ʻO kekahi mau holoholona manuahi i loaʻa ka hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o nā holoholona like ʻole i ka manawa hoʻokahi. ʻO ka funiil marten perunium ka like me ka marten, wolverine a me ka manawa like. Ke kapa ʻia nei ia ʻo Medvedosomakha. He pēpē liʻiliʻi ʻo Perunium, ʻoiai ua ulu aku kāna mau hua hou i kēia mau liʻiliʻi.
Ma ke ʻano o ka lolo o ka marten, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia kekahi mau hana o ka holoholona!
Ua hoʻomanaʻo hoʻi kekahi ʻepekema i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka huila o ka perunium ma ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kiʻiona maoli o kāna lolo i loaʻa i ka ʻano o ke holoholona - ʻo ia kahi maikaʻi maikaʻi loa. Ua aʻo ʻia ka mea hoʻokūkū e ka Soviet paleontologist Yu.A. ʻO Orlov, kona inoa ʻo Paleontological Museum ma Moscow
Wikiō: Leo. Nā mea wānela Super. Nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni palapala. ʻO Ke Kīhoohue Kanaka National Geographic
Pehea ʻoe i hoʻokau ʻia ai? ʻO ka mea pinepine paha, a make ka marten, hoʻomaka koke ka ʻūhā i ke kīpolo i ka manawa i hala, ʻoi aku ka wā, mau ʻōpala mai nā ʻaoʻao a pau i hoʻopuni i ka lolo o marten. No laila hāʻawi ka ʻepekema i ka poʻe ʻepekema i makana nui - a hiki iā lākou ke aʻo ma hope o nā makahiki he nui i hoʻolei ʻia ka lolo o kahi holoholona kahiko.
ʻO ka mea mua e noiʻi i nā koena o ka perunium, ʻo ia ka mea ʻepekema Lūkini ʻo Yu Orlov. Ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka ʻōlelo liʻiliʻi loa he cast o ka lolo o marten, he hoʻomaikaʻi, i hiki ai iā ia ke ʻike i kona ʻano a me kona ʻano.
Wikiō: nā holoholona maikaʻi loa i Lusia
ʻO ka helehelena o kēia predator kahiko ua like ia me ka marten, wolverine a me ka bear. Ma muli o ka helehelena, ʻike ʻia kahi inoa ʻelua - "Medvedosomakha".
ʻO nā pelekane he nui nā mea wānana, ua nui ka nui o nā bears o nā bea hou.
Pono kā lākou mau wāwae wāwae, a ākea ka wāwae o lākou, no laila ua holo maikaʻi lākou ma ka hau hau.
He mea koʻikoʻi ia e ʻike ai nā kūpuna o nā ʻīlio kahiko i ko nā ʻano mua kahiko, he mau hoahānau nila me nā beelids. Akā ʻo nā kūpuna o nā pōpoki a me nā hyena kai like ʻokoʻa loa.
Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā koena o ka wai wai Pākīpika ma Rusia
ʻO nā loea mai ka Paleontological Institute. Ua hōʻike ʻo A. A. Borisyak o ka Russian Academy of Science i ka mea huna o ka hōʻike e mālama nei i loko o nā kālā o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kolomensk o Local Lore. E like me ka mea, aia ʻo ia i ka wai kai kaluna ʻo ʻEulopa.
Loaʻa nā ʻepekema kanaka i kahi makahiki i hala aku nei, e nānā ana i nā hōʻike. ʻO kahi holoholona hihiu, nona nā koena e ʻike ʻia ma Rū ma mua, ʻaʻole i noho kahi mamao loa mai Kolomna hou.
Loaʻa nā ʻepekema kanaka i kahi makahiki i hala aku nei, e nānā ana i nā hōʻike. ʻO kahi holoholona hihiu, nona nā koena e ʻike ʻia ma Rū ma mua, ʻaʻole i noho kahi mamao loa mai Kolomna hou.
I ka makahiki 2019, ua ʻike ka ʻona paleontologists i kahi ʻūhā kūwaho o kahi poʻokela fossil ma waena o nā hale waihona puke o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kolomna o Local Lore. ʻIke ʻia ka ʻūlima ʻana i ka makahiki 1939 kokoke i ke kauhale o Lukerino, 4,5 km ma ke komohana o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Kolomna, ma ke kahawai ʻo Kolomenka, ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke kahawai o Moscow.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea noiʻi ma ke ʻano he nui o nā pōʻai wai Europa (Bubalus murrensis). ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana e ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka ʻōpio a me ka holoi ʻana o ka niho, aia ka ʻūhā i ke kanaka ʻelima a ʻelima a ʻeono paha makahiki.
