Nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau a me nā hiʻohiʻona kula

ʻO nā manu nui me nā wāwae lōʻihi, nā ʻāʻī a me ka beak. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino 100-115 cm, nā ʻēheu 155-165 cm, nā paona manu makua mai ke 2.5 a 4,5 kg. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, akā i waho ke kokoke loa ia. He keʻokeʻo ka plumage, lele ʻeleʻele. ʻUlaʻula nā wāwae a ʻulaʻula. Ke nānā nei i kahi manu lele e lele ana, nā ʻā o elongated a me nā wāwae, hoʻohālikelike ka ʻeleʻele a me ka keʻokeʻo ke keʻokeʻo. Ua hele wāwae ʻo ia ma ka lepo, e lulu i kona poʻo i ka manawa me ka neʻe. On nests or perches, hiki iā ia ke kū lōʻihi no ka wāwae hoʻokahi, e kiʻi ana i kona ʻāʻī i ka plumage o ke kino. Hoʻohana pinepine i ka lele mokulele, me ka nui ʻole o nā eheu e lele ana, hiki ke ala ke piʻi i luna o ka wai. Me kahi hoʻohaʻahaʻa koʻikoʻi a lele i ka lūlū - neʻe iki aʻe i nā ʻēheu i ke kino a kau i kou wāwae. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōleʻa i ka wā o ka holo ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nō hoʻi e nā manu kīlea ʻole i ka wā e aʻa wīwī ai i ka hopena o ke kauwela a me ke kauwela. ʻAʻohe kauoha pololei i ka lele manu. Ke iho nei lākou i lalo, a lele i lalo nā manu i kekahi i kekahi. ʻOkoʻa ka ʻokoʻa ma ka ʻala a ka palahalaha keʻokeʻo, mai nā cranes a me nā ʻaluna i ke kala ulaula o kona ʻaki a me nā wāwae. ʻAʻole e like me kāna poʻe lele, ma ka lele ma kona pā ʻana e hoʻonui ʻia i kona ʻāʻī.

Manaʻo. ʻO ke kumu o ke kamaʻilio leo maikaʻi o nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo he kani pīpī. ʻO kekahi manawa, hiki ke lohe ʻia kona mau kuahiwi. Loaʻa ke kani leo ʻana o nā moa a ʻokoʻa loa. ʻO ka uwē ʻana o kahi ʻū ʻana e noi ana i nā meaʻai ua like ia me kahi lau nui. ʻO ka ʻāpana mua o kēia haunaele, loaʻa ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka lua ua haʻahaʻa. Hiki iā ʻoe ke lohe i ke kani nui ʻana a me nā kani i nā heihei ma ka pūnana;

ʻO keʻano

ʻAukui. Kanikau kāne a male male. ʻAʻohe hiʻohiʻona manawa hoʻohiki i ke kala. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka plumage he keʻokeʻo, nā hulu ʻulaʻula, ka lua kūloko, nā poʻohiwi a me kahi ʻāpana o ka hulu o ka huluhulu ʻeleʻele me ka pua metallic. He mau wahi hina hina nā pūnaewele waho o nā flyworm liʻiliʻi (ke ʻano o ka hōʻailona, ​​ʻike ʻia nā mea kokoke loa. Hālau nui nā hulu ma ka ʻāʻī a me ka umauma, nā manu ʻoliʻoli (no ka laʻana, i ka wā moe) pinepine lākou. ʻUlaʻula nā pua a me nā wāwae. ʻEleʻele ka ʻili o ka ʻili e pili ana i ka maka a me ka mua o ka ʻili o ka maka. ʻO nā maka brown brown.

ʻO nā kapa lole downy mua. Ma hope o ka hatching, ua uhi ʻia ka pīpī me kahi līpika hina a hina hoʻi ka hina hina. ʻUlaʻula nā wāwae, ma hope o kekahi mau lā i lilo a hina-ʻeleʻele. ʻEleʻele ka ʻili a me ka ʻili a puni nā maka, ʻulaʻula ʻia ka ʻili ma luna o ka auka, ʻeleʻele ka iris. ʻO ka lole kākela o ka lua. ʻO ka keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, mānoanoa a lōʻihi. E hoʻololi i ka mea mua i loko o hoʻokahi pule.

Kōahu lole. Hoʻohālike ka manu ʻōpiopio i ka waihoʻoluʻu me ka pākeke, akā ua ʻoniʻuli ka ʻeleʻele i ka pala i ka brownish, me ka ʻoluʻolu. ʻO kaʻeleʻele a me nā wāwae he ʻeleʻele; i ka manawa e waiho nā pua i nā ʻuʻuku, maʻamau lākou i ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula, akā ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻoe i nā ʻupena e lele ana me kahi beak ʻeleʻele a iʻa paha me ka piko ʻeleʻele. ʻUna hina nā maka.

ʻĀnō a me nā ana

Ma ke ʻano he lula, ua paʻi ʻia nā ana o nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kino o ke kino me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻatikala i nā hui kūlohelohe. ʻO ka ʻēheu ka ʻēheu o ka subspecies o ka keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo me kēia hoʻokele no ka ʻāina mua. ʻO ka USSR, no 6 mau kānaka, 585-605 mm (Spangenberg, 1951), no Ukraine (Smogorzhevsky, 1979) - 534-574 mm. Ua hōʻike pū ka mea kākau hope e like me ka lōʻihi o ka huelo ma waena o 206-232 mm, ʻo ka beak ka -156-195, a ʻo ka tarsus he 193-227 mm. ʻO ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana o nā hōʻiliʻili o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Zoological o Kiev National University a me ka National Museum of Natural History of Ukraine e hāʻawi ana i nā hopena ma hope iho: ka lōʻihi ʻēheu (n = 14) - 513-587 mm, me ka waiwai kumukūʻai o 559.9 ± 5.8 mm, ʻno (n = 11) - 201 -232, ma ka hapa 222.5 ± 4.2, beak (n = 12) - 150-192, ʻokoʻa 166.4 ± 3.5, tarsus (n = 14) - 187-217, ma ka awelika 201.4 ± 2.5 mm (kumu mua). No ka ʻāpana ma ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka ʻēhe no 9 mau mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he 550-640, kahi awelika o 589 mm.

ʻO ka nui o ke keʻena keʻokeʻo e ka hui kāne a me nā subspecies no nā ʻāpana like ʻole e hāʻawi ʻia i ka papaʻaina. 31.

Hōʻailona o ka ʻēheu (ʻaʻole helu i ka rudimentary mua maxillary) IV? III? V-I-VI. ʻO nā pūnaewele waho o ka II a me IV i mau rere manu wīwī he clippings. Ua kaomi kona kaʻu, huluhulu ka hulu ʻehā 12. He lōʻihi a pololei, kūliki, a pihi i ka piko. He lōʻihi loa ka lūlū, nāle. Kaumaha 41 kāne mai East. Prussia 2 900-4 400 g (awelika 5 571), 27 nā wahine - 2 700-3 900 g (3 325). Hoʻonui iki ka paona i ke kauwela. ʻO ka paona awelika o 14 mau kāne ma Iune ʻo 3,341 g, 14 wahine - 3,150 g, i Iulai-ʻAukake 12 mau kaupaona 3,970 g ka awelika, 12 nā wahine - 3,521 g (Steinbacher, 1936).

No laila, ʻo ke kāne, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka wahine, ua loaʻa i kahi beak e ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka beak i ke kāne ke ʻano like ʻole: ʻo ka beak i mua o ke kuapo o ka piko i piʻi ʻia i luna, ʻoiai i ka wahine ka pūliki he pololei (Bauer, Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Creutz, 1988). Ma ka lōʻihi o ka beak, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka moʻo 67% o nā manu me ka hopena o ka hala ʻole o nā mea ʻole o ka 5% (Post et al., 1991). ʻO ka ʻike pilikino i nā manu e ke kumu o kahi ʻaka ʻeleʻele ma ka kūka e hiki nō hoʻi (Fangrath, Helb, 2005).

Hoʻololi

ʻAʻole lawa. I nā manu ʻōpiopio, hoʻomaka ka hoʻoila ʻana o ka hoʻolilo ma hope o ke ʻano, ma muli o nā kūlana, mai Dekemaba a hiki i Mei o ka makahiki mua o ke ola. I nā manu pākeke, piha ka molt piha i ka hapa nui o ka makahiki. Ka hapanui o nā manu lele lele i loko o ka honu i waena o ka wā hana, kekahi i ka hoʻoilo (Stresemann, Stresemann, 1966).

Ma ka kikoʻī nui ʻana, ʻike ʻia ka ʻūlū o nā hulu manu i nā pahu 5 i mālama ʻia i loko o kahi mea kanu i Switzerland (Bloesch et al., 1977). Loaʻa ka ulu pen i ka wikiwiki o ka laina. Ke ulu nei nā ʻōiwi ma mua o 8-9 mm i kēlā me kēia lā, nā kekona - 6.5–6.9 mm. Ua hala ia 50-55 i 65-75 mau lā e hoʻololi i ka hulu lele. I ka manu, ua nānā, 6 mau māla lele 6 a he 13 kekona i nā ʻēheu ʻelua ke hoʻololi ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki. He ʻokoʻa nā lōʻihi o ke kapa ʻana i nā hulu ʻē aʻe, no ka lele mua, he aniani mai ka 1.2 a 2 mau makahiki. Hoʻololi hele a hoʻololi i nā hulu. No nā flywheels mua loa, e hoʻomaka me XI, no nā manu lele liʻiliʻi, mai kekahi mau maka. Hoʻomaka ka huakaʻi Shedding mai ka makahiki ʻelua o ke ola; ua hoʻokumu ʻia ko lākou papa hope loa e 4-5 mau makahiki. I ka wā mua a me ke kolu o ka molging, hoʻomaka ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hulu i ka lā Malaki-ʻApelila, a laila ma ka waena o Mei a mau i ka hoʻomaka o Nowemapa. Hoʻololi ka hapa nui o nā hulu i nā mahina o ke kauwela ma waena o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hatching a haʻalele.

ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka molting a me ka hana ʻana ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻōpū ke keʻokeʻo ma kēia manawa ʻo ka nui o ka ukana ma luna o nā ʻēheu ma mua o ka hele ʻana o ka neʻe lōʻihi ʻana a i ʻole hoʻi mai ke ola nomadone i ka wā hoʻoilo (Creutz, 1988).

ʻĀina kalepa

Aia nā 2 subspecies e like me ka nui a me ke ʻano o ka beak:

1.Cicortia cicottia ciconia

Ardea ciconia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, c. 142, Suena.

ʻAno liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka lōʻihi ʻēheu o nā kāne he 545-600 mm, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka wī ma mua o 188-226 mm, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka beak he 150-200 mm. ʻO ka beak ka liʻiliʻi e lōlū i lalo i ka piko (Stepanyan, 2003). Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ʻEulopa, ʻEkau. Africa, West No Asia.

2.Ciconia ciconia asiatica

Ciconia alba asiatica Severtzov, 1873, Izv. Imp. ʻO nā mokupuni o nā ʻepekema ʻepekema, anthropology a me ka ethnography, 8, no. 2, ka p. 145, Turkestan.

ʻOi aku pepa nui. ʻO 580-630 mm ka lōʻihi o ka manu kāne, he 200-240 mm ka lōʻihi o ka beak, ʻo 184-235 mm. ʻO ka beak, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea pono, ʻoi loa ka punawai i ka lepa (Stepanyan, 2003). Noho ia ma ka palena o Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan a me Kyrgyzstan.

Kālā

Nā kikowaena waena. ʻEulopa, Kōkua-komohana Africa, West a me Asia Hikina.

Kiʻi 78. ʻO ka māhelehele o ka ʻapo keʻokeʻo:
a - kahi e pili ana i ka lewa, b - nā wahi hoʻoilo, c - nā kuhikuhi nui o ka neʻe ʻana o ka wā, i holo aku ai.

