Ma muli o kēia mea i hāʻawi ʻia nā mea ola me nā ʻōpū hanu, loaʻa iā mākou a pau i ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ola me ka ʻole o ka oxygen. I nā holoholona ʻōiwi a me nā kānaka, a kapa ʻia kēia mau ʻōiwi i nā ʻōpū, e mālama i ka nui o ka oxygen mai ka lewa. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana o ka iʻa ka loko o nā mea kanu, e huki ana i ka oxygen i loko o ke kino mai ka wai, ma kahi o ka nui o ka lewa. He akia maoli kēia no ka mea ʻo ke kino o ke kino i hāʻawi ʻia i nā ʻano ʻōlima i like ʻole me nā mea ola a pau o nā spinal terrestrial. Maikaʻi, e noʻonoʻo i nā hiʻohiʻona āpau o ka iʻa, kā lākou mānaha a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kā pōkole e pili ana i ka iʻa
ʻO ka mea mua, e noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o nā mea ola ke ʻano, pehea a pehea e noho ai, pehea ka pilina o lākou me ke kanaka. No ka mea ke hoʻomaka nei mākou i kā mākou haʻawina biology, ke kumuhana "Seʻa iʻa". He wai hoʻohālike kēia i nā holoholona vertebrate e noho kū wale i nā kai aku. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka iʻa a pau ka nui, a loaʻa pū kekahi. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he mau hiʻohiʻona kēia mau ʻano i kēlā me kēia ʻano iʻa, me ka ʻole o ka nui a me ke kaumaha. I ke ola kanaka, hana ko kēia ʻōpū i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai ua ʻai ʻia ka hapa nui o nā ʻelele.
Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia nei nō hoʻi ka iʻa ma ke ao o ka ulu ʻana. ʻO ia nā mea ola e hiki ke ola ma lalo o ka wai, akā ʻaʻohe mau ʻāpana, ʻo ia wale ka poʻe noho ma ka Honua. Mai ia manawa mai, ua ulu hou ka ʻano manu, ua lilo kekahi o lākou i holoholona, ua noho mau kekahi ma lalo o ka wai. ʻO ia ka haʻawina haʻawina holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ke kumuhana "Seʻa iʻa. Kahi haʻaheu pōkole e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala" e noʻonoʻo. ʻO ka ʻepekema o ka iʻa kai ua kapa ʻia ichthyology. E huli kākou i ka noiʻi ʻana o kēia mau mea mai kahi ʻoihana loea.
Ua hōʻoia ʻia e ka loea
1) Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū o ka iʻa i ka wai (ko lākou ʻili a me nā ʻūhā) a me ka ea (ʻaʻai wai ʻauʻau, nā loko, nā ʻāpana supraventricular, a me ke ʻano hou, ʻili).
2) Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā keiki ʻAmona me ka hanu ʻana me ke kōkua o nā ʻōpū, ka mea e hāʻawi ai i ke kumu no kā lākou kumukūʻai a me nā ʻāpana hou (ka ʻili a me ka pale o ka limu oropharyngeal).
3) He pūpū lākou ma nā ʻano o nā ʻeke, ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia e ka ʻoihana o ke koko, kēlā me kēia mea e wehe kūʻokoʻa i ke ana o ka laryngeal-tracheal. Loaʻa ka ea i ke ana ʻana i ka māmā me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nui o ka puʻu oropharyngeal ma ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i lalo.
4) ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hanu nui ka maʻi māmā, aia ma ka ʻōpū o ka spine, kākoʻo ʻia e nā ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpū mai lalo, a ua kaupalena ʻia i ka ʻāo mai luna.
5) Mai ka lua o ka waha e iho ai ka larynx, e hele ana i loko o ka ʻimi, kahi e hele ai i loko o ka ʻele nui, a hoʻopau i ka ʻā.
6) Mea maikaʻi i hoʻomohala ʻia ma mua o nā amphibians. He wahi nui lākou a ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Hoʻokomo ka papa hana i ka ʻōpū a me ka intercostal a me nā ʻōpū hanu. He mea paʻakikī ia nā reptile e hanu pololei me ka neʻe koke, no ka mea e hoʻohana lākou i nā pūʻulu pūlani like ʻole e hoʻomaha ai i ka ea a e neʻe aku.
7) Ma ka umauma. Eia ka palena i ke ate, ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpū. Mai luna mai - he ʻāʻī a me kahi aniani waha.
8) Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōpū o ka hanu ʻana i nā manu a nā mea ihu, e komo ana i loko o nā ihu o ka ihu, a laila ma loko o ka larynx o luna, a laila i loko o ka ʻihi, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o nā ʻōpū o ka pūliki.
9) Ma kahi o ka hoʻokaʻawale o ka bronchi, aia kahi lua o ka larynx - ka leo kīwila o nā manu. Eia kekahi, ʻo bronchi ka ʻeke peke air, kahi pono e hoʻokō ai i ka hana o kahi ʻano o ka pāka e hoʻonui ai i ka nui o ka lewa i nā ala mokulele.
10) Loaʻa nā kino o ka hanu ma ka umauma, ma hope o ke kāwele. Ke kaupalena ʻia ʻia ka palena ma ka puka ʻana i nā ihu, a ma lalo hoʻi - e nā ʻuhane o loko.
11) Loaʻa i nā meamela ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā holoholona a pau loa. ʻO kā lākou palaua ke ʻano ʻē aʻe, loaʻa ka nui o ka oxygen, hiki i ka ʻalala nui loa a loaʻa i ka loli me ka maikaʻi o ka mīkini. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōpū o kā lākou hanu, loaʻa pū kekahi i ka diaphragm - kahi mākala ʻano hana like ʻole no ka hanu ʻana, ka mea hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū mai ka ʻōpū o ka umauma. Ma loko o ka hoʻonā a me ka ʻōlelo ʻana, hiki i nā puka waha ma o ka ihu.
12) Loaʻa i loko o ka umauma, nona ka iʻa a me ka sternum. Mai luna, ua kaupalena ʻia lākou e ka puka i ke ana o ka waha a me nā ihu waha, a mai lalo - e ka diaphragm.
PAKAI MAʻI MUA LOA
He ʻeluaʻano hanu ka ʻona o nā iʻa: ka wai (me ke kōkua o nā kahe a me ka ʻāʻī) a me ka ea (me ke kōkua o ka ʻili, ka ʻū ʻana kau, ka ʻawaʻawa a me nā lālā o ka suprajugal). Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū o ka iʻa: 1) nui (gills), 2) hoʻohui (nā mea āpau).
ʻO nā hui nui o ka hanu. ʻO ka hana nui o nā hūnū ka make gas (ʻo ka oxygen uptake a me carbon dioxide evolution), komo pū lākou i ka wai-paʻakai metabolism, secrete ammonia a me urea.