Ua ʻike ʻia ma ka hopena o ka Mīkini a me Late Pleistocene, noho ʻia nā pōʻai wai wai ma waenakonu o ʻEulopa. I ka wā o ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka pili, ua hele aku nā ʻelele maʻamau o nā manu mammoth i ka ʻākau a me ke komohana, a i ka waena o ʻEulopa, a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe no kēia mau wahi e like me ka hippos a me nā poʻi.
Loaʻa kā lākou mau piʻi ma nā awāwa ʻo Rhine ma Kelemānia, ʻike ʻia ʻo Palani, a me Italia a me Netherlands. ʻElua mau kahe nui o ka neʻe ʻana i ka wai me nā wai kokoke i ka wai ma loko o nā wai - i waena o nā 425-337 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei a me 130-1000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei.
ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ke ʻūhā o kekahi poʻokela wai kahiko: ua ʻike ʻia ʻelua tausani mau kilomita ma ka ʻaoʻao kahiki o ka nui o ka nui o kēia mau holoholona - ma ka ʻāina ʻo Moscow, kahi kokoke i Kolomna. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka radiocarbon dating o kahi panana i ʻike ʻia ma ka wahi i Moscow e hōʻike ana ʻo kēia holoholona i noho ma kahi i hoʻokahi haneri tausani mau makahiki ma mua o kona mau hoahānau ʻEulopa ʻEulopa - kokoke ma ka palena o ka Pleistocene, ma kahi o 12,800 mau makahiki i hala.
Sarmiento Mahele 2 - Kamana Petehi
I koʻu hoʻolālā ʻana i ka ala alanui i Patagonia, nui kekahi mau koho no ka holo ʻana ma kēlā ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka hoʻoholo e hele i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Sarmiento, ua hana ʻia ma muli o ke ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mea hoʻokaʻawale i ke ahi - ʻo ia ka mea kanu lāʻau.
Eia kahi ʻoki e like me ka lāʻau maloʻo. Akā ʻo kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua loli maoli kāna mau mea āpau e ka pōhaku.
Mālama ʻia ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o nā lāʻau kahiko, me nā ʻāpana, nā kapuwa a me nā ʻōpala. Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻili.
ʻO nā ʻāpana o nā lāʻau ma nā wahi āpau - mai nā puʻu liʻiliʻi a hiki i nā kahi nui:
No nā haneli miliona mau makahiki, ua hūnā ʻia nā koena o kahi ululāʻau kahiko ma lalo o kahi papa pāhono o ka ʻōpala sedimentary a me ka pālolo, akā i kēia manawa aia kahi kaʻina o ka puʻu.
Ma nā wahi āu e ʻike ai ʻaʻole wale i ka lāʻau wale nō, akā ʻo ka ʻili o nā mea hoʻowalewale e waiho ai, e hoʻololi mālie i ka pōhaku. E nānā i nā ʻāpana pōhaku a nā ʻokiʻoki i hoʻopau ai ka ʻōpala. ua ʻike ʻia nā ala ma kēia kīhāpai o nā ʻano ʻāina me kēia mau neʻe, kahi like ʻole i ka wā ma hope, nā ʻōpala.
I ka hoʻohuiʻana i ka nahele kahiko, ʻo kēia wahi iho he nani loa. ʻO ka nani o ka wao nahele, ʻoiaʻiʻo, akā nō naʻe. "Mokoka Luna":
Ma hope o nā mauna ʻehiku mau ona maʻamau e hele i ke ʻākau o ʻAmelika, akā ma Sarmiento kekahi mea e ʻike ai.
He mea hiki ʻole ke lilo ʻo Sarmiento i kahi huakaʻi hele a nui - aia nō hoʻi i ka waenakonu o kahi e noho nei, ʻo ia hoʻi e mau loa ka nani a me ka lewa o kēia kihi kupanaha. Loaʻa iā mākou nā hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi mai ke kūlanakauhale.
ʻO ka huelo o ka plesiosaur i kūleale, e like me ke kohola
Ua hoʻolako ʻia ka huelo o ka plesiosaurus me ka ʻili kino ʻili a ua kū pono ia, e like me nā penaaceace a me nā haku ʻenehana. ʻO kēia hopena ua loaʻa e ka poʻe noiʻi o ka Paleontological Institute. ʻO A. A. Borisyak e pili ana i ka hoʻopaʻa hou ʻana o nā puke ʻoi aku ka nui a me ka nānā ʻana i ka palapala.
