• † Mammuthus africanavus (Arambourg, 1952)
• † Mammuthus armeniacus (Falconer, 1857)
• † Mammuthus columbi (Falconer, 1875) - Mammoth Columbus
• † Mammuthus exilis (Vincent J. Maglio), 1970 - Dwarf Mammoth
• † Mammuthus fraasi
• † Mammuthus hayi (Barbour, 1915)
• † Mammuthus imperator (Leidy, 1858)
• † Mammuthus jeffersonii
• † Mammuthus lamarmorae (Major, 1883)
• † Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti, 1825) - Mammoth Mīkini
• † Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799) - Mammoth Mammoth
• † Mammuthus rumanus (Stefanescu, 1924)
• † Nā Mālama o Mammuthus (Osborn, 1928)
• † Mammuthus sungari (Zhou, M.Z, 1959)
• † Mammuthus trogontherii (Polig, 1885) - Makuʻahi Mōʻī
• † Mammuthus creticus

Ua kiʻekiʻe nā holoholona i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 5.5 mau mika a me ke koʻikoʻi o ke kino he 14-15 tons, no laila ʻoi aku ka ʻelua o nā mommoths e like me ka nui o nā momona honua hou - nā elepani o ʻApelika.

ʻO keʻano

ʻO ka ʻōiwi kahiko loa o ka ʻano ʻano.Nā kumulamule ʻo Mammuthus, ʻO Mammuthus africanavus) hele aku i ka 3-4 miliona mau makahiki i ʻApelika (ma ka Pliocene), ua pau nā lōpela o nā mammoths (Colombian, imperial) i hala 1100 mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka hūnā ʻana i nā maka o ka huluhulu hulu manu, ma nā mokupuni o ka ʻAropa ʻaʻole hiki i ka poʻe ke ola, he 4 mau makahiki i hala.

Ua hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia nā Mammoths i ke ola i nā pilikia paʻakikī o ke anuanu, ua noho ma ʻEulopa, ʻAsia, ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa. ʻO kā lākou ʻano hiʻohiʻona he kapa hōʻopoʻo. Ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā koena e ʻāpono ʻia, ua noho nō lākou ma nā pūʻulu ʻohana he 10-30 kanaka, me nā elepani o kēia lā.

Nui nā iwi mammoth i loaʻa ma nā pūnaewele o kahi kanaka ʻehā kahiko; nā kiʻi a me nā kiʻi kālai ʻia o nā mammoth i hana ʻia e ke kanaka prehistoric i loaʻa nō hoʻi.

Ma Siberia a me Alaska, ʻo nā hihia o ka hele mai o nā ʻāpana mammoth, mālama pono ʻia ma muli o ko lākou noho ʻana i ka mānoanoa o ka permafrost, ʻike ʻia.

Pūmua inoa

Manaʻo ʻia ka huaʻōlelo Lūkini "mammoth" mai Mans. ʻo Mang ont he "lei earthen" (aia kekahi etymologies) a ua lawe kokoke ʻia i ka inoa Karistiano ʻo Mamant, dr. ʻO Mammoth, aia ma Helene ka inoa ʻo "maternal", "ʻono i ka umauma māmā", mai ka ʻāʻī o ka μαμμα (mama) - "makuahine".

Mai ka ʻōlelo Lūkia, ua hāʻule ka huaʻōlelo i loko o nā ʻōlelo Europa he nui - a ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania (ma ke ʻano o Mammoth).

Phenotype

Kūlike ʻole i ka manaʻo manaʻo kaulana, ʻaʻole nā ​​kūpuna nā kūpuna o nā elepani o kēia wā. Holo pū ʻia nā elepona o ʻAmelika a me nā mammoth mai kahi kūpuna kaulana Africa mai kahi moʻomeheu keu Primelephas nā ʻohana Elephant 5-6 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei a ma hope aʻe ua hoʻomohala ko lākou mau laina. ʻO ka Eurasian, nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻAmelika Hema i puka mai loko mai o ka mommika Hema ma kahi o 1.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua puka nā elepani o ʻAsia ma kahi o 2 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Eia naʻe, e like me nā haʻawina genetic hou, ʻae ʻia ka hoʻonālikelike o ka manawa maʻamau ma waena o nā laina o nā elephants a me nā momona manu i Eurasia.

ʻO nā kāmela i ka hopena o Pleistocene, 30 - 12 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ma Eurasia i hōʻike ʻia e 1 mau ʻano (Māla pale momona) Ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou ʻano ʻano i kēlā manawa i ka manawa o ka manawa, aia ma kahi o 5 mau ʻano: ʻO Imperial, Columbus, Mammuthus jeffersonii, Dwarf Mammoth a me Woolly Mammoth, ka mea i noho ma nā ʻāpana ʻāina .

ʻAʻole i oi aku nā ʻano nui o nā mammoth i ka nui o nā elepani o kēia mau lā, akā nā ʻano o nā ʻAmelika Akau Mimeuthus imperator (Imperial Mammoth) i hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o 5.5 mika a me ka lehulehu o 14 mau tonika, a me nā ʻano dwarf ʻO ka molilisine Mammuthus a ʻO Mammuthus lamarmorae ʻaʻole iʻoi aʻe i 2 mau mika ke kiʻekiʻe a kaupaona paha ma 900 kg.

Hoʻohālikelike i nā elepani o kēia mau lā, he nui ka nunui o ka nunui (ʻike ʻia ʻo Bergman's Rule), nā wāwae pōkole, nā lauoho lōʻihi, nā pepeiao liʻiliʻi (e ʻike nei i ko Rule's Allen) a me nā ʻūhaka lōʻihi, hiki i ka mea hope ke lawelawe i ka mōʻī no ka hoʻoilo ma ka hoʻoilo. ma lalo o ka hoʻoilo. ʻO nā molars molamm me nā papa lepo dentin-enamel anuanu kūpono i kūpono no ka ʻai ʻana i ka mea kanu lāʻau.

ʻO ka ʻeke ma ka hope he hoʻopalaha, a, ʻo kahi pono hoʻi, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hau ma ka pale ʻana i ka hau, a hoʻohana pū i ka hau e hoʻohemo ai i ka makewai. ʻO ka wē o ka ʻōpū o nā mammoth, kahi e hōʻike ai i kona hoʻohana ʻana i ke kao o ka ʻai.

Ma ke kua o nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau loa he hump, ʻoiai, i noʻonoʻo ʻia i loko o nā kaʻina ʻano elongated o ka vertebrae. Eia naʻe, ke loaʻa nei ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kaʻina nui i nā humpm mammoth. Akā, e like me nā kāmelo, aia nā kinmoth i hōʻiliʻili i nā mea momona a momona.

Pauwe

Wahi a ke ʻano o ke kuā, he ʻano like ʻole ka mommil hulu i ka elephant ola i kēia manawa, e hoʻonui iki ana i kona nui, e hiki ana i 5.5 m ka lōʻihi a me 3.5 m ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā nunui mammoth nui - i kahi kāne a hiki i 4 m ka lōʻihi, e kau ana i kahi 100 kg - ua loaʻa i ka mākaʻi o luna, kū i luna, kū i luna, a me ke kumu o ka ʻala i kau ma luna o lākou. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ke poʻo o ka mōmela ma mua o nā elepana o kēia wā, ua kīwī kekahi i ke kua.

ʻO nā molars he nui loa, ʻo ia nā mea kīmela i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hapa o ka ʻāʻī, ua ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o kahi elephant, a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka nui a me ka paʻakikī o nā ʻōnika lamellar enamel i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka waiwai momona. I ko lākou ʻaʻa, ʻo nā niho o ka mommoth, e like me nā elephants hou o ke ao nei, ua loli i ka poʻe hou - hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kēlā mau manawa i 6 mau manawa i ke ola.

Mammoth genome

I Iune 2008 ma ka makasina "Nā hana i loko o ka National Academy of Science"Ua paʻi ʻia kahi manaʻo ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka DNA mitochondrial i loaʻa mai i nā hulu hipa o ka 13 mau mammoth. I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua paʻi ʻia kahiʻatikala e pili ana i ka moʻomeheu mitochondrial o kekahi mau momi 5 i loko o kēia puke moʻoʻī, kahi i hiki ai ke hoʻomaopopo i nā lālā phylogenetic o nā mammoth hulu manu. Ua loaʻa i kahi lālā phylogenetic nui kahi ākea ākea ākea nui o Beringia. Noho kekahi lālā liʻiliʻi i loko o ka wai o nā muliwai ʻo Lena a me Kolyma a lilo i ʻumi mau kaukani mau makahiki i hala aku nei.

I Mei 2015 ma ka makasina "Manaʻo i kēia manawa"Ua paʻi ʻia kahi manaʻo no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka moʻomeheu o nā mau mammoth he ʻelua. ʻO ka momi momi mai Oymyakon i noho ma kahi o 44.8 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ʻo ka mammoth mai Wrangel Island - 4300 mau makahiki i hala. Ka mea, ua lilo ka helu kūpuna no nā mammota i ʻelua mau manawa i ka "bottleneck" - 285 a me 130 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka haʻihaʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka mau mommoths, a laila ʻike hou hou kēia poʻe. ʻO ke kolu o ka hana i koho ʻia e ke ʻano o ka mammoth Chroma.

Hoʻopili ʻia nā mikmota hulu manu i 3 mau pūʻulu:

1. ʻĀpana ʻAsia, i ʻike ʻia ma mua o 450 tausani mau makahiki i hala.
2. he hui ʻAmelika i kū i kahi 450 tausani mau makahiki i hala.
3. kahi hui intercontinental i lele mai ʻAmelika ʻAkelika ma kahi o 300 tausani mau makahiki i hala.

Hoʻohālikelike

Ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona mau makahiki o ka noho ʻana, ua loaʻa nā mammoth i nā ʻano loli he nui. ʻO ka 100 mau makahiki wale nō i hala aku nei, i ka mau makahiki ʻōpiopio i hala aku nei, ua ola nā mammoth i nā glaciations a me ka mahana. ʻO ka hapanui o ka mau mōmela i make 1400 mau makahiki i hala aku nei i ka hopena o ka Pleistocene, a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Holocene, ʻo ka manawa like me ka pau ʻana o 34 mau genera o nā holoholona nui (ka Pōuli Nui Nui).