Ua kahele ʻia nā subspecies o ʻEulopa ma ka hapa nui o ʻEulopa mai ka Iberian Peninsula a i ka Volga a me Transcaucasia. I ka ʻākau, hiki ʻo kāna huakaʻi i Denemaka, Hema. Suedena, Estonia, komohana komohana o Rūsia. I Palani, noho nā mākaʻi i nā wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō, no laila nā wahi i noho ai i Sepania, Pokukala, Zap. Farani a me Kauka Ua ʻike ʻo ʻAmelika iā lākou iho i haʻalele i ka māhele nui ʻEulopa. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka hoʻomaha mau ʻana, malia e pani ʻia kēia mau ʻaoʻao ʻelua. I ka ʻAlau KomohanaʻApelika, i kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e moe ai ma Morocco, i ka ʻaoʻao o Algeria a me Tunisia. I Komohana. Asia - ma Turkey, Suria, Lebanona, Israel, Iraq, Iran, i Caucasus - ma ka hema hema o Georgia, ma Armenia, Azerbaijan, a me ka Repubalika o Dagestan o ka Russian Federation. ʻIke ʻia nā hihia ʻōpiopio ma nā wahi hoʻoilo ma ke Hema. Africa (Broekhuysen, 1965, 1971, Broekhuysen, Uys, 1966, Hancock et al., 1992). I ka makahiki 2004, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka hana hoʻokaʻawale ma ke kūkulu ʻākau-hikina o ʻEnelani ma ka mokuʻāina o Yorkshire. ʻO kēia ka hihia mua o kahi puaʻa keʻokeʻo ma UK ma hope o ka 1416, i ka noke ʻana o nā manu i ka hale mākeke ma Edinburgh.

I Lūkini, ua lōʻihi ka noho ʻana o kahi keʻena keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāina Kaliningrad. Ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ua kū ākea hou ia, e hoʻonui ana i nā ʻano pua i ka hikina a me nā kuhikuhi ʻākau. ʻO nā hihia mua o ka pili ʻana i nā palena hou o nā ʻāina Leningrad a me Moscow. ua kaulana ma ka hopena o ka makahiki XIX. (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983, Zubakin et al., 1992). I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kenekulia 20 ua hoʻomaka ka ʻōpū keʻokeʻo e hānai ma nā wahi Pskov, Tver a me Kaluga. (Zarudny, 1910, Filatov, 1915, Bianchi, 1922). I kēia manawa, he mea maʻamau ia ma nā ʻāpana komohana o Smolensk (Grave, 1912, 1926) a me ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻāina ʻo Bryansk. (Fedosov, 1959). Ke kūpaʻa nei ka noho hou ʻana o nā wahi hou. Hoʻokomo nui ʻia ka ulu ʻana o nā wahi hou i ka makahiki 1970-1990s. I kēia manawa, ma ka ʻāina o Rūsia, ka palena ʻākau a me ka hikina o ka ululāʻau maʻamau o ka lehulehu o ʻEulopa ʻĀkia hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma ka laina ʻo St. Petersburg - Volkhov - Tikhvin - Yaroslavl - Lipetskō - Voronezh - ka palena o ka mokuna ʻo Rostov. a me Ukraine.

Kiʻi 79. ʻO ka palena o kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma Vost. ʻEulopa a me Kauka. Asia:
a - ka hoʻoku mau ʻana, b - ʻaʻole lawa i wehewehe i ka palena o ka laan puaʻa, c - puni kūloko. Nā Mokuna: 1 - S. p. ciconia, 2 - S. p. asiatica.

Kūpono ʻia nā manawa maʻamau o nā kāne like ʻole ma waho o ka palena i ʻōlelo ʻia: ma ka hema. Karelia, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Perm, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Saratov, Volgograd and Rostov Regions, Krasnodar Territory (Lapshin, 1997, 2000, Bakka et al., 2000, Borodin, 2000, Dylyuk, Galchenkov, 2000, Karjakin, 2000, Komlev, 2000, Mnatsekanov, 2000, Piskunov, Belyachenko, 2000, Sotnikov, 2000, Frolov et al., 2000, Chernobay, 2000a, etc.). Ka hūnā ʻia o nā ʻaoʻao Komohana o The West Asia o nā subspecies nominative i ke kahe mauʻu ʻo Tersko-Sulak o Dagestan (Babayurt, Khasavyurt, Kizlyar, nā takiwa o Tarumovsky), nā manawa kūlohelohe e kū mai i waho o Dagestan - ma Stavropol Territory, Karachaevo-Cherkessia, Proletarsky moku o Rostov. (Khokhlov, 1988a, Bichev, Skiba, 1990). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma nā kahawai o ka ʻākau. Ossetia (Komarov, 1986). ʻO ka mokuʻo Rostov he maopopo i kahi wahi e kū pono ai nā lehulehu o East European a me Westia mai ka ʻaoʻao like. Hoʻomapa ka mea mua ma waena mai ke kūkulu ʻākau ma Don a mai ke komohana - mai ʻĀina mai, ʻo ka lua - mai ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ke kaumaha o Kumo-Manychka. ʻO ka hōʻoia o ka hopena hope loa, ka ʻaha ʻae i ʻike ʻia e ka manu lele, ʻo ia ka hālāwai me Mei 13, 1996 ma ka ʻāina ʻo Lake. ʻO Dadinskoye, ma ka palena kahawai o Stavropol Territory, nā pua o 18 mau manu i neʻe i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ke komohana komohana (Dylyuk, Galchenkov, 2000).

Ma Ukraine, ua palena ka palena o ka pae ma kēia ʻĀkau. Kaukau-ʻĀkau. ʻO Crimea, nā ʻaoʻao hema o Zaporizhzhya a me Donetsk nā wahi, Lugansk faritra. (Grishchenko, 2005). I ka makahiki 2006, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hihia mua loa o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma ka hema-hikina o Crimea kokoke i Feodosia (M. M. Beskaravayny, kamaʻilio pilikino).

ʻO ka ʻuleka keokeo keʻokeʻo Turkestan i ulu ma Central Asia - ma ka hema o Uzbekistan, ma Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, a ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Kazakhstan. Ma mua, ua hōʻea ka pae i Chardjou i Turkmenistan, ka palena haʻahaʻa o ka Amu Darya, a loaʻa nā hihia ma ke komohana o Kina - ma Kashgaria (Spangenberg, 1951, Dolgushin, 1960, Sagitov, 1987, Sernazarov et al., 1992). ʻO kekahi mau manawa, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻāʻo ʻana e hana ana i ka pūnana - i ʻike ʻia i nā subspecies ʻEulopa - ua hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Turkmenistan (Belousov, 1990).

ʻO kahi kikowaena manu liʻiliʻi no ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo (ma kahi o 10 mau minuke) i kū i ka hema hema o ʻApelika. Hoʻomaka nā manu ma loko o Kepakemapa-Nowemapa - i ka manawa i hiki mai ai i nā kumulā o nā ʻāpana ʻākau i ka hoʻoilo (del Hoyo et al., 1992).E like me ka hihia o ka uliuli, hoʻomaka kēia micropopulation mai nā poʻe malihini mai, aia kekahi mau kumu, hoʻomaka ka hua ʻana i ka hoʻoilo.

Hoʻoilo

ʻO nā kumu hoʻoilo nui no ka ʻāpana komohana o ka subspecies ʻEulopa he savannas hema o Sahara mai Senegal ma ke komohana a hiki i Cameroon ma ka hikina. ʻO nā wahi nui e pono ai no ka paʻa ʻana o nā manu hoʻoilo i nā awāwa o Senegal, Niger a me ka LāʻU Lake Kada. ʻO ka māla i ʻō i loko o ʻAmelika Komohana i ka hoʻoilo ma kēia. ʻO ka ʻemaʻa ka hikina hikina ma ka Hikina. a Hema. ʻAmelika mai Sudan, ʻAitiopa a me Somalia a hiki i ʻApelika Hema. Hoʻohana ka hapa nui o nā manu i nā mahina hoʻoilo ma Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Nā Kihi mai ke Komohana. Hōʻalua kekahi ma waena o ʻAmelika ma Africa, ʻo kekahi hapa ma Asia hema. ʻO ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo ma Asia nei ma India hema a Sri Lanka. Ma ka hikina, hiki i kēia mau manu ke ʻike ʻia ma mua o Thailand (Schulz, 1988, 1998, Ash, 1989, Hancock et al., 1992). Ma India, ʻo ke kumu nui o ka hoʻoilo no ka mokumahu, ʻo ia nā moku o Bihar ma ka ʻūhā komohana a me Gujarat ma ke komohana (Majumdar, 1989). ʻO ka mahalo, ua ʻike ʻia nā manu i loko o ʻEulopa (India ma Lebedeva, 1979a). Ka mea, ke kilokilo nei ka mea i nalowale i ke ala o Iskander Bay - ʻaʻole e huli i ka hema, akā hoʻomau ka neʻe ʻana i ka hema.

ʻO kekahi mau manu hoʻoilo i ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka laanakanui. I Sepania i ka wā hoʻoilo o ka makahiki 1991 a 1992 i loko o ka wai delta Ma kahi o 3,000 ua helu ʻia ma ka Guadalquivir a ma kahakai ʻo Andalusia (Tortosa et al., 1995). I Pokukala i ka hoʻoilo o 1994/95 1,187 ʻanuʻu nunui i hoʻonui ʻia (Rosa et al., 1999). He mau tausani kaukani e kū nei no ka hoʻoilo ma Israel (Schulz, 1998). Ma Armenia, mau haneli manu manu i ka nahele ʻo Araks i kēlā me kēia makahiki (Adamyan, 1990). I Bulgaria, ua noho mau ka pua no ka hoʻoilo i ka hopena o ka makahiki XIX. ʻĀnō i hoʻonui nui ʻia ko lākou helu. Kahu ʻia a hiki i ka 10 mau kanaka ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia (Nankinov, 1994). ʻO nā hihia hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo i ʻike ʻia i nā leima ʻākau - ma Ukraine (Grishchenko, 1992), i ka Czech Republic (Tichy, 1996), Kelemānia, Denmark (Schulz, 1998). Ma ke ʻāpana o Lūkia, ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻoilo o ka ʻeleʻele keʻokeʻo ma Dagestan (T.K. Umakhanova, V.F. Mamataeva, kamaʻilio pilikino). Ma ʻĀkena Asia, ke kau ʻana i ka hoʻoilo ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi ma ke kahawai ʻo Ferghana (Tretyakov, 1974, 1990). Ma kahi o 250 mau manu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Pungan - Urgench wahi i ka mahina hoʻoilo o 1989. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻāpana wahi i nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma ke awāwa ʻo Ferghana i ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o kā lākou helu ma ia wahi. ʻO ka hoʻoilo ma waena o ka hoʻoilo ma ke awāwa Syr Darya a ma ka muliwai. ʻO Panj i ka ʻaoʻao. Tajikistan (Mitropolsky, 2007).

Hoʻomoʻa ʻia i ka mea kahiko. Loaʻa ka ʻāhā o nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo o US i ka hoʻoilo ma ka ʻalika Hema, kekahi mau manu - ma ʻAitiopa, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Namibia, Zap. ʻAmelika (Lebedeva, 1979; Smogorzhevsky, 1979).

E like me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o H. Schulz (Schulz, 1988), ʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā lāʻau i nā wahi hoʻoilo ma ʻAmelika e hoʻoholo nui ʻia e nā wahi mālama hānai. ʻO ka mea mua, koho nā manu i nā biotopes ʻōmaʻomaʻo, akā hiki iā lākou ke noho i loko o nā wahi i wahi ʻole ʻia nā meaʻai. Loaʻa nā ʻohana nui i loko o nā wao nahele a me nā kuahiwi. Ma Lesotho i 1987, loaʻa i kahi ʻohana he 200 mauʻu i kahi kiʻekiʻe o kahi kokoke. ʻO 2000 mau mauʻu ʻo nā manu i hānai ʻia ma nā ʻōpala. Ma nā wahi waiwai i ka meaʻai, hiki ke hōʻiliʻili nā ʻala i nā nui. I Ianuali 1987, ma Tanzania ma kahi papa o 25 km2, kahi paha o 100 tausani kanaka ka helu. ʻAi nui nā manu i nā māla alfalfa, kahi i ulu nui ʻia ai nā ʻalāʻau o kekahi o nā pōpihi kūloko o nā ʻano nui. Ke Kiʻi. ʻAmelika i kēia manawa ʻaʻole aneane keokeo keʻokeʻo.

Mahalo i nā hopena o ke kelepona a me ke kelepona kūmole uila, ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kahua hoʻoilo o nā ʻāpana hoʻoilo a me ka hikina o ka pā. I Ka Hale Pili. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika kahi mahina hoʻoilo hoʻoilo kahi i loaʻa ai nā manu mai nā ʻōiwi ʻelua. Maanei, hiki i nā mea mai kahi hoʻokahi mai a i lawe ʻia aku e nā hipa o ka pua mai ka ʻāina ʻē aʻe a hoʻi hou i ka pūnāwai i kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o nā mea kanu (Berthold et al., 1997, Brouwer et al., 2003).

