Loaʻa ka salamander, a i ʻole ke salamander ahi (Latin Salamandra salamandra) no ka ʻohana maoli ʻo Salamander (Salamandridae) mai nā kauoha a Tailed Amphibians (Urodela). Ke alakaʻi nei ka holoholona i kahi ʻano huna, e hoʻopiʻi nui ana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o kāna mau ʻano i nā mea kūlohelohe.

ʻOiai kēia ʻano kūoha, hiki i ka haʻi ʻia ke loaʻa i nā palapala kākau kahiko. Ua unuhi ʻia ko lākou inoa mai Persian i loko o Lūkia he "noho i ke ahi." I ka wā kahiko, ʻike ka poʻe i nā mea e holo ana mai ka lapalapa ʻana o ke ahi.

Kiola i ke ahi i ke ahi, luku nā kānaka i nā hale o ka salamander, ka mea e ʻauheʻe iā lākou i loko o ka panikō mai ke ahi. Pēlā ka ʻike i kahi moʻolelo, me he mea lā e hānau ʻia ana i ke ahi. He nui ka poʻe i manaʻoʻiʻo me ko lākou honu i hiki i kēia mau amfibia ke hoʻopau i ka lapalapa.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ko lākou mea palahalaha e ka poʻe kūpuna o ka lehulehu o nā ʻuna no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i mea e komo maikaʻi ai i loko o ka hana.

Kālā

ʻO ka pilona kahi ma ʻEulopa, North Africa a me West Asia. Holo ia mai ka Iberian Peninsula ma ke komohana a hiki aku i ke komohana komohana o Turkey ma ka hikina. Noho ʻo Salamanders i Portugal, Palani, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Helene Italia, ma ke komohana hema o Spain a me Ukraine. He mea maʻamau ko lākou a puni ʻo Balkan Peninsula.

Aia nā kānaka i ka ʻāina i Slowakia, Czech Republic, Polani, Hungary, Israel, Syria a Iran.

ʻO nā wahi punahele no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka salamanders i kāwili ʻia a me ka nahele deciduous me nā beech kū. ʻAe ʻoluʻolu lākou e noho i nā kahe niu, ka ʻeli a me kahi ʻōpala o nā ʻōpala lāʻau.

Kēia loa hiki aku ʻoe ke ʻike iā lākou ma nā wao coniferous a ma nā wahi ākea. Ma kahi kokoke i ka wahi i ʻike ʻia ai ka salamander, kahi kahawai me kahi wai wikiwiki a me ka wai aniani i pono e kahe. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ʻia ia ma nā kahawai i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe mai 600 a 1200 m ma mua o ke kai.

15 ʻike ʻia nā subspecies. Noho ka subspecies nominative noho ma ka Balkan Peninsula, loaʻa i kekahi manawa ma ka hema o Kelemela a ma Polani.

ʻAno lawehala

ʻO ka salamander kohu ʻia kekahi o nā holoholona nocturnal; hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ke ao a hala wale ka ua. Hoʻonui ʻo ia i ka lā holoʻokoʻa i loko o kahi lua i waiho ʻia e nā rodents, kahi ʻōpala ma waena o nā pōhaku, ma lalo o kahi lāʻau i hina a i ʻole i kahi hopo.

Inā pono, hiki iā ia ke ʻoki kūleʻa i kahiinga i ka lepo palupalu e pili ana iā 40 cm lōʻihi a he 4-6 cm ākea.

Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, hele a maloi kēia mea, ma hope o ke koho ʻana i kahi wahi kūmau me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a pale ʻia mai ka hau. ʻO nā papahele, nā pūnāwai, nā ana a i ʻole nā ​​grottos e kūpono no ka hānau ʻana.

ʻO kahi pale maikaʻi loa no nā amphibians kona mau ʻona make ma hope o ka pepeiao o nā pepeiao (parotids) a me nā lālani ʻelua o nā ʻōlaʻi ʻona e kū ana ma ke kua. Hiki iā lākou ke kahiki i ka mucus melemele a keʻokeʻo paha i ka waihoʻoluʻu, a, i ka wā i maloʻo ai i ka lā, loaʻa iā lākou ka ʻawaʻawa. ʻO nā mea i loaʻa i loko e hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka nāwī o ka mucous membrane i ka poʻe predator.