I nā cyclostomes, hōʻike ʻia nā kino o ka hanu e nā gill sacs (ka puka endodermal), i hana ʻia ma muli o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai ka pharynx. ʻO Lamprey ʻehiku mau pālua o ke kaaka gill me ka wehe ʻelua o kēlā me kēia: i waho a i loko, e alakaʻi ana i ka ʻōpū o ka hanu a hiki ke pani. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū hanu ma muli o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka pharynx i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: ʻo ka ʻōpū haʻahaʻa a me nā digestive o luna. Hoʻopōnō ka piʻi, a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka waha waha e ka laka kūikawā. ʻAʻohe o ka pūnao o ka lamprey larva a me nā hamama kūloko i loko e wehe pololei ana i loko o ka pharynx. I ka hapa nui o nā kāwili, ua hui pū ʻia nā pani gill o waho ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao i kahi kaila maʻamau, e wehe hou aʻe i ka ʻeke gill hope. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka wehe ʻana o ka ihu i ka myxines e kamaʻilio pū me nā pharynx. Hoʻomoʻu ka wai i ka sikipona ma o ka waha e hāmama ana i ka pharynx a i ʻole ka hanu momona (i loko o nā pākeke, nā kukui a me nā mixins), a laila i loko o nā ʻeke gill, mai kahi i hoʻolei ʻia i waho. Kuhi ʻia, hoʻoulu ʻia ka wai i loko a hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma nā puka ākea o waho. I ka sludge i kau ʻia, hoʻokomo nā wai i nā ʻeke i loko o ka puka o ka ihu.
I loko o nā embryos iʻa, lawe ʻia ka hanu ma muli o ke ʻano hoʻomohala o nā kahe koko ma ke ʻeke a me nā ʻehā. ʻO ka nui o nā ʻoli a ko lākou hakahaka, ʻo ka nui o nā kīʻaha koko ma ke kuʻi kaulaha, nā kihi, a me ke poʻo. I ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi o nā iʻa, ulu nā mea kanu o waho - nā kūmole o ka ʻili i lako me nā kīʻaha koko (ʻelua ʻōpū, ʻōpū hulu, ʻōkuhi, nā mea ʻē aʻe).
ʻO nā kumuwaiwai hanu nui o nā iʻa ʻelemakule nā gills (ectodermal origin).
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka iʻa cartilaginous he ʻelima mau o ka hamama gill (kekahi 6-7) a me ka helu like o nā kahe gill. ʻAʻohe uhi uhi uhi, ke ʻoki holoʻokoʻa i ke poʻo (chimeras), kahi i hoʻopuni ʻia ai nā haki e nā mea ʻili. Aia nā puhaka, aia nā pūhaka gill ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo, a me nā hihi, ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa o ke kino.
ʻO kēlā me kēia iʻa o ka cartilaginous i loko o nā: 1) gill arch, 2) piʻi gill, 3) mau lāʻau kalai.
Ke waiho aku nei kahi kolu hui ma waena mai nā ʻaoʻao waho o ka pā gill, nā uhi o ka gill mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua, aʻo ka ʻaoʻao o ka septum i kū ʻole a uhi i ka wehe o nā gill waho. Kākoʻo ʻia nā ʻāpana Gill e nā kumu kākoʻo kākoʻo cartilaginous. Aia nā stamens Gill ma ka ʻaoʻao o loko o ka waihona gill. Aia ke kīʻaha koko i ke kumu o ka septum intercostal: 1) e lawe mai ana i ke kīʻaha gill ma laila ke kahe a ke koko, 2) mau mea hou a gill mau hāmeʻe me ke koko arterial.
Loaʻa ka loble gill ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka septum i ka hapalua-gill. No laila, ʻo ka gill ka ʻelua o nā kahe hapai i loaʻa i ka pahu o ka lālā, a me ka hui ʻana o nā ʻāpana he ʻelua hapalua i kū i ka lau gill i kahi ʻeke kapu. Ma nā mākelē mua o nā kaniʻelima ʻelima, ʻelua mau manawa o ka ʻūhā, a ma ka hope loa, he hala nā gill, akā i loko o ka gill sac mua i ka pahu himena he mau hapalua kahi gill. I ka hopena, he ʻehā a me ka hapa hapa o ka ʻōpala cartilaginous.
I ka iʻa cartilaginous, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana wai e pili ana i kahi kaʻawaʻawa i ke kahe nui. Aia lākou ma hope o nā maka a kamaʻilio me ka lua oropharyngeal. Aia nā kīwaha ma ka paia mua o ka mea pīpī, a ma ka pā hope aia kekahi ʻano wahaheʻe e hāʻawi ai i ke koko i nā koena o ka hihiʻo. Loaʻa nā pū wai cartilaginous a firmgeon. I nā iʻa cartilaginous, ʻaʻole like i ka iʻa iwi iwi, ʻaʻole ka huki o nā mea i nā huahana o ka metabolism a me ka paʻakai.
Ma nā hiō, ke kūnū nei ka wai, komo ka wai ma o ka waha e wehe a puka i waho i nā kiʻī o waho gill. Ma ka skates, komo ka wai i ka lua o ka oropharyngeal ma o nā kīwī pāwīwī hāwī, a i kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā kīpaha, puka ia ma o nā pihi gill.
ʻO ka iʻa Sturgeon i loko o nā gills he mau pōkole liʻiliʻi inter-gill. ʻO kā lākou hōʻemi e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka uhi gill, kahi i hoʻonui ʻia ai nā membran haole, e uhi ana i nā ʻapo mai lalo. ʻO nā sturgeons (a me nā iʻa cartilaginous) he ʻelima mau o ke kīkoʻi lālā; Aia ka laina mua o nā gill lobes ma luna o ka ʻaoʻao o ka uhi i hoʻopili ʻia a hoʻokumu i ka hapa-gill o ka arch hyodic (opercular gill). ʻO nā sturgeons, e like me nā mea cartilaginous, he ʻehā a me ka hapa he mau minamina. Aia nā stamens Gill i ʻelua mau lālani ma ka ʻaoʻao o loko o ka waihona gill.
ʻO nā ika iʻa Bony he ʻehā mau kīlea ʻehā a me ka helu like o nā koena piha (posterior, ʻalima, ʻae ʻole ka mea i lawe ʻia nā mea kanu). ʻElua mau gill i kēlā me kēia gill, akā no ka hele ʻana o kahi uhi gill i hoʻomohala ʻia, pau ka make o ka septum gill, a hoʻopili pololei ʻia nā kaila a nā gill i ka pā gill, e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻōpū o nā kumuwaiwai. ʻO ke kumu o ke kuʻi i ka mea kaʻao o ka iwi loea, kahi i loaʻa i nā petals gill o kahi kūlike triangle. Hoʻopili ʻia nā limu gill ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua i nā lehelehe o ka gill (a i ʻole nā ʻōpū hanu), kahi e kū ai ka loli gas. Ma ka waihona o nā lehelehe gill nā selela klorida e lawe i nā paʻakai mai ke kino. Holo ka ʻōiwi kākoʻo kaila ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kuapo o nā mākaʻi, kahi e hoʻopalaha ai ka puʻu lobe, a ma kahi e kū pono ʻole ai, ka iwi vopō. Ma ke kumu o nā loina a nā lālā penikala, lawe a lawe mai i nā lāʻau kuahi lālā. Loaʻa nā stile o Gill i nā ʻano ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe i ka ʻaoʻao o loko o ka waihona gill.
Ma ka hū ʻana o ka iʻa o ka iʻa iwi, hele ka wai ma ka waha i loko o ka ʻāʻī, hele ma waena o ka lehele a ke kahe, hāʻawi i ka oxygen i ke koko, loaʻa ka carbon dioxide a waiho i ka ana gill. Hiki i ka hanu a ka: 1) ikaika, hānai ʻia ka wai ma ka waha i loko o ka pharynx a me ka holoi ʻana i ka lehe mahe ma ke ʻano o ka uhi ʻana i nā uhi gill (ma nā iʻa a pau), 2) ka puʻuwai, lawaiʻa me ka waha a lākou e uhi ʻia ai ka wai, a hana ʻia ka wai e ka ka neʻe o ka iʻa ponoʻī (ma ka iʻa e noho ana i ka wai me kahi ʻikepili kiʻekiʻe.