Nā Moho

ʻO ka stork keʻokeʻo kahi hele malihini a lōʻihi. Kahu manu mai ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau-komohana mai ka palena ma luna o 10 tausani mau km. Aia kahi heluna nui ma waena o nā kahalaha o nā subspecies o ʻEulopa, ka ʻokoʻa i nā ala holo a me nā wahi hoʻoilo. Hoʻokaʻa ka mahele ma waena o lākou ma Holland, Harz, Bavaria, nā Alps (Schuz, 1953, 1962, Creutz, 1988, Schulz, 1988, 1998). Holo nā manu i ke komohana o ka neʻe ʻana i ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo ma ke komohana ma waena o Farani, Sepania, a me Gibraltar.Alaila holo ka lele ma Maroko, Mauritania, komohana Sahara. ʻO kēia mau manu hoʻoilo ma ke Komohana. ʻApika. ʻO nā leaka i hūnā ʻia ma ka hikina o kēia laina hoʻokaʻawale lele i ka hema-hikina i ka ʻohi, a mai hema, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus a me Baltic. Ma waena o ka'āpana o Ukraine i ka hāʻule, ʻekolu mau kaʻa holo mokulele e komo pū ana i kahi kaʻe lele ikaika i loko o ke kahakai komohana o ka ʻaoʻao o ke Kai Kūʻai (Grishchenko, Serebryakov, 1992, Grischtschenko et al., 1995). Eia kekahi, lele ka pua i loko o ka Balkans a me Turkey, ma o ka Bosphorus, Asia Minor. Mai Iskander aku lākou i ka moana Mediterranean, kahi i huli hou ai lākou i ka hema a hele i loko o kahi kahawai liʻiliʻi ma Lebanona, ʻIseraʻela, ʻo Peninsula ʻo Sinai a hiki i ke awāwa ʻo Nile. Hele i kēia kahawai a me ke awāwa ʻo Rift i kahi hoʻoili ʻē aʻe i nā wahi hoʻoilo hoʻoilo ma ka Hikina. a Hema. ʻApika. I Hikina Ke hoʻomau nei nā hale Sudan i kahi lōʻihi no ka 4 mau hebedoma a e hānai e hoʻihoʻi i ka waiwai o ka momona e hoʻomau i nā neʻe (Schulz, 1988, 1998).

ʻO ka ʻōpū, me kahi ʻāina i heʻe lā, pale aku i kahi holo lōʻihi ma luna o ke kai, no laila, holo ka lele ma ke kahakai. Hoʻopuni nā pua mai ke komohana komohana, ʻĀkau a me waena o Iukure ma ke kahakai komohana o ka ʻeleʻele o ke Kaiʻula a ma o ka Bosphorus, a me nā manu mai ka Hikina. Ua lele ʻo Ukraine ma hema-hikina i ke kahakai hikina o ka ʻeleʻele. Lele mai nā lālā mai ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka laulā ma Rusia ma aneʻi. ʻO kekahi o ka lāʻau, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i nele, e lele pololei i ka moana. Aia he "waena" ma waena o Italia a me Sicily ma Tunisia. I 1990-1992 ma Cape Bon i Tunizia, 1,378 mau mele miihiwai ʻia i hōʻike ʻia, a 67 kokoke kokoke i Messina ma Sicily (Kisling a me Horst, 1999). Ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia nā manu mai nā kai komohana a me ka hikina ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ala (Schulz, 1998). Ua loaʻa kahi kanaka i hoʻopili ʻia ma Latvia ma Sepatemata kokoke ʻo Naples (Lebedeva, 1979). A lele kahi lele me kahi mea uila uila e lele pololei ma luna o ke Kaiʻula i pololei mai St. Tropez ma Farani a me Tunisia, ke ala ma waena o ke kai he 752 km (Chemetsov et al., 2005). Malia paha he hapa o ka lāʻau i hiki i loko o ke Kaiʻula, e kū nei i ka Crimea.

ʻO ka hele ʻana o nā piliona mai Transcaucasia, Iraq a me Iran ʻaʻole maopopo loa. Ua manaʻo ʻia e lele lele i ka hema ma ka hema. Asia (Schtiz, 1963, Schulz, 1998). He manu i kani pū ʻia ma Armenia i loaʻa ma Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 160 km a i ka hikina (Lebedeva, 1979). ʻAʻole maopopo ka laina hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o nā kānaka i hele aku i ʻAmelika a me Asia. Paʻa, loaʻa ia ma kahi ma ke komohana o Turkey. Ma ka liʻiliʻi o kēia wahi, lele nā ​​manu manu a lele i ka hikina a me ke komohana i ka hāʻule (Schtiz, 1963).

I ka hāʻule ʻana, lele ka puʻu ʻo Turkestan ma ke kūkulu hema iā Afghanistan i India, e holo ana i ka Hindu Kush ma o Salang Pass (Schtiz, 1963, Schulz, 1998). Nā pahu kani i waʻa ʻia ma Uzbekistan i mined i ka pūnāwai ma Afghanistan a me Pakistan (Lebedeva, 1979).

Ua hōʻike ʻia ka huli ʻana o ka huli ʻana i nā kahua kuahiʻo 140 i nā ala Kelemania i nā ala a me nā lā o ka neʻe ʻana, ka wā hoʻoilo a me nā hoʻoilo he nui ʻē aʻe i waena o kēia mau manu, akā inā hiki ke hoʻomau ka hoʻomau. Hoʻololi ʻia ka loli e nā mea kūlohelohe, kūikawā i nā kūlana hānai (Berthold et al., 2004) E haʻalele nā ​​lā haʻalele i nā pūnaewele hoʻoilo i ka kūlana meteorological. Ma lalo o nā kūlana pōkole, e lohi nā manu. No laila, i kahi makahiki makemake nui 1997, hoʻomaka nā pua i ko lākou wahi hoʻoilo i ka mahina ma mua o kahi ma mua (Kosarev, 2006). Hoʻohui ʻia i kēia manawa ke kau nei ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ke anuanu ma ka Hikina Waena. ʻO nā hale hana i hoʻopili ʻia me nā mea hoʻoponopono i hana i nā lōʻihi lōʻihi i Suria a me Turkey. Ua hoʻi ʻia kahi holo huakaʻi (Kaatz, 1999). I ka hopena, i ka makahiki 1997, hiki wale i ka 20% o nā manu mai ka lehulehu hikina i hōʻea i nā manawa maʻamau, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou me ke kali ʻana o nā hebedoma 4-6 (Schulz, 1998).

Mai nā wahi hoʻoilo, hele ka neʻe nui ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao ke kū i ka hopena o Ianuali a i ʻole i Pepeluali. I ka ʻIseraʻela, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana i ka wai o nā manu makua i ka waena o Pepeluali, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka neʻe i ka lua o ka lā o Malaki, e neʻe ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe i ka hopena o ʻApelila, ua lele nā ​​manu ʻōpio ma waena o ʻIseraʻela i ʻApelila-Mei (van den Bossche et al., 2002). I nā wahi e pili ana i nā wahi kū i ka ʻĀpana ʻAmelika, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano lāe i Dekemapa-Pepeluali.ʻIke ʻia ma luna o Gibraltar i ka lā Pepeluali-Malaki, ma luna o ka Bosporus - mai ka Pōʻalua ma ka hopena o ʻApelila (Schulz, 1998).

I Moldova, ua nānā ʻia nā mea i hiki mai i nā makahiki mua o Malaki (Averin et al., 1971) Ma ke kaona o Ukraine, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hōʻea ʻana mai ka lā mua o Malaki ma ka hapa ʻelua o ʻApelila, ʻo ka lā o ka lā o ka hōʻea ʻana o ka manawa i hala i ke kolu o Malaki - ka hoʻomaka o ʻApelila ʻO ka mea mua, ʻike ʻia nā manu ma nā ʻāina Lviv a me Chernivtsi, e lele ana a puni nā Carpathians, a laila lele ka lele i loko o nā kahawai ʻelua: lele kekahi mau manu ma ka ʻākau, ʻo kekahi i ka hikina ma nā wahi hema o Ukraine. Ma hope mai, ʻike ʻia nā kiʻi i nā wahi hikina a ma Crimea (Grishchenko, Serebryakov, 1992, Grischtschenko et al., 1995). Ma ka ʻākau o ka ʻāina o Sumy Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hōʻea mai ka lā Malaki 18 a ʻApelila 26, ka lā maʻamau o 16 mau makahiki ʻo Malaki 30 (Afanasyev, 1998). Ma ka hema-komohana o Belarus, ua ʻike ʻia ka hōʻea ʻana o ka lāʻau i ka makahiki ʻekolu o Malaki - ka hapa mua o ʻApelila (Shokalo, Shokalo, 1992). ʻO ka Storks e pili ana i ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa ma ka ʻāina o Rūsia a hiki i ka hapa mua o Mei. Ma ka palena o ka ʻāina Kaliningrad i ka hapa mua o ka makahiki XX. nā manu mua i ʻike ʻia ma nā nelo mai Malaki 19 a ʻApelila (data no 23 mau makahiki, ʻo Tischler, 1941). I ka makahiki 1970 ka hiki ʻana mai o nā keʻe mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Malaki (Belyakov, Yakovchik, 1980). I ka makahiki 1990, nā manu nalo mua e pili ana i nā nisa ma ka ʻāina Kaliningrad. i hōʻailona ʻia ma ka lā 18 Malaki (Grishanov, Savchuk, 1992). Ma ka moku ʻo Sebezhsky o ka ʻāina Pskov. Ua nānā ʻia nā hōʻea ma ka hopena o Malaki a me ka makahiki mua o ʻApelila (Fetisov et al., 1986). No ka makahiki mai 1989 a 1999. ʻO ke kākau inoa mua ma ka ʻāina Kaluga. i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lā Malaki 20 (1990), ka mea hou loa - ʻApelila 8 (1991 a me 1997), ma ka awelika 30 Malaki. I kekahi mau makahiki, ʻike ʻia nā manu mua loa o ka pūnāwai me ka uhi ʻana o ka hau ma nā pā o 30-40 cm. ʻO ke kihi o ka hōʻea ʻana o nā ʻeke mua i nā welo ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kaluga. hāʻule i ka lua o ka Pōʻalima mau lā o ʻApelila (1990-1999) (Galchenkov, 2000). Ma ka ʻāina Voronezh nā hana mua i ʻike ʻia ma ka manawa like: mai Malaki 19 a ʻApelila 8, ma ka awelika 30 Malaki (1995-1998) (Numerov, Makagonova, 2000). I nā palena ʻākau i ka hikina, e lele ka pele i nā wiki he 2 ma hope aku. I ka ʻāina Yaroslavl manu nā manu ma ʻApelila 22-26 (1994), ʻApelila 16 (1996), Mei 2 (1995) (Golubev, 2000). Ma nā ʻāpana hikina o ka māhele Leningrad. ʻO ka hiki mua mai ka helu mua loa ma ka lā 20 ʻApelila 1999, (ka moku ʻo Tikhvin), nā lā maʻamau ma mua o Mei 1 a hiki i Mei 8 (1983-1999) (Brave, 2000). Ma nā ʻaoʻao hema o Karelia, ʻike ʻia nā manu mua i ka hopena o ʻApelila - waenganui-Mei, i ke kakahiaka nui o ka makahiki 1990, ʻike ʻia kekahi manu hoʻokahi i ka hoʻomaka o ka makahiki ʻelua o ʻApelila (Lapshin, 2000). Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kirov ʻO ka stork keʻokeʻo i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia ʻo ʻApelila 17, 1992 (Sotnikov, 2000). I ke kahakai ʻo Sev. Hoʻomaka ka hūnā punaʻi o Caucasus mai ka makahiki mua o Malaki a hiki i ka hapalua lua o ʻApelila, ma ka mokuʻo Rostov. a me ka Teritike Krasnodar, nā manu mua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ʻApelila (Kazakov et al., 2004). Ma Dagestan, ʻike nā kānaka mua i ke kakahiaka a me ka waena waena o Malaki (Mamataeva, Umakhanova, 2000).

ʻO ka helehelena o nā keʻe keʻokeʻo ma ka pūnāwai ma Central Asia e hāʻule i ka hopena o Pepeluali - ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Malaki a ma ka hapa nui o ke ākana e nānā pinepine ʻia like (Dementyev, 1952, Mitropolsky, 2007). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia lākou ma Chokpak Pass ma ka lā Malaki 11-14, 1974 (Gavrilov, Gissov, 1985), he puʻe nui loa ma ka lā 24 Malaki (Sema, 1989).