ʻO ka hiki ʻana o kahi pū kaomi ma ka hope o ka huelo i plesiosaurs i hōʻike ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki i hala aku ma kahi hoʻohālike o ka Jurassic Siliosaurus (Seeleyosaurus guilelmiimperatoris) me nā mea kiko o ke contour o ke kino. ʻOiai hikiʻole ke nānā iki i ka moni caudal o ka plesiosaurus i nā reconstructions kaulana a hiki i ka ʻepekema noiʻi. Mai ka pae ʻana o ka moni caudal ma luna o ka ʻike maka wale nō i ʻike maopopo ʻole, ʻike ʻia nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe e pili ana i kēia. Kemu ʻia ke poʻo o ka lāʻau paleoherpetology ʻo A.G. Sennikov i ka ʻōpala he 14 mau ʻoka o nā reptile moana Jurassic mai nā waihona kālā o ka Paleontological Institute, a me nā kumuwaiwai i nā mammals iʻa a me nā reptile mai nā ʻimi noiʻi ʻē aʻe. Heluhelu kekahi mau ʻike i ka wahi o ka hope caudal, ka mea e hoʻomanaʻo nei i nā sirens a me nā cetaceans hou.
ʻO Plesiosaurus, ma ka ʻōlelo hoʻomohala o ka English paleontologist William Bikane, he nahesa i ulia ʻia e ke kino o kahi kukupa. ʻO ka plesiosaurus like me ka iwi puʻu e like me ke kino, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka nui o nā iwi o ka ʻōpū. Ma waena o ka sacral hope a me ka vertebrae caudal mua, ʻike ʻia kahi wahi o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana, kahi e ʻae ʻia ke kaʻe o ka hiʻu. Ke kaʻina nui o nā kaʻina lele i ka caudal vertebrae i ka lōʻihi o ke kaʻina kūlike o ke kaʻina lele a me nā keaka hemal, kahi e hoʻōki ai i ka neʻe o ka huelo ma ka mokulele. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ka ʻāpana hope o ka huelo o ka plesiosaurus i lalo, e like me keʻano o nā ʻano he nui me ka caudal finally cialal fin.
I waena o nā reptile wai i kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohālike e pili ana i ka pauna o kahi huluhulu, a, no laila, i ke ʻano o ka neʻe i ka kaola aku i kū i loko o ka plesiosaurus. No laila, loaʻa i kahi hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike no ka plesiosaurs i loko o nā pūʻulu ʻē aʻe o ka vertaticates akuatic iʻa. ʻO ka mea kokoke loa, ʻo ke ʻano o ka huelo o nā sirens a me nā penaacean me kahi pou ʻoi. I ka plesiosaurs, ʻo ka huelo he pololei, pālahalaha a pālahalaha ʻia, ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana o ka moni caudal o nā manatees o kēia wā. I ka pau ʻana o ka huelo, kahiʻokoʻa kaawale mai kahi vertebrae o ka fused, kahi i hiki ke kākoʻo ʻia e kahi pu me ka caudal orientalally, i neʻe aku i luna a i lalo a lawelawe ʻo ia paha he ʻano hohonu.
Ke kākala o kahi plesiosaur Wellesisaurus sudzuki (kiola). Hale Hōʻikeʻike Paleontological. Yu.A. Orlova
ʻO kahi ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka plesiosaurs a me nā cetaceans a me nā haku keu, ʻo nā mea nui o nā ʻano unuhi o ka hana unuhi, a me ka huelo. I kēia hihia, mālama ʻia nā ʻelua o nā wāwae i nā plesiosaurs, aʻo nā cetaceans a me nā haku, ua hōʻemi ʻia nā wāwae hind.
Ua hoʻohana nā reptile moana Fossil i nā ʻano ʻauʻau like ʻole e pili pū ana i nā hiʻona o ko lākou pākaha. I ka holo ʻana, ka ichthyosaurs, mosasaurs a me nā kekana moana kūlou i ke kino i ka pae me ka nui, he nui a lākou, a paʻa i ka pihi kūpaʻa a me ka ʻoihana caudal kūloko, ʻo ka hope o ka piko o ka piko o ke kūpaʻa a kākoʻo i ka ʻōpala lau lalo. Hoʻohana na ka ʻai o ke kai i nā limu ʻokoʻa i hoʻohuli ʻia i nā flippers i ka wā e ʻauʻau ana.
Hoʻopuka: Sennikov A.G. ʻO nā hana o ka hana a me ka hana lokomotor o ka huelo i Sauropterygia // Biology Bulletin. 2019. Vol. 46. ʻAʻole. 7. P. 751-762. DOI: 10.1134 / S1062359019070100
ʻAlikana Glyptodonts
Ma ʻAzelika, ua hana pū nā paleontologists a me nā ʻatikala i nā panalāʻau o Buenos Aires kokoke i ke kaona o Bolivar, ʻehā mau kuhi heʻe o nā glyptodonts, nā mamalia piha i noho i ka honua nei i mau miliona mau makahiki, ma ka moe o ka kahawai Vallimanka.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻike ʻia e ka National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (Incuapa-Conicet). ʻIke ʻia nā koena o Fossil i kahi kokoke i San Luis Lagoon. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ia no nā ʻano Glyptodon reticulatus.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻelima mau ʻano:
ʻO Glyptodon clavipes Owen, 1839 maʻamau
Glyptodon elongatus Burmeister, 1866
Glyptodon euphractus Lund, 1839
Glyptodon reticulatus Owen, 1845
Glyptodon munizi Ameghino, 1881
Loaʻa nā iwi manu fousilized i kēlā me kēia. Make paha kēia mau holoholona i ka manawa like. Ma ke ala, ʻaʻole loa i loaʻa e nā mea noiʻi kūloko.