Nā mea hanu hou aku. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ke anuanu, ua kūkulu ʻia nā ʻōpū o ka hanu hou i nā iʻa iwi e noho ana i nā kino wai kahi i loaʻa ʻole ka oxygen.
ʻO ka ʻili ʻana o ka ʻili e like me ka aneane āpau. I nā iʻa o ka wai kū ʻana i nā wai wai wela, ma kahi o 20% o ka oxygen i hoʻopau ʻia e komo i loko o ka ʻili, i kekahi manawa ke hoʻonui ʻia kēia waiwai ma ka 80% (carp, crucian carp, tench, catfish). I nā iʻa e noho nei i loko o nā wai wai me ka loaʻa o ka oxygen kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka ʻeha o ka ʻili ʻaʻole iʻoi aʻe ma mua o 10% o ka nui o ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka oxygen. ʻO nā Juveniles, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, hanu nui loa ia i ka ʻili ma mua o nā pākeke.
Hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi mau ʻano holoholona e ka ea ʻana, i lawe ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea suprajugal, aia kahi ʻano like ʻole. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka pharynx, he nui nā mea o lākou e hoʻomohala ai i nā keʻena pakanui (pakanikū suprabaric), kahi i hana ʻia ai ka nui o nā meli i hoʻopili ʻia e nā kapillaries o ke koko. I ka lawaiʻa manu (labyrinth) i kākoʻo ʻia e nā lālā o ka membous mucous i nā ʻōpū iwi lipi e labyrinthically e hoʻokahe ʻia mai nā lālā mua o nā lālā mua (manu, nā pūmole, gourami, macropode).
I ka loko iʻa clary, kahi lāʻau lae nui ʻole i uku ʻia ma luna a ma hope o nā mea kanu i waiho ai i ka lua. I loko o ka iʻa sac-gill, nā paila o ka hanu hou e hoʻonani i nā ʻeke makapō lōʻihi e lōʻihi ana mai ka lua o ka gill a i lalo o ka huelo. Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea kanu me nā mea suprajugal i ka ea ʻana i ka ea hau hau ʻana, a ua hōʻalo ʻia ka hiki ke kū aʻe a me ka wai ʻana o ka ea ma kahi e hele mai nei, make mai ka ʻūhū ʻana a hiki i ka wai me ka ukana.
ʻO ka ʻili o kekahi iʻa me ka hanu. Loaʻa ka ʻaoʻao o loko o ka ʻōpū ma mua o nā kīnika o ka hoʻowalewale ʻia a hoʻopuni ʻia e ke aniani o nā kao pili koko, kahi e kūleʻa ai ke kumukūʻai. Pahu ʻia ka ea ma loko o ka ʻōpū ma loko o nā ʻōpū a puka i waho o ka anus (loach) a i ʻole hoʻouka ʻia i waho a puka i waho o ka waha. I loko o nā nui o nā iʻa o ka ʻulāʻau, ʻo ka ʻōpū a me kahi puʻupuʻu makapō kūikawā paha o ka ʻōpū e piha i ka ea e hoʻohana ʻia no ka ea ʻana i ka ea.
ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻaʻa manu e kau pū i ka hoʻololi ʻenehana. I ka iʻa ʻelua nā mea i hoʻohuli, ua hoʻololi ʻia i loko o nā ʻōpū mākihi, he ʻano kikowaena lākou a pili me ka pharynx. I ka wā o ka hanu, komo ka ea i loko o nā pūhaka ma o ka waha a i ʻole ka wehe o ka ihu. Ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻāpana pālua ʻelua i hoʻokahi pūlū (niho niho) a me ka lua-lung (protopter, lepidosiren). I loko o hoʻokahi-māmā, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka ʻōpū i nā ʻāpana ʻelua a hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia nā mea kanu, no laila e hiki pū iā lāua ke hanu i nā ʻili a me nā maʻi. I loko o bipulmonary, ua ʻaʻa ʻia ka mea ʻaihue, hana ʻia nā kime. Aia ka ʻai i ka iʻa i ka wai, a me ke ano o nā ʻōpū o nā mea hanu hou, a ma nā loko maloʻo, ke ʻeli nei lākou i ka lepo, lilo ka māmā i nā ʻōpū hanu nui.
ʻO ka ʻāpana lawaiʻa he papa hou o ka hanu ma kekahi mau iʻa wai e holomoku (mnogoper, amia, pike i paʻa ʻia, characins). Hoʻomoʻu ʻia ia e kahi ʻohi māhili o nā kapilē koko, a ʻike ʻia kekahi o ka cellularity, e hoʻonui ana i ka ʻōpū.
N.V. ILMAST. Hoʻomaka i Ichthyology. Petrozavodsk, 2005
ʻĀnōnaehana o ka iʻa.
ʻO ke ʻano nui o nā hanu o ka iʻa mau kā nā kumuhana. ^ E Ha yM. I iʻa loaʻa nā ʻāpana kuahi, aloha nā mea e wehe aʻe ai nā ʻili i waho o nā lua. He mea maʻalahi kēia e nānā ma ka hiʻohiʻona o nā makika a i ʻole nā stingrays. Ma ka mua a me nā paia o kēia mau māhele gill petalsua uhi ʻia me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā kahe koko.
Nā iʻa Bony, ʻaʻole e like me nā mea cartilaginous, he uhi ʻia nā gill bone govable, a ua hōʻemi ʻia nā māhele inter-gill i loko o lākou. Loaʻa nā lehelehe i loko o ia iʻa i nā pahuhopu i nā pā pana gill.
Ke kūleʻa nei ke kumukūʻai Gas i ka hanu ʻana me ke komo ʻana o nā kahe koko ma ka lehelehe gill. Hoʻopili i nā carbon dioxide, hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā huahana metabolic ʻē aʻe, e like me ka amonia a me urea. Hoʻokomo pū ka gills i ka paʻakai a me ka metabolism wai. I ʻoki nā iʻa kahi ʻōnaehana hou loa o ka ʻōpū lawaiʻa. Hana ia i ka hana o kahi pūpū.
Kau ʻa ʻau - He hui kēia i ʻike i ka aneane āpau o nā iʻa, ua hana ʻia ma ke kahua o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka ehi a noho i loko o ka dorsal o ke kino o ka iʻa. Wahi a nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻūpihi, noho wau ʻano ʻōʻaʻa bubble open (ka pili ke kulu me ka nalo āpau i nā ola āpau) a ʻano ʻōʻaʻa paʻa (ka pilina o ke poʻo me ka pharynx i ka wā o ke kūkulu ʻana i nalowale). Kahuaa hana pākuhi – hydrostatic. ^ E Ha yM. Me ke kōkua o ka puana, hiki i ka iʻa ke hoʻoponopono i kona ulu kūʻokoʻa, me ka hohonu o ka hoʻopulapula ʻana.
ʻO ka hanu ma kahi kaʻina
Ua aneane loa nā ola āpau ma ka honua i hoʻopili ʻia i ka oxygen: pili kēia mīkini hana ola i ka metabolism o ka nui o nā meaola. ʻAe, aia nō nā kerobima anaerobic, nā fungi a me nā algae, akā he mau meaʻokoʻa wale nō kēia no ka lula kumu.