Nā Hōʻalima

I kēia manawa, aia ʻelua mauʻano hypotheses o ka hoʻopulapula o nā mammoths:

1. ka mua ka luna i ka mea i mālama ʻia nā mea lawaiʻa o ka Paleolith Upper, i hana nui a i manaʻo nui paha i kēia hana.
2. ʻo kekahi e wehewehe i ka pau ʻana o nā mammoth i ka nui keu ma o nā kumu kūlohelohe (ka wikiwiki wikiwiki (ka mahana) o ke anuanu 14-1000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻo ka nalo ʻana o ka mea ʻai no nā mammoths.

Aia nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe a pau i kahi hoʻohālike, ka hopena, i ka hopena o ka hāʻule o ka comet ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a i ʻole ka nui o ka epizootics nui, ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā hewa i ka genetic code, akā e hoʻomau ka hopena ma luna o nā hypotheses hiki ke wehewehe i nā manawa pilikino hoʻokahi, a ʻaʻole kākoʻo ka hapa nui o nā loea.

Nā Mammoth Hunters

Ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka hypothesis mua i ka kenekulia 19 e Alfred Wallace, i ka manawa i loaʻa ai nā kahua o nā poʻe kahiko me ka nui o nā ʻōpū mammoth. ʻO nā papa o nā iwi mammoth (scapula, vertebra, nā ʻāpana) me nā ʻāpana o nā kope o ke kanaka maʻa mau i paʻa iā lākou i loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele Yanskaya o ke kanaka prima, ʻo Lugovsky wahi, nā pūnaewele o Sungir, Kostenki. Loaʻa i kēia mele nā ​​kaulana. I manaʻo ʻia aia kekahi kanaka kūpono i ka 32,000 mau makahiki i hala aku ma ka ʻĀkau o Eurasia, e komo ana i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika 15,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a hoʻomaka koke paha e huli ikaika i nā mammoth. Eia nō naʻe, ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi i nā ʻāpana ākea ākea, ua paʻa kā lākou lehulehu. Ma hope mai, aia kahi ʻoluʻolu, kahi i hoʻemi nui ai ka wahi o nā moʻomeheu i hōʻemi ʻia, e like me ka wā ma mua, akā, ʻo ka huli ʻana i ka mahiki nui i alakaʻi ai i ka ʻano o ka make. Nā ʻepekema ʻepekema i alakaʻi ʻia e David Noges-Bravo o ka National Museum of Natural Science ma Madrid e hōʻoia i nā hopena o ka hōʻike hoʻohālike nui i ke kākoʻo ʻana o kēia mau manaʻo. E like me kā lākou helu helu maikaʻi loa, ua lawa ka luku ʻana i ka 1 mau mammoth i kēlā me kēia 3 mau makahiki no 1 kanaka e hoʻopau loa i nā mammoth a pau. Wahi a nā manaʻo pessimistic, ua lawa ia no ka poʻe e pepehi i ka mammoth i kēlā me kēia 10 mau makahiki no kahi ʻohana o 20 mau kānaka e hoʻokō i ka hopena like.

Wahi a ka noiʻi archaeological pili i nā mea meaʻai o Neanderthals o ka moʻomeheu Mousterian ma ʻEulopa, ʻo ka hopu ʻana i nā mommoths a me ka hulu hulu ka mea kumu nui a me nā punahele punahele. Ua ʻimi lākou no ka pāʻani liʻiliʻi a me ka wikiwiki (ʻokaʻi, nā lio hihiu) i ka manawa pinepine, aia wale nō ma ka ʻole o nā hānai nui. He mea hiki paha ke hōʻemi nui ʻana i ka helu o nā momi i ka loiloi o ka hoʻokūkū no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai me nā kānaka ʻano ʻano ʻano like ʻole kekahi o nā kumu i pau a Neanderthals.

Ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, aia ma kahi he 12 mau wahi no ka luku a ʻikepala. He helu nui loa ia no kahi moʻomeheu pōkole ʻo Clovis. ʻO ka moʻolelo o ka moʻomeheu Clovis aia ma ka piko o ka hunone ʻana o ka megafauna, i hiki ai i nā poʻe ke hoʻopili i ka nui o kona hoʻopau ʻole ʻia. ʻO ka poʻe mua 15 - 14 tausani mau makahiki i hala i ʻike ʻia i loko o ʻAmelika puaʻa o nā mammals nunui wiwo ʻole maoli (mammoths, mastodons) i ʻike ʻole i nā kānaka. ʻO 2 - 3 tausani mau makahiki, ʻoi aku ka poʻe, e hoʻonui koke i nā ʻano o ka nui o ka pāʻani. "Hiki ia ke piʻi mai a huki i kēia mau holoholona, ​​ʻaʻole lākou i maopopo i ka mea e hana nei. "- kakau kākau ʻothropologist Stanislav Drobyshevsky.

ʻO ka hopena o nā haʻawina ma United States o nā wahi no ka ʻokiʻoki i nā mammoth e nā kānaka o Clovis i hōʻike ʻia he kanaka maʻamau i makemake e ʻimi i nā ʻōpio kāne kāne i hala kahi mea i kipaku ʻia mai ka ʻohana pua a hiki i ka wā i ulu ai ʻo ia i nā pōpoki, e like me ka mea maʻamau ma ka elepani. Ua hana ʻo Hunting i ka wā hoʻoilo ma mua o ka hoʻoilo (ʻOkakopa-Nowemapa) ua loaʻa ka ʻiʻo o ka mommoths i hana ʻia a mālama ʻia i loko o nā pit-glaciers. No ka hopu ʻana, i nā ihe kīkole pōkole me kahi iwi a i ʻole ka ʻili silika i hoʻohana ʻia; ua hoʻohana ʻia ka atlatl i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka kahe. Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana i ka ihe ma ka holoholona, ​​ua kū ka ʻoki i loko o kāna mau ʻāpana a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana o ke kino a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia hoʻi i ka ʻala, a make ka holoholona i nā hōʻeha a me ka pohō o ke koko.

Ma ka Pana Lūkini wale nō ma mua o 30 mau pūnaewele o ka Late Paleolithic kanaka i loaʻa, ma nā kīhini nui o nā lau he nui o nā iwi o ka huluhulu huluhulu i kākā ʻia.

ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā tundra steppes e ka taiga, ʻaʻole manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i ke kumu o ka nalowale ʻana o ka megafauna, akā nā hopena o kona luku ʻana i nā kānaka, ʻoiai nā kahu manu a me nā hulu hulu, ʻai ʻia i nā mea kanu ʻōpiopio, ʻaʻole i ʻae ia e hoʻolaha i nā māla tundra. Ka nānā ʻana Māla pale momona Ma mua o ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ke kanaka hou, he poli maoli a he 70 - 50 tausani mau makahiki i ka neʻe ʻia i loko o nā ululāʻau a me nā wahie-tundra, ma nā wahi nahele ākea, taiga, nā ʻano lāʻau like me nā tundra, ma Eurasia a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. Mamuli o ka latitude, hiki i ke aniani ma kēia mau ʻāina ke loli i ka maʻi a hiki i ka ikaika. Ma nā wahi ākea nui e like me Siberia a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻoiai nā loli ʻōpiopio a pau, aia paha nā hapa o nā alahele ala a i ʻole tundra e kūpono i ka megafauna. Akā ʻo ke kāne ma ka Paleolithic i lilo i mea kaua a me nā hana no ka lawaiʻa ʻana i kahi maʻi kīhāpai a ua hiki ke hoʻopau iā lākou, inā he mau mea ʻē aʻe i hala. Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka huahana o ka tundra, ka poʻe, i hiki ai ke ola i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi o ka Arctic, ka poʻe i koi ʻia no ka hopu ʻana i kekahi ʻai, no ka nui o nā mea kīnā ʻole. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema, ma nā ulu lāʻau o ka palena, i noho ai nā mea e pili ana i ka wā e noho ana a me nā hoahānau o nā mammoth - nā mastodons a me nā home i ʻAmelika, nā stegodons ma ʻĀsia a me nā ʻolua wao nahele pololei i ʻEulopa, nā mea a ka poʻe i ʻimi a make a like i ka wā i noho ai ka poʻe, ʻoiai ua ola nā nahele a hiki i kēia lā. Ma muli o ka hoʻolohi lohi ʻana o nā elepani, e lilo ai i 10 ma 12 mau makahiki e hoʻihoʻi hou i ko lākou nui i ka Arctic, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea e hōʻike nei i ka haʻahaʻa o kēia mau holoholona i ka lawaiʻa manuʻa.

E pili ana. ʻO Wrangel a me nā mokupuni ʻo Pribylov, ma muli o ka nele o nā kānaka, ua ola nā hulu manu i 5000 mau makahiki ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka ʻāina. ʻO nā momi hope ma ka mokupuni ʻo Wrangel i hala wale nō ma kahi o 4000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei ma muli o ka huhū, e pili ana. ʻO St. Paul - 5600 mau makahiki i hala aku nei ma muli o ka nalo ʻana o nā punawai wai hou.

Ke hoʻololi i ke anuanu

Hoʻomaopopo nā poʻe kākoʻo o ka lua o ka manaʻo i ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka. Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ua hōʻike lākou i kahi manawa o ʻumi tausani mau makahiki, i ka manawa o ka nui o ka mau mommoths i ulu ʻia e nā manawa 5-10 mau manawa, ua hoʻomaka ka hala ʻana o nā ʻano ma mua o ka puka ʻana mai o ka poʻe ma nā ʻāina āpau, a ua make nā mea ʻē aʻe o nā holoholona i hele pū me nā mammoths. me na mea liilii, aole ia nei "no Cro-Magnons aole enemi a kaua pio e luku." ʻO nā ʻamomera ma ke kūkulu hema hema ʻo Siberia i noho pū me ka poʻe kahiko no ka 12,000 mau makahiki. No laila, ma kēia hypothesis, ua hāʻawi ʻia i ka pili o anthropogenic kahi kuleana lona lua, a ʻo nā kumu nui nā ʻano maoli maoli i loko o ke aniʻai a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻai i nā holoholona, ​​a me ka ʻāina o ka pā. Ua ʻike ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻopulapula a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke aniau i kahi manawa lōʻihi, akā no ka manawa lōʻihi naʻe ʻole ke ʻano kūpono o ka ʻono ʻana no ka make i ke ʻano o ka mahana i ka hopena o ka hōʻaiʻaha hope, ʻoiai ua ola kēia ʻano o ke ʻano he nui a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana.