Ke hoʻokau nei nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka moena o nā holoholona a me nā makahiki a lākou i make ai, me ka mea, inā hiki, ke kumu o ka make. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Glyptodonts i kekahi pūʻulu ʻoi aku i ka mamalia. He mau lāʻau kanu lākou, nona nā kino a me nā poʻo i mālama pono ʻia e ka pūpū ikaika.
Ua ulu kēia mau mea ulu a ʻekolu mau mika ka lōʻihi, a hiki ʻo kā lākou māhuahua i ʻelua mau ʻāpana. ʻO ia, ma kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona, ua hoʻohālikelike nā kānaka nui i kahi kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa liʻiliʻi.
Loaʻa nā koena o nā holoholona i ʻike nui ʻia ma ka hema o ʻAmelika Hema. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hiki iā lākou ke puka i kahi hui ma mua o 30 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻAʻole kūpono i ka manawa o ko lākou nalo ʻana. Ua manaʻo ia hiki ke hiki i kēia mea mai 30 a 10 tausani mau makahiki i hala. Malia paha ua nalo aku nā glyptodonts i kekahi o ka papahoa papaha.
"Ua hiki ke kapa ʻia kēia hihia, no ka mea ua ʻike mākou i kekahi mau mea i make i ka manawa like ma lalo o nā ʻano like," wahi a paleontologist Ricardo Bonini. "ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana iā lākou me ka ʻike ʻole e hāʻawi iā mākou i ka ʻike he nui e pili ana i kēia mau holoholona kupaianaha. ua kau ʻia nā hypotheses i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. "
Ua ʻike nā kānaka noiʻi ma kahi o 30 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua lilo nui nā ʻano ʻo Glyptodon reticulatus i kāna hui. No ka manawa mua, ua ʻike ʻia nā koena fossilized o kēia mau mea i ʻAmelika i ka kenekulia 19. A laila manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ma nā wā kahiko he nui loa ka nui o nā ʻano glyptodonts.
Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina ma hope he nui loa ka nui o nā ʻano ʻano ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ma mua. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kēia mau makahiki i hala aku nei he ʻelua wale nō mau holoholona o kēia mau holoholona.
Na Luna Kino o ka make. Loaʻa ka ʻohana T-Rex ma Kanada
Noho ʻo kēia tyrannosaurid ma ka honua he 80 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
Ua hōʻike nā ʻepekema ʻepekema i ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau ʻanoʻano hou o nā dinosaur e holo nei i nā expanses o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika e pili ana i 80 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
ʻO ka Thanatotheristes degrootorum, ʻo ia ka mea "Reaper of Death" ma Helene, pili nui ʻo ia me ka ty-rex nui (Tyrannosaurus rex) a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka lālā kahiko o ka ʻohana tyrannosaurus i loaʻa ma ʻĀkau ʻĀkau ʻAmelika. Ua hiki aku kēia predator i ʻewalu mau ka lōʻihi a no ka ʻohana like nō ia, kahi i ka genus o tyrannosaurs - tyrannosaurids (Tyrannosauridae).
“Ua koho mākou i kahi inoa i hōʻailona i ke ʻano o kēia tyrannosaurus. ʻO ia wale nō ka mea nui i ʻike ʻia i kona wā ma Kanada, he ʻapo make o ka make, "- Darla Zelenitsky, ke kōkua kumu aʻoaʻo o ka dinosaur paleobiology ma ke Kulanui o Calgary, Kanada.
Loaʻa ka hapa ʻana o nā ʻulana o T. degrootorum e nā kamaʻāina o Kanada, nā kāne ʻo John lāua ʻo Sandra De Groot, i ka 2010 ma nāʻaoʻao o ka muliwai Luk ma ke kūkulu hema o Alberta. Ua hoʻouna ʻia nā iwi i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Royal Tyrrell, kahi i kuhihewa ʻia ai lākou no nā koena o Tyrannosaurus rex, a hiki i 2018, ʻo Jared Voris, he haumāna haumāna pukaʻike nui ma ke Kulanui o Calgary, i hoʻomaka i kā lākou aʻo ʻana.
