei lāʻau impenetrable. Ua ʻike nā holoholona i ke kanaka he kumu no ka pilikia.
ʻO ka mākaʻikaʻi nui no ka wahi a lākou e koho ai e like me kahi noho ma mua o ka noho ʻana o nā kino wai. Ua makemake aku nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana bovine e noho ʻaʻole mai nā kānaka wale nō, akā ʻo nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka flora a me ka manu.
ʻAʻie nō kēia nā mea i kaʻana like i nā ʻāina me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā mea wale nō ke manu ʻole i kapa ʻia he puaʻa. Mālama lākou i nā holoholona mai nā ʻoki a me nā mea inikua wai hoʻomake wai ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā manu hānai i hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau i nā kua o kēia mau puʻuwai nui.
I ka wā wela o ka wela a me ka ua, ka holoholona i ka haʻalele i ko lākou wahi noho a lanakila i nā wahi ākea i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. ʻO nā holoholona hoʻokahi e noho ana ma waho o ka pipi e kau ana i ka ʻāina a ʻaʻole hoʻi e haʻalele iā ia.
He aha nā mea ʻokiʻoni o Aferika i ʻai ai?
ʻO nā mākaʻi o ka ʻohana bovine he mau lāʻau lāʻau. ʻO ke kumu kumu nui o nā meaʻai nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. ʻO nā pōpō ʻAmelika i manaʻo ʻia he holoholona maikaʻi loa ia i ka ʻōlelo o ke olakino. Makemake lākou i kekahi o nā mea kanu. ʻOiai aia ka nui o nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nā lau a wai hou a hoʻopuni a puni, e nānā lākou i nā meaʻai a lākou e aloha ai.
ʻAi kekahi kanaka pākahi i ka nui o nā mea kanu mea kanu i kēlā me kēia lā e like me ka liʻiliʻi ma ka 1.5-3% o kona kaumaha ponoʻī. Inā liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka meaʻai i kēlā lā i kēia lā, aia nō ke kahe nui ʻana i ka paona kino a me ka nāwaliwali o ka holoholona.
ʻO ka'ōmaʻomaʻo nui o nā mea kanu, he ʻōmaʻomaʻo, succulent nā mea kanu e ulu kokoke ana i nā kino wai. Loaʻa iā Buffalos kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona pili o ka ʻōpū. ʻO ia ka nui o nā kāmena ʻehā. I ka hōʻea ʻana mai o ka meaʻai, ua hoʻopiha mua ka keʻena mua. Ma muli o ke kānāwai, ʻo ka meaʻai i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole ʻole e loaʻa ma laila. A laila kanu ʻia a ʻāʻī pinepine no ka manawa lōʻihi e hoʻopiha i nā koena o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū.
Paʻi ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i ka pōʻeleʻele. I ke ahiahi lele lākou e hūnā ma ka malu o nā ululāʻau, ʻāʻulu i nā ʻōpala lepo. Hiki iā lākou ke hele wale aku i kahi wai. Hoʻopau kekahi kanaka makua ma ka liʻiliʻi 35-45 lita o ka wai no ka lā. I kekahi manawa, me ka nele o nā mea lāʻau uliuli, hiki i nā lāʻau maloʻo ke lawelawe i ke ʻano kai. Eia naʻe, makemake iki nā holoholona i kēia ʻano lāʻau.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me nā ʻano hana
Kuhi: holoholona holoholona ʻōpiopio
ʻO nā poʻi ʻAmelika i manaʻo ʻia nā holoholona gregarious. He ʻano lākou no ka hana i nā hui ikaika. ʻO ka nui o kēia hui e hilinaʻi i ka ʻāina ma kahi o nā holoholona e noho ai. Ma ka'āpana o nā savannas wehe, ʻo ka helu maʻamau o nā holoholona he 20-30 holoholona, a i ka wā e noho ai i ka ulu lāʻau, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o ka ʻumi. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wela wela a me ka huluhulu, hoʻohui nā pipi liʻiliʻi i loko o kahi hui nui. Loaʻa i kēia mau pūʻulu he ʻekolu mau pahuhopu.
ʻEkolu mau hui o nā holoholona:
- Hoʻokomo ʻia ka bipi i nā kāne, wahine, ʻōpio keiki ʻōpiopio.
- ʻO nā kāne ma mua o 13 mau makahiki.
- ʻO nā poʻe'ōpio he 4-5 mau makahiki.
Hana kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka hana i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia. E mākaukau, ʻo nā pākeke kāne pālahalaha a puni ka perimeter a mālama i ka ʻāina i noho ʻia. Inā ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli i ka holoholona a ʻaʻohe pōpilikia, hiki iā lākou ke pālahalaha i kahi lōʻihi lōʻihi. Inā kānalua ka poʻe bipi, a i ʻole a pōʻino paha lākou, i ka pūnao pōpoki loloa, a i waenakonu o nā wahine a me nā keiki bipi ʻōpiopio. Ke kūʻē ʻia e nā poʻe predator, hoʻomalu ikaika nā kāne pākeke a pau i nā nāwaliwali nāwaliwali o ka hui.
I ka huhū, hoʻowahāwahā loa nā kau. Hoʻohana ʻia nā pepeiaohani nunui e pale ʻia a i ka hoʻouka ʻana. I ka hōʻeha ʻana i kā lākou mea i hōʻeha ʻia, hoʻopau lākou iā lākou me ko lākou mau umu, aʻo ia manawa ka hehi ʻana iā ia i nā hola he nui, a hiki i kahi mea ʻole e koe. Hiki i nā bipi keʻokeʻo ke kūkulu i kahi wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe - a hiki i 60 km / h, holo aku i ka alualu, a i ʻole kekahi kūlike, e alualu ana i kekahi. Kuʻi wale nā kāne ʻelemakule i ka pākau a alakaʻi i kahi nohona kūʻokoʻa. He pōʻino loa lākou. Hiki i nā holoholona ʻōpio ke hakakā i nā pipi a hana i kā lākou holoholona ponoʻī.
Kūkulu ʻia nā pōleʻeleʻeleʻele i kahi nohona nocturnal. I ka pō, puka lākou mai ka mau māla a wī a ʻū a hiki i ke kakahiaka. I ka lā e hūnā ai lākou mai ka lā wela i ka ulu lāʻau, lawe i nā ʻaulu lepo a moe wale paha. Haʻalele wale nā holoholona i ka nahele no ka hoʻoulu ʻana. Koho mau ka pua i kona wahi e noho ai ka palena ma kahi o ka nui. ʻAʻohe ona maʻamau iā ia e haʻalele i ka waihona waiwai ma kahi o ʻekolu mau mile.