Hapai ʻia ka pahuhopu like ma kahi puke i loko o ka nūpepa "ʻO nā kamaʻilio kūlohelohe”Ma Iune 2012, ka mea i hoʻopuka ai i nā hopena o ka noiʻi maʻamau e kekahi pūʻulu o nā kānaka ʻepekema alakaʻi ʻia e Glen MacDonald o ke Kulanui o Kaleponi. Ua ukali lākou i nā loli i ka nohona o nā mommela hulu manu a me ko lākou hopena ma ka lehulehu o nā ʻano ma Beringia i nā makahiki he 50 mau makahiki i hala. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka noiʻi i ka nui o nā ikepili i ka radiocarbon pio o nā holoholona, ​​ka neʻe ʻana o ke kanaka i ka Arctic, a me ke ʻano o ka honua. ʻO ka hopena nui o nā kānakaʻepekema: ʻo ka poʻe mammoth ma nā makahiki he 30 mau makahiki i hala aku nei ua loaʻa i nā loli i nā helu e pili ana i nā neʻe moliki. ʻO ka haki hope loa ”- ua holo ka hapanui o nā mammoth mai ke kūkulu ʻākau o Siberia a i nā ʻāina hema ʻē aʻe.Ma muli o ka hoʻololi maoli ʻana o ka māla tundra mai nā ʻanuʻu tundra (nā wai paʻakai) i nā wahi kāʻei tundra i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻomehana ʻana o Allerody, akā ma hope no ke ʻano hema i kūkulu ʻia e nā ulu lāʻau coniferous. Ua manaʻo ʻia ke ʻano o ka poʻe i ko lākou pau i ka loiloi ʻana he nui, aia pū kekahi hemahema o nā hōʻike ʻoi aku no ka poʻe e lawaiʻa ana i nā mammoth. ʻElua mau makahiki ma mua, ua hoʻopuka ka hui ʻepekema ʻo Brian Huntley i nā hopena o kona hoʻohālike ʻana i nā ʻālima o ʻEulopa, ʻAsia a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, kahi o nā kumu nui e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ulu palakala ma nā wahi ākea no ka manawa lōʻihi (100,000 - 15,000 mau makahiki i hala) e ʻike ʻia: mau haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, maloʻo a maloʻo hoʻi Hōʻike CO₂. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā hopena pololei o ka mahana ʻana o ka mahana.₂ i ka lewa - e hoʻohuli i nā kaiāulu grassy me nā ululāʻau a hoʻonui i ka māno o ka uhi hau ma ka hoʻoilo, kahi nui (ma kahi o 90%) i hōʻemi ai i ka wahi o nā pā lāʻau. Lā ʻo Mammoths i nā manawa a ʻoi aku ka manawa e ʻimi ai i ka ʻai (ʻo kekahi holoholona hihiu e pono ai ʻo 150 - 300 kg o ka mea kanu lāʻau i kēlā me kēia lā. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole i nui ka pōʻino o ka megafauna a hele wikiwiki, me ke ʻano o ke aloha ʻana a me ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana Arctic, ka mea i pau i ka nalo o nā ʻāpana tundra. ʻO ka pihi o ka hōʻola i hiki mai i ka wā mahana o 14 - 13 tausani mau makahiki i hala, ua noho ka nui o nā ʻekikika i lalo i ka nological ecological hū.

Ma ke wahi o Lugovskoye (Khanty-Mansiysk wahi), loaʻa he vertmoth vertebra me nā ʻeke o ka haki ʻana i kāna pū liner (me he mea la, ua hoʻopau ke kanaka. Ua kōkua kēia ʻike i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā manaʻo hou i ka kahu hānai no kahi moʻomeheu, hoʻoikaika a ʻaʻa ʻole i nā mākaukau kahiko o kēia pilikia. Ke kālele nei i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kamaʻilio ʻana o ke kāne a me ka mammoth, ka mea moʻomeheu Yu B. B. Serikov i hele mai ka hopena ʻo ka mammoth he wahi pilikia weliweli a pili ʻole na ka mea ʻo Paleolithic hunza. I ka hopena iho, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻōkiha nui ke kaua no ka manu. Ka mea, ke makemake nei nā kānaka e ʻimi i nā mammoth wale nō i nā kūlana pilikia a i ʻole nā ​​holoholona i hōʻeha ʻia e ka maʻi a i ʻole ka hōʻeha (koi ʻia). I ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo Mammoths e hana ʻia i mea e hana ʻia ai nā pū mākaʻi mai kā lākou kīkī, ʻoiai ua ʻai maoli ka ʻiʻo. I ka tundra, hoʻohana pinepine nā kānaka i nā iwi a me nā ʻili o nā mammoth i make no nā kumu kūlohelohe (no ka laʻana, ma ke ʻano o ke kahe ʻana) no ka kūkulu ʻana i ko lākou mau wahi noho. Ke hele nei i alakaʻi ʻia no nā holoholona āpau o kēlā mau holoholona, ​​ʻaʻohe. Inā ʻaʻole, e kahawai ʻo Late Paleolithic huners o 30-100 poʻe e kipaku aku i ka mammoth a pau ma kahi o kā lākou mau inoa (i loko o kahi radius 150-200 km) i kekahi mau makahiki 5-10. Ma ke ʻano o nā kiʻi ʻuʻiwa, ʻo ka nui o ka poʻe noho i loko o nā wahi i hui ʻia ai ka poʻe hunter-ʻili he nui aku i ka poʻe 25-30 mau kānaka, ʻoi aku hoʻi nā wāhine a me nā keiki, no ka hopu manuahi ʻana lākou e hōʻiliʻili i ka poʻe mai kekahi mau wahi mamao i kahi mamao aku, mai kahi i pili ʻole ʻia. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i haʻalele ke kanaka i ka ʻimi no ka mammoth, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā manawa āpau no ka lawe ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻai no ka hoʻoilo lōʻihi Arctic.

I ka makahiki 1993, ua loaʻa ka makasina "Kalua"Nūpepa ka ʻike e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana ma ka mokupuni ʻo Wrangel. Ua ʻike ʻo Sergei Vartanyan, he limahana o ka mālama, i nā koena o nā mammoths ma ka mokupuni, ʻo ia ka manawa e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ʻo 7 a 3.5 tausani mau makahiki, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo 5000 mau makahiki ma hope o ko lākou luku ʻana i ka ʻāina ma ka ʻāina. Ma hope aku, ua ʻike ʻia ka pili ʻana o kēia mau i nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka momona manu, nona ka lāhui kaawale i noho i ka mokupuni ʻo Wrangel, i ka wā i kū kū ai nā ʻōpala o ʻAigupita, a nalowale wale i ka wā o ko Paraʻo Tutankhamun (e pili ana i ka makahiki 1355–1337 W.). ma muli o ka uhai ʻana, akā, ʻaʻole ka loli i ke anuanu (hiki i ka mokupuni ke hānai aku ma mua o ka 300 mau momi).

No laila, ʻike nā ʻepekema i ka pau ʻana o ka mahana wela, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mākele lewa a me ke hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu i ke kumu nui no ka nalo ʻana o nā holoholona manu. Hoʻomoe ka hana i ke anuanu i ka noho hou ʻana o ka poʻe, he hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka lehulehu ma ka Late Paleolithic, a me kā lākou ʻimi hiki ke hoʻopau i ka poʻe i hōʻemi a i nā nāwaliwali o nā mammoth, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻōla.

Nā loli ʻē aʻe a me hypotheses

ʻO ke ʻano meteorite hypothesis o ka hoʻopau piha ʻana o ka megafauna ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i noʻonoʻo ʻia. ʻO kēia no ka ʻike ʻana o ka ʻāpana manawaleʻa o ka lehu manu (ʻo ia hoʻi ka hōʻike ʻana o nā ahi nui), nui nā loaʻa o nā nanodiamonds, nā pīhoihoi haʻalulu a me nā ʻiliʻili ʻē aʻe a puni ka ʻōlelo o ka ʻāina, a me ka piʻi pū ʻana o ka iridium, platinum a me palladium, ua loaʻa he mau mammoth. afe tausani) hoʻopili ʻia me nā liʻiliʻi meteorite liʻiliʻi. ʻO ke kumu kuhihewa e manaʻo ʻia ana he mea hoʻopōmole i hāʻule i ka Honua ma kahi o 12,800 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ʻo ia paha, i ka manawa o ke kipi ua holo mua ʻia i ke kahua holoʻokoʻa o ka puolo. I Ianuali 2012 maPNAS"Ua hoʻolaha ʻia kahi manaʻo ma nā hualoaʻa o ka hana a kekahi hui ʻepekema nui ma luna o ka Lākena Lake Cuiceo. Ua hoʻāʻo nā mea kākau o ka hoʻopuka e wehewehe i ka hypothesis o ka pilikia o ka make ʻana o ka Late Dryas - ke kāohi ʻana o ke aniani i kahi mau millennium, ka ʻauhau a me ka luku ʻana i nā ʻenekona i kēia manawa, ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka megafauna glacial. Akā ʻaʻole loaʻa kēia mau maʻi i ka hōʻoia ma ka ʻāpana ʻĀina o ka pae. ʻAʻole hiki i ka maʻi kikoʻī ke wehewehe pono i ke kumu no laila, ʻo nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka megafauna o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika (musk ox, bison, reindeer), a me nā mammoths ma Fr. ʻO Wrangel a me nā mokupuni o Pribylov. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi lua ʻauʻau. ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana ʻana o ka megafauna ʻaʻole i hele ia i ka pō pōkole, me he mea lā i hana ʻia i loko o ka hopena meteorite a i ʻole pahū ʻana o ka comet, akā i loko o ʻumi mau tausani o ka makahiki ma mua a ma hope o ka comet i ʻōlelo ʻia. Ua hoʻomaka ka honua hoʻopau o nā mommoth 24 - 20 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hiki ke kahe nui o ka hōʻola i ka wā mahana o 14.8 - 13.7 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻoiai i ka wā i hāʻule ai ka meteorite a me kahi a me ke anuanu (12.8 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei), a hoʻopau ma hope aʻe. ma kahi o 11 - 4 tausani mau makahiki i hala.