Ma kahi kokoke i hoʻokahiʻumi makahiki ma hope o ke kāohi ʻia ʻana o nā huaʻai, ua hoʻomaka, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Voris me kāna mau hoa e hoʻoili i kahi puʻokeʻo paleontological. Ua hoʻokau ʻia ka hui ma nā iwi ʻāʻā, he mau ʻaluna kūloko ʻano ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia i ka mua o nā hanana koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka ʻōpū o ka holoholona, ua ʻōloʻo ia i ka ʻāpana cross, ʻaʻole like me nā tyrannosaurs e pili pono ana.
Eia nō naʻe, ma nā ʻano ʻē ʻē aʻe ʻo T. degrootorum e like me kona mau hoahānau, ka mea, ma ka hōʻike ʻana a pau, he mea ʻoluʻolu loa kahi reptile. Hoʻokomo pinepine nā huaʻai Tyrannosaurus i nā ʻāpana o ka brawls kahiko me nā hoahānau a me nā hale ʻai ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻohe o ka diatoterist: ʻokoʻa ke kāʻei keʻokeʻo ma kona ʻūlū ʻūlū ʻili, ʻaʻohe i kahi maʻa, ke ʻōlelo nei nā mea noiʻi.
Hāʻawi ka kuhi i kahi ʻike hohonu i ka ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe o ka tyrannosaurs i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, nui o lākou i noho a make a hiki i ke kahakai komohana o ka moana i loko, e kahe ana mai ka moana Arctic a hiki i ke Kaiā o Mexico.
He ʻemoe ʻo Thanatotheristes mai kahi kuahiwi i ʻike ʻia. Makemake ʻia kona makahiki he 79.5 miliona mau makahiki. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi i loaʻa he muzzle elongated, ka mea e hiki ai ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā laina ʻelua o nā tyrannosaurs ma nā wahi like o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa - me nā muzzles lōʻihi (ma ka ʻākau) a me ka pōkole, like me ka bulldog-like (ma nā ʻaoʻao kūkulu hema).
ʻ suggestlelo ʻepekema ʻo ka ʻepekema i ke ʻano o ka ʻūhā o ke koʻo o ka tyrannosaurs ma nā wahi like paha ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa i ka meaʻai a hiki ke hilinaʻi ʻia i ka mea i loaʻa i kēlā manawa - no ka laʻana - ka nui o nā tyrannosaurids o Asia, ka mea i koi ʻia e hopu i ka nui o ka mea nui e like me ka nui ʻoi me ka hana ʻana. ʻO ka hopena, hoʻohui i ka nui no kēia kumu.
Hāʻawi ka kuhi i kahi ʻike hohonu i ka ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe o ka tyrannosaurs i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, nui o lākou i noho a make a hiki i ke kahakai komohana o ka moana i loko, e kahe ana mai ka moana Arctic a hiki i ke Kaiā o Mexico.
He ʻemoe ʻo Thanatotheristes mai kahi kuahiwi i ʻike ʻia. Makemake ʻia kona makahiki he 79.5 miliona mau makahiki. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi i loaʻa he muzzle elongated, ka mea e hiki ai ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā laina ʻelua o nā tyrannosaurs ma nā wahi like o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa - me nā snout lōʻihi (ma ka ʻākau) a me ka pōkole, like me ka bulldog-like (ma nā ʻaoʻao kūkulu hema).
ʻ suggestlelo ʻepekema ʻo ka ʻepekema i ke ʻano o ka ʻūhā o ke koʻo o ka tyrannosaurs ma nā wahi like paha ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa i ka meaʻai a hiki ke hilinaʻi ʻia i ka mea i loaʻa i kēlā manawa - no ka laʻana - ka nui o nā tyrannosaurids o Asia, ka mea i koi ʻia e hopu i ka nui o ka mea nui e like me ka nui ʻoi me ka hana ʻana. ʻO ka hopena, hoʻohui i ka nui no kēia kumu.
I ka manawa mua i ʻike ʻia ai nā tyrannosaurs (ma kahi o 165 miliona mau makahiki i hala), ʻaʻole lākou he mau mea hoʻonani nani a weliweli loa i hoʻonani ʻia ʻo Steven Spielberg ma kāna kiʻi kiʻi ʻo Jurassic Park. ʻO ka ulu ʻana o kekahi o lākou i hōʻea i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mika.
Hōʻele ʻia ʻo Tyrannosaurs i ke aniani o nā ʻohana lehulehu nui loa i koʻi ʻia i kēlā manawa - allosaurus a me megalosaurids.Ma kahi o 80 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua nalowale kēia poʻe predator, kahi i hāʻawi ai i ka tyrannosaurs i ka manawa e piʻi ai i luna o ka rīpona meaʻai a lilo i mau moʻi i alakaʻi i ka wā o ka Cretaceous. Ma mua o ka nalo ʻana mai ka ihu o ka honua, hiki i nā tyrannosaurs ke hiki i 12 mau mika ka lōʻihi a me ke koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ʻeiwa tons.