He mau kānaka ʻauʻau lawaiʻa nā ʻAmelika. Ua maʻalahi lākou ke hele i ka loko i ka wā e neʻe ai i ka lōʻihi e ʻimi ai i ka meaʻai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou makemake e hele hohonu i ka wai. ʻO ka palena i loaʻa i kahi pūʻulu o nā mea kanu puaʻa ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma kahi o 250 mau kilomita square. Ke noho nei i nā nohona kūlohelohe, hāʻawi ʻo ka pōʻai a ʻAmelika i kahi leo koʻikoʻi. Nā mea pilikino o ke kahaki e kamaʻilio pū kekahi me kekahi ma o ka neʻe ʻana o ke poʻo a me ka huelo.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻenehana a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: ʻoni a Aferika
Hoʻomaka ka wā hānai o ka poʻi ʻōiwi a ʻAmelika i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Malaki a kū i ka hopena o ka puna. No ke kūlana alakaʻi i ke kulana, a me ka pono i ka hoa kāne me ka wahine o ko lākou koho, nā kāne pinepine ke kaua. ʻOiai he kūpono nā hakakā a nā hakakā, ua maʻa pinepine lākou i ka make. I ka wā o kēia manawa ua kani nui ke kani ʻana o nā poʻo, a ʻehā i ko lākou mau poʻo, a ʻōloe i ka ʻāina me ko lākou mau ʻūlū. Loaʻa i nā kāne ikaika nā kuleana e komo i ka mare. Hōʻike pinepine ia i kahi kāne i komo i ka mare me nā wahine hoʻokahi i ka manawa.
Ma hope o ka moe ʻana, 1011 mau mahina ma hope, e hānau ʻia nā keiki bipi. Hānau ʻia nā wahine ʻaʻole i hoʻokahi bipi keiki. Ma mua o ka hānau ʻana, haʻalele lākou i ka bipi a huli i kahi maluhia.
Ke hānau ke pēpē, mālamaʻo ia i ka makuahine. ʻO ka nui o ka pēpē he 45-70 kilograms. Ke 40-60 mau minuke ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, ke hahai nei nā keiki bipi i ko lākou makuahine i ke kahui. Hāpai nā pōpoki ʻaka a ʻAmelika i ka ulu, ulu a loaʻa i ke kaumaha kino koke. I ka malama mua o ke ola, inu lākou ma ka liʻiliʻi o elima mau waiū o ka umauma i kēlā me kēia lā. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lua o ka malama o ke ola, hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻāʻo i nā mea kanu meaʻai. Pono ka waiū umauma a hiki i ka makahiki ʻeono a ʻehiku mau mahina.
Hoʻokū ʻia nā cubs i ko lākou makuahine a hiki i kā lākou ʻekolu a ʻehā makahiki paha. A laila pau ka makuahine e mālama a mālama iā lākou. Ua haʻalele nā kāne i ka pipi a lākou i hānau ai i mea e hana ai i kā lākou holoholona, a noho mau nā wahine i loko o laila. ʻO ka maʻamau ka nui o ke ola o kahi pōpoki kalepa he 17-20 mau makahiki. I ka pio, hoʻonui ʻia ke manaʻolana i ka 25-30 mau makahiki, a mālama ʻia ka hana hoʻohua.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā loio Aferika
ʻO ke kiʻi: ka poʻe ʻumeʻaka ʻo Aferika i kahi liona
He mau holoholona ikaika a ikaika nā poʻo nui o ʻAmelika. Ma kēia ʻike, liʻiliʻi loa lākou i nā ʻenemi ma ko lākou wahi kūlohelohe. Hiki i nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana holoholona i nā holoholona hānai hiki ke hoʻoikaika ikaika i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka poʻe i hōʻeha ʻia, ʻeha, a nāwaliwali o ka hui.
Hiki i nā Helminths a me nā waiū hoʻomo koko ona hoʻoili ʻia e nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe. Hoʻopili lākou i ka parasitize i ke kino o nā holoholona, e hoʻoiho i nā hana maʻi. Mai kēlā mau ʻano kalalela o nā manu hoʻopakele i noho nui i nā kua o nā holoholona nui a ʻai i kēia mau manu. ʻO kekahi ala e pakele ai mai nā palahele e kau pū ana i nā palu lapuwale. Ma hope mai, hala ka pala, a ʻaloka a hāʻule i lalo. E hui pū me ia, ua waiho ʻia nā mea kanu a pau a me kā lākou ʻōpio i ke kino o ka holoholona.
ʻO kahi ʻenemi hou loa o ka poʻokela maʻa he nui e manaʻo ʻia he kanaka a me kāna mau hana. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka maʻi ʻolua me nā mea kīwaha, akā ua hoʻopau ka poʻe poʻomanaʻo i kēia mau bipi i nā helu he nui no ka ʻiʻo, nā pu a me ka ʻili.
Ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana a me nā ʻano
Kiʻi: ʻoni a Aferika
ʻO nā ʻōliki Aferika he holoholona laka ʻole, a he holoholona paha ma ka hope o kahi i pau. Ma kēia mea, ʻaʻole ia i kau inoa ʻia ma ka Buke Red. Wahi a kekahi hōʻike, aia he miliona mau poʻo o kēia holoholona i ka honua i kēia lā. I kekahi mau wahi o ka ʻāina o Aferika, ua ʻae ʻia ka lawaiʻa ʻoniʻoni ʻawaʻawa.
Aia ka hapanui o nā pōpoki ma loko o nā wahi i pale ʻia a me nā kīkaha o nā ʻāina, aia ka malu o ka lā ʻo Kayzania, ma Kruger National Park ma ʻApelika Hema, ma Zambia, i nā wahi i mālama ʻia o ka awāwa o Luangwa.
ʻO ka kahi o nā pōlio ʻAmelika ʻeleʻele ma waho o nā kīlei a me nā wahi i pale ʻia, paʻakikī e nā hana a ke kanaka a me ka hoʻomohala ʻia o nā ʻāina nui. ʻAʻole hiki i nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana bovine ke ʻae i ka domesticated ʻāina, nā ʻāina mahiʻai a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokuʻi i nā kūlana hoʻololi o nā wahi e puni ana.
Kālā ʻōiwi ʻAmelika ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka mōʻī piha o ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO kēia mau holoholona weliweli, ikaika a ikaika i nā makaʻu a me ke aliʻi wiwo ʻole o nā holoholona - ka liona. Nani maoli ka mana a me ka nani o kēia holoholona hihiu. Eia naʻe, lilo ia i hikiʻole iā ia ke ola i ka nahele.
Hoʻoponopono maikaʻi i ke ʻano
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻōpū o nā poʻokela ma Asia e nā ʻāpana kino liʻiliʻi a me ka kino nani. ʻO nā pū kekahi, ʻaʻole i mamao.
I nā ʻōliki ʻAmelika, ʻaʻole i like nui ka nui o nā kāne a nā kāne: ʻo ko lākou lōʻihi, ma ka awelika, he 10-20% iki ka liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka lula ʻana, ʻaʻole e ulu pū i ka lei o ko lākou mau poʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kumu o ka "pale "ʻAʻole ʻano.
Nā ʻano puaa
Aia kahi ʻano puaʻa: ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika.