ʻO ka hanu ʻana o nā pua i ke ala like, huki wale lākou i ka oxygen mai ka wai, ʻaʻole mai ka ea. Hoʻomoʻu ʻia ka wai i loko o ke kai a me nā kaʻe me ka oxygen haʻo, akā i loko o nā wahi wai kai me kona ʻono ʻia nā pilikia. Hiki i ka wai ke lilo i mea hoʻolako ola ma muli o:
- ke hoʻonui nui ʻana i ke ea,
- ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke pae i nā waiwai koʻikoʻi,
- e uhi ʻia me kahi papa nui o ka hau me ka hoʻohaʻawale ʻana i kahi o manuahi.
- nā mea kanu i lalo o ka hau
- hoʻonui i nā manaʻo o nā mea ola,
- nā hana kanaka.
ʻO ke kumu no ka hoʻemi ʻana o ke kao o ka oxygen, ʻelua mau koho: ʻo ka hoʻokaʻa a i ʻole hele i waho. ʻO ia ke kumu i hāʻawi ai ke ʻano i ka iʻa i kēia mau makahiki me ka hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa, e hoʻolohi i ka metabolism a e hōʻemi i ka pono o ke oxygen no kekahi mau, i kekahi manawa kūpono ʻole.
No ke aha i nā mea ʻili o nā iʻa
ʻIke maopopo iā ʻoe ʻo nā gills ka mea nui o ka hanu o ka iʻa. ʻAʻohe mea koe i kēia mahele i kēia kānāwai: ʻaʻohe ʻano iʻa me ka hōʻalo ʻole o ka lau (maikaʻi, kokoke, akā nui aʻe i kēlā ma hope aku). Akā ʻokoʻa nā mea hāmeʻa iā lākou: i kekahi manawa ke hoʻomanaʻo nei kēia mau ʻōlila ma nā ʻano he nui i nā poʻe kaulana kaulana o ka crossian carp a i ʻole ke kalapu.
- ʻaʻano - comb
- Hawaii - Lamellar
- nā cyclostomes he sacciform.
ʻO ka ʻili o nā iʻa bony he mea paʻakikī loa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā poʻe noho o nā wai wai i ʻike ʻia iā mākou. He pūnaehana paʻakikī ko lākou a me ka hana unsurpassed: ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻohuihui a hiki i ka 30% oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai ka wai he moʻolelo hiki ʻole i ke ʻano o nā māmā o ka mammals (e like me ka ea, ʻoiaʻiʻo).
ʻO ke ʻano o nā ʻili o ka iʻa bony
Ua paʻakikī loa nā mea kanu o ka iʻa. He maʻa pinepine lākou ma:
- Nā ʻolima lala. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēia nā puka kumu i ʻoka ʻia me ka wili o nā capillaries. Ma ka mana pākahi, he ʻumi mau arika, ʻelima ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao (ʻehā i hoʻomohala ʻia, hoʻokahi rudimentary).
- Nā Petals. ^ E Ha yM. Aia lākou ma kēlā me kēia kumu pā kula mai waho ma nā lālani ʻelua. Ma kēlā me kēia petal nui he nui nā petals lua liʻiliʻi. Aia lākou ma ka pae kiʻekiʻe e pili ai i ka hoʻoliʻi a me nā hoʻokahe wai-paʻakai.
- Nā ʻāhane. ^ E Ha yM. Ke uhi nei kēia mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i nā ʻokiʻoki i loko a hana e like me ke kānana, e pale ana i nā ʻiliʻi gill maikaʻi loa mai nā ʻano āpana.
- ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā moku. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻomaka ia me ka aorta a hoʻopau me ka lehulehu o nā aniani ka manawaleʻa, ʻo ke anawaena o kahi liʻiliʻi heʻuʻuku ia a hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka nui o kahi erythrocyte. Ma ke ala ʻana o ka hanu, hāʻawi lākou i ka "hoʻohana" koko, i hoʻoili ʻia me ka carbon dioxide a me nā huahana auhau, i nā mea kāʻili a lawe aku, e lawe ana i ka iʻa i ʻoki ʻia me ka oxygen ma loko o ke kino.
- Hoʻopili i ka Gill. ^ E Ha yM. Ke hana nei kēia mau iwi ʻōiwi paʻa wale nō i ka hana palekana: ke hana nei lākou i ka kuleana o ia mau kīlaki, e hāʻawi ana i kekahi ikaika o ka kahe o ka wai i ka wā o ka hanu. Ma ke ala, he mea kupaianaha loa ko lākou hoʻonohonoho ʻana: huli ia ka mea hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoholo pololei i ka makahiki o ka iʻa mai kēia mau iwi. Ua uhi ʻia lākou me nā ledges a me nā puʻukū, e like me ke kani ʻana o ka lāʻau ulu!
I nā iʻa bony āpau, pili ka waha i ka ʻili o ka gill. Ma ka hōʻeuʻeu, ua hāmama ka iʻa i ka waha, "ʻūlū" i ka wai i loko o nā kahe a me ka nui o ke aniani (paʻa nā lids i kēia manawa). Petals ma o nā capillaries wehe i nā huahana oxygenation i loko o ke kaiapuni a hoʻonui i ke koko me ka oxygen. Ma ka hāpai ʻana, ua pani ka waha, ua hāmama nā lids, ua ʻohi ka nui a nā mea kanu, nā huahana pala e hele i ke kaiāulu.
Nā ʻōpū ʻili a ka Cartilage
ʻO ka iʻa Cartilaginous, nā ʻāpana like a me nā stingrays, loaʻa i kahi lako hana gill ʻokoʻa. I ka hapa nui o nā hiʻona, he hui ʻano o nā papa i komo ai ka wai ma o nā hamama like ʻole. Aia ka uhi ʻana i ka Gill ma ke kumu, no laila ʻaʻole hiki i nā māka ke hanu ma ka hana ʻana i ka wai ma o ka mea hana gill.
Hāʻawi ʻia ka hanu holo wāwae wale nō i ka neʻe ʻana, i ka wā e hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ʻia nā mea kanu e ka wai (no ka mea, aia ka nui o nā ʻalani ua waiwai i ka oxygen). No laila, ke koi ʻia ka mea kuhi e neʻe pinepine, ʻoiai i ka wā hiamoe (ʻo nā mākaʻikaʻi a nā ichthyologists e hoʻopaʻapaʻa mau ʻia), i ʻole, e hoʻopau wale ia. Mālama ʻia ke kaʻina o ka hanu e nā punawai kūikawā e kū ana ma hope o nā maka a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wai i nā wai i nā mea kanu.
He mea kupaianaha nō ia o nā hanu no hoʻi a me nā lāʻau ʻuʻuku nā loko liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka pinepine o ka parasitizing i nā kino make. Aia nō he mana i ka tuna a me ka mackerel, kīnā me ka gill uhi i nā mea āpau lākou a pau.
ʻO kekahi wahi e pili ana i nā cyclostomes
ʻAʻole hiki ke kāhea iā Cyclostomata a me ka iʻa - e hoʻonohonoho like me nā poʻe loea i nā ʻano kaʻawale. I waena o lākou, ʻo nā lampreys a me nā hui kāwili e kaulana loa. ʻO kēia nā vertebrates mua o kahi kumu kahiko, ʻo ka nui o nā parasit i kekahi mau ʻelele o ka ichthyofauna. ʻO kā lākou hāmeʻa waha e haʻaheu, akā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā niho ʻili, e ʻae ana i ka ʻili i ka ʻili o nā "nona nā" pono.