ʻO nā pliosaur Giant i ola i ka hoʻomaka o ka Late Cretaceous
Loaʻa ka vertebra ma ka māhele Saratov no nā pliosaurus nui loa ma Rusia. I loko o nā waihona o ka Cenomanian makahiki (100.5-93.9 Ma), ʻaʻohe mea like me kēia ma mua. Ua paʻi ʻia ka wehewehe ʻana o ka loaʻa ma ka puke noiʻi ʻo Cretaceous Research.
Loaʻa kekahi ʻano puʻupuʻu nui i hala i kekahi mau makahiki i hala ma ka wahi o ke kauhale o Nizhnyaya Bannovka ma ka māhele Saratov Volga. ʻIke ʻia kēia wahi no ka loaʻa o kekahi o nā ichthyosaurs hope loa (Pervushovisaurus bannovkensis) a me ka ichthyornis mua i Lūkia. Loaʻa ka mea hou i ka Pliosaurs holomua loa o ka subfamily Brachaucheninae.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻokolohua, he vertebra cervical me ka lōʻihi o 19 cm. ʻO ka ʻōpū cervical vertebrae o kēia nui i ʻike ʻia no ka nui o ka nui o Cretaceous Pliosaurs nui - ʻo Kronosaurus queenslandicus mai Australia a me Kronosaurus boyacensis a me Sachicasaurus vitae mai Kolombia. Loaʻa kēia mau pliosaurs i ka nui 10-11 mau lōʻihi, ʻo ia ka mea nui i ka nui o nā kai o Cretaceous.
No laila, ʻo ka vertebra o ka hoʻohālikelike i ka nui mai ka māhele Saratov no nā pliosaurus nui loa ma Russia. Akā, ʻo ka makahiki o ka mea i loaʻa, ʻo Cenomanian (100.5-93.9 Ma) ka mea i makemake nui ʻia. Ma mua o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia manawa ma kēia manawa, ua ikaika nui ka Pliosaurs ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ka Late Cretaceous ma ka makahiki e hiki mai ana. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike hou o nā pliosaur nunui i noho i nā kihi o nā pyramid kai i loaʻa i ka manawa o ka Late Cretaceous. Hoʻopau paha paha kā lākou nalowale e pili ana i ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ichthyosaurs ma ka hope o ka Cenomanian kenekulia, akā, i ka hana ʻana i nā hopena kikoʻī, ʻike ʻia ka ʻike hou mai i kēia manawa manawa.
Ua hana ʻia ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana ma ke kumu o ka huina piha o ka ʻōpala pliosaurus Sachicasaurus vitae mai ka Hae Cretaceous o Colombia.
Hoʻopuka: Nikolay G. Zverkov, Evgeny M.Pervushov. He pliosaurid nui mai Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) o ka Volga Region, Russia // Cretaceous Research, Loaʻa i ka pūnaewele Pepeluali 19, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104419
Nā mea iʻike ʻia ai nā mea ʻona maikaʻi paha?
Ma nehinei ua loaʻa iaʻu i kahi ʻōpala pēpē ma kahakai o kekahi o nā pā o Russia. He nīnau no nā connoisseurs i kēia he wahi lale / whale / seal seal, niho, coral a i ʻole cobblestone maʻamau?
ʻO Fotkal ma ka Hōʻailona 10, me ka pana makona ua pilikia ʻo ia
Ma lalo iho kaʻu mau ʻike a me kekahi mau ʻano
Petrified masonry?
I ka makahiki i hala ua loaʻa iaʻu, manaʻo ʻia iaʻu, ka mea hoʻoneʻe petrified. Nā huaʻehā (inā he hua), ʻokoʻa o ka like nui, ma kahi o 20 cm lōʻihi. Ua hala kēia lā i kahi huakaʻi hele, i kiʻi kiʻi ʻia.
Loaʻa iā kā mākou mea i kekahi waiwai? ʻAe kekahi mea uahi me nā hammers i ka mākaukau, ʻākoakoa i koʻu poʻe a waiwai hoʻi))) Pipi wale nō, heʻoiaʻiʻo, akā, i kēlā me kēia huikala, e like me kā lākou ʻōlelo.
Kahi wahi: Nā pahu ma ke kahakai komohana o Crimea.
Entelodontidae
ʻO Entelodonts (ʻohana Entelodontidae) he mau artiodactyls nui mai ka Eocene-Miocene o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me ka Eocene-Oligocene o Eurasia (Brunet, 1979). ʻO kēia mau puaʻa puaʻa heʻehā mau wāwae i ʻehā ka wāwae me ka ʻāʻī a me nā niho nui e hiki ai iā lākou ke hōʻā a ʻai i ka ʻai nui, a me nā iwi, ʻo Joeckel, 1990).