I ka huli ʻana, ua pili nā ʻano o nā poʻokela ʻAmelika i kekahi mau ʻano.
Hōʻike ʻia nā poʻokela ʻAmelika i hoʻokahi wale nō mea, e komo ai kekahi mau subspecies, e komo pū ana me kahi poʻokela auahi dwarf, a like ʻole ma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ʻelua - ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 120 cm ma nā maloʻo, a me kahi ʻulaʻulaʻula, i hui ʻia me nā mālamalama ʻeleʻele ma ke poʻo, ka ʻāʻī, nā poʻohiwi a me na wawae hema o ka holoholona.
ʻOiai ke noʻonoʻo nei o kekahi mau noiʻi i nā loilo manu dwarf ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokaʻawale, hāʻawi pinepine lākou i nā hua kanu mai ka puaʻa mua o ka ʻAmelika.
ʻO Habitat, noho
Ma nā wahi nahele, ka noho ʻana o nā pōlio ʻAmelika i Nepal, India, Thailand, Bhutan, Laos a me Kēsia. Ua loaʻa iā lākou ma ka mokupuni o Ceylon. ʻOiai i ka waena waena o ka kenekulia 20, ua noho lākou ma Malaysia, akā na kēia manawa, ʻaʻole paha, aia paha lākou i ka iʻu.
ʻO Tamarau kahi maʻi endoma o ka mokupuni o Mindoro, he lālā o ka ʻāina mokulele o Filipina. Ua ʻāmaʻomaʻo nō hoʻi ʻo Anoa, akā ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma ka moku ʻo Indonesia. Akin ki kāna mau ʻano - mauna anoa, ʻokoʻa ʻo ia ʻo Sulawesi, ke ʻike ʻia ma ka moku liʻiliʻi o Bud, aia ma kahi kokoke i kona wahi noho.
Kālele ʻia nā poʻi Aferika i kahi e noho ai ʻo ʻAmelika, kahi e noho ai ʻo ia ma kahi ākea ākea hema o ka Sahara.
ʻAi like nā ʻano puaʻa like ʻole e noho i nā wahi momona i loko o nā lau uʻi.
Hiki ke piʻi aku ka poʻe Asia ma kahi mauna, kahi e loaʻa ai lākou ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1,85 km ma luna o ke kai. Kūpono maoli nō kēia no ka tamarau a me nā mauna anoa, makemake nui e noho i nā kuahiwi kuahiwi.
Hiki i ka poʻi Aferika ke noho ma nā kuahiwi a me nā mokulālā pōpilikia, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o kēia mau ʻano, eia naʻe ke makemake e noho i ka savannah, kahi nui ka nui o nā mea kanu, ka wai a me nā mea kanu lāʻau.
ʻAʻohe! Pili loa ke ʻano o ke ola o nā pōkela me ka wai, no laila e noho kokoke ana kēia mau holoholona i nā kino wai.
ʻAiʻai ʻai
E like me nā hānai āpau, ʻai ʻia kēia mau holoholona i nā meaʻai kanu, ʻoi aʻe, hilinaʻi kā lākou ʻai i ke ʻano a me nā ʻāina o ka noho ʻana. No laila, no ka laʻana, ʻai nui ka puaʻa ʻAsia i nā mea kanu aku i ka ʻatikala, nona ka ʻāpana i kāna papa inoa he 70%. ʻAʻole hoʻi ʻo ia e hōʻole loa i nā mea kanu ʻaiʻai a me nā nāhelehele.
ʻAi ʻia nā poʻo Aferika i nā mea kanu grassy me kahi mea momona piha o ka fiber, ʻoi aku ka hāʻawi maikaʻi ʻana i nā mea liʻiliʻi wale nō, e hoʻololi ana i kahi mea kanu lāʻau ʻē inā pono wale nō. Akā hiki iā lākou ke ʻai i nā greens mai nā mea kanu lāʻau, ko lākou kaheʻana i kā lākou meaʻai e like me ka 5% o nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe a pau.
Hoʻohana nā hua manu manu i nā mea kanu, nā ʻōpio, nā hua, nā lau, a me nā mea kanu kai.
Pahu a keiki
I nā pōpō ʻApelika i hāʻule mai ka hua puaʻa i ka pūnāwai. ʻO ka manawa kūpono ma kēia manawa, ma waena o nā kāne o kēia ʻano ua ʻike kekahi i nā mea kūlohelohe a waho, akā kokoke he hakakā koko, ʻo ke kumu no ka make ʻole ʻana o kahi hoa paiʻi a i ʻole e hōʻeha kino iā ia, akā he hōʻike nō ka ikaika. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā o ka rut, nā kāne a ikaika loa a i ke ferocious, no ka mea, he poʻoniʻo kona nui o Cape buffalo e noho nei ma Africa hema. No laila, ʻaʻole palekana ke kau aku iā lākou i kēia manawa.
Hoʻomoe ka maleʻa mai 10 a 11 mau mahina. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ʻia ka kalewa i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ua kime, a ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, hānau mai ka wahine i hoʻokahi i kaupaona ma kahi o 40 kg. He mau bipi keiki nui ka Cape subspecies; ʻo ke kaumaha ma mua o 60 kg ma ka hānau ʻana.
Ma hope o ka hapalua o ka hola, kū aʻe ke kū i kona wāwae a hahai i ka makuahine. ʻOiai ke kau mua nei o ke keiki bipi i ka wī i ka mauʻu i hoʻokahi makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hānai ʻo ia me ka waiū i ka waiū noʻeono mau mahina. Akā e pili ana iā 2-3 hou, a e like me kekahi mau hōʻike, e 4 mau makahiki ka noho ʻana o ke keiki kāne me kona makuahine, ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka pipi.
ʻAʻohe! ʻO ka wahine e ulu ana, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole ia e haʻalele i kēlā me kēia o kāna pua hānau. Hiki ʻo ia i ka wā poperty i 3 mau makahiki, akā ʻo ka manawa mua e lawe mai ai i nā hua maʻa, ʻo ka maʻamau ʻo 5 mau makahiki.
I nā kīakū ʻĀsia, ʻaʻole maʻamau ka manawa like o ka pua hakahaka me kahi manawa kūikawā.ʻO kā lākou hānauʻana e mau ana he 10-11 mau mahina a hoʻopau i ka hānau ʻana o kekahi, ʻokoʻa pinepine - ʻelua mau mania, nāna e hānai me ka waiū, ma ka awelika, noʻeono mau mahina.
Kaona a me ke kūlana o nā ʻano
Inā ʻike ʻia nā ʻano poʻomanaʻo ʻAmelika nui a maikaʻi loa nā ʻano like ʻole, a laila me nā mea o ʻAsia, mamao loa nā mea āpau. ʻO nā wai ʻenehana wai ākea nui o kēia manawa he mau mea pau ʻole. Eia kekahi, nā kumu nui o kēia mea no ka hoʻopōʻino ʻana a me ka ʻoki ʻana i ka wā ma mua o nā wahi i noho ʻole ʻia ai kahi i noho ai nā puaʻa hihiu.