ʻO ka ʻōhumu o ka hanu o nā cyclostomes i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻeke kūikawā. No ka laʻana, ma ke kukui like ʻoi aku aia ʻehiku mau ʻōpū ʻana o nā ʻōpū hanu, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea i hoʻolako ʻia i ʻelua mau pihi (ʻo ka ʻaoʻao o loko ke alakaʻi i ka puhaka, ʻo waho kahi i loko o ke kaiapuni). ʻO kēia ka mea hiki iā ia ke hanu ka kukui o ke kau ʻana ma lalo o nā ʻano āpau: ʻaʻole ia e ʻike i ka pōloli oxygen, kanu ʻia hoʻi i ke one a i ʻole e paʻa ana i ka "nona".
Nā kōkua kōkua
E like me ke kānāwai, "hoʻomaka" i loko i nā iʻa a me ka hanu kōkua pūpū. A ʻo ka mea i ʻole ka maikaʻi o nā nohona ola, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kōkua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka luhi ma luna o lākou.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka hapanui o nā iʻa me ka mahiʻai. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ke pāʻani nei lākou i kahi hana kōkua, akā hikiʻole ke hoʻonele i kona koʻikoʻi. Hoʻopuka ka neʻe o nā hāpī i ka kahe wikiwiki o ka wai a me ka holoi ʻana o nā mea hōʻiliʻili, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai ʻilihune maikaʻi ʻole i loko o kahi waihona liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ke hana wale nā mea kanu i ka wai: ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke komo i ka oxygen mai ka lewa. Ma ka ʻāina, kahi maloʻo lākou a hoʻopili pū, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka make wikiwiki o kēlā kanaka. Hiki i nā uhi uhi hermetically ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā ʻikepili, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka iʻa me ka wai ʻole. ʻO ia ke kumu ʻo ka pipi, ke kalepa kālā, ka mea make nui i ka manawa make, a me ka mea kolo, ke kolo, a ʻole paha ke kahu pipi hiki ke moe i ka lau malo i nā hola a i ʻole lā i nā lā i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ke kino.
I mea e hiki ai i ka iʻa ke ola i nā wā paʻakikī, hāʻawi ʻia ke ʻano iā lākou me nā kaha mālama, i kekahi manawa kupanaha.
E ʻeli mākou i kahi mea liʻiliʻi mai ke kumu iʻa a hoʻomanaʻo i nā pali i kā mākou ʻili. I nā makahiki kahiko, ʻaʻole loa i hoʻomālamalama ʻia, mau kenekulia, i kekahi manawa i uhi ʻia ka poʻe me ka pena e hāʻawi iā lākou i ka like me nā kiʻi (ʻimi i nā mana e hana, e hana ai). Inā waiho ʻia ka peʻa ma luna o ka ʻili no kekahi mau hola, a holoi ʻia, ʻaʻole ia e lilo i pōʻino kūikawā i ke olakino. Akā inā ʻoe e hoʻopaʻa i ka panina saturated me nā toxins i kekahi mau lā, e make ana kekahi kanaka: e ola hou ʻo ia a hōʻeha i ka manawa like. I kēia manawa ke ʻike mākou e pono ai ka hanu o ka ʻili!
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kahi ʻano hoʻohālike like i ka iʻa - ua ʻoi aku paha a ʻano iki ʻole ʻia e ka ʻili o ka ʻili. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻoe e loaʻa i ka oxygen he nui ma o ka ʻili, akā pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke kino o ka iʻa i loko o ka lewa e hoʻopau pinepine i nā manawa he nui. Eia nō naʻe, pono e noʻonoʻo i ka hapa nui, ʻo nā kino maloʻo wale nō e hiki ai ke hanu i nā ʻelele o nā ichthyofauna.
ʻO nā Sturgeon ma ke kapikala he mau hanohano mau, akā ʻo nā ʻenehana manuahi i loaʻa wale i kēia manawa. Ma mua, ua lawe ʻia nā mea hoʻopiʻi nui i ke kūlanakauhale nui i loko o nā wahi ʻehā tarpaulin, a ʻo kahi pākuhi liʻiliʻi hoʻi - i nā hīnaʻi piha i piha i ka ʻōpala. I kekahi manawa ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā tampons me ka waiʻona ikaika i loko o nā waha o ka paʻa o ka paʻa, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka iʻa i ka iʻa a ʻae ʻia i kahi huakaʻi e mau ana i kekahi mau lā maikaʻi.
Kau ʻa ʻau
ʻAʻole paha i loaʻa i nā iʻa ʻokoʻa loa o ka iʻa ma mua o ka puna ʻūpī. ʻO kēia kahi kiko o ke kūlike, a me kahi kōkua, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka acoustic a me nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe, a me kekahi ʻano o "buoy ola", e ʻae ai ka iʻa i ka iʻa ma ka wai i koho ʻia, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana.
Ma aneane nā hui āpau o ka ichthyofauna e noho ana i kā mākou wahi ninaninaka e hiki ke pana a hoʻokahe i ka lewa mai kēia ʻoka, akā ua ʻike ʻia kekahi iʻa e hanu! Ua hoʻoolo ʻia ke ea Atmospheric, hele ka lawe ʻana mai i nā mea make wale nō, akā i ka ʻūlani ʻauʻau hoʻi, e nā poʻe noho o nā wai wai (ua lohe anei lākou "ʻula" a i kahi kalima ma nā lāʻau kū? hope aʻe.
Manaʻo nā ʻepekema ʻo ka hana nui o ka ʻāpana ʻaʻau i loko o nā mea aʻo prehistoric he mea kūloko maoli, a laila hoʻi, me ke ʻano o ka iʻa bony, ua hoʻololi ʻia i ka hydrostatic.
ʻO nā iwi
ʻAe, ua lohe pono ʻoe: aia nā iʻa i hiki ke milo i ka ea a hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka pā wahī ʻana ke hiki ai i ke kino me ka oxygen. ʻO ka ʻōlelo e kū mai nei i loko o kēia ʻanoʻano, ʻo ka ʻona o ka genus Corydoras.
Ma kēia mea, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke haʻi i ka loach i ʻike ʻia iā mākou: he hana koʻikoʻi nui kāna mau wai. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi loa, e hanu ka loach me nā gills, akā me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka oxygen, pili pū kekahi pū me nā mea kōkua. Pulu ihola ʻo ia i ka ea hau, kahi ma loko o ka ʻōpū a me ka puʻu, hoʻopili ʻia me ka ʻoi pūnū umauma o ka pūpili, a hoʻokuʻu a hoʻokuʻu i ka anus.
Kahikaha? Akā ka mea kūpono: hiki i kēia iʻa liʻiliʻi ke hanu i ka ea hau ma waena o kahi papakū, e kali ana i nā ua a i ʻole ka wai kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka nohona a me ka palekana.
Maze
ʻO kahi ʻōpū hanu kūikawā i kapa ʻia ʻo "labyrinth" hiki i kekahi mau ʻelele o ka ichthyofauna e hanu i ka lewa ea piha loa. Paele kēia ʻanuʻu, aia ma luna o nā kaola. I ka komo ʻana, e komo ka ea o ka ea i loko o nā keʻena labyrinth, kaʻi ʻia me nā kīʻaha koko, a hoʻopuka i ke koko me ka oxygen.