ʻO ka entelodontist mua loa ʻo Eoentelodon mai ka Eocene waena o Kina a me Mongolia (Chow, 1958, Dashzeveg, 1976, 1993). ʻO ke ʻano nui a nui loa i ulu ʻia ʻo Entelodon, i ʻike ʻia mai ʻEulopa ʻEulopa, Kina, Mongolia a me Kazakhstan, he mea maʻamau ma Eurasia i ka Olococene Middle eocene-early a loaʻa iā ia kahi pālahalaha kikoʻī (e like me, Matthew Granger, 1923, Trofimov, 1952, Young a Chow, 1956 Biryukov, 1961; Hu, 1964; Dashzeveg, 1965; Brunet, 1979; Tomida. 1986; Emry et al., 1995; Lucas a me Emry, 1996). ʻO nā entelodonts mua loa ma waena o Eurasian ma waena o nā entelodonts kaulana loa a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua genera, ʻo Paraentelodon a me Neoentelodon, kaulana no Late Oligocene-Early Miocene o Georgia, Kazakhstan a me China (Gabuniya, 1964, Aubekerova, 1969, Brunet, 1979, Qiu et al., 1990 )
ʻO ka inoa mua o Entelodonts i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i ka wā o ka Eocene i hala mai ka hele ʻana mai ʻAsia (Bruner, 1979, Emry, 1981, Lucas, 1992). E ʻike nui ʻia kā lākou mau pua i ka hope o ka Eocene-Early Oligocene o ke Komohana Komohana a me Kanada. Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo Entelodonts ma nā Oligocene a me Miocene Ma mua, ma muli o ka entelodont kanaka hou o ka huaʻōlelo Daeodon, nona ka hulahula mua ʻana ʻo Dinohyus, ka mea e hōʻike nei i ka laina ʻōpiopio o ka makahiki entelodonts e hele ana i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a puni ka hopena o ka wā Oligocene (Brunet, 1979, Lucas et. , 1997a, Effinger, 1998).
ʻO nā ʻelele hui nui loa o ka ʻohana entelodont (Entelodontidae) ʻo ka deodon (Daeodon) a me ka mea makua, ʻo ia hoʻi kona kūpuna, paraentelodon (Paraentelodon). ʻO wai kekahi o lākou i ka wā nui i hiki ʻole ke ʻōlelo ʻia no ka mea ʻike ʻole, a ʻoi loa nā pōpoki o ka paraantelodon, e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kāna hoahānau mua loa.
Ma hope o lākou ʻo Archeotherium (Archaeotherium), nā mākaʻi nui loa o lākou ma ka maloo ua hiki ke kokoke i ka kiʻekiʻe o ka deodon, akā ua haʻahaʻa loa ka archeotherium i ka deodon i ka nui. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka laulā o ka ʻawepili me nā ʻōnaehana fossal ma ka archeotherium ka mea nui loa i waena o nā entelodonts.
Hoʻopili ʻia paha nā Entelodonts no ke holo wikiwiki a holo lōʻihi. Loaʻa i nā wāwae lōʻihi a me nā pā hele wāwae. Ka mea hōʻike i ke ola i nā wahi ākea. Hana wāwae a me savannah. Me ko lākou nui a me nā ʻōpio ikaika, ua hiki iā lākou ke hopu me nā mea liʻiliʻi (ʻoi nā artiodactyl a me ke kaohi ʻana), pepehi iā lākou a ʻai wale iā lākou me ka hōʻino wale ʻana i nā kiko a me nā iwi me ko lākou mau niho, me ka pono ʻole o ka ʻoki.
No ka nui o ko lākou kupanaha, weliweli nā niho, a me ko lākou ʻano like me nā puaʻa (Suidae), kapa ʻia lākou i "nā kāpena puaʻa" (hoʻopau puaʻa).
ʻOiai ka pilina a me ka like me ka puaʻa, aia kekahi mauʻokoʻa nui i waena o nā ʻohana ʻelua. Ma waena o nā mea kaulana loa o lākou.
1. ʻAʻole e like me nā puaʻa, ʻaʻole i piko nā piko o nā entelodonts, akā ua ulu i lalo.
2. He poepoe ia ʻo Fangs (a i luna a i lalo), ʻaʻole i ʻūmaū ʻia me ke ʻano like ʻole, a ʻaʻohe wahi kihi e loaʻa iā ia kahi kīʻaha e like me ko lākou mau hoahānau.
3. ʻAʻole like me nā puaʻa, ʻehā mau manamana lima e pau ana i nā ʻūhā, ʻelua mau manamana lima i ʻaihue.
4. ʻO nā mea mua, ʻaʻole like me nā loina o ka ʻohana puaʻa, ʻoi aku ka ʻike maka he nui ke nānā aku i ko lākou mau ʻohana.