ʻO ka pilikia nui ka lua no ka wai o ka wai, ʻo ka nalowale ia o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe koko ma muli o ka hele pinepine ʻana o kēia mau holoholona me nā bipi home.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka lahui tamarau e pili ana i nā ʻano lāʻau ma ka palena o ka piha ʻana i ka makahiki 2012 ma mua o 320 mau kānaka. ʻO ʻAnoa a me ka mauna anoa, no nā holoholona i hoʻopiha he nui loa: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o nā pākeke o nā holoholona ʻelua ma mua o 2500 mau holoholona.
He pilina koʻikoʻi ʻo Buffalos ma nā ʻōnaehana o ko lākou mau noho. No ka nui o nā lehulehu, ʻo nā kānaka Aferika i kēia mau holoholona ka mea nui e loaʻa ai nā meaʻai nui no nā mea nui e like me nā liona a me nā leopona paha. A ʻo Asia buffalos, ʻoiai, he pono e mālama i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu i nā kino wai, kahi lākou e hoʻomaha ai. ʻO nā poʻo Wild Asian, i hoʻomau ʻia i ka wā kahiko, ʻo ia kekahi o nā holoholona holoholona nui, ʻaʻole wale nō ma Asia wale nō akā i Europe hoʻi, kahi nui ka poʻe o lākou i Italia. Hoʻohana ʻia ka poʻokela paniona ma ke ʻano he papa hana, no ka ʻoka ʻana i nā mahina, a me ka waiū, aia kekahi mau manawa kiʻekiʻe o ka momona momona ma mua o nā pipi maʻamau.
ʻO nā ʻano nui o nā pua
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, aia nā ʻohana puaʻa i ka ʻohana o nā bovids, kahi nui o nā holoholona nui. He heogogous ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka palolo, a he nui nō me nā ʻano like ʻole:
Noho kēia mau holoholona i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka honua, ʻokoʻa i ka nui a me nā hiʻohiʻona. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā pōlio puaʻa ma kahi o 5,000 mau makahiki i hala. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e like me nā holoholona ma India a me kekahi mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe o Asia Hema. Hoʻololi kēia ʻiʻo kīʻawa i ka pipi no Hindus, no ka mea, ʻaʻole pono kēia mau holoholona i paia. Ka momona a lākou me kā lākou waiū.
100 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻili ʻia nā poʻokela. Ua nui nā ʻano like ʻole mai ka ihu o ka honua, aia kekahi ma ka ʻūloʻi i kēia manawa. ʻO nā pu ʻoniʻoni nui, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ko Asia mau mea i manaʻo ʻia he trophy nui loa. No ka mea akamai nui kēia mau holoholona nui, ʻano paʻakikī loa lākou, ʻaʻole i maʻalahi ka pana ʻana iā lākou, no ka mea, ke kīloi i ke ʻano o nā pu a me ke kupapaʻu o kahi poʻokela, e ʻōlelo ana i ka ʻike nui o ka maka. Eia nō ka helu nui ʻia o nā holoholona hihiu o kēia mau ʻatikala ma ka Red Book, a ʻoi no ka ʻimi manu ʻana no lākou.
Buffalos: wehewehe manaʻo
He nui nā mamalia rumela. No lākou ka poʻe subfamily o nā bipi o ke kauoha o artiodactyls o ka ʻohana bovine. Ma o kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona, kokoke lākou i nā bipi. He holoholona nui kēia me nā pū nui. ʻO lākou ka mea lōʻihi loa ma ka honua, no laila he lei lole o ka holoholona. Nui kekahi ʻano o nā holoholona hihiu.
Nā ʻano āpau i loaʻa i ko lākou mau hiʻohiʻona i ka helehelena, ʻokoʻa i ka hana, ʻano. ʻO ka poʻokela ʻAmelika i manaʻo ʻia ka nui loa o kēia mau ʻano. Hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe i nā lau e hiki i ka 1,8 mika, ʻoiai ua paʻa ke kino a paʻa i ke kino.
ʻĀpio ka bipi ʻōleʻa ma ka maloʻo i hiki ke kiʻekiʻe o 2 mika. Eia naʻe, ʻike ʻia nā nui o ka poʻokela i nā kāne makua. Ua liʻiliʻi nā wahine. Hiki i ke ʻano o nā puaʻa ʻē aʻe ke kiʻekiʻe ma ka malo o 60 a 105 cm.
Loaʻa i nā ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole o nā pepeiaohao. ʻO nā pepeiaohui lōʻihi wai ʻōhā like ʻole. Hoʻokū ko lākou mau pepeiaohao a hiki i 2 mau mika. Ulu ka ulu liʻiliʻi i ka ʻaoʻao a i hope, loaʻa i ke ʻano o ka lua. Ua pōkole iki nā lālā o ka ʻAmelika. Ke ulu nei lākou i nā ʻaoʻao a kūlou i kahi pūlū. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā pepeiaohao i ke kumu a hoʻokumu ʻia i kahi ʻano o ke kūlou ma ke poʻo o ka holoholona. ʻO ʻĀrima mau maka pōkole ʻo Tamaru a me Anoa a hiki i 39 cm lōʻihi. He cylindrical i ko lākou mau pepeiaohao a paʻa ʻia.
ʻO nā ʻeleʻio wahine a me nā wahine ʻē ʻokoʻa loa i ko lākou nui, a me nā pū. ʻO ka wahine wili liʻiliʻi lākou a ʻaʻole paha. Ma aneane he ʻewalu mau manawa lākou ma mua o nā kāne i ka nui.
ʻO ka papale ʻana o kēia mau holoholona manu. Hoʻokipa ʻia ke kihi o kahi huʻu me kahi pala o ka lauoho lōʻihi. He huluhulu ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha ka huluhulu ʻAmelika. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nānā ʻana e ka maka ʻulaʻula hina. ʻLelo ʻ Asiansia loaʻa i kahi pālamalama lohi ma nā wāwae ma mua o ke kino.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā umu i mua ma hope o ka hope, ʻoiai lākou e kū ai i ka paona kino kaumaha. Loaʻa a kāʻei ʻoi a ʻoi ka ʻala. Nunui a ākea ka pepeiao o nā holoholona.
Kiʻi: poʻokela (25 kiʻi)
Nā ʻōnaehana a me nā subspecies
He ʻano ʻokoʻa nā poʻe Aferika i hāʻawi ʻia i nā helu subspecies i hala. I ka kenekulia 19, ma mua o ke ʻano o ka mana o nā poʻohiwi hou i hana ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi a hiki i 90 subspecies.