ʻO ka nui o nā kaila i loaʻa ma ka hema o Siberia hema ʻO Mammutus primigenius (19 mau kanaka) kahi kanu kupapaʻu ma ka wahi o ka Wolf Mane ma ka Wilayah Novosibirsk. Kekahi o nā iwi i loaʻa i ka ʻano o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o ke kanaka, akā, ʻaʻole i nui ka waiwai o ka poʻe Paleolithic i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka ʻōpū o Wolf-Mane osseous - he nui ka make o nā mammoth ma ka palena o ka Refizu Baraba ma muli o ka wīlima minerala (nā mammoth aia i ka peni 8 x 1 km ma waena o nā māla a me ka loko. ʻO 42% o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā momi huluhulu i loaʻa ma ke kūlanakauhale kahiko o ka muliwai ʻo Beryolyokh he mau hōʻailona o osteodystrophy, kahi maʻi ʻālaʻi kōhiwi i hōʻeha ʻia e ka metabolic ma muli o ka nele o ke makro nui a me nā microelement (kalima mineral). I mea e kūi ai no ka nele o nā minima, hele mai nā mammoth e ʻai i ka pālolo ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka muliwai, kahi i make ai lākou no kekahi mau tausani makahiki mai nā kahe, nā ʻāina lepo a i ʻole ka paʻa i ka lepo marshy. ʻO kēia mau hihia o ke kai ʻana i nā haʻahaʻa a me ka make o nā mammoth ma nā kahawai wai e hoʻopili ʻia e nā mea kākau ʻana i ka hypothesis o ka hoʻomehana ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻomoʻūhū o nā panina ma kahi o 14 - 13 000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, kahi mea i hōʻemi ai i nā minuke (desalination) o ka hana kūlohelohe. ʻO paha ke kumu o ka hānai ʻana o ka mineral ka neʻe o ka mammoths i ka ʻai ʻana i nā lālā coniferous a me willow ma kahi o ka mauʻu ma muli o ka emi ʻana o nā wahi o nā tundra steppes ma hope o ke aloha ʻana. Hiki i kahi ʻāpana hāpana ke hoʻopilikia kino i nā ʻōiwi pilikino, e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻano ʻokoʻa.

Hoʻomaka e hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi pahu

Ma kahi ʻāpana o ka papahana ʻo Pleistocene Park a me nā hana hou aʻe, ke ʻimi ʻia nei kahi hopena hypothetical e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka momi a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i nā elephants e like me nā ʻano manu i mālama ʻia i nā ʻano genetic i mālama ʻia i loko o nā kalalopō manu. E like me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hopena i ka hopena o ka genome, aia nā kānalua kūpono e pili ana i ka lanakila o kahi alahou piha.

ʻ historylelo aʻo

Loaʻa nā ʻona a me nā molars o ka mammoth i nā waihona hoʻohemo o ka hau o ka makahiki o ʻEulopa a me Siberia a ua ʻike ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi a me ko lākou nui, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā koaka nui. I Valencia, ua hoʻonani ʻia ka molar molal i ʻāpana o nā relics o St. Christopher, a i ka makahiki 1789 nā mō'ī o St. Hōʻuluʻuluʻo Vincent i kahi wahine manu i kā lākou mau kaʻina, a hala ia ʻo ke koena o ka lima o ka mea haipule. Hiki iā familiarize iā mākou iho me ka hoʻonaʻawale o ka mammoth i ka kikoʻī ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana o ka Tungus i 1799 i ka ʻāina permafrost o Siberia kokoke i ka waha o ka muliwai Lena kahi kino o kahi momi, holoi ʻia i ka wai puna a mālama ʻia me ka ʻiʻo. Ma hope o 7 mau makahiki, i ka makahiki 1806, ua hōʻola ʻia ʻo Adams e ka Academy of Science me ka ʻohi i kahi ʻōpū piha o kahi holoholona me nā mea ʻala i mālama ʻia, ʻāpana o ka ʻili, kekahi mau viscera, nā maka, a me ka 30 mau pona o ka lauoho, nā ʻīlio, nā bea a me nā ʻīlio i hoʻopau i nā mea āpau. Ma Siberia, nā umamoth tusks, holoi ʻia e ka wai puna a hōʻiliʻili ʻia e nā poʻe kamaʻāina, he kumuhana o nā kālepa hoʻomaha hoʻomaha, e hoʻololi ana i ka ivory i ka huli ʻana i nā huahana.

ʻO nā kuʻuna o ka poʻe o ʻEulopa, Siberia a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika

ʻO Komi, e like me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe o ke Akau, i loaʻa pinepine nā iwi mammoth i ka ʻili i loko o nā kahe o nā muliwai a ʻokiʻoki i nā ʻalā iwi, nā mea hana lima, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe mai lākou. E haʻi aku nā moʻolelo o Komi i nā ʻāpana piha i hana ʻia i ka iwi mammoth.

ʻO Mammoth - "Earthen Deer" - i nā manaʻo o nā Komi (a me nā Nenets, Khanty a me Mansi) i noho i loko o nā wā mua o ka hana ʻana. Ua kaumaha loa ʻo ia a hāʻule ʻo ia i loko o ka umauma. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kona mau ala e nā kahawai o nā kahawai a ma ka hopena o ka wai i hoʻopulapula i ka honua holoʻokoʻa (Komi, akana me ka papaʻaila o ka wānana o ke kahe, ʻōlelo ʻia ua makemake ka mammoth e pakele i loko o ka pahu o Noa, akā hiki ʻole ke hoʻokau ʻia ma laila). Kuʻi ka mammoth ma loko o nā wai, akā kau ka manu i kona "mau pepeiao", a ua weliweli ka holoholona. Ke kamaʻilio nei nā miners Komi mu kule - he laina ma lalo kahi i waiho ʻia ai nā kūpeʻe nunui.

I ka makahiki 1899, ua kākau kahi mea huakaʻi i kahi moʻolelo no ka nūpepa o Kapalakiko ma Kapalakiko, i kamaʻilio e pili ana iā Alaskan Eskimos e wehewehe ana i kahi elephant shaggy, ke kālai nei i kāna kiʻi i nā mea kaua me ka walrus. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i kahi hui o nā mea noiʻi i ka pūnaewele i nā mammoth, akā ua hōʻoia i ka moʻolelo o ka mea hele, a me ka nānā ʻana i nā mea kaua, a nīnau aku i kahi o nā Eskimos e ʻike ai i nā elepani shaggy, ua kuhikuhi lākou i ka wao i ka wao ma ke komohana. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia i nā ʻelele e ka kamaʻāina ʻo kamaʻilio ʻia me nā kalepa o nā mammoth, kahi a lākou e ʻike ai.

Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ʻo Laplanders (Sami) i ka ʻākau mamao i ka manaʻo o ka nui o nā pua nui i noho i lalo o nā ʻīlio mau loa. I nā Eskimos e noho ana i ka kahakai ʻo Āsia o ka Bering Strait, ʻike ʻia ka inoa mammoth ma ka inoa Kilu Crook, ʻo ia, "he kohola i kapa ʻia ʻo Kilu." I loko o ka moʻomeheu Eskimo, ua pā ka ʻaʻā a me ke ʻano nui o ke kai ʻo Aglu, no ka mea ua hoʻolei ʻia ia i ka ʻāina, akā huli a nui loa i lalo a hāʻule i ka lepo, kahi e lilo ai i puʻupuʻu iā ia - ʻeli ʻo ia i kāna mau ʻapo me nā kui nui.

Ma ka ʻāpana hema o Siberia, ʻōlelo nā moʻomeheu o Chukchi o ka mammoth he mea lawe i ka ʻuhane ʻino, e noho ana ma lalo. ʻO ka mea e ʻike i nā ʻoki i waho o ka lepo, e ʻeli koke lākou iā lākou, a laila e nalowale ana ka ikaika. He ʻao e like me nā Chukchi i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana e kāʻili ana i ka ʻōpala, a eli iā lākou a loaʻa ke kino o kahi mākaʻikaʻi, a ua ʻai kā ko lākou ʻohana a pau i ka ʻiʻo manu a pau i ka hoʻoilo.

Ma ʻō aku o ka ʻAlika Arctic, ma waena o nā Yukagirs e noho ana i ka ʻāina e kū ana mai ka Lena Delta a hiki i Kolyma, ʻōlelo ʻia ka mammoth ma nā kaʻao ma lalo o ka inoa Holhut. ^ E Ha yM. Pane nā poʻe Shamans o kēia moʻomeheu i ka ʻuhane o ke kanaka nunui he mea mālama i ka ʻuhane, no laila ua pehi ʻia kahi pōkole me ka ʻuhane o ka mammoth.

Wahi a Thomas Jefferson, ua kapa ʻia ka poʻe India i ka momi, ka mea i ʻike pinepine ʻia nā koina ma ʻAmelika, ka "bison nui". Wahi a ka moʻolelo i noho ʻia ma waena o ka Delaware, hele ʻole ka nui o kēia mau holoholona i Big Bone Lix a hoʻomaka i ka luku ʻana i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe "i hana ʻia no ka maikaʻi o ko ʻAmelika", a hiki i ka hope "Big Man Upstairs", huhū, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia i nā "bison nui" me ka uila . ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻokahi wale nō mea ola i koe, ka mea nāna i hōʻe wale i ka puhi a hōʻeha ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao, "lele me nā puʻu nui loa ma luna o Ohio, Wabash, Illinois a ma hope loa, ma luna o Great Lakes, i nā wahi i noho ai a hiki i kēia lā", ʻo ia ka mea, Akau A laila, hāʻawi ʻo Jefferson i ka moʻolelo o kekahi o Stanley nāna, i ka lawe pio ʻana i ka poʻe India, i ʻike ʻia i kahi kanu kupaianaha: "Ua ʻōlelo aku ka poʻe kamaʻāina iā ia ka holoholona nona kāna mau iwi i loaʻa i nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ko lākou mau ʻāina. Wahi a kā lākou wehewehe ʻana, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia he elele. " ʻO kēia mau kikoʻī ka mea i manaʻo iā mākou he hoʻomanaʻo iki ka poʻe India i nā mammoth a i ko lākou hoʻi ʻana i ka ʻākau, e hoʻi ana i ka manawa o ka Paleolithic.

ʻO nā loaʻa ʻana o nā iwi mammoth a me nā ʻōpekopa i ka makahikiʻāina o ʻEulopa a hiki i ka 18th kenekulia nona nā elepani i nalowale mai nā pūʻali koa Alexander, Nui, Hannibal a Pyrrhus. Ua hoʻohālikelike aku lākou i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻike ʻami manu kokoke i Voronezh (ma ke kahua ʻo Kostenka) i ka wā iā Peter ka Nui i nā mea make make o ka poʻe Alekanedana Nui. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻūhā nui manuahi i loko o Helene kahiko me kahi poka i waenakonu o ka ʻōpala ke hiki ke lilo i mea e pono ai nā kuʻuna o nā pōpoki pau. I ka Waena waena, ua hiki mai nā lono mai nā iwi pala a me ka ʻōpala mai Siberia a me Kina.