Ma ka ʻāina Kaluga i 69% o nā hihia, ua hōʻea ka hōʻea ʻana o ka ʻahu keʻokeʻo e like me ka hiʻohiʻona 1 + 1: hōʻea mai kahi manu hoʻokahi mai ka pālua, aia kekahi manawa ma hope iho - ʻo ka lua. Hōʻike ka mea mua mai Malaki 20 a hiki i ka Mei 18, ma ka awelika (n = 176) - ma ka lā 10 o ʻApelila, ka lua - mai Malaki 25 a hiki i 26 Mei, ma ka awelika (n = 150) - 14 ʻApelila. Ka lua o ka manu i waena o nā hola he 31 i nā lā, ma ka awelika, no 4 lā. I ka laʻana e hōʻike ʻia ai, ʻike pinepine nā ʻano like ʻole: ma ka mua, lele nā ​​mea pākahi o kēlā me kēia mau lele i hoʻokahi a i ʻole nā ​​manu ʻē aʻe ʻelua, ʻaʻole e noho mau ma ka nuku, akā lele ka lele aʻe, i ka lua, lele ka wāwae i kahi ʻōkole ka waiho wale a hala. Ma 31% o nā hihia, lele ʻelua mau manu i ka pili i hoʻokahi manawa.

Holo aku nei nā manu ʻōhule ʻehā no ʻEulopa. ʻAiʻi, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, lele i mua ma mua o nā manu makua. Ma ka ʻāina Kaluga ua haʻalele nā ​​poʻe ʻōpio i kā lākou hiʻona e hoʻomaka i ka lā 8 ʻAukake, ʻoi aku ka pinepine i ka lua o ka makahiki o kēia malama.Haʻalele nā ​​manu makua i ko lākou home piha ma hope; ʻo ka haʻalele ʻana o ka poʻe hope e noho ma ka awelika ʻo ʻAukake 30 (1985-1999) (Galchenkov, 2000). Ma ka māhele Tver lele ka leʻa mai ka lā ʻAukake 28 - Kepakemapa 5 (Nikolaev, 2000). Ma ka ʻāina Yaroslavl ua lele nā ​​manu i ka ʻAukake 23 (1996) a ma ʻAukake 29 (1995) (Golubev, 2000). Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā kānaka a me nā kāne a hiki i Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa. Ma nā ʻaoʻao hema o Rūsia, ma mua o ka haʻalele, hana lākou i mau ʻōpū o ke keneke a he 100 a i ʻole 100 a keu aku paha, e like me ka mea, ma ka māhele Smolensk. (Bichev, Barnev, 1998). Ma ka akau. Ma Caucasus, ʻike ʻia ka lūlū o ka wā lohi mai ka hapa mua o ʻAukake a hiki i ka hopena o Kepakemapa (Kazakov et al., 2004). ʻAʻole i wehewehe ʻia nā ala hele a me nā hoʻoilo i ka ʻoihana ʻo Dagestan: ʻike ʻia ka haʻalele hope o lākou i ka wahi hana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai ʻOkakopa 25 a hiki i Nowemapa 10, e hoʻoluhi ana i nā manawa a i ka waena a i ka hopena o kēia mahina (25 Nowemapa 2003 a me Nowemapa 15, 2004). e pili ana i ka ʻāina ʻo Tersko-Sunzhenskaya e ukali ana ma ke kahakai komohana o ke kai Caspian, kahi i kākau ʻia ai nā manu o kēia ʻano ma ʻOkakopa 23, 1998 ma ka ʻāina o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Kaspiysk (E.V. Vilkov, kamaʻilio pilikino).

I Moldova, hoʻomaka ka haʻalele ʻana i ka hopena o ʻAukake a mau aku a hiki i ka hapalua o Kepakemapa. E lūlū nā manu a hiki i ka hapa mua o ʻOkakopa. ʻO ka hālāwai hou loa ma Nowemaba 9, 1964 (Averin, Ganya, Uspensky, 1971). I Ukraine, ua mālama ʻia nā hipa mua mai nā lā he ʻumi o ʻAukake a Sepatemaba a me ʻOkakopa. ʻO nā lā hoʻomaka e haʻalele i ka lā i ka makahiki ʻekolu o ʻAukake - ka makahiki mua o Sepatemaba. Hoʻomaka ka lele mua loa ma Lviv, Zhytomyr a me Poltava reg. ʻO nā manu manuahi i kiaʻi ʻia mai ka hapalua ʻelua o ʻAukake a ʻOkakopa. ʻO nā lā awelika o ka nānā hope loa i ka hapa nui o Ukraine e hāʻule i ka makahiki mua a me ka lua o Sepatemaba. ʻO ke kapa lōʻihi lōʻihi ma kahi o Zaporizhzhya. a i loko o kahi Crimea (Grishchenko, Serebryakov, 1992, Grischtschenko et al., 1995). E nānā ʻia paha kekahi mau mea i hala ma Nowemapa. I kekahi manawa hiki ke hālāwai me nā hipa āpau i ka lōʻihi loa. No laila, ma Dekemaba 4, 1985 he pūʻulu puaʻa he nui i ʻike ʻia ma luna o Ivano-Frankivsk (Shtyrkalo, 1990). Ma ka lāʻo Nowemapa 5, 1997, ua ʻike ʻia kahi hipa o 40 mau kānaka ma Brest (Shokalo, Shokalo, 1992). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ma ke kahakai hikina o ke Kai ʻEleʻele i hoʻomaopopo ʻia mai ʻAukake 29 a ʻOkakopa 4 (Abuladze, Eligulashvili, 1986).

Holo aku nā pahu moʻomeheu o Central ʻAi mai ka ʻūhū o ʻAukake a me waena oʻOkakopa (Dolgushin, 1960, Tretyakov, 1990).

ʻO nā mokulele i ʻekolu lā mau ʻōpio i hōʻailona ʻia i nā nests ma nā wahi ʻo Zelenograd a me Guryev o ka Hui Kaliningrad. nā satelite uila ma ke kahua, ua ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 2000. Ua hele kekahi manu no ka hoʻoilo ma ka lā 10 ʻAukake, ʻo ka ʻelua ma ka lā 14. Ua māka ʻia ka huakaʻi lele ma kahawai Poléia, ka hema hema o Belarus, ka ʻaoʻao komohana o Ukraine, ka hikina o Romania a me Bulgaria, a laila ma waena o Bosphorus, Turkey, Palestine, a me Peninsula ʻo Sinai. Ua hiki i nā Storks i ka moku he Bosphorus, kēlā, ma ʻAukake 23, 25 a me 26, i.e. 13, 11 a me 12 mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hele. Ma ka palena hema o ka Peninsula o Sinai, aia ma kahi o ʻAukake 29, 31 a me Kepakemapa 1 ma kēlā me kēia (19, 17 a me 18 mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hele ʻana, a i ʻole 6 mau lā ma hope o ke kū ʻana o ka Bosporus o kēlā me kēia manu), ma aneʻi ua pau kahi hiapo. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻomau ka hana lāʻau ma ke kahawai ʻo Nile ma lalo o ʻAigupita. Ua hooki ʻia ka holo wikiwiki i ka hema o ka manu i ka lā 6 Kepakemapa, 7 a me 10, ma ia manawa ua ʻelua mau o lākou i waena. Sudan, hoʻokahi ma ka hikina Chad ma kahi kokoke i ka palena ʻo Sudanese (Chemetsov et al., 2004).

Wahi a ka ʻike telemetry, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka nui o nā neʻe o ka lā i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana o ka wā i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana o ka wā: i Europa - 218 km (no nā manu makua mai 52 a 504, no nā manu ʻōpio - mai 51 a 475 mau km), ma Waena Hikina - 275 km (no nā manu makua. mai 52 a 490, no nā ʻōpio - mai 55 a 408 km), ma ke Kaukau. ʻAmelika - 288 km (no nā manu makua mai 70 a 503, no nā manu ʻōpio mai 108 a 403 km) (van den Bossche et al., 1999).

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano noiʻi manuahi ʻo ka hele ʻana o ka stork keʻokeʻo, kēia ʻano nui, ʻo ka hapa nui o kona heluna hikina, he ʻano kūikawā o ka lele ʻana, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e nā manu ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike ʻia e ka holo wikiwiki loa mai nā kahua lawaiʻa ʻana i ka wahi hoʻonaʻauao ma Vost. ʻApika. ʻO kahi mamao o 4,600 km, nā pākeke a me nā manu ʻōpio e uhi ma waena o 18-19 mau lā.Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, lele ka ʻalā i kēlā me kēia lā, e hoʻopau ana i nā hola 8-10 ma ke ala.ʻO ka lōʻihi, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā lā, ʻike wale ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻokoʻa a hui pū ʻia me nā kūlana ʻino. I nā kumu hana, ʻaʻole like me nā manu migratory ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka mālama momona i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka hyperphagia i ka wā o ka lele. ʻAi ʻole ke ola o Storks i ka momona ma Africa ponoʻī (Berthold et al., 2001).

Hoʻohana ke kumukūʻai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kauwela i nā mahina o ke kauwela mai nā wahi hana. Ma hope o ka hoʻoilo, ua neʻe nā manu i ke ala o ka pā, akā ua hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou. Loaʻa wale kekahi hapakolu o nā makana makahiki a kokoke i 1000 km mai ka pae kani. Me ka nui o ka makahiki, e hoʻemi wikiwiki ka nui o nā "defectors". ʻO kahi hapa nui o ka lālani 1-2 mau makahiki e hoʻopau i ke kauwela ma ke kūkulu hema o Sahara, akā ʻo ka mau keiki 3-mau makahiki i ka wā hana i loaʻa ʻole ma laila. Hōʻike ʻo Banding i ka hapanui o nā hihia, ʻike mua ʻia nā hana i nā wahi huna i ka makahiki 3 (Libbert, 1954, Kania, 1985, Bairlein, 1992).

Hiki i nā ʻona Alien ke loaʻa nui ma ka ʻĀkau a me ka hikina o ka palena o ka puʻuwai pua. Ma Lūkia, ua kaulana lākou ma nā kahakai o ka Pōʻulu ma ka wahi o Murmansk. (Kokhanov, 1987), me. ʻO Kholmogory ma kahi o Arkhangelsk (Pleshak, 1987), ma Bashkiria (Karjakin, 1998a), Tatarstan (Askeev, Askeev, 1999), Perm Region. (Demidova, 1997, Karjakin, 19986), māhele Sverdlovsk. (Zelentsov, 1995), i nā kapahaha o ka Hema. Ural (Davygor, 2006). Wahi a ka ikepili like ʻole maopopo, ʻelua mau manu i mālama ʻia ma ʻAukake ma Kurgan. (Tarasov et al., 2003). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma Finland, Sweden, Norewai, Nui Pelekane, ʻInelani, Iceland (Hancock et al., 1992, Birina, 2003). I ka hele ʻana, hiki i nā ʻōkuhi maoli hiki ke hoʻokō inā he lōʻihi loa nā hipa nui mai nā ala huakaʻi nui. No laila, i ka Kepakemapa 15, 1984, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia kahi pūʻulu he 3,000 mau wahi kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale o Abu Dhabi ma ka hikina o ka ʻArapi Penia (Reza Khan, 1989). Ma ʻAukake 27-29, 2000, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā kānaka 300-400 i mālama ʻia i ke awāwa o ka muliwai. ʻO Teberda ma ke Kaʻāina. Caucasus (Polivanov et al., 2001). I kekahi manawa e lele ana i nā pua o ka makani i ka moana ma ke kai. Kēia mau manu ua ʻike ʻia ma nā mokupuni o Seychelles, aia kahi 1,000 km e neʻe aku i ka kahakai ʻAmelika (Stork, 1999).

Hoʻaiho

ʻO ka keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo - kahi noho o nā wahi ākea ākea, nā nahele ākea a me nā kaalulu nui. ʻOi aku ka makemake i nā ʻāina me nā biotopes wetewes - me nā wahi me nā wahi, nā māpala, nā wahi hānai, nā ʻāina irrigated, nā māla laʻu, etc. Loaʻa ʻia kekahi ma nāʻaoʻao a me nā savannas me nā kumulāʻau nui a i ʻole nā ​​hanana kanaka. ʻO ka biotope maikaʻi loa i ko mākou mau kūlana, ʻo nā waikahe nui o nā waika me ke ʻano o ke kaomi ʻomo ʻana a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka mahiʻai. Ma nā wahi like, hiki i ka lehulehu o nā pae a hiki i nā ʻāpana o nā pālua ma 100 km2. Noho ʻia kahi, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, he mau papa ʻāina, akā hiki ke nīa a haʻahaʻa loa i nā kuahiwi me nā kūlana kūpono.