I kēia manawa, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia nā ʻano ʻano āpau a me nā lāhui ʻē aʻe o nā loio ʻApika i hoʻokahi ʻano ʻano, he ʻano 4-5 e wehe like ʻole i nā subspecies:
- Pūnohu tīma - nā subspecies maʻamau, ʻo ia ka nui. Kahi ʻēheu i Hema me ʻAmelika Hikina. ʻO nā mea nui o kēia subspecies e noho ana ma ke kūkulu hema o ka ʻāina ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o nā ʻināʻāina he nui nui a koʻikoʻi - nā mea kēia e kapa ʻia nei. nā pua loulou (Nā haumāna Pelekane Cape buffalo). ʻO ke kala o kēia subspecies ka mea ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele
- Syncerus caffer nanus Boddaert, 1785 - Lio weli - ʻulaʻula - kūmole subspecies (Latin nanus - dwarf). ʻO ka poʻokela o kēia subspecies a liʻuliʻi loa - ka kiʻekiʻe ma ka maloʻo i emi iho ma lalo o 120 cm, a ʻo ka paona awelika he 270 kg. Keʻulaʻula ka kala hāwele o ka laula, a me nā wahi ʻeleʻele ma ke poʻo a me nā poʻohiwi, ʻo ka lauoho ma nā pepeiao ka tassels. Kui pinepine nā keri Dwarf i nā wahi nahele o Central a me West Africa. He ʻokoʻa ʻē kēia subspecies mai ke ʻano a ke ʻano he mau mea noiʻi i mea he iwi ʻokoʻa. S. nanus . ^ E Ha yM. Ma waena o nā subspecies maʻamau a me nā pilahi dwarf, ʻaʻole maʻamau.
- S. c. brakipoli, a i ole Sudalo buffalohana morphologically i kahi kūlana waena ma waena o nā subspecies i ʻōlelo ʻia. Noho ia ma Komohana Komohana. He liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ka nui o kona mau ʻōhua, ʻo ia hoʻi ka nui o nā pōpō i loaʻa ma Kamerona, he paona ʻo ka hapalua o ka nui o nā subpicies o ʻAmelika Hema (ʻo ka bipi kaupaona ʻo 600 kg e manaʻo ʻia he nui loa ma kēia mau wahi).
- S. c. aequinoctialise paa ana i kona wahi no Aferika Aferika. Hoʻohālike ia i ka loio Cape, akā he liʻiliʻi iki aʻe, a ʻoi aku ka māmā o kona waihoʻoluʻu.
- S. c. kamaʻāina, a i ole mokuhulu mauna (ʻAʻole i hāʻawi ʻia kēia ʻākuhi e nā mea noiʻi). ʻO kona wahi ka ʻāina kiʻekiʻe o East Africa.
ʻO nā poʻokela no Aferika ke ʻano nui o ka bipi subfamily ma Africa. Akā i ka hope ma Pleistocene ma Africa ʻĀkau o Sahara, he kanaka nunui alo ʻōkiʻou lōʻihi (lat. Pelorovis antiquus) pili i ka ʻenehana. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka nui nui - ma luna o 2 m ma nā pūlea - a me nā pepeiaohao nui me kahi ala o ka aneane ʻekolu mau mika. Ua hoʻopau ʻia kona hoʻopau ʻana ma kahi o 8,000 tausani mau makahiki i hala pū me ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā ʻelele nui o nā ʻāmaʻina Pleistocene a, ʻaʻole paha i hiki mai me ke komo ʻana o ke kanaka.
Nā kuʻuna a me nā home
ʻO ka māhele maoli o ka loiloi o Aferika a nui loa - ʻo hoʻokahi kenekolo a me hoʻokahi hapa ma mua, ʻo ke ʻano nui o nā pōpoki ke holoholona nui nā holoholona o nā ʻĀrato a ʻArara, a, e like me kekahi mau noiʻi hou, e pili ana i ka 35% o ka biomass o ka nui o ka ungulate o ka ʻāina. Ano ua mālama ʻia ia i kekahi nui nui ma nā wahi āpau. Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ka hema a me ka hema o ʻAmelika, i nā wahi liʻiliʻi i hoʻolālā ʻia.
Ua hoʻokomo ka wai ʻōiwi ʻAmelika i mau ʻano biotopes, mai nā ululāʻau mānoʻu e wehe i nā savannah. Ma nā mauna e ʻike ʻia ana a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o 3000 m.A ka nui o nā poʻomanaʻo Afrikano e noho ana i ka waiva nui i ka ua, kahi makahiki a nui ka wai, ka mauʻu me nā kaola. Eia naʻe, ma nā wahi a pau e pili pili ʻia ana me ka wai a ʻaʻole lōʻihi e noho i kahi o nā wai wai. ʻAʻole ia ma ka wahi i emi iho ai ma lalo o 250 mm o ka ua i ka makahiki i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Kūkulu maoli, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nei ka poʻi puaʻa i ka mālama kūlohelohe a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe e pale ʻia nei. Aia wale nā poʻokela i hoʻohua i nā holoholona, helu ʻia i nā holoholona he mau haneli.
ʻO ke ʻano momona nui
ʻO kahi pipi a ʻAmelika he holoholona holoholona. ʻO ka maʻamau pinepine aia nā pūʻulu o nā holoholona 20-30 e hōʻiliʻili ai i nā pipi i ka wā maloʻo, akā hiki i nā holoholona ke helu he mau haneli o nā holoholona. ʻAʻohe ʻohana nui o ka puaʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia kahi paʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
Nui a hewahewa nā ʻano puaʻa puaʻa. I ka hapanui o nā manawa, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano kīwili, e hui pū ana i nā bipi kāne a me nā bipi me nā bipi keiki o nā ʻano like ʻole. I loko o kēlā ʻano hui i hui ʻia, ʻano liʻiliʻi nā holoholona ʻoi aku ka hapa ma lalo o ka hapalua o ka huina o nā kānaka (39-49%). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi e nā poʻe loea o ʻAmelika Hema e hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia māhele mai ka ʻākau a i ke kūkulu hema o ka'āina - ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahi hema o nā holoholona ʻōpio.
Eia kekahi, ua hōʻoki ʻia nā pipi i nā holoholona o ʻelua mau ʻano o nā ʻano ʻelua - mai nā poʻe he 4-5 mau makahiki a mai nā bipi kahiko, ma kahi o 12 paha makahiki. Inā ma ke ʻano like ʻole nā kāne, a ma waena o lākou e hele pinepine i ka hakakā ʻana e hoʻoholo ai i ka hierarchy. Ma keʻano ākea, ma nā pipi, e pili pū ana i nā bipi, e hiʻona mau ʻia ka hierarchy.
Ke hoʻopololei ʻia ka bipi a mālie nā pōpō ʻē aʻe, hiki iā lākou ke uhaʻi i kahi mamao loa o kēlā me kēia, akā naʻe, ʻo ke kiaʻi ʻana, mālama mau nā holoholona i nā pili āpau, pili pū kekahi i kekahi me ko lākou mau ʻaoʻao. Ma ka kihi o kekahi puaa keu kekahi mau bipi kahiko a me nā bipi kauō, e kiaʻi ponoʻī ana i ke kai a inā he pōpilikia, e hoʻāla i ka mua. I kahi kūlana pale, kūkulu ʻia ka pipi i kahi ʻami pōkā - nā bipi a me nā bipi kahiko ma waho, nā bipi me nā bipi ma waenakonu.