I ka makahiki 1254, ua hele ka mōʻī o Lesser Armenia Hetum i Mongolia i ka ʻaha o ke Aliʻi Horde Khan Mengu. I kona hoʻi ʻana i Armenia, kaʻana ʻo ia i nā moʻolelo āna i lohe ai ma laila, ʻo Kirakos Gandzaketsi ka mea kākau moʻolelo. Ua kākau ʻo Kirakos i kāna mau moʻolelo: "...Aia kekahi mokupuni e ulu ai kekahi ʻano momona nui, e like me ka lāʻau, i kapa ʻia ʻo iʻa, inā e ʻoki ʻia, ma ia wahi kahi e ulu hou ana, e like me nā pū"." Ua kālai aku ka poʻe akamai Kina i nā kiʻi like ʻole a kēia iwi. He nīnau ia o nā kuhmoth tusks, i loaʻa ma Siberia ma nā koʻi kahakai holoi holoi ʻia.

He iwi molamela

ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka mammoth tusk ma mua o ka ivory a loaʻa i kahi kumuhana ʻokoʻa kūikawā. No mau makahiki he mau makahiki i hoʻoneʻe ʻia ma lalo o ka hale i lalo o ka wai, ua loaʻa i nā tusks ka lau a me ka nui o nā aniani - mai ka waiū keʻokeʻo a me ka pinkish a i ka puru-violet. Hoʻomaikaʻi nui nā haku kālai kālele i nā kūlohelohe o ke kumu maoli. Ma muli o kona kala, ua loa ka lōʻihi o ka mammoth tusk i hana i nā kāleka nui, nā mea kīʻaha, nā kiʻi, nā chess, combs, nā kūpeʻe wahine a me nā mea nani wahine. ʻO lākou me ka lāʻau pū me nā mea kaua.

I ka 2019, ua hōʻike nā luna o Yakutia i ko lākou manaʻo e hoʻoponopono i ke kānāwai federal "On Subsoil" e hoʻolauna i ka manaʻo o kahi mammoth tusk i mea e lilo ai i ka hoʻololi kūlohelohe me ka ʻole e hana ʻino i ka kaiāulu. I ka makahiki 2019, ma Yakutia, e like me ka manaʻo o ke aupuni māhele ʻāina, ʻo ke mākeke no ka lawe ʻana a me ke kāʻei o ka mammoth e mau ana mai ka ʻelua a ʻehā paha mau rubles. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, hiki i ka nui o ke kolamu o nā hōʻeha keu ke paʻi ʻia he 100 mau tonona, a me ka pono ʻole, e like me ka poʻe lawelawe, ʻelua a ʻelua ka nui. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana a me ke kālepa o nā huahana momona mammoth ma Kina a lawe mai ai i kālā i laila.

ʻO ke hiʻohiʻona o nā mammoth a me kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona

Ua ʻike nā ʻepekemaʻepekema a puni ka honua i ke koena o nā mommoths. Loaʻa ko lākou mau iwi ma ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me ʻAsia. ʻO ka fossil kahiko ka liʻiliʻi o ʻehā mau makahiki. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma laila a ua puka mai nā ʻano mua o kēia mau mea.

ʻO nā "freshest" mau o nā momi ma kahi o 10 mau makahiki i hala. ʻAʻole ʻike i ka ʻike kanaka i nā mea hou aʻe, no laila hiki iā mākou ke hopena a nalowale lākou a puni kēlā manawa.
ʻO ka Externally, ka like o nā mammoth me nā elepani a he mau kūpuna nā kūpuna o nā puʻupuʻu hou. Eia naʻe, i ka hiʻohiʻona o nā mea mōʻaukala iʻike nui ʻia.

I waho, nui nā mammoth.Wahi a nā ʻano, ʻano like ke kiʻekiʻe mai 2m a 4m. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi, hiki ke piʻi i 10 tons.

ʻIke maoli nō : Hoʻokahi hapa a me hoʻokahi hapa miliona mau makahiki i noho ai ʻo Imperial Mammoth. Ua ulu a hiki i 6 mau mika ke kiʻekiʻe, a hiki ke koʻikoʻi ke paona 15 tons.

ʻAʻole i like me nā elepani, he mau lauoho māmā nā mea i kōkua iā lākou e ola i nā kūlana anu. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kūlapa i ka hau e loaʻa ai ka mauʻu a me nā nāhelehele i kūpono no ka meaʻai. ʻO ke ʻano o nā mammoth i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka momona i loko o nā kua o ke kua, a ʻo ka mea i lilo ai lākou i hōʻā ʻia e like me nā kāmelo. ʻO ka ʻōpala i loaʻa i ka ʻili loloa me ke poʻo poʻo liʻiliʻi i ke kaʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia e hāpai i nā mea a lawe mai i ka waha. Pēlā nō, ua kōkua ka ʻōpala i nā holoholona i ke wehe i ke ala: hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​lālā, lawe ʻia nā lāʻau, etc.

Ua hoʻonui ka ikaika o nā molale o nā holoholona, ​​ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea e mākeke i ka hapa nui o nā meaʻai. Aia nā niho i nā kihi i ka lālani. ʻO ka mea mahalo, ua emi pinepine nā molar i ka waihona, a ulu ka mea hou i ko lākou mau wahi.

ʻAe, aloha mai, akā ʻaʻole ʻoe i mau ʻāpana Continental i mea e hoʻolaha ai i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana.

E kiʻi i nā rubles kontinental
kono ana i kou mau hoaaloha ia Comte.

I loko o ka Pleistocene a me ka Holocene mua i Siberia, ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me Beringia, ʻo nā mau hulu manu ka mea nui loa o nā mea kanu nui loa. ʻO ka mea huna o kā lākou papahiki ka mea nui wale nō i ka ʻepekema. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia manawa, loaʻa i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke noiʻi i nā mea ʻike i ʻike ʻia a e hui pū ai no kēia kumu me nā mea ʻepekema mai nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe mai nā ʻano ʻepekema ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka paleontologists e launa pū me nā geologists, chemists, geneticists a me nā mea nāna e hāʻawi i kā lākou mau hana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā iwi, lepo, pollen a me nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia.

Kekahi mau hypotheses e kau ʻia i ka ʻike o nā ʻike. I ka wā e liʻiliʻi ai nā ʻike maoli, nā hypotheses like me ke ʻano like, i ka manawa e hoʻonui ai ka nui o nā ʻike, a ʻike ʻia nā ʻike hou a me nā kikoʻī, nā hypotheses i mua e hui ʻole ʻia me ka loiloi a hoʻololi. He hana maʻamau kēia i kekahi ʻike. No laila, a hiki i kēia manawa aia kahi maʻi maʻi e pili ana i ka hewa o ka ʻohana kanaka i ka pau ʻana o nā mammoth. I kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻia nā mea hou, a ua ʻike nui loa ka hypothesis o ke kanaka. Manaʻo wau e ʻike ʻike ʻoe i ka ʻepekema o ka mammoth i aʻo hou ai.

Nā ʻāpana like i nā kāmela ma nā wahi like ʻole, ʻaʻole nui ka laha a i ʻole like ʻole ma nā ʻāina āpau kahi i loaʻa ai.

Wahi a ka ʻike e pili ana i kēia manawa, ʻo ka manawa hou loa o nā mammoth i noho mua. Ma nā mokupuni, aia nā keiki ʻehā ma waho o ka hiki ʻana o ke kanaka ma kahi o 3,700 mau makahiki i hala. Ma ka ʻāina mākaʻu, lilo nā mammoth i kahi o 10,000 mau makahiki i hala.

Ua hoʻomau ka genetics i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka genomes o ka mommle hulu manu mai Wrangel Island (aia ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Siberia), i noho ai he 4,300 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a me ka mammoth mai Oymyakon (ma Yakutia), nona ka ola mau lā 45,000 mau makahiki i hala. Aia ka lehulehu o ka lehulehu ma ka ʻāina nui (ma kahi o 13 tausani mau kanaka), ma ka mokupuni - i kēlā manawa aia kekahi liʻiliʻi o ka nui o nā holoholona he 300 (ka emi o 34 mau manawa). Ma nā hiʻohiʻona o ke koena o kēia mau mommoth ʻelua, ua hoʻoili ʻia ka ʻano genetics i ka ʻano o ka genome i ka dinamics o nā loli i ka nui o ka lehulehu ma mua o ka nalowale ʻana. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia haʻawina ʻana i ka hōʻemi o ka nui o nā mea i komo i ka procreation nāwaliwali i kahi koho kūlohelohe. Ma muli o kēia, ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā mutations ʻino, i hōʻeha ʻia i ka nui o nā ʻano genes, no ka laʻana, ua ʻoki ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻohu o nā holoholona, ​​nā mea nui i ke kaʻina hana.

ʻO ka hana o nā ʻano kuleana no ka hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā wā hoʻomaha a hōʻino nā mea pālahalaha i nā molekula DNA, ka lawe ʻana i nā mea kanu, nā kaʻina hana o ke ʻano RNA a DNA e like me kahi makana, ke ʻano o ka ferromones, ke kaʻina hana hoʻomohala, a me nā mea kūlohelohe he nui e hoʻohuli.