ʻAʻole hiki i ka poʻe noho o nā wahi e hoʻopili ai ke kahe ʻana o kēia kino (me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia a ʻokiʻoki), akā he nui nā iʻa aku loko i loko o ka labyrinth. Aia ka mea huna i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo nei e noho nei kēia mau iʻa i nā ʻōpala, kahi ma lalo o nā ʻano maʻamau ke ʻano ʻole ka wai i ka oxygen, a me nā keke ka ulu ʻole.
ʻO ka gourami hoʻokahi e kū pinepine i ka ʻōpū o ka wai e hoʻopau i ka ea. Ma ke ala, inā hoʻowahāwahā iā lākou i kēlā manawa, e hoʻokaʻawale wale lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kolamu o nā hōʻiliʻili i kēia hihia ma ka maze, akā ʻaʻole e loli.
Lungfish
Aia nā iʻa i aneane e kūlike me ka oxygen mai ka wai a me ka ea. Maanei hiki iā lākou ke kapa pololei ʻia i nā lanakila maoli i ke ola ʻana, kahi e makaʻu ʻole ʻole ai ʻoe me nā kūlana koʻikoʻi loa.
Hoʻolaha - kekahi o nā ʻelele kahiko o ka ichthyofauna. No ka manawa lōʻihi i manaʻo ʻia ua hala loa lākou, a ma kahi o 150 wale nō ka makahiki i hala, ua hana ʻochthyologists i kahi ʻike hou:
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā gills, loaʻa nō hoʻi i nā ʻōpū nā mea i like me ke ʻano o ko mākou mau māmā. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻomohala ʻia mai kahi palau ʻana a loaʻa iā ia kahi hana cellular a me kahi ʻoihana o nā capillaries i ka wā o ka hoʻololi ʻana. Ke manaʻo nei kekahi poʻe naʻauao, ʻo ia ka iʻa ʻelua-ala i manaʻo ai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā holoholona mai ka wai wai i ka ʻāina.
Pau ka make ʻana o ka wai, ʻāwili ʻia ka protopterus no Aferika i loko o ka ʻāpana, kahi a ka maloʻo ʻana, e hana nei i ka pulu lau i loko o kona kino. I laila, pili ka protopterus hibernate, ka ea ʻana i ka ea hau i loko o ka puka i loko o ka moliki, a hiki ke hiamoe no nā makahiki he nui. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wai i ka popo, ala a hoʻoulu ʻia ka protopterus a hoʻomaka e alakaʻi i kahi ʻano iʻa me ko ka iʻa. Akā ke hele nei ka niho ʻeha (Australian endemic) i ka maloʻo i nā pā hale, e hanu nei i ka ea ʻana o ka ea o ke aniani - he liʻiliʻi loa nā oxygen i loko o nā papa.
ʻO nā ʻike kiʻi
ʻAe mau ʻole ʻoe i ke kahaha? A laila ʻoi aʻe i nā mea ʻike hoihoi hou i kahi kīʻaha:
- ʻUdlelo Jumper. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke kāhea i kahi mākeke ma ka noʻonoʻo o ka huaʻōlelo, akā ʻo ia nō hoʻi e hoʻopaʻa i nā moʻolelo no ka noho ʻana o ka wai. Hoʻonui ka hana mana nei i ka hapanui o kona ola ma ka ʻāina, i loko o ka lewa o nā hana kākai. Ma ke ala, lele maoli ʻo ia a piʻi ke piʻi i nā aʻa o nā kumulāʻau e ʻimi ai i nā pepeke, a hānai ʻo ia iā ia (ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻala mua i loko o nā lālā maikaʻi i ulu ʻia). Ma ka manawa like, hoʻopuehu kēia iʻa ma luna o ka ʻili holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻili, a hana ka huelo i ka mea nui i ka hana o ka oxygenation. I ke kaola kai, ua huli ʻo ia i ke ala o ka hanu maʻamau.
- Kripoia. ^ E Ha yM. Hiki i ke crucian maʻamau ke ola i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi. ʻO kāna mea elemento, ua nui nā loko wai, kahi a ka hapa oxygen i kekahi hanana maʻamau. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ʻo ia i ka hanu o ka ʻili, a ua hiki iā ia ke ʻai i ka ea hau. Mai manaʻoʻiʻo: i loko o nā loko kaomi maʻamau o Kazakhstan, ua loaʻa nā ola kea nā mea i waiho i ka ʻoka i hoʻokahi makahiki no hoʻokahi makahiki!
- Slider perch. ^ E Ha yM. Ma mua o mākou kekahi mea iʻa kupanaha, ʻano hiʻohiʻona o ka ichthyofauna o Asia Hema - nā paila a i ʻole ka mea hana ʻana. Ua kapa ʻia lākou i kēlā me kēia e like me ka ʻike like ʻole i ka iʻa i kau ʻia - nā ʻāpana hoʻomoe i kahi detachment kaawale. No laila, hana maikaʻi ka labyrinth ma ka slider i mea e hāʻawi ai i ka hiki ke hoʻohana i kekahi mau lā ma waho o ka wai wai, i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā pōpoki a me nā pepeke. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ka hiki i ka paila ke piʻi i nā lāʻau (aia nō ka hōʻike o ka mea ʻike maka), akā manaʻo ʻo ka mea kānalua no ka lawe a laila i nā manu.
- Kauā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kekahi hana hou mai ka honua o ichthyofauna he eel. ʻAʻole wale ia e ʻike i kēia iʻa nahesa, hiki nō iā ia ke hanu i ka ea hau hau, e holo piha ana i waena o nā nāhelehele i loko o kahi ʻano ʻōlima. Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻo Eel i ka huaʻai alani: pono ia e hele i nā mau mile heʻumi mai nā kino wai ʻEulopa a hiki i ke kai Sargasso, no ka mea ua kahe wale ia i laila. E neʻe ka ʻele ma luna o ka ʻāina i ka pō a i ke kakahiaka nui, i ka nāhele hau wai, ʻaʻohe wai i loko o kekahi mau hola.
- Arapaima. ^ E Ha yM. Ma mua o mākou ka iʻa nui loa (i ka Amazon) a nui i loko ona. Akāʻo nā mea nui loa, ʻoi aku. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he mea hanu wale nō nā arapaima hānai me nā gills i ka mahina mua o ke ola. Hoʻohana ka ʻōpio i kahi puna ʻaʻau no kēia kumu, he ʻano maikaʻi loa ia a me ka ʻōnaehana porous a he kikowaena kokoke o nā ʻōpū. Kuhi ʻia nā ʻōpio ʻōpio i hope o ka hanu ʻana o ka ea i kēlā me kēia mau minuke 2-3, ʻelemakule - hoʻokahi mau manawa 6-10 mau minuke. Inā e haʻalele ʻoe iā lākou i kēia manawa hana, e kō aʻe lākou, me he mea lā ʻaʻole pane iki ʻia ka noi iʻa.
Hōʻike kēia nūpepa i nā hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha o ka hanohano o nā mea kūlike o ka ichthyofauna, akā he ʻoi aku nā mea nui aʻe. He ʻano kupaianaha ka honua o ka iʻa a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa loa mai kahi maka o ka gastronomic.
ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho maʻamau o ka iʻa
Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kino o kēlā me kēia mahele i ʻekolu ʻāpana - ke poʻo, ke ʻoki a me ka huelo. Hoʻopau ke poʻo i ka ʻāina o nā gills (i ko lākou hoʻomaka a i ʻole paha - ke hilinaʻi nei i ka superclass). Pau ka ʻōpala i ka laina o ke kuono i nā ʻelele āpau o kēia papa o ka noho moana. ʻO ka huelo ka māhele maʻalahi o ke kino, kahi i koʻokoʻo a me ke kele.
ʻO ke ʻano o ke kino e hilinaʻi nui ana i nā kūlana ola. ʻO ka iʻa e noho ana i ka pou wai waena (salmon, shark) loaʻa i kahi ʻano torpedo, ʻoi aku ka ʻano he ʻapu. ʻO ka noho ʻana o nā kai moana e kahe ana ma luna o ka lalo, he ʻano pālule. Hoʻopili kekahi o ka flounder, nā ʻalopona moana a me nā iʻa ʻē aʻe e koi ʻia e ʻauʻau ma waena o nā mea kanu lāʻau a mea ʻole paha. Loaʻa iā lākou nā kaha kikoʻī ʻē aʻe i pili i nā ahiona. ʻO ka laʻana, ʻo ka ʻele ka mea nona ka kino elongated.
ʻO ka iʻa ʻona ʻoihana - kāna moa
ʻAʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o ka iʻa me ka ʻole o nā pua. ʻO nā kiʻi, ʻo ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā puke keiki, e hōʻike maoli ʻia iā mākou i kēia ʻāpana o ke kino o nā kamaʻāina moana. He aha lākou?
No laila, ua pili like ole nā fins. Paele a me nā ʻōpū, kahi symmetrical a me ke neʻe like aku, a hiki i ka paena pū. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻole ka uku ʻole ʻia ma ke ʻano o kahi huelo, nā puʻu dorsal (mai hoʻokahi a ʻekolu), me ka ʻū a me nā momona, aia i kū koke ma hope o ka dorsal. Kuhi ʻia nā poli i nā ʻāʻī paʻakikī a maloʻo. Aia ia i ka helu o kēia mau lula ke helu ʻia ke kaʻina hoʻokele, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoholo i ka ʻano kiko o nā iʻa. Kuhi ʻia ka wahi o ka hope i nā leka Latin (A - anal, P - pectoral, V - ʻōpū). A laila, kuhikuhi ka helu Roma i ka helu o nā kaila ikaika, a me nā ʻōlelo Arapi - ua palupalu.
Hoʻolaha iʻa
I kēia lā, ʻoiaiʻo, hiki ke ʻoka i nā iʻa a pau i ʻelua mau pūʻulu - cartilage a me nā iwi. Hoʻokomo pū ka pūʻulu mua i nā mea noho o ke kai, ka ʻeke o ia mau ʻano kaila o nā ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole. ʻAʻole kēia ke kumu o ka minamina a ua hiki ʻole ke holo mua. I nā mea he nui o nā ʻelemaka o ka superclass, e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana ka pahu, a ma kona ʻano e like me nā iwi. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua ka iʻa iwi. ʻO Biology e like me ka ʻepekema e ʻōlelo nei o kēia superclass ka hoʻomaka mua o ka uluʻana. I ka wā hoʻokahi i kū ai ʻo ia kahi iʻa cysterae lōʻihi, kahi e ulu ai nā ʻano manuahi mua ʻole. A laila, e nānā hou aku mākou i ke ʻano o ke kino o ka iʻa o kēlā me kēia ʻano.
Kamuanui
I ka ʻōlelo kumu, ke ʻano o ka paʻakikī o ka iʻa cartilaginous ʻaʻole ia he mea paʻakikī a ʻokoʻa ʻole. He lei lole maʻamau kēia, ka mea e loaʻa ai ka kartilage paʻakikī loa a paʻa hoʻi. Hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia pūlea me nā paʻakai kaltsy, ma muli o ke ʻano e kūleʻa ai ka ikaika i ka cartilage. Mālama ka chord i kona ʻano i ke ola holoʻokoʻa, aʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia. Pili ʻia ke kuʻi ʻana i nā ʻōpala, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka huila o ka iʻa he ʻano holistic. Hoʻopili ʻia nā palaila i ia lā - caudal, pākuʻi pālua a me ka pectoral. Aia nā ʻōpio ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka mahele o ke kaʻe, a ma luna o kēia he mau ihu ʻelua. Hoʻokui ʻia ka ʻili a me nā ʻāpana kūahi i kēlā me kēia iʻa me nā unahi ʻona ʻia i kapa ʻia ka ploid. Loaʻa ia me ka dentin, i kāna mea i kū like ai me nā niho maʻamau i nā mamnals āpau.
Pehea e kahe ai ka cartilage
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonāukiuki o nā superclass cartilaginous i hōʻike mua ʻia e nā slill gill. ʻO lākou ka helu mai 5 a 7 paha paʻa ma ke kino. Kahi ʻia ka ʻōhule wahī i loko o nā ʻōpū kūlohelohe no kahi kaʻe o ka lopa e pā ana i ka hapa o ka iʻa holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka kartilage a pau ka nele o ka pua ʻaʻau. ʻO ia ke kumu i koi ʻia ai lākou e neʻe, a laila e kahe i lalo. He mea nui hoʻi e hoʻomaopopo i ke kino o ka iʻa cartilaginous, kahi e noho ai kahi priori ma ka wai paʻakai, he liʻiliʻi kekahi o kēia paʻakai. Ua manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo kēia no ka mea ma ke koko o kēia superclass he nui ka urea, kahi i loaʻa ka nui o ka nitrogen.
Pūraha
E nānā aku ʻoe i ke ʻano o ke kaʻe o ka iʻa i pili i ka superclass o nā iwi, e ʻike pū kekahi i nā mea ʻē aʻe o nā ʻano o kēia ʻano ʻano.
No laila, hāʻawi ʻia ka huila ma ke ʻano o ke poʻo, ʻōpala (i noho kaʻawale lākou, e like me ka hihia ma mua), a me ka pelu a mau ʻole. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pahu cranial i ʻelua mau keʻena - cerebral a visceral. ʻO ka lua e pili ana i nā hāho o keʻa a me nā hyoid, ʻo ia nā mea nui o ka ʻāpana ʻoihana. Aia pū kekahi mea i loko o ka ʻoki o ka iʻa iwi i nā ʻukala gill, i hoʻolālā ʻia e paʻa ai i nā mea hana gill. A ʻo nā musuli o kēia mau iʻa, ua kūpono lākou a pau, a ʻo ka mea nui ka ulu ʻana o lākou, ʻo ia ka iwi, hope a me ka lālā.
Mea hana ʻoluʻolu i ka iwi ʻōiwi o ke kai
Malia paha, ua ʻike pū ʻia i nā kānaka a pau loa, ʻo ka pūnao o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻā ʻana o ka iʻa bony ka mea i loaʻa i ka gills. Aia lākou ma ka pā o nā kiʻina pā. ʻO Gits slits kahi ʻāpana o ke ʻano o kēlā iʻa. Ua uhi ʻia lākou e ka uhi o ka inoa like ʻole, i hana ʻia a hiki i ka iʻa ke hanu a kūpaʻa i kahi kūlana immobilized (like ʻole cartilage). Hiki i nā lālā o ka superclass iwi ke hanu ma o ka ʻili. Akā ʻo ka poʻe e noho pololei ma lalo o ka wai o ka wai, a ma ka manawa like ʻaʻole hohonu hohonu, i kahi ʻē aʻe, hopu ʻoe i ka ea me kā lākou mau mea kanu mai ka lewa, a ʻaʻole mai ka kaola kai.