I Ka Hale Pili. I loko o ʻEulopa, ʻaʻole hina nā papa keʻokeʻo ma mua o 500 m n. m (Schulz, 1998). Ma Carpathians, piʻi lākou i 700-900 m (Smogorzhevsky, 1979, Rejman, 1989, Stollmann, 1989), ma Armenia a me Georgia - hiki aku i 2,000 m ma luna o ke kai. (Adamyan, 1990, Gavashelishvili, 1999), ma Turkey a hiki i 2,300 m (Creutz, 1988), a ma Maroko a hiki i ka 2,500 m ma mua o ke kai (Sauter, Schiiz, 1954). I Bulgaria, 78.8% o nā pakano stork i ka kiʻekiʻe ma ka 50 o 499 m ma mua o ke kai. a he 0.2% wale nō - mai 1,000 a 1,300 m (Petrov et al., 1999). I Polani, neʻe ka mea i luna i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o kā lākou helu (Tryjanowski et al., 2005). Holo ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e hānai i nā wahi ākea me nā mea kanu palupalu, i nā wai pāpū kū e kū pono ana a lohi nā kahe wai. Hoʻopaha ʻole ia ma nā kapa o nā muliwai nui, nā kahawai mauna. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻāina māla a me ka hana māla a me nā māla o ka mauʻu mauʻu e ka pua no ka hānai, akā ʻo ka manawa maikaʻi ke hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka meaʻai ma ia mau wahi he pōkole loa - ma hope koke o ka lawaiʻa ʻana a ʻohi ʻana paha.

Loaʻa nā nist Stork ma nā wahi o nā kolone o nā ʻāpana a me nā manu ʻē aʻe. Akā ʻo ka pinepine ka hūnā ma nā wahi ākea. Hiki iā ia ke noho paʻa i waena o nā hale ākea i nā kūlanakauhale nui, kahi āna e lele ai i meaʻai no 2-3 km.ʻO kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo maʻamau e haʻalele ʻia e nā kānaka ma mua o ka wā. No laila, ua pau kēia mau manu i loko o ka hānai ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā kauā i hoʻokuʻu ʻia o ka moku Chernobyl (Samusenko, 2000, Hasek, 2002).

I ka manawa o ka neʻe ʻana, makemake pū ka ʻaha keʻokeʻo i ka ʻūlū ʻana, hoʻāʻo e lele a puni nā wahi wai nui a me nā nāhelehele, ʻoiai, i ko mākou manaʻo, ka lele ʻana ma luna o lākou me kahi vaporizer loea e koi hou aku ka ikaika.

Helu

ʻO ka huina o ka keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e like me nā hopena o ka hoʻopaʻa inoa V International ma 1994-1995. laha e helu ʻia i nā palena o 170-180 mau tausani, kahi o 140-150 tausani mau huina i hāʻule i ka poʻe hikina (Grishchenko, 2000). Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka helu ʻauhau ma mua o ka makahiki 1984, ua ulu ka nui o ka lehulehu ma 23%. Eia kekahi, ʻoi ka nui o ka heluna o ke komohana e hoʻonui nui ʻia - ma ka 75% o ka hikina - e 15% (Schulz, 1999). ʻO ka nui o nā papa keʻokeʻo e hōʻike ʻia ma Polika. I ka makahiki 1995, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo 40,900 mau pakanikoa ma laila, 34% keu ma ka 1984. ʻO ka nui o ka pale ʻana ma nā pali ma Poland he 13.1 mau kime / 100 km2 (Guziak, Jakubiec, 1999). Ma Sepania, kahi o ka hapanui o nā poʻe komohana o nā komohana, i ka makahiki 1996 ua helu ʻia ka helu ma ka 18,000 mau pālua. I kēia ʻāina, ua kaulana kona ulu ʻana: ma waena o nā helu ʻelua ʻelua i ʻoi aku ia ma mua o ka pālua (Marti, 1999).

Wahi a nā hopena mua o ka helu kālā ma ke kikowaena o ka International International, i mālama ʻia ma 2004-2005, ʻo ka huina o ka keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e ʻike ʻia ma ka 230 mano mau pālua. ʻO ka nui o ka heluna nui ma Poleneka he 52.5 tausani mau huina, ukali ʻia e Sepania - 33.2 tausani mau pālua, ʻo Ukraine - kokoke. 30,000 mau pālua, Belarus - 20,3 tausani mau pālua, Lithuania - 13 tausani mau pālua, Latvia - 10,7 mano mau pālua, ʻo Lūkia - 10,2 kau mau pālua. ʻO ka hapa nui loa o ka ulu ʻana o ka nui o nā kānaka i kākau ʻia ma Farani - 209%, Sweden - 164%, Portugal - 133%, Italia - 117%, Sepania - 100%. ʻO wale nō (Denemaka) hōʻole (i ka hapalua). Aia wale nō he 3 mau makana i koe. No nā subspecies ma Asia, ua hōʻike ʻia wale nā ​​data no Uzbekistan, kahi i helu ʻia ai nā helu 745, ua hōʻemi ka helu i ka 49%.

E like me ka hōʻike mua o nā hōʻike, i ka wā o ka Pūʻulu Pūnaewele ʻo VI: Kursk Region - 929 mau hui (+ 186% hoʻohālikelike i ka V International loiloi, ʻikepili ma V.I. Mironov), wahi ʻo Bryansk. - 844 (+ 31%, S.M. Kosenko), Kaliwa wahi. - 285 (+ 58%, Yu. D. Galchenkov), Wilayah Leningrad - 160 (+ 344%, V.G. Pchelintsev), wahi Oryol - 129 (S.V. Nedosekin), Ke Ala ʻo Moscow - 80 (+ 248%, M.V. Kalyakin).

Kuhi ʻia ka heluna o nā kānaka i kēia manawa ma kahi he 1-1.5 tausani mau huina, ma Azerbaijan - 1-5 tausani mau pālua, ma Moldova - 400-600 mau pālua (Birds in Europe, 2004).

I ka hala ʻana o nā kenekulia 20, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāhā keʻokeʻo i nā loli koʻikoʻi (e ʻike i ka Grishchenko, 2000). I ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia (a ma nā wahi i hala ʻole), ʻo kona neʻe koke ʻana i ka hoʻomaka i nā ʻāina he nui o ʻEulopa. I ka hopena o nā 1940 ma ʻEulopa Hikina, ua aneaneʻe ia. Lawe ʻia i ka 1934, 1958, 1974, 1984 nā hōʻike honua o ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e hōʻike i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka nui o ka nui o nā mea i noho ai i loko. No laila, inā ma 1907 i Kelemania he 7-8,000 mau pāluahele (Wassmann, 1984), a laila ma ka makahiki 1984 ua hōʻemi ko lākou helu i ka 649 i ka FRG (Heckenroth, 1986) a me 2 724 i ka GDR (Creutz, 1985) . ^ E Ha yM. I Netherlands i ka makahiki XIX. ʻo ka ʻōpū keʻokeʻo kekahi o nā manu maʻamau, he mau kaukani mau ʻuʻina i kēia ʻāina. Akā ma ka makahiki 1910 i kahi wale nō he 500 o nā pakanui lele, ua hoʻomau ka nui o ka helu: 209 mau pakanikani i 1929, 85 ma 1950, 5 i ka makahiki (Jonkers, 1989). Ma hope o 1991, ʻaʻole i noho hoʻokahi nā māla "hihiu" hoʻokahi wale nō o nā manu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā mea lapaʻau kūikawā (Vos, 1995). Ua pau nā Storks i ka hano ma Belgium, Switzerland, Suena, a i hiki i ka palena lilo i Farani, Denemaka a me kekahi mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea haʻahaʻa loa i ka iwi komohana ke keʻokeʻo. Wahi a ka ʻike o ka hoʻokele inoa o ka IV International i ka makahiki 1984, ma ka 10 mau makahiki wale nō ka helu o kona helu helu e 20%, ka heluna o ka hikina - ma ka 12% (Rheinwald, 1989).

Ua hoʻomaka i kahi hoʻololi hoʻololi i ke kūlana i nā makahiki 1980, nui loa i Sepania. Ma kahi o 1987, ua hoʻomaka ka nui o nā helu stace. Ma mua o 11 mau makahiki, ua hoʻonui ʻia ʻoi aku ia ma mua o 2.5 mau manawa a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka pae ma ka hapalua o hoʻokahi haneli ma mua (Gomez Manzaneque, 1992, Martinez Rodriguez, 1995). ʻOi aku ka hala ma 2 mau manawa i hoʻonui i ka helu ma Portugal (Rosa et al., 1999). Loaʻa kēia mau mea āpau i nā kumu kime. I ka hapalua ʻelua o nā 1980. hope loa, ua pau ka manawa lōʻihi o ka wana i ka paina o Sahel, e hoʻomāhuahua ana i nā kūlana hoʻoilo i ka nui o ka iwi keʻokeʻo o ke komohana keʻokeʻo. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ka ulu ʻana o nā helu a me kahi hoʻomaikaʻi koʻikoʻi i ka lako o nā meaʻai i nā wahi hana.Ma Sepania, no ka laʻana, ua māhuahua ka wahi o ka ʻāina irrigated, a ma ke ʻano, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke ola o ka ʻAmelika Hema Procambarus clarkii, ka mea e keʻokeʻo nei i ka ʻai i nā kumu lawaiʻa (Schulz, 1994, 1999). Ma Sepania a me Pokukala, nui nā manu ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaka no ka hoʻoilo, kahi i hōʻemi ʻia ai ka make (Gomez Manzaneque, 1992, Rosa et al., 1999). ʻO ka lele i ka nui o ka stork keʻokeʻo ma ka Iberian Peninsula ua kōkua i ka ulu wikiwiki o ka heluna kanaka āpau. ʻAʻole liʻuliʻu, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā helu a me ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o kēia mau manu ma Farani, a ua hōʻoia ʻia ka pilina me nā hana e hana nei i Sepania: i ka makahiki 1990 a 1991. loaa nā ʻōpala e hūnā ana ma ke kahakai ʻo Parani, a hui ʻia i Sepania. Ua manaoia, aia kekahi o na aelike e waiho ai i na pahele ma ke kahakai o Bay of Biscay, i noho mai Sepania mai. Ma ka ʻūkaukau ma waena kahiki o Farani, loaʻa mai nā rula mai Alsace, Switzerland a me ka Netherlands. I ka makahiki 1995, ua mālama ka ʻaha Stork Charente i kahi mālama ʻā, i hui ʻia i ka makahiki 1986 e kahi moa ma Polani. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka noho ʻana i nā lāʻau ma Holland, Switzerland, Italia, Kelemānia a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. I Palani mai ka makahiki 1984 a i 1995 hoʻonuiʻia e ka nui 830% (Duquet, 1999).

ʻAʻole i heluna mau ka maka o ka hikina i nā helu e like me ka heluna o ke komohana, akā ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka maikaʻi o kāna ʻano. Hoʻomaopopo mākou i ka mea, me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui ʻana i nā helu, hoʻomau ka neʻe ʻana i ka hikina ma Russia a me Ukraine a me kona ulu a kokoke i kahi o ka palena. Hoʻomaka ka nui o ka lehulehu o ka poʻe i ka hikina ma kahi o ka manawa o ke komohana, ʻoiai ua haʻahaʻa ka nui o ka ulu. Kokoke i ka manawa like, ua loli ke kūlana i loko o nā subspecies o Asia. Mai 1984 a 1994, ʻoi ka nui o ka stork keʻokeʻo ma Central Asia i ʻoi aku ma mua o 7 mau manawa (ʻo Shemazarov, 1999), a ma ka makahiki 2005 ua helu ʻia ka helu o kēia mau manu ma ka 700-1,000 mau pakanihua (Mitropolsky, 2007).