Ua hoʻoholo nā poʻe ʻepekema i ka manawa o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka noho kaʻawale o nā mammoth a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe ma Wrangel Island a me ka manawa o ko lākou nalo ʻana. Ma kā lākou pepa ʻepekema i paʻi ʻia, ua hōʻike ʻia:

"ʻO nā lā radiocarbon 124 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā iwi ʻōmaʻomaʻo, 106 i loko o ka manawa mai 3700 a 9000 mau makahiki i hala. ^ E Ha yM. Manaʻo mākou ua pani kēia mau lā i ka manawa kaʻawale o nā mammoth ma Wrangel Island a me ka pau ʻana o kā lākou hope loa, ka mea a mākou e pili nei i nā kumu kūlohelohe. ʻO ka hala ʻana o nā lā ma waena o 9–12 tausani mau makahiki e hōʻike ana i ka manawa i hala ʻole ai ka mau momi ma ka mokupuni ʻo Wrangel. ʻO nā iwi lōʻihi lōʻihi mai ka Wrangel Island o ka Holocene manawa e hōʻike like ʻia kēia mau holoholona i ka nui ma nā holoholona ma ke kai nui, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he holoholona nui, ʻaʻole hiki ke kaʻi ʻia lākou e like me nā mea manu. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka moemoe o Holmene mammoth ma ka ʻāina. E pili ana i nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe o ka palahalaha a me ka radiocarbon i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka Wrangel Island, ʻo ia hoʻi he mau lio, ke bison, nā kohu ʻulaʻula a me nā hulu manu. Ua hoʻohuli wale ʻia i ka mōmona nā holoholona nui e noho ana ma ka Wrangel Island i waena o ka Holocene. "

Ma kahi liʻiliʻi ma mua, ua pau nā holoholona Wrangel i noho manu i ka moku ʻo St. Paul, kahi e kokoke nei ma waena o Alaska a me ka Far East. ʻO kēia mokupuni he hapa kekahi o ka alahaka Berengi, ʻo ka ʻāina e pili ana i nā ʻalua ʻelua. Ua hoʻololi hou ka nui o ke kai i ka uwapo, kahi e waiho ai i kekahi mokupuni. ʻO ka lehulehu mau kānaka e noho ana ma ka mokupuni ma kahi o 110 km2 e noho noho kaʻawale no ka 8 mau makahiki he nui.

Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Russell Graham mai ke Kulanui o Pennsylvania, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi pūʻulu ʻepekema i ka wā i pau ai ka hui ʻana o nā mokmota mokupuni, a no ke kumu ua hana ʻia kēia.

ʻO ka hōʻike mua i pakele ai nā mokupuni nui i ka waiwai kīmopō o ka ʻāina ka hopena o ka huli ʻana o ka radiocarbon no ka niho i loaʻa i ka mokmoth mokupuni. Ua hoʻohuli maikaʻi ʻo ia i ola i kahi o 7900 mau makahiki i hala. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻike ʻike ma hope aku ma kahi o 6500 mau makahiki i hala.

Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā makahiki o nā iwi i ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole wale nō ke ala i kuhi ai nā poʻe ʻepekema i ka manawa a me ke kumu no ka pau ʻana o nā mammoth i ka mokupuni. Ma ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana i nā koena o nā holoholona 14 ʻē aʻe, ua lawe ka hui i nā ʻehā sedimentary ma lalo o ka loko mokupuni. Aia nā pōhaku Sedimentary i nā koena o ka mikrobis, nā mea kanu a me ka polū - i ka holoʻokoʻa, nā mea a pau i loaʻa a hōʻiliʻili ai ma lalo o nā makahiki he 10,000 i hala. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona kumuʻī ke ala ʻelua e wehewehe ai i nā hanana i hala.

Ke kolu o ke ala (a i ʻole, ka 3, 4 a me 5) ke ʻimi nū ʻele o nā ʻuū (3 mau mea), ka hana nui e pono ai e mālama i nā ʻano manu manu. ʻO ka nui o nā ʻalā mauʻu e hilinaʻi nei ma ka helu o ka mea ʻai mauʻu. ʻO nā mammoth ka mea hana hoʻomehana i ka manure i ka nui. No laila, ʻo ka nalowale ʻana o ka mau mea lawelawe ka mea e hōʻemi ai i ka hopena o ka nui o nā hua manu i loko o nā hoʻomehana.

Ua hoʻopili ʻia nā elima mau ala a i ke kau like ma ka manawa o ka manawa - 5600 mau makahiki i hala.

Ma kahi o ke kōkua ʻana e koho i ka manawa, ua lilo nā mea kikoʻī i mea e ʻike ai e pili ana i ke kumu o ka hala, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻololi i nā kūlana kime ma kekahi mokupuni.

No nā kaukani mau makahiki, ua lawa ka nui o nā wahi mākaʻi o ka mokupuni mokupuni. Aohe pū kekahi mea e hoʻolaha ai, e like me ka polar bear a me nā kānaka. O ke kumu o ka punahula. ʻOiai ua lawa ka nui o ka ua, ua hoʻokele lākou i ka hoʻopiha hou i nā loko mokupuni liʻiliʻi i ka wai hou. I kekahi manawa, loli nā hana i loko o ke lewa, a hoʻomaka ka ua i ka lauua. Mākou kekahi i ka hoʻomaka ʻana e maloʻo. Eia kekahi, hoʻomaka hou ke kai liʻiliʻi ma kahi liʻiliʻi, a hoʻomaka ka wai paʻakai e hāʻule i loko o nā loko moana. No nā huluhulu huluhulu, ka mea e pono ai i ka wai no ka inu a me ka ʻoluʻolu, ua lilo a i liʻiliʻi. ʻEpekema ʻepekema ma aneʻi

Ehia mau lau e pono ai ka maʻa?

I ʻelua mau mea hypotheses (o nā kumu anthropogen a me nā kumu climatic), ua hoʻohui ʻia ka minela kaleka ʻaina mineral. Wahi a ia, ma ka ʻāina ma muli o ka lūlū ʻana o ka aila, ua hui ʻino ʻia ke ʻano, ka mea i kinai ai i ka mammoth e like me ka calcium, magnesium, sodium, a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe e komo ana i ke kino ma o ka ʻai. Hoʻopilikia kēia i nā kūlana o nā iwi. Ua aʻo ʻia nā ʻepekema Tomsk i nā koena o ka mammoth mai Berelyokh (Yakutia). Kuhi ʻia ka ʻatikala ma Quaternary International.

"Ke hōʻike nei ka paleoecological ma mua o 1,500 mau mammoth mai ka pūnaewele kaulana i ʻike ʻia ʻole o ka archaeological o Berelёkh (BP13-12 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei) e hōʻike ana he 42% o artifact i hōʻike i nā loli weliweli (osteoporosis, osteolysis, osteofibrosis, osteomalacia, nā maʻi hui, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). aia ka nele o ka pani ʻana o ka spine cervical, transversary, and loose intraarticular body.The picture pathological picture like the picture of Kashin-Beck disease (or Level), the etiology of which is associate with mineral starvation. ʻO ke ʻano o ka osteodystrophy i ʻike ʻia e hiki ke hoʻomālamalama ʻia e ka ikaika acidification o nā ʻāina geochemical, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ke ākaʻāina o Northern Eurasia ma hope o 30 tausani mau makahiki i hala a ua kūʻokoʻa loa i ka ʻōpala o nā makahiki he nui (15-10 tausani mau makahiki i hala.). e hōʻike ana ka pūnaewele Berelyokh i ka hope hope loa o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka nui maʻa nunui. " Mai Mai

"ʻO Berelyokh kekahi o nā wahi nui ma Northern Eurasia me ka nui o ka koina o ka mammoth i hōʻiliʻili ai 13-12 mau makahiki i hala aku nei i ka ʻelemakule: ke kahawai o mua o ka wai like, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻopiha ʻia. Ua paʻa koke nā iwi a me nā niho. wailua a me ka hiwahiwa e nā mea wānana A hapa o ka ʻohi ʻana - ma kahi o hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mau tausani ke waiho ʻia - mālama ʻia i ka Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science of St. Petersburg, aneane 50% o lākou e loaʻa ai kekahi mau hōʻailona o nā loli hōʻino, eia naʻe, ke aʻo nei i kēia mau kumu wale nō. he mea hoʻohiʻona, he mea paʻakikī ke hoʻomaopopo i ka mea maoli i ka nui o nā holoholona maʻi.

"He kumu palaka ka pāpaʻi, a me nā kaʻina metabolic i ke kino e hoʻomau nei me ka hāʻawi mau ʻana i nā mea kemikila mai waho, no laila ke kīleʻa ʻōkena kaulike he nui no ka momi nui," wahi a Sergey Leshchinsky, ke kauka o ka ʻepekema a me ka mineralogical ʻepekema. - Kaleki, ka paʻakai, paʻakai a me nā mea waiwai ʻē aʻe i pulu maikaʻi i ka wai a ulia hele ʻia i waho o ka lepo, i hana ia ma muli o nā hoʻololi lūlū o ke kaiapuni ma kahi o 10,000 mau makahiki i hala ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Eurasia a hiki paha i ka hoʻopuka ʻana o ka mammoth.

ʻOsteoblastoma cellular nui i ka hopena kokoke o ka tibia mammoth

ʻO kekahi osteopathology i loaʻa ma Berelyokh i hoʻākāka ʻole ʻia ma ka puke me ka pili ʻana i nā mammoth. ʻO ka mea mua o lākou he mau iwi intraarticular bone-cartilaginous: i loko o nā puke lapaʻau i kapa pinepine ʻia lākou ʻo ka "articular mouse" a i ʻole “palapala huʻu”. Me ka luku ʻana o ka cartilage, a i kekahi manawa a lalo o ka iwi ā lalo, hāʻule ko lākou mau ʻōpala i loko o kahi lua. I ka hopena, loaʻa ka ʻeha nui, ka ʻāwili ʻana o ka wāwae, kahi ʻano o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka.

“Kānā pinepine ʻia nā ʻūhaka i nā ʻāpana o nā iwi: ʻoiai, ua hana ʻia e ka wā o nā ʻalopelo i haki ʻia i loko o ke a hui a ʻano like hoʻi me nā mea hōʻino, ʻo ia hoʻi," ʻuʻuku i ka "iwi," wahi a ka mea noiʻi. - Inā loaʻa nā “ʻikepili artikular” i nā kānaka o kēia wā, a laila maʻamau ka lua o ka ʻānela lua: ʻo ia ka wehe ʻana o nā hakahaka uʻi o ka vertebrae cervical, kahi i loaʻa ai nā kīʻaha koko a me nā plexuses i hoʻopā.

Ke kālele nei i nā koena mai nā wahi mai Polani a i Siberia, ua ʻike ka mea ʻepekema ma ka mammoths i ola mau ʻoi aku ma mua o 30,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻoi aku ka maʻi o nā skeletal ma lalo o 5%, a i ka poʻe e ola ana ma hope o 27,000 mau makahiki, ʻoi ka nui o nā wahi i hoʻonui ʻia - i kekahi mau manawa, ʻumi mau manawa keu aku.

"He ʻokoʻa kekahi kanaka mai nā mammoths a me nā mea kanu ko ʻono ʻo ia i ke ʻano he nui a me ka ʻole (koe wale nō nā mea loea) e hoʻohana ai i ka ʻiʻo a me nā huahana wai," wahi a Sergey Leshchinsky. - Ma muli o kēia hopena, ua emi loa ia i ka pōloli mineral. Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike ʻo nā hōʻike ʻepekema i ka wā o Paleolithic, ua hōʻeha ʻia ka poʻe mai nā maʻi skeletal. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, he nui wale ka ʻike e ʻike nei: ua lawa ʻole nā ​​noho o ke kanaka e hana i kahi hōʻike hoʻohālikelike.