ʻO keʻano o nā kumuhala
Nā Gills - kahi ʻāpana kūʻokoʻa i hana ʻia i mua o nā mea wai mua a pau i noho ma ka Honua. I loko aia he kaʻina hoʻololi kumukūʻai ma waena o ke kaila hydraulic a me ke kino a lākou e hana ai. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa like nā ʻili o nā iʻa i ko mākou mau manawa i nā ʻano o nā mea i ʻike i ka poʻe noho o ko mākou honua.
Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, e hōʻike ʻia ana ma ke ʻano o nā papa like ʻelua, kahi i kū ʻia e ka punawai paʻa o nā kahe koko. ʻO ka hui pūʻana o nā hili he coelomic fluid. ʻO ia ka mea e hana nei i ke kaʻina hana o ke kinoea ma waena o ke kai aku a me ka iʻa iʻa. E hoʻomaopopo ka mana o kēia ʻano wehewehe ʻana i ka lawaiʻa, ʻaʻole wale nō i ka lawaiʻa, akā no ka nui o ka mauʻu vertebrate a me nā mea hoʻohana ʻole i ka moana. Akā e pili ana i ka mea maoli ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ke kino i loko o ke kino o ka iʻa i kūikawā i lākou iho, e heluhelu ma.
ʻAuhea nā mea kanu
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana o ka ʻōpū o ka iʻa e hoʻoulu ʻia i ka ʻāʻī. Aia ia kahi e loaʻa ai nā kīleʻaha lālā, kahi i hoʻoponopono ʻia ai nā kino o ke kinoea o ka inoa like. Hōʻike ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano o nā petals, kahi e ʻae i ka ea a me nā ʻano wai ʻulaʻula nui e pili pono ana i loko o kēlā me kēia iʻa. Ma kekahi mau wahi, ke kalū ʻia nei ka pharynx e ka slits gill. ʻO ia aia ma o lākou lā ua hele ka oxygen i komo i ka waha o ka iʻa a me ka wai e waiho ai.
ʻO kahi mea nui koʻikoʻi loa ia i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka nui o ke kino o nā kai holo moana, nui kā lākou mau gills no lākou. I kēia mea, pilikia nā pilikia me ka osmolarity o ke koko plasma i kā lākou meaola. Ma muli o kēia, inu mau ka iʻa i ka wai a hoʻokuʻu i loko o nā kahe o ka gill, e hoʻopiʻi i nā ʻano kaʻina kūpono. He haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ko ia ma mua o ke koko, no laila ke hoʻolako nei i nā hōʻili a me nā ʻili kino ʻē aʻe i me ka oxygen me ka wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana
Ke hānau ʻia kahi iʻa, aneane ke hanu ʻana o kona kino holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia kumulāʻau, e komo pū ka pūpule i waho e nā moku koko, no ka mea, ʻo ka oxygen, aia i ka wai kai, e komo mau i ke kino. Ka lōʻihi o ka manawa, hoʻomaka kēlā me kēia kanaka e hoʻomohala i ka hanu gill, ʻo ka mea hoʻi i nā gills a me nā mea āpau e pili kokoke ana iā lākou ua lako pū me ka pūnaewele nui o nā kahe koko. A laila hoʻomaka ka leʻaleʻa. ʻO ke kaʻina hanu o kēlā me kēia iʻa ke hilinaʻi nei i kona ʻano anatomical, no laila ma ichthyology he hana maʻamau ke hoʻokaʻawale iā ia i ʻelua mau māhele - ka hanu ikaika a pasif. Inā ʻike nā mea āpau me ka mea ola (hana ʻo ia i ka "maʻamau", e hōʻiliʻili i ka oxygen i loko o ka hū a me ka mālama ʻana iā ia e like me ke kanaka), a laila e hoʻāʻo mākou e hana i ka mea make ma mua i nā kikoʻī.
Uha ʻole i ka hanu a me nā mea e hilinaʻi nei iā ia
ʻO kēia ʻano o nā hanu he wale nō nā mea noho o nā kai a me nā kai. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna aʻe, ʻo nā hua hiʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o nā ʻelele o ka superclass cartilaginous, ʻaʻole hiki ke neʻe ʻole me ka lōʻihi o ka manawa, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe a lākou puna pua. Aia kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe no kēia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo kēia ʻuhane huhū. Ke ʻauʻau nei ka iʻa i ka wikiwiki, e hāmama kona waha a, hele koke ka wai i laila. Ke hoʻokipa nei i ka trachea a me nā mea hōʻiliʻili, hoʻokaʻawale ka oxygen mai ka wai wai, ka mea e hānai ai i ka hui o ke kai holo wikiwiki. ʻO ia ke kumu no ka manawa lōʻihi me ka ʻole o ka neʻe ʻana o ka iʻa e haʻalele iā ia iho i ka hiki ke hanu me ka ʻole hoʻolimalima pono ʻana a me ka ikaika ma luna o ia mea. I ka hopena, ʻike mākou he pili nā pali a me nā ʻelele a pau o nā mackerel.
ʻO ka ʻiʻo nui o ka iʻa
Maʻalahi loa ke ʻano o ka puʻuwai o ka iʻa, nā mea a mākou e hoʻomaopopo nei, ma luna o ka mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa o ke kau ʻana o kēia ʻano holoholona, ʻaʻole kūleʻa. No laila, ʻelua ka lumi lumi. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia e hoʻokahi pā hale nui, kahi o nā keʻena ʻelua - nā atrium a me ka ventricle. Paʻi ʻia ka naʻau o ka iʻa koko wale nō. Ma ka ʻōlelo kumu, ʻōnaehana kaila holo i kēia ʻano o ke kai ʻōpiopio he ʻōnaehana paʻa. Holoi ke koko ma o nā pono āpau o nā koina, a laila hoʻohui i loko o nā moku, a mai laila ua kahili hou ʻia i loko o nā kapili liʻiliʻi, ke hoʻolako nei i nā koena o loko. Ma hope o kēlā, hōʻiliʻili ʻia ke koko "hoʻopau" i loko o nā uaua (a ʻelua mau oʻa i ka iʻa - ka maʻi hepatic a me cardiac), mai kahi a ka mea pololei i ka puʻuwai.
Hoʻohālikelike
No laila ua hoʻopau kā mākou haʻawina pōkole i ka biology. ʻO ke kumuhana o ka iʻa, e like me ka mea i huli ʻia, mahalo nui ʻia, maʻalahi. He mea koʻikoʻi ka loiloi o kēia mau kai kūloko no ke aʻo ʻana, ʻoiai ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka poʻe mua o ko mākou honua, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea ke kumu o ka ʻōlohelohe. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke ʻano a me ka hana ʻana o ka mea ʻai o ka iʻa ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. A ua ʻoluʻolu ʻia ka nui o kēia poʻe noho o ka wai stochia no ka noʻonoʻo pono ʻana, a i ka manawa like, nā maʻalahi a pau nā ʻōnaehana āpau a me nā ʻōhumu o ʻōpio nā keiki.