He kahui nunui ka nui o ka puaʻa ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi mau makahiki i ka lehulehu, e like me ka manaʻo o kekahi mau ʻepekema, a hiki i ka 36 makahiki paha. I ka wā ma mua, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā puaʻa, he mau mea nui o nā poʻo he tausani, a ua ʻike pinepine ʻia nā bipi he mau tausani. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i kēia manawa ma nā wahi i ʻApelika, i loko o nā paka kūloko a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe i pale ʻia, hiki i kekahi ke launa pinepine i nā bipi o kēia nui. Ma Kenya, ma ke kahawai kahawai Kafue, ʻo ka nui o ka pipi puaʻa he 450 mau holoholona (ʻike ʻia nā mea nānā he 19 mai holoholona a 1975 i kēia wahi).
Pēlā loa i lilo i mau ʻelemakule loa a haʻalele i ko lākou mau ʻohana a mālama wale. Loaʻa ʻia kēlā mau bipi pākahi i ka nui a nui nā pepeiaohao nui. He pōpilikia lākou no nā kānaka a me nā holoholona savannah he nui, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hoʻouka no ka kumu ʻike ʻole ʻole. I loko o South Africa, ua kāhea ʻia kēia mau pōpoki dagga hakakā (eng. Dagga Boy, lit. "kanaka mai pōpā”, Aia ma ke kahele o ka South Africa ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekane ka manaʻo o ka lepo kūikawā i ka punawai o ke savannah) mbogo (ka inoa o nā pōā ma kekahi ʻōlelo Bantu, ka mea i lilo i inoa ma waena o nā bipi keʻokeʻo nui ma waena o ka poʻe keʻokeʻo o ʻApelika Hema. Loaʻa i kahi aloha kekahi kīleʻa pilikino, kahi e pili pū ai lākou. I kēlā me kēia lā hoʻomaha, hamo a hana i ke kao i nā wahi i ho'ākāka loa ʻia ma kēia wahi a waiho wale ia i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai lākou e pōʻino ʻole i ka ʻole o ka meaʻai. Ke puka maila nā pōpō waho ma loko o ka pipi, ʻaʻole hōʻike ka mea aloha, akā hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo ia iā ia a me ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka mana o ke alakaʻi. Eia naʻe, haʻalele ka poʻe pua, noho hou ʻo ia ma ka papa. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka rut, ua komo pū ka poʻe aloha i nā pipi o nā bipi.
ʻO nā meaola e noho nei ma ka nahele lāʻau i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā mea ʻekolu, a i ʻole holoholona, ʻo lākou ka nui o nā holoholona he 30 mau holoholona.
Nā ʻenemi maoli
He nui nā ʻāpana o nā poʻokela ma muli o ke ʻano nui, no ka mea, no ka nui o ko lākou nui a me nā ikaika nui, ʻo ke poʻo ʻekeʻelemakule he mea nui ia no ka poʻe nui. ʻO nā bipi a me nā bipi keiki maoli, lilo pinepine lākou i waiwai pio o ka liona, ka mea e hōʻino nui i nā pipi o nā puaʻa, e kū ana me ka haʻanui nui. Ua hōʻike aku nā kānaka noiʻi Soviet i nā hihia ʻekolu i ka wā i ʻike ai lākou i nā liona no ka meaʻai, ma loko o nā lua ua lilo i mea pōā. Akā ma nā bipi pākeke pākahi, a me nā mea āpau me nā pūʻali liʻiliʻi, he alualu i ka liona ke kūʻē.
Hōʻalo nā bipi mai nā holoholona a nāwaliwali nā holoholona i hiki i nā mea a nā holoholona nui e like me ka leopona. ʻO kekahi mau manawa, hopu ke poʻi nui ʻo Nile i ka poʻi ma kahi lua wai a ke holo ʻana i nā muliwai.
I ka pale ʻana i ka ʻenemi, e hōʻike pinepine ana nā pōpoki kōkua i nā kōkua like a hana ma nā hui aloha. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā hihia he nui i ka neʻe ʻana o nā poʻohiwi i nā liona i ka bipi, akā ua make iā lākou. He pāhoʻikoʻo ia nā hiʻohiʻona puaʻa i ka manaʻo o ke kōkua like, ʻike ʻia a kū ʻole ʻia e ka ʻenemi. ʻO ka zoologist Belgian i nānā a ʻimi nā bipi ʻelua e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ko lākou mau wāwae i nā pepeiaohao o kahi hoa pilikino i hōʻeha ʻia, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia e kāna mea i make ai. Ke pau ʻole kēia, hoʻopaʻi wikiwiki ʻia i ka wahine hānai, ʻoi loa i hiki ʻole ke pakele.
Hoʻopiliʻia nā hōʻino mai nā mea kaukaka, hoʻopilikia nui nā mea makepaʻa mai nā maʻi like ʻole a me nā maʻi parasit. Make nui nā ʻōpio mai nā helminths. ʻO ka hakakāʻana ma waena o nā pōpoki he mea maʻamau loa me nā microorganisms flagellate parasitizing i ke kahe koko. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻepekema o ʻAmelika Hema e aʻo ana i nā ʻōpio'ōpiopio i nā mea maʻalahi loa i nā bipi kao a pau Loaʻa ka theileria parva - ke kumu kumu o nā maʻi maikaʻi loa e kūpaʻa ana i nā ʻōpū.
Kāohi a me kanaka hana i hana ʻia
Hiki pinepine mai nā pōʻai ma lalo o ka hopena maikaʻi o ke kanaka a me nā hana a ke kanaka, ʻoiai i nā mālama kūlohelohe. No laila, ma Serengeti, i kaulana loa i ka nui o nā pōpoki, mai 1969 a 1990, kā lākou helu ma muli o nā maʻi i hoʻōla ʻia e nā pipi a me ka poʻi i hōʻemi ʻia mai ka 65 a 16000 mau makahiki, eia naʻe, mau ka lehulehu. Ma ka paka i ko lākou. ʻO ka maʻi pākani bipi a Kruger i nā makahiki 1990 he mau mea nui i hōʻino ʻia i ka pōʻai. I kēia manawa ma nā wahi he nui i ʻAmelika Hema, ua lilo nā mea pōpilikia i nā mea kūlohelohe o kēia maʻi - e pili ana i ka 16% o nā puaʻa.