5. ʻO nā premolars mua ʻekolu (ma nā ʻaoʻao o luna a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa) loaʻa i ke ʻano o nā niho niho palu (ma laila ʻoe e kahaki i kahi analogi me nā niho o nā niho hyenas (Hyaenidae).
Ua hiki no i kēia ke loaʻa pū ʻia (ʻoiai ʻaʻohe mau hōʻike pololei o kēia), i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, aia nā ʻokoʻa i loko o nā kino o loko a me ka pūnaehana endocrine.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, ʻo nā lālani mua o nā entelodons he mea wīwī. I loko o ka puaʻa, ʻo nā niho āpau i hope (ʻo nā premolars a me nā molars) he ʻano mākihi. ʻO ia, hiki iā lākou ke ʻoki i nā iwi i ʻoi aku a maikaʻi. Loaʻa hoʻi nā ʻano kohu hiʻohiʻona ʻo Entelodont. ʻO ia ke kumu i manaʻo ʻia ai he ʻuʻuku, ʻaʻole ke kuapo ʻana a lākou. Ua loaʻa iā Entelodonts kahi ʻoi aku ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi (i.e. keu voluminous) No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke koho ʻana i ka mamao ma ka mea nāna. Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua loaʻa ka helu o nā manamana wāwae he mau leka, a ʻoiai (ʻoi aku ʻole) ka poʻe holo maikaʻi a hiki ke hele i nā wahi lōʻihi me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka ʻikepili.
Huli mākou i nā puaʻa, i nā mea a pau "nalowale" i mea e hoʻopili ai i ka predelodonts. ʻO lākou pū kekahi, e like me ka puaʻa ʻai manu (Sus scrofa), a i ʻole puaʻa ʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi i nā mea kanu mea kanu, ʻai i ka ʻai. ʻO ka puaʻa hihiu i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna aʻe i kekahi manawa, ʻoi aku ka hopu iā ia iho (ʻoi loa ma ka winders koʻikoʻi), e luku ana i nā ʻalā liʻiliʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ka roe deer (genus Capreolus). A me kēia mau mea āpau, ʻaʻole ka ʻona a me ka premolars i maʻamau no nā poʻe wānana.
ʻO ka hōʻike aku i ka pualikaha manuahi ʻē aʻe o ka entelodonts i ʻae iā lākou e lanakila hou aku ai i ka mea i hoʻopiʻi ʻia, a ʻo kā lākou mau huluhulu nui (ʻaʻole i kū i luna) e ʻae iā lākou e hopu i kahi nui.
ʻIke ʻia kekahi puaʻa he holoholona ʻano manuʻai, akā ʻai nā mea kanu lāʻau i loko o kāna meaʻai. Mai nā mea āpau o luna, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo e he holoholona nui nā entelodonts (ʻo kekahi o nā hōʻike ʻana o kēia mau mea mua a me ka hana ʻana i nā molars), akā, he mea nui ka ʻai o nā holoholona i ka nui o kā lākou ʻai.
Ma ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo he mau hoaʻāina nā entelodonts, e hoʻopau ana i nā mea kanu like ʻole, ʻoiai ke hoʻohana ʻana i ko lākou nui a me ko lākou mana i hana ai lākou he poʻe hoowahawaha, he lawe pio ana i ka poʻe ʻoi aku ka pōmaikaʻi, akā, ma ka manawa like i ka loaʻa ʻana i kā lākou mau holoholona ma ke ala (i.e. hunting).
ʻO ka ʻākau haʻahaʻa (hoʻolei) o ka entelododont hou (Paraentelodon intermedium). ʻO Miocene ʻ oflelo o Kazakhstan. ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Paleontological a Yu.A. Orlov ʻO koʻu kiʻi.
ʻUlllelo manuʻa o Entelodont mai Kazakhstan. ʻO kaʻu kiʻi.
ʻUlllelo manuahi o ke ʻīlio. (Kūkākūkā caninus).
Hoʻoulu hou ʻia o ka Deodon mai kahi hale mokulele ma Denver.
ʻO ke kākala o ka entelodon (Entelodon nui) mai ka Oligocene ʻokina o ka wahi Myneskesuyek (Karaganda rohe) a me ka iwi ʻākau o ka paraentelodon (Paraentelodon intermedium) mai nā Late Oligocene o ke kiʻi ʻāina-Ozek (ʻāpana Almaty). Ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kalikina i Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Kāolua
ʻAʻohe maopopo |
ʻAʻohe maopopo |
ʻAʻohe maopopo |
ʻAʻohe maopopo |
Overlord: e hāpai ana i ka make |
«Ua ʻike wau i nā ʻ Mleloʻeleʻele he nui. He mea kūʻai lākou. Ua haki kekahi o lākou, ʻo ia ka lepo, ke kolu o ʻai i ka marten nui!»
- Gnarl.
Giant marten (eng. Weanel pīpī) - - nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia mai Overlord: e hāpai ana i ka make.