Wahi a ka ʻike ʻike ʻike i nā papa hoʻokolokolo hoʻokolokolo ma Ukraine, i 1990 ua hala ka lā kai o ka ulu ʻana. Ua ʻōhola ʻia i ka hapa mua o ka 1990, kekahi ma mua ma ke komohana-hikina a Ukraine, a ʻo ka mea hou loa i nā wahi komohana. I 1992-1994 na kauhale ma ka muliwai Koi ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Sumy ka hoʻonui ʻana o 25-30% i nānā ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki (Grishchenko, 1995a, 20006). Mai ka makahiki 1994, ke ulu nei ka ulu ʻana ma Ukraine ma nā manawa āpau (ua ʻike ʻia ka hāʻule ʻana i ka makahiki 1997 wale nō, he mea maikaʻi ʻole loa no ka ʻōpū keʻokeʻo ma loko o ʻEulopa), a hiki aku i ka nui o 1996 a 1998. - nā koina 13.7 ± 2.9 a 16.3 ± 3.6%. A laila hoʻomaka ka piʻi ʻana o ka ulu ulu, a ma 2001-2003. ua paʻa ka heluna kanaka. (Grishchenko, 2004).

I ka manawa like, hoʻonui ka noho ʻana ma ka hikina i nā ʻāpana hikina o Ukraine a ma Rusia hoʻi. Ma ka māhele Kharkov i ka makahiki 1994, ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka palena palena ma ka hikina i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka makahiki 1974-1987; ma 1998, ua ʻike ʻia nā nika ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka muliwai. Oskol (Atemasova, Atemasov, 2003). Ma ka māhele Lugansk., Kahi i loaʻa ai ka ʻahu keʻokeʻo ma ka hikina i ka muliwai. Loaʻa ʻo Aidar, ma 1998 2 mau nests i loaʻa i loko o ke kahe o ka wai. ʻO Derkul ma ka palena me Russia (Vetrov, 1998). Ma ka māhele Rostov i ka makahiki 1996, ua ʻike hou ʻia nā kiʻi i hope ma hope o kahi hiatus 5 mau makahiki - ʻike ʻia kahi pūnana ma ke awāwa Manych (Kazakov et al., 1997). Ma ke kūloko ʻo Krasnodar, hoʻomaka ka lāʻau aliʻi e hoʻomoe i waena o nā makahiki 1990. (Mnatsekanov, 2000). I ka makahiki 1993, ua hoʻopaʻa mua ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma ka māhele ʻo Kirov. (Sotnikov, 1997, 1998), i ka makahiki 1994 - ma ka moku Tambov. (Evdokishin, 1999), i 1995 - i Mordovia (Lapshin, Lysenkov, 1997,2000), i ka makahiki 1996 - ma ka Vologda māhele. (Dylyuk, 2000). I ka makahiki 1996, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o nā manu (ma o 20.1%) ma ka Pae o Kaluga. (Galchenkov, 2000).

Hoʻopaʻa o ka lā, hana

ʻO ka manu keʻokeʻo i kahi manu i ke ao, akā naʻe, ʻike ʻia nā hihia e hānai ʻia ana nā moa i nā pō pōkole (Schuz a me Schuz, 1932). I ka pō, hiki i nā manu ke hana i ka pili: nā ʻōpiopio, ka mālama plumage, ke hoʻololi ʻana o nā hoa kīhāpai ʻana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Blotzheim, 1966). ʻO nā ʻohana nui ka mea nui loa e hoʻopuni ana, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, lele nā ​​manu i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (Molodovsky, 2001).

Ma ka ʻāina, e neʻe kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i nā ʻāpana, ʻaʻole holo pinepine.Maikaʻi ka lele ʻana, me ka pīhoihoi lohi. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, makemake nui ka punahele, ʻoiai ke lele ʻana i kahi lōʻihi. I ka piʻi ʻana o nā kahawai, nā ʻōpala o nā manu e loaʻa ana i ke kiʻekiʻe pinepine. Hiki i ka keokeo keʻokeʻo ke ʻauʻau, ʻoiai naʻe e hāhai pono ana. Me kahi makani maikaʻi e hiki ai iā ia ke wehe mai ka wai o ka wai (Bauer, Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Creutz, 1988).

I ka wā kīnā ʻole, ke alakaʻi nei ke keʻokeʻo i kahi ʻohana ola. I ka wā hana ʻana, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā koloni a me nā mea uka i nā wahi hānai. ʻO nā manu kī ʻole i mālama ʻia i ke kauwela e mālama i nā pā, ʻo ka nui o nā mea e hiki ai ka ʻumi a me nā haneli paha o nā kānaka. Noho lākou i nā wahi momona, e alakaʻi ana i ke ala hala ʻole. Piʻi pinepine ʻia ka nui o kēlā mau hipa mai Mei a Iune, a i Iulai i ka nui o ko lākou nui nui, e hoʻomāhuahua aʻe i ka nui o ʻAukake, ma muli o ke hoʻokumu ʻana o nā puʻu mua. Wahi a nā mea ʻike ma ke kahawai o Kaluga. i nā makahiki 1990, ka helu ʻokoʻa o ka manu ma nā kahu hipa i ke kauwela: i Mei - 3.4 mau kānaka, i Iune - 4.0, i Iulai - 7.8, i ʻAukake - 10.5 (n = 50). Hoʻohui ʻia nā wīwī ma hope o ke haʻalele ʻana i nā hipa, a laila e lilo pinepine ka nui i ka wā hele. No laila, inā ma Ukraine e like me ka nui o nā manu lele e lele ana i ka hāʻule i ka hāʻule, he mau mahele he mau haneli, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā haneli o ka lehulehu, a laila aia ma ke kahakai ʻo ʻEleʻele o Bulgaria ka nui o ka nui o ka lehulehu he 577.5 mau kanaka (Michev a me Profirov, 1989). I Waena Hikina a me North-East. E loaʻa pinepine iā ʻAberika i kahi ʻoi aku he 100 tausani kanaka (Schulz, 1988, 1998). Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ʻo ka ʻoihana o ka neʻe i ka holo (ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe, ka uku hoʻihoʻi ʻia e ka makani, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).

Loaʻa ka Stace i ka pō. I ka manawa hana, kahi nui o ka manawa e waiho ai e hoʻomaha a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka plumage ma muli o ka nui o ka meaʻai a me ka nui o nā moa. Me kona nui, hiki i kahi papa ke hoʻomaha no nā hola a hoʻomaʻemaʻe paha i ka plumage no nā hola. He ʻano koʻikoʻi ke ʻano o ka manu hoʻomaha. ʻO ka ʻōpū i kū pinepine i luna o kekahi wāwae, ke kau nei i kona poʻo i nā poʻohiwi a hūnā i kona ʻāʻī i ka hulu hulu manu. E like me ke kānāwai, ke kau nei nā ʻōpala i nā pahu kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻike maikaʻi - ma nā lāʻau maloʻo, nā poli, nā mea nui.

Ke hoʻohana nei ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i kahi ala o ka thermoregulation kūlohelohe - kuʻu lākou i nā wāwae. I kekahi lā wela, ʻike ʻoe i nā manu he nui me ke "stockings" keʻokeʻo ma luna o kā lākou mau wāwae. ʻIke ʻia, hoʻokaʻawale ka wai uric wai, hoʻoluʻu i ka ʻili o ka foregut. Hoʻopili nui kona ʻili i nā kahe koko, i kahe a ke ʻano o ke koko (Prinzinger, Hund, 1982, Schulz, 1987). E like me nā hoʻokolohua ʻana ma ka ululāʻau ʻōlika ʻAmelika (Mycteria americana) i hōʻike ʻia, me nā neʻe o ka wahi i loko loa o ke ʻano, hōʻemi ka nui o ke kino (Kahl, 1972) Ua ʻike ʻo X. Schulz (1987) i nā kia i loko o Africa, ua ʻike ʻo ia ka neʻe o ka neʻe i ka neʻe i ka hopena o ke ea. Ua hoʻomaka ke hālāwai me nā manu me ka hāhiʻu ʻana i nā wāwae a kahi pinepine ma kahi o 28 ° C. Ma ke 40 °, ka piʻi ʻana o ka neʻe o ka bowel i mau manawa 1,5 mau minuke. ʻO ka lūlū keʻokeʻo, ʻo ka hoʻohui, pale i nā wāwae mai nā kukui scorching o ka lā. I ka ua anuanu, ua emi ka pinepine o nā neʻe o ka bowel. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea ʻike ma Ukraine i loko o nā pūnaewele puʻukū, hoʻomaka pū nā lāʻau kula i kēia ʻano o ka thermoregulation ma ke pāina o 30 ° C (Grischtschenko, 1992).

Ke hānai nei i ka ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻona, ua noho aliʻi ka ʻōpū maʻa (Kozulin, 1996).

Mea ʻai

He ʻokoʻa ʻē loa nā meaʻai o ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo. ʻAi ʻia nā holoholona liʻiliʻi mai ka honua a i nā mea rodents a me nā manu liʻiliʻi: ka leʻaleʻa, nā mollusks, spiders, crustaceans, nā pepeke a me kā lākou pili, nā iʻa, nā amphibians, nā reptiles, etc. Hiki iā ia ke luku aku i nā nīnū o nā manu e lawaiʻa nei a paʻa paha i kahi pīpī. ʻO nā mea kikoʻī liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, e like me nā weasels (. Mustela nivalis), i ʻike ʻia i ka meaʻai (Lohmer et al, 1980, Shtyrkalo, 1990). ʻO ka nui o ka hana e kaupalena ʻia wale nō i ka hiki ke ʻaole. Pākuʻi ka meaʻai i ka ʻāina a me ka nui o nā mea i kiʻi holoholona. I nā wahi maloʻo, hiki ke aneane ka piha ʻana o nā pepeke, i nā ʻulāʻu a me ke kīwī ka liʻiliʻi i kā lākou hapa. No laila, e like me E. G.Samusenko (1994), ma Belarus ka maʻamau o ka nui o nā holoholona o ka holoholona i loko o kaʻai o ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo. I loko o nā kahawai o Sozh a me Berezina, hōʻike ʻia ka invertebrates no 51.6-56.8% i ka pinepine o ka hālāwai ʻana, a hiki i 99% i nā biotopes non-lūlū wai ʻole.

Mea ʻapo nā mea kanu a pau. Ua luku koke ʻia nā holoholona liʻiliʻi, nā luku nui a me nā koena lāʻau e pepehi mua i ka lāʻau beak. Hiki i kekahi manawa ke ʻike i ke ʻano o kahi kīʻaha keʻokeʻo no kekahi manawa "chews" me kāna ʻniki i kahi vole a i ʻole mole. Ma ke alo o ka wai kokoke, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka manu i ka nui maloʻo no kekahi manawa, a hiki i ka maʻalahi ʻia. I ka like like, ʻoi aku ka holoi ʻana i nā baki a pbi6y i hū ʻia i loko o kahi silt (Creutz, 1988).

ʻAno ka waiho ʻia ʻana o ka meaʻai i hiki ʻole i ke ʻano o nā heʻe. Pākuʻi ʻia ka pogods ma luna o 36-48 mau hola. Aia nā koina chitinous i nā pepeke, nā huluhulu a me nā iwi o nā mommals, nā iʻa a me nā ʻāpana reptile, nā palu pōpilikia, etc. ʻO ka nui o nā puʻupuʻu he 20100 × 2060 mm, a ʻo ke kaumaha ke 16-65 g. No nā pua, ua liʻiliʻi iki lākou - 2045 × 20-25 mm (Creutz, 1988, Muzinic, Rasajski, 1992, Schulz, 1998).