Ua hoʻokuʻu ke salamander ahi i nā toxins ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hemo i ka wā o ka hōʻemi a i ʻole i ka hopena.

ʻO ka ikaika o ka kaila, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea momona amphibian. No kēia kumu, ua hoʻoholo wale kekahi mau nāhelehele e kūʻē i ka pākeke.

Mea ʻai

I ka wā o ka nahu, ua hoʻokokoke a salamander ākea i ka mea pio a hopu ikaika me ka waha. Lohi pinepine ka hune i ka mea i hiki ke pakele i ka mea, akā ke manaʻo nei ʻo ka amphibian haʻaheo i hoʻēmi ʻia ma mua o kona hanohano e alualu iā ia.

ʻO ka papa meaʻai kekahi o nā holoholona invertebrate like ʻole. ʻAi ʻia nā ʻĀmio i nā ʻōiwi, nā ʻalā, nā mea inikini a me nā mea kina. Me kahi hoʻonohonoho kūpono, kūpono lākou i nā lāʻau baki a me nā mea hou.

ʻAno hānau

I ka hopena o ka hopena o ka puna, i ka wā i hoʻokele pono ai ka lepo i ka māla maikaʻi, ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka salamander i ʻike ʻia i ka makā. Ke kāne kāne ʻeuʻeu, e hāpai ana i ke poʻo kiʻekiʻe, e ʻoki e ʻimi i kahi wahine o ka naʻau. E ʻike ana i kona hoahānau, hoʻokokokeʻo ia iā ia e hoʻoholo i kāna ʻano kāne.

Ina he wahine ka ia, alaila e kupu ke ana ke kane ma lalo o ia a waiho a spermatophore ma ka lepo. Ua paʻa ʻo ia i ka wahine me kona cesspool.

Mālama ʻia ʻo Spermatozoa i ke kino wahine a hiki i nā hua. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua pālua i ka ʻōpū, ma kahi e ulu ai ka luku.

Hoʻolau ka wahine i ka hānau ʻana i ka hoʻoilo, a me ka hiki ʻana mai o ka pūnāwai, ʻimi ʻo ia i kahi kahawai me nā waihona pīhoihoi a me ka papa lohi. Ma laila ʻo ia e waiho ai i nā hua, kahi mai nā koke koke i ka nahu.

ʻAʻole lawa ka salamander makua. Inā ma ka wā e hānau ai ka makuahine i ka wā o ka wā, a laila e make ia.

Ma ke kānāwai, hiki i kahi wahine ke hana mai ka 20 a 40 larvae, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi i hiki i 22-37 mm. Ua hoʻokumu maikaʻi lākou i nā mea hōʻiho waho, ʻelua mau wāwae a me kahi pā caudal. ʻOkoʻa ka kala i ka hina hina i ka ʻoliva me nā wahi he nui. No nā mahina 3 i loko o lākou i ka wai, e hānai ana i nā hua pepeke me nā mea kōpaʻa amphipod.

Mai Iulai a ʻAukake, loaʻa ka metamorphosis. I ka pau ʻana, ua hele ka ʻeleʻale nui ʻōpiopio i ka ʻāina. ʻO kona lōʻihi e pili ana i 6 cm.

ʻO nā hua lāʻau i hānau ai i ka hoʻoilo e hoʻopau i ka hoʻoilo holoʻokoʻa i loko o kahi pākaukau, a lilo i nā pākeke me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pūnāwai e hiki mai ana. Mamuli o nā kūlana climatic, puberty i loko o lākou e loaʻa i nā makahiki 3-4.

ʻO keʻano

Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o ke kino i ka 10-24 cm ka lōʻihi, he 32 cm. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne a loaʻa ke kino o ka ʻōpū. ʻAʻohe dimorphism o ka ʻalani i ke kala.

ʻO ke poʻo ākea me nā maka puʻupuʻu e hoʻopau me kahi muzzle poepoe. Hōʻike maopopo ʻia nā waha o nā kulu ʻona. ʻAno ka ʻili, hoʻopili a piliki wale.

ʻO ka pale ʻeleʻele i uhi ʻia i nā kukui melemele, ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ʻulaʻula. Ma kekahi ʻāpana nui ma hope o ke kua he mau mea ʻoi mau mea momona. ʻEhā mau manamana lima ma ka mua, a ʻelima ma ka wāwae hind. ʻOi aku ka pōkole ʻoi a puni ka wili.