ʻAʻole e like me nā make nui o Inia, ka mea i lilo i holoholona holoholona nui ma nā ʻāina he nui o Asia, ʻo ka mea nui ka ʻAmelika he paʻakikī nui ka domesticate ma muli o kona ulu hewa maikaʻi a me ka hana kūpono. ʻAʻole nō i hoʻopili ʻia e kekahi o nā lāhui Aferika, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻolalelale ia e nā ʻenekema ʻEulopa e ʻike ʻia. Wahi a kekahi hōʻike, maʻalahi ka huluhulu i nā keiki i loaʻa i nā makahiki he 1-3 mau mahina. Eia kekahi, ua hiki i nā poʻe loea e hana i loko o ʻAmelika ke hana i ka noiʻi i ka poʻokela i mālama ʻia i nā kūlana semi-domestic. No laila, ua ʻike ʻia he mea hiki ke kiʻi i kahi poʻokela i lawe ʻia ma kekahi kaʻa ʻehā he nui ʻehā ka momona ma mua o ka bipi kauō o ka paona like. ʻO kekahi o nā loʻukia mua Aferika i hele mai i ʻEulopa, ua wikiwiki ʻo ia i ke kanaka a hōʻike i kahi ʻano maikaʻi a ʻano hoʻi. ʻO ka mahalo, ua hānai ia i kau bipi home.
ʻOiai ka pale ʻole o ka poʻokela i ka kokoke o ke kanaka, ma kekahi mau wahi i ʻAberika ke ʻano nui i ke ʻano he lehelehe lākou i kahi kokoke i ka hale, a laila hiki ke hōʻino ʻia ka pōʻino a hiki hoʻi i ka wā e hōʻino ai nā pā. I kēlā mau pilikia, luku pinepine nā kamaʻāina kūloko i nā pōpoki e like me nā pōpoki.
Ma kahi ka nui o nā pōkoki, e makaʻala ana ʻo ka poʻe kamaʻāina iā lākou - no ka mea halihali ma waena o Aferika i make nui nā kānaka ma mua o nā liona a me nā leopona. Wahi a kēia kuhikuhi, aia i ka pōʻai ma ke kolu ma hope o ke kuʻi a me ka hippo.
Mai ka manawa mau loa, ua ʻimi nā poʻe ʻAmelika i ka make i ka puaʻa no ka ʻiʻo a me ka ʻili, akā, i ka pau ʻana o nā pū, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻōiwi maoli ke hōʻemi i ka nui o kēia holoholona. Ua mahalo ʻia nā pona o ka buffalos, i ʻaʻa ʻia e ka ʻohana, he mau waiwai maikaʻi ia no nā pale.
ʻO ka poʻe Maasai, ka mea ʻaʻole i ʻike i ka ʻiʻo o nā holoholona hihiu, e hāʻawi lākou i kahi ʻokoʻa no ka nui o ka poʻokela, e noʻonoʻo ana he pili ia o kahi ʻohana hū. ʻO ka pōkole o nā pōpoki he mea maʻamau, no ka mea i loko o nā ʻāina Aferika nele o ka mokuʻāina ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokū i nā hana mālama.
ʻO Buffalo ma ke ʻano he mea lawaiʻa haʻuki
I kēia manawa, hopu maoli ʻia nā puaʻa ma Aferika i hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻia, ʻoiai e ʻae ʻia ana ia ma kahi āpau i kahi e noho ai kēia mau holoholona. Ma muli o kona nui nui a me ka momona, ʻo ka poʻinike Aferika ka mea nui i aloha ʻia o ka ʻimi he nui. Hoʻohui ia me (me ka elepani, rhino, leona a me ka leopio) i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Big Lima" o nā holoholona hūlihi hanohano ma ʻApelika.
Eia nō hoʻi, ʻo ke ʻano nui o ka ʻalo a ʻAmelika i ka pōʻino loa o nā mea a pau o nā ʻelima "ʻelima", ʻaʻole ia e hui pū ana i ka ʻōpū a me ka liona paha. ʻOi aku ka bipi kīpē palekana, ke ʻike aku i kahi kāne me ka pū, hoʻouka pinepine me ka ʻole e kali ana i kahi pana, a ʻo ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia e hele mai ana i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā hihia āpau me ka ʻole. He pōʻino weliweli nui kahi ʻeha. ʻAʻole wale ʻo ia he mana nui, ʻo ia ke kumu a aneane hiki ʻole ke noho ola ma hope o ke kaha kīlio, akā, he mea maalea loa. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ʻoi aku ka pōʻai aʻai i ka mākeke a me ka hūnā, e kali ana i nā mea ʻimi, ma kāna ala ponoʻī. No laila, ʻo ka ʻimi o ka poʻi i loko o ka palalākula e pono ai ke akamai kiʻekiʻe o ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi, a me ka mea lawaiʻa e pono ai i ka ʻike maikaʻi a me ka noho ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo, no ka mea hiki ʻole ke wā no ka pana.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Robert Ruark i ka mea i ʻike ʻia i nā poʻomanaʻo penei:
Ua holoholo wau me ka holomua. mbogo, a ʻoiai ʻoiai kāna puʻu ʻaʻole i hou ʻole i koʻu kino, ʻaʻole i emi ka manaʻo o ke makaʻu i hoʻoiho ʻia e ia. He nunui, ʻano ʻino, hopohopo, hoʻopunipuni a hoʻopunipuni nō hoʻi. Lāua inā i huhū ʻo ia. A i ka wā e ʻeha ʻia ana, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻo kona huhū i nā palena. ʻAʻole he meaʻimi manuahi, ʻaʻole paha ka lele o ka elepani, hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ia i ka mana o ka makemake a me ke ʻano a me nā manaʻo naʻau ... Holo mbogo hiki iā ia ke hele i mua o ke kahua o ka lānai, akā i ka manawa like hiki iā ia ke pani ma kahi hoʻokahi a huli paha i ka neʻe ʻana ... me ka haʻuki o kona ʻeke i ka ikaika i ka mea kaua, Pono kona mau pepeiaohao no ka hoʻopakele ʻana i kahi pupuhi kino, me kahi nalu o kona poʻo ua hiki iā ia ke ʻoki i kahi kanaka mai ka ʻōpū a i ka ʻāʻī. Loaʻa iā ia ka hauʻoli ʻokoʻa mai ka hulahula - ʻo ka hulahula o ka make ma ke kino o ka mea i hoʻomake ʻia, a mai ka mea i lilo i mea ʻona ʻole no kēia hulahula o ka lanakila, ʻaʻohe mea koe wale nō naʻe o nā ʻāpana o ka ʻiʻo e haehae ʻia i ka lepo, kahe ʻana me kona koko. |
ʻO ke ala maʻamau no ka huli ʻana i nā pōpoki e hūnā i ka pipi grazing. ʻAʻole ʻike maikaʻi nā pōpoki, akā i ke ʻano o ka ʻono, no laila e hoʻokokoke aku nei i ka nui, pono ʻoe e kiaʻi pono i ke aka o ka makani. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma ke kihi o nā pipi i nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā poʻomanaʻo i kapa ʻia, mālama mau i ke kaiapuni, a inā ma kahi o ke ʻano he kanaka kekahi, hiki paha ke lele. Hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā pū ma luna o buffalos i ke kakahiaka ma ka lua wai.