Nā hānai kai i nā ʻano o nā biotopes wehe - i nā ʻōpala, nā wahi hānai, nā pāpale, nā wahi kai o nā kō, nā māla, nā māla ʻO nā wahi punahele e hānai ai nā wahi me nā mea kanu i hoʻopuni a i ʻole e waiho ai i ka lepo, kahi mau holoholona liʻiliʻi i hala ʻole nā ​​hale e lilo ai i mea pio. Hiki i ka uluʻana o ka huki ʻana i kēlā mau kūlana. I Polani, no ka laʻana, kahi hanai e hānai ana i ka hōʻiliʻili palaoa mai i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i 33 mau rodents i ka minuke 84 (Pinowski et al., 1991) Wahi a nā ʻike ma ke kahawai o Elbe i Kelemānia, ʻoi loa ka hana ʻoi e pili ana i ka minamina (ma ka awelika 5 g o ka loaʻa ʻana i hoʻokahi minuke) i ka manawa a i ka wā ma hope o ka lawaiʻa ʻana (Dziewiaty, 1992). No laila, ʻike ʻia nā ʻōpala o nā hana ʻai i nā lau nahele hou, ma nā mahina kanu a me ka ʻāʻī mau ʻana hoʻi. Ma Africa, ʻākoakoa kēia mau manu i kahi e puhi ai nā poʻe kaiāulu i ka savannah i ka manawa maloʻo. Ua lawa no lākou e ʻike i ka uahi, me nā lālani pua mai nā wahi a pau, e ʻimi ana ma hope o ka paia o ke ahi. Holo lākou i ke ākea o ka ulaula a hopu i nā pepeke. ʻO kekahi manawa i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ai nā haneli o nā kānaka he nui i loko o kēia mau leʻa (Creutz, 1988). ʻO ka makemake, ʻo ka ʻatikala me nā holoholona o nā holoholona a me nā holoholona hihiu ma nā wahi e hānai ai. Hoʻokomo nā lewa i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi, maʻalahi i ka waiwai pio. Ma nā wahi nahele, e hānai pinepine nā ʻōpala i nā wahi me ka mauʻu liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā ​​wai wai pāpū. ʻOi aku ka oi ma mua o 20-30 cm a kaʻahele ʻole. Hoʻomili pinepine nā ʻōpū i nā ʻōiwi ma hope o ka ua, i ka wā e holo ai lākou i ka lehelehe, a i ʻole i nā māla hou. E hānai makemake i nā māla wai e hūnā me nā ʻōpala. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o nā pepeke i nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka pono o ka lawaiʻa keʻokeʻo. No laila, ma Austria, aia ʻo 61% i nā mea kanu 25 cm kiʻekiʻe a 52% me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lāʻau 25-30 cm (Schulz, 1998).

ʻO ke ala nui no ka hopu ʻana i kahi ʻōpala keʻokeʻo kahi huli ʻana i ka waiwai. Huli ka manu i ka lau a i ʻole ka wai make, e hoʻolōʻihi ana a i ʻole ka wikiwiki i ka pace, hiki iā ia ke hana i nā kī a i ʻole ka manu. Hoʻololi pinepine pinepine ʻia nā māla i ka mea pio, a me nā mea nui a me nā pepeke nunui. Kohi ʻia nā wahi honu ma ka ʻāina, ma ka wai pāpaku, e emi pinepine i - ma nā mea kanu. Hiki iā lākou ke hopu me kahi pū me nā manu lele e lele ana - nā manu ʻona, nā ipo a me nā mea hihiu ʻē aʻe. I kekahi manawa ua puhi ʻia lākou i ko lākou mau ʻēheu. Ua aʻo koke nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka noho pio ʻana e hopu i ka meaʻai a lākou i ʻoki ai me kā lākou mau lāʻau ma ka lele. ʻO nā hihia a pau o ka mālama ʻana i ka manu kōlani manuahi me nā manu liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe ua wehewehe ʻia (Niethammer, 1967, Creutz, 1988, Berthold, 2004). E ʻike kēia manu i nā ʻōpala a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe e hāwele ana me kāna puʻupuʻu, ua hoʻopili i loko o ka lepo i kekahi mau kenimeta (Schulz, 1998). Pēlā nō hoʻi i ʻike ʻia e pili ana nā mokulele i ka lawaiʻa i ka iʻa mai ka wai o ka wai (Neuschulz, 1981, Schulz, 1998).

Wahi a ka noiʻi a P. Zakl (Sackl, 1985, i ʻōlelo ʻia e: Schulz, 1998) ma Austria, ʻo ka nui o ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe o ka hana i ka wā o ka hānai ʻana he 1.7 km / h. I ka manawa like, e hana ana ʻo ia mai 1 i 90 mau papa i hoʻokahi minute, kahi awelika o 39.3. ʻO ka manawa no ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻouka ʻana, ʻokoʻa ka 10.5 a hiki i 720 kekona, e hoʻonui ana i 151.8 mau kekona. ʻO ka manawa, hiki i nā manu ke manuahi i kahi a hiki i ka 12 a i ʻole 20 mau minuke. ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka mea hānai e hana ana he 5.3 pecks i kēlā me kēia minuke, kahi o 4.0 e kūleʻa ana.Ke hānai nei me nā tadpoles a me nā rīlio ʻōpio i ka wai pāpaku ma ka wai o ka muliwai. ʻO Sava ma Croatia pecking frequency ka 5.9 pākēkē, kahi he 2.9 i kūleʻa i waho (Schulz, 1998).

ʻIke pinepine nā manu i ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia. ʻO kekahi manawa ma ka wai maemae i loko o ka wai pāpaku, hoʻohana pū nā ʻōpala keʻokeʻo i ka tactolocation, e like me nā iwi o ke ʻano Mycteria (Luhrl, 1957, Rezanov, 2001). Wahi a nā mākaʻikaʻi o A. G. Rezanov (2001) ma ka hema o Ukraine, ua ʻike ʻia ka wai ʻōpala a me nā pākī papaha me ka hoʻomau ʻole ʻana i ka beak keaka iki. Ua hele ʻo Storks ma ka wai pāpaku, e lawe ana i nā kiʻi 43-89 i kēlā me kēia mau minuke, e hoʻomau mau ana i ka lalo ma mua o lākou. 98.9% o nā mea kani he kani kūwili pololei. ʻO ka helu kūleʻa o ka hānai ʻana he 2.3%.

Hiki i nā ʻalā ke ʻai i nā holoholona make, no ka laʻana, nā iʻa kua keʻokeʻo, a i ʻole nā ​​heihei i pepehi ʻia i ka wā o ka huki ʻana, a ʻai ʻia hoʻi ka ʻōpala. Ma Sepania i nā makahiki 1990 ua kāhea lākou i nā konohiki a ua ʻānai lākou i laila i laila me nā gulls a me nā corvids. ʻO kekahi manu i ka hoʻoilo ma kahi pae ʻāina (Martin, 2002, Tortosa et al., 2002).

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hihia o kleptoparasitism. No laila, i kekahi lā, nānā lākou i kahi ʻohi, e ʻimi nei i ka lele hina i ka lewa, e hoʻāʻo nei e lawe aku i ka kao i loaʻa. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia ʻano pili me ka nele o nā meaʻai (Creutz, 1988). Hiki i ka Storks ke lawe pio i loko o nā loko gulls (Ranner, Szinovatz, 1987).

Mālama ʻo Storks i kēlā me kēia i nā ʻeke. I nā wahi momona i ka meaʻai, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻōpala nui, i kekahi manawa e hōʻea i ka mau tausani o nā kānaka i ka hoʻoilo. Eia kekahi, i nā clusters, piʻi ka pono o ka hānai ʻana i nā mea kuʻuna, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i nā poʻe wīwī a hōʻalu ka manawa ma ka nānā ʻana (Carrascal et al., 1990).

I ka wā hana, nā māla no ka haki, no ka mea kokoke i ka nalo, akā hiki ke lele no ka meaʻai a no kekahi mau kilomita. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o ka hoʻoulu ʻana e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka mamao ma kahi ʻāina nui. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka Elbe ma Kelemānia o ka lōʻihi o ka mamao ma ka pūnaʻu a i nā wahi kaʻina ʻai e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka nui o nā moa i hāpai (Dziewiaty, 1999). Loaʻa ka correlation nui ma waena o ka hapa o nā pile i neʻe a me ka hapa o nā ʻōpala, nā māla wai, a me nā wai wai i loko o ka pūnana wahi nui (Nowakowski, 2003). Wahi a nā nānā ʻana o kekahi o nā nika ma Silesia i Pūlani, lele pinepine nā manu i ka ʻai no nā wahi punahele ʻē aʻe ma ka mamao o 500 a 3,375 m, kahi awelika o 1,900 m (Jakubiec, Szymocski, 2000). ʻO ka nānā ʻana o kekahi wahi ʻē aʻe ma Pomerania ma Polani ʻākau ua hōʻike mai e hānai ana nā lāʻau ma kahi pākeke o 250 hekahi. Ma mua o ka hapalua o nā hihia, ua ʻimi lākou no ka mea pio i nā pūnaewele i makemake ʻia, a ʻo ka 12% wale nō o ka huina. ʻO 65% o ka manawa a lākou e hānai ai i nā nahele a me nā hana ʻai, 24% - ma nā pāʻai a me 11% - i loko o ka loko. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka huakaʻi nui no ka mokulele he 3,600 m, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ka 826 m. I ka 53% o nā hihia, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pua i kahi o 800 m mai ka pūnana. Holo aku lākou a lele loa i ka wā i ulu ai nā pipi. ʻO ka mahalo, ua like ke kāne a me ka wahine i ko lākou makemake, e hānai nui ana i nā wahi like ʻole (Oigo, Bogucki, 1999). Ma Elba, ma 80% o nā hihia, hōʻiliʻili nā ʻōpala i ka meaʻai ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 1 km mai kahi e pili ai i ka ʻanakala (Dziewiaty, 1992). ʻO ka lōʻihi loa ka lōʻihi o ka lele ma hope o ka hānai, ua hoʻoholo ʻia no nā manu kani i Zap. ʻEulopa, he 10 km mamao (Lakeberg, 1995).

ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana o 242 mau ʻai meaʻai i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka wā hōʻiliʻili ʻole ma Ukraine ua hōʻike ʻo nui nā amphibians a me nā pale i mea nui loa i ka puna, a ma ʻAukake, orthoptera a me nā pīpī like ʻole. Mālama ka ʻōpiopio i nā moa nui i nā ʻīlūlima a me nā mea inikua i nā ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana. I nā mea nui, nā orthopterans a me nā pōpoki waiwai nui loa; ma nā mea āpau, ua loaʻa nā lālā o nā ʻohana 19 o nā kauoha he 3 i loko o ka meaʻai (Smogorzhevsky, 1979).

I nā mea pohihihi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka piʻi o luna o Kiev Vdhr. ma Chernihiv wahi, 96.1% o nā ʻāpana o ka huina o ka nui o nā koina arthropod. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa ka mea ʻai no nā holoholona: a hiki i 130 mau holoholona me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi, i loaʻa i ka mea huna. I waena o nā pepeke, coleopterans (35.3%), hymenoptera (21.0%) a me ka lele ʻana o nā caddis i lanakila (19.6%). ʻO Vertebrates wale nō ka hana koʻikoʻi i ka mea kanu (Marisova, Samofalov, Serdyuk, 1992).

Wahi a ka loiloi o 337 mau puʻupuʻu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ke komohana o Belarus i ka makahiki 1986-1992, ua hoʻokumu nā invertebrates i ke kumu o ka ʻai ʻana o ka ʻahu keʻokeʻo - 99% o ka nui o kekahi mau kikoʻī o nā mea meaʻai. Ua lanakila ka nui o nā pīpī a me nā moe ʻaina, nā ʻano nui o nā pīpī lepo e noho ana i ka nui o nā hale, nā ʻōpala. I loko o nā wahi noho, he nui ka hapa o nā mammals liʻiliʻi a me nā mea inikinamu no ka mau biotopes maloʻo (Samusenko, 1994). M.I. Lebedeva (1960) i nā mea pohihihi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka ulu lāʻau ʻo Bialowieza, loaʻa ma waena o 187 mau mea ʻai 80 mau specimens. ʻōpala, 75 - nā pepeke, 24 mau bako, 8 mau mea kanu ola. O nā iniseti, 42 manu kūlima, 20 mau ʻōlima o nā ʻōlima puaʻa a me nā ʻiʻi iʻa aku, 9 bears, 2 mau ʻūlau, 1 mau ʻōpua i loaʻa. Wahi a A.P. ʻŌpio (1957), i loko o kaʻai o nā moa stork keʻokeʻo ma Belovezhskaya Pushcha, ʻo nā vertebrates he 72.5% ma ke paona, 60.6% o lākou he mau baki. Ua like me ka pākuʻina o nā ʻōlohelohe i ka 1% wale nō.

Ma ka ʻāina Kaluga hōʻike ka entomological i nā ʻōpala i kahi noho o nā ʻelele o nā ʻano 17 i pili i 7 ʻohana o ke kauoha Coleoptera (Coleoptera). ʻO nā mea maʻamau o nā mākaʻi o ka ʻohana beetle ground (Carabidae) - 41%. A laila hele mai nā pīpī lamellar (Scarabaeidae) - 22%, nā hydrophores (Hydrophilidae) - 15%, nā kūlohelohe lau (Chrysomelidae) a me nā staphylins (Staphylinidae) - 7% i kēlā me kēia, nā pīpī make (Dytiscidae) a me ka moss (Anthribidae) - 4% kēlā me kēia. ʻO nā ʻano o nā pīpī ka nui o nā ʻōpala o nā ʻōpala a me nā maloʻo nā kaona, a me nā ʻano anthropogen, a he ʻano o ka ʻona o ka ʻāina - 44%, nā loko wai liʻiliʻi a me nā puddles, a i nā kukupa manuʻala - 19% kēlā me kēia, e hahai ʻia e nā pāwi ʻāhiu, nā ʻāina noho a noho ʻia. ma ka mea kanu, a me ka poʻe e noho ana ma nā keʻa like ʻole a me ka ola ʻana ma luna o nā ʻili a me nā lau - 7% kēlā me kēia. Ma ka māhele Tver ua kuhi ʻia nā ʻelele o nā ʻohana pīʻaka ma 7 i ka meaʻai, ka hapanui o lākou he lamellar a me nā piʻupaʻa ʻāina (61.3%) (Nikolaev, 2000).