ʻO ka pehu lalo e uhi i ka ʻili hina-ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha.

Loaʻa ke ola o ka salamander ahi i loko o ka nahele no ka manawa he 10 mau makahiki. Ma ka noho pio ana, ola ia a hiki i 20-24 mau makahiki.

Ka hoʻokūkū ola

ʻAʻole maopopo i ke ʻano o ke kaʻina o ka salamanders ahi. Eia kekahi, ʻike pono nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o nā pōpoki pua o salamander o kēia ʻano ma muli o ka noho a ʻo kona kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ke kai.

Hoʻomaka hoʻomaka ka wā kanu e hoʻomaka ana i ka wā mua. I kēia manawa, ulu ke kāne ma ka wahi o ka cloaca i ke kūlohelohe convex gland, e hoʻopili ana i kahi spermatophore.

ʻElua mau subspecies o ke aloha salamanders - S. s. fastuosa a S. s. bernardezi - nā holoholona ola e ola ai, ʻaʻole nā ​​wahine i waiho i nā hua, akā hoʻopuka i ka ulia. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka subspecies i ke koena i ka hana hua hua manu.

Koho nā ʻelele o nā ʻano ʻano i ka wā akomi ma ke ʻano o 3 mau makahiki. Hōʻea ka ola i loko o ke kūlohelohe a i nā makahiki 14;

Kaʻi Mīkini Kaukuʻi

ʻO Salamander - i loko o alchemy, ka ʻuhane o ke ahi ma keʻano he mea maʻamau - ke ʻano o ke ahi. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo ia ka loea salamander liʻiliʻi, ka mea, e like me ka manaʻo kaulana, hiki ke ola i ke ahi, ʻoiai he kino anu kona, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia i loko o kahi ahi a puʻu mai loko aku, e hūnā ana i ka lūlū manu i hoʻolei ʻia ma laila. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ia inā ʻoe e kiola i loko o ke ahi, e puka aku ia.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā Salamanders i ka hōʻike o nā mea kilokilo medieval a me nā alchemists me nā mea o ke ahi. ʻO kahi ʻano hiʻohiʻona o ka salamander, ʻo ke anuanu maʻamau ia o ke kino, me ka ʻae ʻana i ke ahi me ka ʻole o ka puhi ʻana, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana ʻana i kekahi lapalapa. ʻO ka salamander he hōʻailona o ka uluʻena ʻulaʻula o ka pōhaku o ka luna pilosopo. Ua manaʻo ʻia me ke kōkua ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana ka hiki ke "crystallize" i ka ikaika o nā hihi o ka lā i kahi pahu kīʻaha a penei e koi a hoʻokau i ka salamander i kona makemake.

Hoʻohana ka iconie Medieval i ke kiʻi o ka salamander he hōʻailona o ka poʻe pono - ke kiaʻi o ka manaʻoʻiʻo ma waena o nā mea hou o ke ao honua. Ke kau nei i ka salamander i loko o kona mau umauma, me ka mea nona, me ka mea nona ka ʻōlelo he ʻumiʻumi, a ʻaʻole makaʻu loa ʻo ia i ka pōpilikia.

ʻO Pliny ka Elder (29-79 AD) ʻo ia ka mea mua o nā hana a nā mea kākau kahiko i ola e wehewehe i ka hele ʻana o kēia mea hana. Wahi a ia, ʻo ka salamander he wahi lepa ia, ʻoiai, e like me ka salamander o kēia wā. Eia nō naʻe, e pili ana i ke wela a i ʻole ke anu a me ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka salamander, ua ʻano ʻo Pliny: ʻo ka ua like me ka hau. E like me nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe ma mua ona, ʻaʻole paha maopopo ʻo Pliny pehea e hānau ʻia ai nā salamanders. Wahi a ia, ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea ʻike i ke aniani wā a e ala aʻe mai kahi kumu ʻike. ʻO kēia, ka mea, ua koi ʻo Pliny e noʻonoʻo i kēia mau holoholona i ka mea kūpono ʻole a no laila ʻaʻole hua e hānau. Hoʻohui hou, wehewehe ʻo Pliny i kēia holoholona i kahi o nā mea ponoʻona.