Hoʻolālā hou ke ʻepekema ʻana i ka noiʻi hou aku ma ka wahi o Novosibirsk, e hui pū ana me ka Institute of Archeology a me Ethnography o ka SB RAS - ma ke kahua o ka Wolf Mane. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā loina mōmela nui loa ma Asia. "

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ke ʻimi nei ka ʻepekema i nā huli, a i kēlā me kēia me kēia ke kumu. Ma ka ʻaoʻao like me ke ʻano hiamoe hiamoe ʻana o nā hale me nā mea hoʻonaninani.

I ka manawa hea e noho ai ka mammoth?

Ua kaulana loa ia i ʻike ʻia nā mammoth mua i ka manawa Pliocene (ma kahi o 5.3 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei) a he ola a hiki i ka VII millennium BC. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou ka nui e like me ka nui o nā elephants o kēia wā, akā he nui nā nui ʻē aʻe ma waena o nā holoholona, ​​hiki ke kiʻekiʻe o 5 mika, a he liʻiliʻi, e ulu wale ana a hiki i 2 mika.

ʻO nā mea nui ma waena o nā mammoth a me nā elepani, ʻo ka hele ʻana ʻana o kahi mauʻu lauoho ʻokaʻu a me nā ʻoka lōʻihi, a na lākou e kōkua i ka ʻai mai ka hoʻoilo ma ka hoʻoilo.

ʻO nā wahi nui o ka mommoth ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻApelika, ʻEulopa a me Asia. ʻO ka hapa pinepine, ʻike nā ʻimi noiʻi i ko lākou mau iwi hoʻokahi, akā ma Siberia a me Alaska he mau hihia e ʻike i nā ʻalā kino holoʻokoʻa i hiki ke ola pono a hiki i kēia lā i permafrost.

I ka manawa hea e make ai ka momi?

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mommoths i make ma kahi o 10,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka wā i kāhea ʻia ai ke ʻano o ka wai o Vistula i ka honua ʻO ia ka mea hope loa i ke ʻano o nā hau hau a ua hoʻopau ma ka 9600 BC.

He mea pono ia, ʻoiai, ma kahi o nā mammoths, i ka manawa like, ua nalowale 34 mau ʻano he nui o nā mau mammals, me ka ahu nui o ka ʻoni nui a me nā hulu manu. Ua hoʻopili ʻia ka pahuhopu me ka hoʻololi o ke anuanu a me ka hoʻololi o nā ʻenehana tundra i loko o ka nahele-tundra hou a me ka biota o Marshy-tundra.

No ke aha i make ai nā mammoth?

Ua hakakā nā ʻepekema e pili ana i nā kumu o ka hiki ʻana o nā mammoth i nā makahiki he mau makahiki. Hoʻololi ʻia kekahi ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka comet a me kahi maʻi koʻikoʻi.

ʻAʻole i kākoʻo ʻia ka hapa nui o nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe e nā poʻe loea, akā i kēia lā aia ma kahi o ʻelua mau hypotheses e wehewehe pono i ka nalowale ʻana o nā holoholona. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia hiki paha i ka poʻe makmoth ke lilo i poʻe pōmaikaʻi o ka ʻimi lele poʻokela o Paleolithic a i make paha ma muli o ka hopena o ke hoʻololi kūʻai.

ʻO ka make ʻana o nā mammoth e nā mea holo

ʻO ka huakaʻi o ka poʻe lawaiʻa i hōʻike ʻia e ke kanaka kūlohelohe Pelekane Alfred Wallace ma ka pau o ke kenekulia XIX. Ua manaʻo ka mea ʻepekemaʻo ia ka hulina no nā mammoth i hoʻopau i kā lākou luku pau ʻana. ʻO nā loiloi a Wallace e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pūnaewele kanaka kahiko kahi i nui ai ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā iwi mammalian.

Ua manaʻo ʻia ma kahi o 32 tausani mau makahiki i hala, ua noho ka poʻe ma ka ʻĀkau o Eurasia, a ʻo 15 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a hoʻomaka ka huli ʻana i ka meaʻai. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hōʻoki loa i ka ʻano o nā ʻano āpau, akā ʻo ka hoʻomehana honua, ka mea i hele mai ma hope o ka wā o ka hau, a ua hōʻemi ʻia i ka fauna mammoth, "kōkua" lākou i kēia.

Meteorite

ʻO ka hypothesis mua, ka mea like me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, he meteorite. Ma ke ʻano, i kēlā manawa ka hiolo ʻana o kahi malihini kahi i ka Honua, ka mea i hoʻololi i ka hoʻololi i ke anuanu i ka honua. I kēlā manawa aia kekahi Ice Age, ua hoʻokuʻu koke ʻo ia. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mahana ua hoʻonāukiuki i ka nalo ʻana o ka hapanui o nā holoholona, ​​ʻoi aku hoʻi me nā momi. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kēia hypothesis, no ka mea ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā mea kahiko nā wahi o ka comet.

ʻO ka lua hypothesis e pili ana i ka poʻe.I ka hala ʻana o kekahi mau tausani mau makahiki i hala, ua hoʻomaka nā kūpuna mamao o ke kanaka loloa i ka honua, ua ʻimi ikaika lākou i nā holoholona like ʻole.

ʻO kahi mammoths kahi pahuhopu mua, no ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona he clubsy lākou. Ua ʻae lākou iā lākou e hoʻouka mai kahi kikoʻī, e lure i loko o ka mauhe. ʻAe, i ka wā o ka hahaiʻai, hiki i kekahi poʻe lawaiʻa ke hauʻoli i ko lākou ola, akā ʻaʻole i lawa ka ʻiʻo o ka ʻohana i ka lā hoʻokahi. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka hypothesis e nalowale nā ​​mammoth ma muli o ka poʻe i hoʻomaka e huli iā lākou i nā helu he nui.

Ke loli nei ʻōlohelohe

Ua manaʻo ʻia ke kolu ʻo ka hypothesis ka nui loa. Manaʻo ʻo ia ua nalowale nā ​​mummoths ma muli o nā loli hoʻohuli maoli i kū mai ma ke ʻano maoli, ʻaʻole no ka meteorite.

He aha kēia hypothesis - ʻaʻole mākaukau nā ʻepekema e hāʻawi i kahi pane kikoʻī. I ke aʻo ʻana i ka mōʻaukala o ka honua a me nā momi, ua kuhi nā mea āpau i kekahi mau manaʻo, i ka mea i ʻimi ai ʻo ia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.

ʻEkolu mau hypotheses e ho'āʻo e hōʻoia i ke kumu o ka nalo ʻana o nā mama. Hoʻokumu ka mea mua ma ka hāʻule o ka meteorite i hoʻololi i ke aniani, no ka mea hiki ʻole kēia mau holoholona ke ʻano. Hoʻopili ʻia ka lua i nā loli i nā kūlana kūlohelohe i kū maoli. ʻO ka ʻōlelo ʻekolu e hiki ke nalowale nā ​​mammoth ma muli o nā poʻe i hoʻomaka i kahi hopu no lākou.

He aha nā mea e pili ai i ke kanaka e pili ana i nā mammoths?

I kēia wā, ua hōʻike ka poʻe i ka hōʻike pololei i nā ʻano o nā meaola manuola mua - nā mōmela. A hiki i kekahi manawa, hiki ke kūkulu ʻia nā kuhihewa e pili ana i ko lākou helehelena e pili ana i nā koena o nā holoholona - nā iwi i loaʻa i ka poʻe i kekahi manawa i ka wā hana. Akā hoʻokahi manawa kahi hanana kūʻokoʻa loa i hāʻule i loko o nā lima o nā mea noiʻi - ke kino o kahi mammoth liʻiliʻi, mālama ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi i loko o kahi poloka o ka hau. Ma muli o ka make o ke kino o ka holoholona i noho i ka permafrost, ʻaʻole ia i komo i nā loli, a laila hiki i nā poʻe ʻepekema ke hōʻike pololei i ke kiʻi o ka holoholona o kēlā manawa.

No laila he aha ka mea e ʻike ai no nā mammoths?

ʻO nā momamms nā holoholona kahiko i noho mua i ko mākou honua. Ua puka lākou e pili ana i 4-5 miliona mau makahiki i hala a ua ola no ka manawa lōʻihi. Noho ka Mammoths i ka honua mai ka manawa o ka Late Pliocene a i ka Late Pleistocene.

ʻO nā Mammoths ua manaʻo ʻia e nā kūpuna o nā elepani ʻAmelika hou. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou nui. I ka awelika, ʻo ka mammoth ua kau a hiki i ka 6-8 tons, ʻoiai aia kekahi poʻe i kaupaona ʻo 12 kekona. He koʻikoʻi nō kā lākou ulu - hiki i ka 5.5 m i ke kiʻekiʻe.

Ma waho, ke uhi ʻia ke kino o nā mommoth me ka lauoho makamae a lōʻihi, na mea e kōkua iā lākou e hoʻomau i ka mahana. E hoʻomanaʻo wau iā ʻoe i kēlā manawa ua anu loa i ka honua. Akā me kēia, ua pale maikaʻi nā mammoth me ka haʻahaʻa.

E nānā: ma nā wahi mamao o ke ʻākau i ka wā o ka huki ʻana i loaʻa ai nā koena o nā mōmela, a ʻokoʻa nā kino o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i kekahi puʻu. I ka wā mua, ua ʻōlelo nā poʻe ʻepekema i kahi subspecies kaʻawale o nā holoholona kahi i ke aʻe ka kuʻi. Akā, ua hewa kēia manaʻo manaʻo. Loaʻa kēlā puʻe ma kekahi mau mammoth no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā momona i mea e pale ai i ke kino mai nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa.

ʻO Mammoths kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe:

• ʻO kahi ʻōpala lōʻihi, pālahalaha iki i ke kumu, na mea e kōkua i ka hakakā i ke anuanu a huli i ka ʻai i waenakonu o ka hau a me ka pā.
• Nui a koʻikoʻi nā lepana, pono nō hoʻi e uhaʻi i ka hau a loaʻa ka meaʻai.
• Hōʻuluʻulu koʻikoʻi a me ke kino, hiki ke neʻe maʻalahi i waena o nā ʻāpana o ka hau.