Pono ka pana ʻana i nā puaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Cape subspecies, e koi ana i nā mea kaua ikaika, me ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka pū. Ma kahi e ʻae ʻia ai ka hopu ʻana no ka "Big Lima", ʻo ia ka palena liʻiliʻi o nā mea kaua no kēia e kuhikuhi ʻia e ke kānāwai - ʻo ia nō hoʻi .375 N & H Magnum, a i kāna ʻāpana 9.3 × 64 mm paha. He kūpono loa kēia mau kima no ka pana ʻana i nā pōloli ma waena, akā inā e kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā bipi nui, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kīkala kaumaha a me ka paona o 23-32 g a me ka ikaika o 6-7 kJ (.416 Rigby, .458 Lott, .470 Nitro Express, etc.).
ʻIke ʻia nā pūlima poʻokela he trope - ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lōʻihi ma waena o ko lākou mau kihi, ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka tropi (ka hōʻailona maʻamau, hōʻike ʻia ma ke aniani, he 38-40 ka nui, a 50 mau inika ke manaʻo ʻia he hopena maikaʻi loa). Akā e noʻonoʻo pono i kēia ma ka lōʻihi o ka pūlima, a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 2,5 m, ka mānoanoa o nā kumu o nā pū a me ko lākou ʻano. ʻO ke kumu maʻamau ʻoi loa i ka pōlolo, he mau liʻiliʻi (a hiki i 25-30) kaukani kālā no ke poʻo, a ʻo ke kumu pinepine ke kū nei ke kumukūʻai i ka nui o nā pepeiaohao o ka holoholona i ʻohi ʻia.
ʻLelo ola a me ke ʻano
ʻO ke kanaka maoli ʻona o nā pōpoki hihiu he ʻāina ia me kahi anu wela kahi ʻike ʻole ʻole ʻia. Noho mau lākou i nā loko wai. Ua lōʻihi ka mōʻī ma nā holoholona ʻehā. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia iā lākou ma Helene, Italia, Hongaria a me nā ʻāina āpau o ka Danube haʻahaʻa. Ke ulu nei he holoholona holoholona hihiu, ulu ʻia nā buffalos ma Central a me West Asia, ʻo Aikupito a me West Africa.
Maikaʻi nui kēia mau kānaka nui i ka noho ʻana i kahi pānaʻi i loko o nā loko wai. O lākou lawaiʻa nui a hiki maʻalahi ke kahe i ka kahawai. ʻOiai makemake nui nā mea aloha i ka wai, hiki iā lākou ke holo i ka lā holoʻokoʻa i loko o loko. Makemake lākou e hiō i ka ʻili a me ke silika. Eia naʻe, lohi a hoʻomehana nā neʻe o kā lākou ʻāina. He wikiwiki loa ka holo holoʻokoʻa no kahi holoholona nui.
He kūʻokoʻa lākou a huhū loa. I kēlā ʻāina ulu ʻia, nā holoholona hihiu aia nō lākou i kahi pōʻino nui. ^ E Ha yM. Wahi a nā poʻe mahiʻai e mālama ana i nā pōpoki, pono lākou e makaʻu ma ka noho mālie. He pōʻino loa nā kāne ʻelemakule, lilo lākou i mea ulu ʻino a me ka ʻino. Ma hope o 10-12 mau makahiki o ke ola ʻana, e haʻalele kekahi kāne i ka pipi a noho kūʻokoʻa.
Hoʻohana ʻo Herbivores i nā meaʻai kanu. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka meaʻai ma nā lau, nā kahe, nā ʻohe, a me nā mea kanu marshy. No ka mea makemake lākou i ka wai, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke noho mamao mai nā kino wai. I hoʻokahi manawa, inu nā pākeke a hiki i ke 50 lita o ka wai. ʻOiai kaʻai o nā mea kanu, loaʻa nā kāne o ka buffalos kaupaona a hiki i 1000 kg. ^ E Ha yM. Aia nā kāne ikaika loa, ʻoi aku ka paona i 1200 kg.
I ka makahiki ʻelima o ke ola, ua lilo nā kīleʻaleʻa i nā kanaka pākeke. ʻO ko lākou leo i lilo i ka leo aniani, like me ka moo o ka bipi, a i kekahi manawa o ka ʻū ʻana o kahi puaʻa. Ma waena o lākou iho, noho lākou i ka maluhia a hiki mai ka wā hāpai. Hōʻike hoʻokahi ka wahine i hoʻokahi kime a mālama pono iā ia i nā ala āpau. Aloha nui kona makuahine iā ia a ma nā ʻano a pau nā mea e pale iā ia mai nā ʻano pōʻino ʻē aʻe.
E hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Buffalos i ka kahawai a hiki ke neʻe wikiwiki i ka ruminants ma nā wahi marshy. Hana ʻohi ka ulu ʻana i ka māla. ^ E Ha yM. Lawe pinepine ʻia lākou e halihali i nā huahana ma nā wahi marshy. Hiki i nā pāʻina holoholona hihiu ke huki i nā lio he 4. Eia nō, e huki lākou i ka ukana ma kahi i hiki ʻole ai i nā lio ke hele.
Kālā kāho
ʻAʻole nui ka poʻe mahiʻai e hānai puaʻa. E like me ka papa holoholona mālama holoholona wai wale kalo. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e lākou i lawehala maikaʻi.
He momona momona ka waiū wahine i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā bipi. Nui nā mea momona, nā minerala a me nā mea kanu kino. Inā ma loko o ka waiū momona i ka momona momona e 3%, a laila i ka wai momona ʻEkolu mau manawa e like me ka nui. He mea kūpono ia e ʻai nui ana i ka ʻai nui ma mua o ka pipi ma kahi o 2-3 mau manawa. Hana nā kahuʻai i ka tiʻa a me nā kao mai kēlā waiū. Kuhi ʻia kēia mau huahana dairy i nā mea ʻono o nā ʻāina o ka honua. Hana ʻia ka ʻōpiopio mozzarella kaulana kaulana i ka waiū poʻokela.
I ka awelika, hoʻokahi wahine e hāʻawi 1400 lita o ka waiū mama a me ka olakinowaiwai i ka kaleka. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ke manaʻo nei ke mālama ʻia i nā holoholona he ʻano kūpono. Akā naʻe, mai poina mākou he holoholona holoholona o nā mea make, no laila e pono wale ka mea nona nā holoholona e hoʻolako iā lākou i ka mauʻu hou a me nā huaora i waiwai nui.
Inā ʻoe e ulu iā lākou no ka luku, a laila e huli i ka ʻike ʻole i ka hapa o ka hapa o ka nui o ka holoholona. ʻO nā mea āpau loa o ka ʻili a me nā iwi o ke poʻi. Ke koi nui ʻia ka ʻili, mai nā ʻanoʻano ʻano ʻili o nā ʻano ʻili.