ʻ passagelelo holo holomua i hōʻike ʻia e ka mea kākau i ka luhi a me ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻana o kēia mea hana i ka hana o ka ʻā o ka salamander ma Pliny. Eia kekahi, me ka haʻi aku i kekahi Sextius, ke kānalua ʻole nei ia e pili ana i ka manaʻo e hoʻopau ana nā salamanders i ke ahi, me ka ʻōlelo nei i Roma e ʻike hou ʻia lākou e ka ʻike, me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā ahi pinepine a hōʻino i loko o ke kaona.

Ma ka moʻomeheu Karistiano, ʻo ka waiwai kupaianaha o ka salamander ʻaʻole e puhi i ka ahi, ua komo koke i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka moʻomeheu hou. Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Aurelian Augustine i ka salamander ma ke kūmole o nā hōʻike e hiki ai i nā kino o ke kanaka ke kuni, hoʻokaumaha, mau loa, ka ʻakaʻaka kūlohelohe o nā kumu kūlohelohe o ka manawa. Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka laulā maʻamau, a laila e ʻōlelo ana e Augustine e pili ana i nā hana mana e like me kēlā. ʻO kekahi hana mana, ua loaʻa i nā huaʻōlelo he nui no ka ʻōlelo ma ka ʻōlelo Latina, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia i ka wā kahiko e like me ka mea e kū ana i ke "kūlohelohe." ʻO Augustine e kamaʻilio ana i ka mana nui o ke akua Karistiano, ʻoiai ka mea, ʻaʻohe hōʻailona, ​​no ka mea, ʻo nā mea a pau e kū nei ma ka makemake o ke Akua. Ua hoʻohālikelike iki ʻia, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo i kēia manaʻo i alakaʻi i nā kūʻē kūʻē nui i ka moʻomeheu Karistiano. Inā ʻo ka "kiʻekiʻe" aʻoi aku ka hōʻole ʻana i ka hana mana, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi mea ke kūʻē i ka makemake o ke Akua, ʻoiai ka mea e nani ai mākou, a laila ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻōpala i loko o nā ola o ka poʻe haipule, e koi mau i kahi hana mana mai ka mea paia, āna i hōʻike ai. a laila hoʻohuli i ka poʻe hewa i ka Karistiano. Eia nō naʻe, i ka hōʻike ʻana e hiki ke hoʻomāinoino ʻia nā kino o ka poʻe i hoʻāhewa ʻia i Ke ahi, a ua hōʻike ʻo ʻAkineine i nā hōʻike he nui o ke ʻano o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o nā mea like ʻole a me nā mea ʻole i ke ahi, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea hāʻawi ma ka papa inoa nui o nā "mau hana" hiki ʻole. A eia hoʻi, hele maila ka salamander iā ia.

Loaʻa nā palua ma waena o ka salamander a me nā hanana biblikia ma mua. ʻO ka "Physiologist", i kākau ʻia i ka makahiki kenekulia 2 Mīhā, ua kau i nā kumu i ka mea ʻike ʻia ai ka salamander i hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia i ka hōʻailona ma ka Middle Ages. ʻO nā holoholona ma nā Physiologist kekahi mau manawa maoli ʻoi aku nā hōʻailona o ka maikaʻi-maikaʻi, nā ʻano hemolele, nā akua, nā mea hoʻohuli a me nā hewa. ʻAʻole i lawe ʻia mai ka ʻatikala ma ka salamander ma kēia ʻano he kumu kūpono ʻole, akā ua huki maoli ʻia nā mea like.

I ka XII kenekulia, lawe ka moʻolelo o ka salamander i kahi huli kūlohelohe. I ka hopena o kēia kenetulia, ua laha kahi leka ma ʻEulopa, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ke Aliʻi ʻo India John, he ʻāno hoʻi. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā hoʻopunipuni kaulana kaulana i hoʻolilo ka poʻe ʻEulopa i kahi manawa ʻē aʻe e hiki mamao loa ma India aia kahi aliʻi kūpono a mana hoʻi me ʻEulopa a lākou i hoʻāʻo ai no kekahi manawa e hoʻokau i kahi pilina e koi ai iā ia i ka hakakā ʻana me ko muslim. ʻAno maoli, ʻaʻohe John, e like me kona ʻāina, i noho ai, akā hoʻokalakupua i kēia mea hoʻoikaika nui o ka politika Poleraia a me nā ʻāhewa Europa a me ka papacy. ʻAʻole hiki ke kākau ʻia nā leka a Elder John, ma waho o ʻEulopa. I kēiaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia kahi aniani o nā hana mana a ka piliona o ʻEulopa i hana i ka Hikina, a ʻaʻole hiki ke kākau ʻia ka hana ma ka hikina o Byzantium. Aia nō hoʻi kahi salamander ma ka wehewehe ʻana o ka ʻāina o kā mākou ʻāina ʻo Elder John.