ʻO ka wā o ke ola ʻana o nā mommoth e hāʻule i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai nā poʻe mua i ka lewa. Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia mai nā kiʻi kiʻi aku a ka poʻe mua i loko o kā lākou mau lua.

Akā, he aha ka mea e kū ai?

Ua nalowale nā ​​ʻōpala me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka maka mai ka maka o ka Honua. Loaʻa ka poʻe i ko lākou koena wale nō. Hāpai kekahi kanaka i ka nīnau: no ke aha i nalowale ai nā mommoths i kahi ʻano holoholona, ​​inā i kūpono ke hoʻololi i ka anuanu, a i kēlā manawa nā holoholona ikaika loa?

Eia ka make o nā mammoth: ke manaʻo nui o nā ʻepekema

No hea hea kēia manaʻo?

He maʻalahi loa nā mea āpau: ʻo ka hapa nui o nā koena i ʻike ʻia, ua make ʻoi ʻia nā mommoth ma kahi o ka 10 mau makahiki i hala aku nei.

Akā, e like me kāu e ʻike nei, ʻaʻole kū ka ʻepekema a me ka noiʻi. I kēia mau lā, hāʻawi ka ʻepekema i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kaʻina hana o nā mammoth.

ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i ka wā i hala aku ai nā mammoth

ʻO ka mea nui ka nui o ka mammoth ma ka honua i ka manawa hoʻokahi, ua manaʻo ʻia nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻaʻole hiki i lākou āpau ke make i ka manawa like. Mai laila mai ka manaʻo e loiloi i ka mea e pau ai ka hoʻopau ʻana iā lākou. Kēia manawa hiki ke hōʻike ʻia nā hana o nā ʻepekema ma ke ʻano o ka wehewehe phased.

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ma hope o nā makahiki noiʻi, ua hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke loaʻa i kahi ʻike ʻia. E like me ka mea i kū pono ʻia, aia nā 3 mau makahiki i hala. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole nā ​​mea āpau, akā ʻo kā lākou ʻano like he mau momi momi.

He liʻiliʻi lākou - a hiki wale i ka 2 m kiʻekiʻe a ke kaupaona nei ma kahi o 2 tons. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mea e kū maoli ai lākou, he mea hiki ʻole ke hōʻole ʻia. Ua loaʻa iā lākou nā koena ma Wrangel Island, i ke Kai Chukchi.

No ka wā lōʻihi ʻaʻole i noho ʻia kēia mokupuni, a noho ʻo nā mammoth ma laila no mau kaukani mau makahiki. He mau mea liʻiliʻi i waena o lākou - ma kahi o 300 kanaka.

Akā e noʻonoʻo wale, ua hōʻike kēia ʻepekema i kēlā manawa, i ka manawa o ke neʻe ʻana o nā pyramids ma Giza, nā helehelena mālie holoʻokoʻa a puni ka honua. Kahaha pololei?

ʻO nā kumu kumu e make ai ka make mommoths

Ma waena o nā manaʻo he nui, ua koho ʻia nā kumu kumu ʻelua e loaʻa i ko lākou kuleana ponoʻī e noho ai, akā hiki ʻole ke kapa ʻia ʻo ia wale nō nā mea i alakaʻi ʻia ai ka nui o nā holoholona nui.

He aha kāu e ʻōlelo inā nānā i kēia mau kumu?

Hoʻokahi mea hoʻokahi: ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi o lākou ke ʻāpono ʻia a i ʻole ia he mea nui a hōʻoia paha. No ke aha, e wehewehe wau i kēia manawa.

Ua nāwaliwali hoʻi ke kanaka o kēlā manawa e ʻimi i kēlā holoholona nui a nunui. ʻO ka mea paha, hiki iā ia ke pepehi i nā holoholona maʻi a hōʻeha paha. No laila, no ke aha ia e makemake ai i nā ʻiʻo nui? ʻO nā māla o ka mammoth i ka poʻe primitive hiki ke lawa no ka hoʻoilo a pau i ʻole e make i ka make.

Ka mea, maʻi ʻole ke kumu.

ʻO ka mahana ʻoluʻolu, ua hiki ke loaʻa i ka nui o nā mammoth i waiho ʻole i nā meaʻai no ka noho ʻana. Akā aia kahi mau wahi kahi i loaʻa ai nā meaʻai a ka mami. No ke aha lākou i ola ai i laila?

Manaʻo wau i nā kumu ʻelua ke hoʻohui pū kekahi. ʻO ia hoʻi, he mahana mahana a me ka hopu o nā poʻe, i hoʻopau hope loa i ka ʻohana o nā mammoth.

Akā, ʻaʻole i pau nā mea ʻepekema ma laila, a kapa i kona inoa he 3 mau mea hou aʻe e hiki ai ke hoʻopake i ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā holoholona.

Hoʻopili.

Inā he kakaikahi nui nā mommoth ma loko o ka huaʻala hoʻokahi, hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻōho, ʻo nā pilina pili ʻohana. Ua hāpai kēia i ka nāwaliwali ikaika o nā gen, kā lākou hui, hiki ke loaʻa i ko lākou nalowale ʻana.

ʻO kahi maʻi a i ʻole kaʻiʻi.

He mea hiki nō i kēlā mau lā ke hopu i nā maʻi momi i kekahi ʻano o nā maʻi, no ka laʻana, he maʻi maʻi maʻi. Akā no ka pau ʻana o ka hapanui o lākou, ʻaʻole hiki ke manaʻo ʻia kēia kumu, no ka mea e hoʻomau nā ola ʻē aʻe o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.

Ke hina o ka meteorite a i ʻole asteroid.

E noʻonoʻo paha a hiki i kēlā mau lā ka lau a i ʻole ka asteroid e hāʻule i ka honua. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻoulu i ke ahi, ka lua o ka lua pele a me nā mea hou aku. ʻAʻole haʻalele ʻia kēlā ʻano like ʻole, akā ʻaʻole ia ke kumu kūpono o ka pau ʻana o nā mammoth.

Ma ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke kumu o ka pau ʻana o kēia ʻano holoholona holoholona mua, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou i ka lā i ʻae ʻia a ʻo ka mea i make ai ka hapa nui o nā mommoth. Eia naʻe naʻe ua hiki iā mākou ke ʻike ua ola kekahi mau holoholona. No ke aha la hoi?

He aha ka mea i hana lōʻihi ai i kekahi mau mommoths?

Noho lākou a pau ma Wrangel Island, kahi i loaʻa ai ko lākou mau koena.

He aha ka pili o ka mokupuni i hiki ai i nā holoholona ke noho lōʻihi?

E kau inoa i kekahi mau ʻōlelo kaumaha:

1. ʻAno ʻino - aia ʻo Wrangel Island i kahi i kū ʻole ʻia ai ka makani ikaika, ʻaʻole ia ke puhi ʻia e like me nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka ʻāina maloʻo. Hōʻike kēia i ka ʻoluʻolu o nā kūlana ola o ka mammoth - hōʻoluʻolu, akā naʻe makani ʻole.
2. Nā mea kanu lāʻau - ua ʻokoʻa i ka moku. Ka mea i hiki ke ʻai ka ʻai ʻawaʻawa.
3. ʻAno ʻole o ke kanaka - ʻAʻole i noho ʻia ʻo Wrangel Island i kēia manawa, no laila ke maopopo ʻole i ke kanaka hiki ʻole ke ʻimi i ka mammoths ma laila, ʻaʻole i hōʻemi i ko lākou lehulehu.

Akā inā he nui nā meaʻai, a maikaʻi ke kuhi i ke aniani, no ke aha i ola ʻole ai nā momi a hiki i kēia lā?

No ka mea, ʻaʻole nui ka nui o kā lākou helu ma ka mokupuni - ʻo ka nui o 300 mau kānaka kūlike. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, pili ka nui o ko lākou hele ʻana, mai kēia lehulehu a nāwaliwali loa ka lehulehu. He mea maʻi paha ia i hiki iā lākou ke maʻi.

I ka manawa hea e make ai ka mammoth?

ʻO kekahi ʻākana mai ka mōʻaukala o ka noiʻi: aia nō paha ke ola nei ka mammoths?

ʻO ka manawa i aʻo ai ka honua i ka ʻike ma ka mokupuni o Wrangel, lilo ia i ʻike kikowaena i hoʻololi maoli i ka moʻolelo kahiko. Akā ʻaʻole kēia hihia wale nō. Ma hope iki, i nā 90s, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻatikala e ʻōlelo ana ma ka mamao mamao ʻo Siberia ʻike ʻia kekahi holoholona i like nui me ka mammoth. He lole lōʻihi kona, a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka ʻōpū ʻApelika.

Ma hope mai, ʻike pinepine ʻia kēlā mau moʻolelo i loko o nā nūpepa a me ka lekiō. ʻAʻole naʻe i loaʻa i ka hōʻoia mai ka poʻe ʻepekema. ʻOiai ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻole i ka mamao ma nā ulu lāʻau ʻo Siberia mammoth e noho mau. Hiki i nā holoholona hihiu ke hoʻopili i ka loaʻa ʻana o ko lākou mau kino, aia i ka ʻimi no ka mea i hiki ai ke hōʻoki i ke kino o ka holoholona i ka ʻokiʻoki.

No laila hiki iā mākou ke kali wale inā aʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema i kaʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana inā hiki i nā mammoths ke noho i ko mākou mau lā. Ma kēia manawa ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ʻia kēia ʻikepili, akā ʻaʻole ia i hōʻole ʻia, no ka mea, he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena o ka mammoth hiki i ka mutate a hoʻomau i ke ola ma ke ʻano o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.

Manaʻo wau ua hiki iaʻu ke pane piha i ka nīnau o ka ʻatikala o kēia lā i ka wā i hala aku ai nā momi. I kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua noʻonoʻo wau i ka mōʻaukala i mea ʻepekema hoihoi, a ke manaʻo nei au i ka wā e hiki mai ai e aʻo hou i nā kumuwaiwai e pili ana i nā ola o nā kūpuna, kuʻuna a me ka honua holoholona

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ʻO kona ola a pau e noho ana ma nā ʻāina ʻākau o ka ʻāina, ʻaʻole hiki ʻo ia ke manaʻo e hiki ke noho ʻē aʻe i kēia wā. Hoʻohanohano, ʻaʻohe oʻu manaʻoʻiʻo i kēia, akā ʻo ka mea maoli lākou i ola ai no ka lōʻihi loa e hōʻeha iaʻu.