Mālama

Carpathians, Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia a me Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Kroasia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italia, Luxembourg, Makedonia, ka mua o Yugoslav Republic o, Netherlands, Polani, Portugal, Romania, Slowakia, Slovenia, Spain , Kelemania, Tureke, Ukraine, Yugoslavia. Kū ʻia ka salamander wela a hiki i ka 2000 m i nā kuahiwi.

Kāleka

ʻIli ʻia ka ʻili o ke salamander ahi, hoʻomehana a hoʻomehana ʻia. Maʻa nā pale, pōkole ʻEhā alo mua a ʻelima mau manamana lima ma nā wāwae. ʻAʻohe o ka membrane. Muzzle hāneʻe pōpoki, nā maka ʻulaʻula nui. Ma luna o nā maka he ʻāpana a ʻeleʻele. Ma hope o nā maka he momona nā momona - mumps. Piʻi a kūʻai nā niho. Nui ke kino a nui ʻole ke kino. Ka poʻe ka ʻāpana ʻāpana. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mele ma mua o nā wahine; ʻOi aku ka wāwae o nā kāne; a hele mua ke alo a me nā wāwae a hele, a hele kekahi i kekahi. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou mau lehelehe pīpī ma mua o nā wahine. Hoʻokomo wale nā ​​mea kūlohelohe o ka laina lateral i ke kahua kikowaena.

Hoʻaiho

Nā ʻōpū a me nā kuahiwi (a hiki i 2000 m). Hōʻalo i kahi maloʻo a hāmama. Ke noho nei ke salamander ahi i nā kolo lāʻau o nā kahe o nā kahawai a me nā kahawai, ma ka ulu lāʻau beech ua ʻāhiu ʻia e ka makani (ʻaʻole ia e alo i ka hui pū ʻana, a me nā ulu lāʻau coniferous). Makemake ʻo ia i nā poli a nā polu a ma kahi o 1-2 i ka poʻe 100 m 2.

Hoʻohui

I ka wai, ua hānau nā salamanders wahine i nā ʻōpiki āpau i piha ʻia (paona ma kahi o 0.2 g, ka lōʻihi 25-30 mm). ʻEkolu ou mau kime o nā cirrus waho, nā ʻāpana ʻula e ʻike ʻia i ke kumu o nā hiʻu, ʻoi loa ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo, ʻūlū ʻia, i kālai ʻia i ka ʻāpana lau ākea, e hoʻopiʻi ana ma ke kua o ke poʻo. Ua nui ka poʻo, puni, kūpaʻa ke kino, ma ke kāpili ʻia ma hope mai. ʻO nā mea wīwī o ke salamander ahi he mea wīwī, i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka cannibalism. Hoʻomaka ka wā larval i ke kauwela a pau, metamorphosis hoʻopau i ʻAukake-Kepakemapa, me ka lōʻihi Larva o 50-60 mm. Hoʻomaka hoʻomaʻamaʻa piha nā salamanders liʻiliʻi i ka hanu a haʻalele i ka loko. Ma mua o ka pau o ka metamorphosis, hoʻomaka ke ʻōlohelohe me ke kaʻe o ka wai ma lalo, e piʻi pinepine ana i ka wai ma hope o ka lewa.

Ke kūlana pae ʻāina / mālama

Koho komo Red Book o Ukraine.

Nā Manaʻo: ahi salamander e hana makeu - salamander, kahi mea alkaloid e hana ana i ka ʻōnaehana o ka nisa (kumu o nā makeʻe, ʻeha hopohopo, arrhythmias cardiac a me kahi ʻāpana paralysis), e hoʻomoe nei i nā kikowaena o ka medulla oblongata. Inā ʻai kekahi ʻīlio i kahi salamander, make ia mai ka make ʻana. ʻO ka hopena lethal o ka salamandrin no nā kiʻi he 70 mcg.