Ma Mazuria ma Polani, he 669 mau huipulu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, 97.3% ka mea i koe (he mau moho haneli (nā mākaʻi o nā ʻohana Carabidae, Silphidae, Dytiscidae, Scarabeidae ua hoʻomōla ʻia), 72.2% - nā mamela liʻiliʻi (ka nui mau moles, nā kiʻi a me nā voles), 1,6% - nā mollusks, 1.0% - nā manu liʻiliʻi, 0.7% - nā amphibians. ʻO ka kahele ʻana o nā pepeke i loko o ka meaʻai ka mea nui loa i loko o nā māla i ka wā e ulu ana i nā hua kanu a me nā alfalfa a ma ka ʻū ʻana i nā ʻōpala a me nā māla ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, a ʻoi ke kiʻekiʻe i nā mahina ʻai ʻōpala (Pinowski et al., 1991). Ma Austria, i ka wā hana, ua lanakila ka nui o nā ʻōpū lele (67.7%) a me nā pīpī (24.1%) i ka meaʻai, a me nā vertebrates (55.5%), ka nui o ka rodents liʻiliʻi (33.2%), i lanakila ma ke kaupaona. I waena o nā mea inikini, nā ʻōpala i makemake ʻia i nā ʻūhini, nā ʻōpala ʻāina, nā kolo lau, a me nā pīpī lamela. I nā lāʻ Aprilpelila-Iune ʻoi aku ka ʻokoʻa o ka ʻai, me ka nui o nā koina liʻiliʻi; i Iulai-ʻAukake, ʻona nui a Orthopterans (Sackl, 1987). ʻO kaʻai ʻana o nā pua o ke kauwela o nā manu ʻole no ka hānai manu ʻana i ka nahele ma Polakelia i lanakila ʻia e nā iniseti (83%), ka nui o nā pīpī, nā mammale liʻiliʻi e nā biomass, nui nā voles (58%), nā pepeke (22%) a me nā ʻōiwi (11.5%) ) (Antczak et al., 2002). Hōʻike nā haʻawina ma Helene i ka nui o ka ʻai ʻana i nā meaʻai i loko o nā ʻano kai like ʻole, akā nā nēnū, ka mua ka nui o nā orthoptera a me nā pīpī, ua lanakila ʻia ma nā wahi āpau (Tsachalidis and Goutner, 2002).

Hiki i ka meaʻai o ke ʻano keʻe ʻana mai kēlā me kēia makahiki i kēia makahiki, e kūlike ana i nā kūlana o ka wā. No laila, ma Kelemania i ka makahiki 1990, i ka manawa e neʻe ai i ka nui o nā kiʻi like-mouse, i helu ai ka hope no 59.1 a 68% o ka nui o ka meaʻai i ʻelua mau wahi i lawe ʻia ai nā haʻawina, a i ka 1991 wale nō 3.6 a me 3. 8%. I loko o kahi nīnū 1991, ua lanakila ka wīwī i ka meaʻai - 50 a me 61.6% e ka paona (Thomsen a me Struwe, 1994). Ma ka hema o Kelemania i nā makahiki like ʻole, ʻo ka nui o ka paona o nā ʻōpū o ke kai i loko o ka ʻai ʻana o ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo mai ana i ka 28.9 a i ka 84%, ka ʻakaʻala mai 8.9 a 28.5%, ka leki - 0 i 51.9%, rodents - mai 1,5 a i ka 55.2%, nā baki - mai 1.2 a 5.4% (Lakeberg, 1995).

ʻO kekahi o nā hui nui o nā iniseti e ʻai nui ana i ka ʻōpala keʻokeʻo ʻo Orthoptera, ʻo nā ʻūlū ma mua. ʻO ia ka mea nui i loko o ka papaʻai i nā wahi hoʻoilo ma ʻAmelika, a no laila, i ka ʻōlelo a kekahi poʻe Aferika, ua kapa ʻia ka ʻahu keʻokeʻo i ka "manu ʻōpala."Hiki i nā ʻōpio ke ʻai i nā ʻūhini he nui, i kekahi manawa he nui ka mea hiki ʻole ke lele ke lele. I ka wā o kahi ʻūhā lele i kūʻē iā Hortobad ma Hungary i ka makahiki 1907, aia ka nui o nā spekensia he 1,000 i loaʻa i loko o ka hana ʻana o kahi o nā māla i ʻohi ʻia. ʻūhini. ʻO ka ʻōpū o ka manu a me ka esophagus i piha i ka ʻāʻī. He 1,600 ka ʻūlū ʻūlū he loaʻa i loko o kekahi o nā mea holo ʻōpala (Schenk, 1907). Wahi a ka mea kākau hope, he ʻohana hipa 100 mau mea e hiki ai ke luku i kahi 100 tausani kope i ka lā. kēia mau pōʻino weliweli. Ma nā pūnaewele hānai, hōʻino kekahi ʻōpū keʻokeʻo i kahi nui o nā mea mahiʻai, ʻo ka bear (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa), nā manu, a me nā wireworms. Wahi a A.P. ʻO Nettle (1957), ma Belovezhskaya Pushcha, i loko o kaʻai o nā kao, ʻo nā bea i hoʻolālā ʻia i 8% ma ka helu a ma aneane 14% ma ke paona. Ma ka moku Masurian ma Polani, 31% o nā hemo i loaʻa nā koena o ka wireworms, 14% - nā weevils, 16% - kahi bear (Pinowska et al., 1991). I Komohana. I Wīwī, ʻo ka meaʻai i lawe ʻia e nā puhipiki i hānai ʻia e nā ʻiole a me nā bears (Barbraud a me Barbraud, 1998).

Ke mālama ʻia nei i ke pio ʻana, pono ka ʻai o kēlā me kēia lā i kahi kanaka hānai pakeke mai ka 300 g i ka manawa mahana i ka 500 g i ka hoʻoilo. Pono kahi manu i ka 110-130 kg i kēlā me kēia makahiki (Bloesch, 1982). ʻO ke koi o ka ikehu i kēlā me kēia lā i kahi kīkoi e hānai ana i kā lākou mau pōpoki ua helu ʻia ma ka 4,660 kJ. Hāʻawi ka nui i ka nui o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka 1,4 kg o nā ʻōpala, 1,044 g o nā baki a i ʻole 742 g o nā rodents liʻiliʻi (Profus, 1986). Wahi a nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe, ua ʻai ke kīpeka me 1-2 mau keiki hipa e pili ana i ka 5200 kJ (B5hning-Gaese, 1992). Ma ka muliwai Sava ma Kroasia, he mau ʻanā i kau ʻia ka nui o ka 1,4 kg o ka ʻai i kēlā me kēia lā no ka poʻe keiki puaʻa i ka makahiki o 3-6 mau wiki (Schulz, 1998), ma Kelemania (ʻo nā makahiki o nā keiki aloha he 3-8 mau pule) - 1.2 kg (Struwe, Thomsen, 1991).

No ka ʻono keʻokeʻo, ʻo ka mea iʻoi aku ka maikaʻi loa i nā hua o ka ikehu he vertebrates. I nā hale haʻahaʻa, maʻamau kēia mau amphibians. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ka ʻāina a me nā hana hydraulic, ua emi nui ko lākou helu i nā ʻāina he nui. No laila, ʻo ka ʻai o nā ʻaina o ke ʻano i ʻike ʻia ma ka Swiss Jura ma 2/3 i loaʻa he mau ʻōpala, helu ʻia ka vertebrates he 0.4% wale nō (Wermeille a Biber, 2003). I kēlā mau kūlana, ke piʻi nui nā rodents no nā lāʻau. ʻO nā mea nānā i ke awāwa o ka muliwai. Ua hōʻike ʻo Obras ma ke komohana o Polani i ka holomua o ka holomua ʻoi a ʻo ka nui o nā nupu i noho mau ʻia i nā makahiki me ka nui o ka vole maʻamau (Microtus arvalis) (Tryjanowski, Kuzniak, 2002).

ʻO nā ʻenemi, nā mea pōʻino

ʻO ka ʻili keʻokeʻo he mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe. ʻO nā manu nui o ka mea make, nā corvids, nā martens e hiki ke hoʻopau i ka nests. E lilo nā manu makua i ka pā kaua ʻana e ka ʻaeto, nā ʻeto, nā wānana he ʻehā nui - nā ʻalopeke, nā ʻīlio pōkole, nā ʻīlio, a me nā mea. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka make ʻana o ka hapanui o nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e pili ana a i ʻole e pili ana i ke kanaka.

ʻO nā laina mana ke kuleana no ka make. I ka makahiki 1986-1989 Ma Ukraine, mailoko mai o 489 o nā make o nā pā pākeke me kahi kumu ʻike ʻia, ʻo 64.0% ka mau laina mana. I waena o nā mea i hōʻeha ʻia o nā mana mana, ua make ʻo 80.8% i nā poli mai ka pehu uila a ʻo ka 19.2% i paʻe i nā uaea. ʻO ka pōʻino nui loa i nā laina mana no nā ʻōpiopio manuahi lele pōpoki: 72.8% o nā make i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻala i haʻalele ʻē i ka nalo. Ma ka lua kahi i luku kū ʻia ai e ka poʻe - 12,7%. Ua make ʻo 8,8% o nā kumulāʻau ma muli o nā paio o ka moʻo a ma ka wā o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā hipa ma mua o ka lele ʻana, 7.6% ma muli o ke ʻano pōʻino o ka wā, ʻo 2.9% ma muli o nā mea make manuahi, 1.6% ma muli o nā mea hōʻeha. me ka halihali, 1,2% - ma muli o nā maʻi, 0,8% - mai nā mea wānana, 0.4% - ma muli o ka hāʻule i nā paipu nui. No laila, ʻo ka huina, nā kumu i pili ʻole i ka hana a ke kanaka, ʻo 18.4% wale nō i make i ka stef. ʻO ke kumu nui no ka make ʻana o nā moa (742 mau hihia me kahi kumu i ʻike ʻia) ʻo ia ka hoʻolalelele ʻana i nā moa a ko lākou mau mākua mai nā mea honu. Uku ia ma 41.9%. Ua make ʻo 20.2% o nā moa ma muli o ke ʻano o ka pōʻino o ka wā, ʻo 12.9% - no ka hāʻule ʻana o nā nests, 7% - i ka wā hakakā ma waena o nā moʻo makua ma nā hiona, 6.2% - luku ʻia e nā kānaka, 4,5% - ma muli o no ka puhi ʻana i nā ʻuʻuku, ʻo 2.7% ma muli o ka make ʻana o nā mākua, ua make wale kahi o 2.0% mai nā mea wīwī, 1.5% ua ʻala ʻia, 1.1% make ma muli o nā mea i lawe ʻia mai i ka pale (Grishchenko, Gaber, 1990).

Ma ka ʻāina Kaluga ʻokoʻa ke kiʻi. Wahi a nā ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka makahiki 1960-99, ke kumu nui o ka make ʻana o nā manu makua ua poni. Wahi a 74% o nā hihia me kahi kumu paʻa o ka make (n = 19). Ma 21% o nā hihia, ua make nā manu ma nā laina mana, 1 ka manawa i make ai ka manu makua i ka wā o ka hakakā no kahi pūnana me nā mea ʻē aʻe.ʻO ke kumu nui o ka make o nā pū me ka pili ʻana i nā kamaʻilio uila: mai ke kahalaha ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohālikelike a me nā pā kiaʻi waipapa, a me ka paiahi pahu uila. ʻO kekahi mau hihia o ka nalowale ʻana o nā manu ʻōpio ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i nā nests, e pili ana paha i ka poaching. ʻO kēlā mau ʻanoʻokoʻa i pili i ka ʻike i loko o nā āina i ulu ʻia e ka lāʻau stace, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano o nā kānaka e pili ana iā lākou. ʻO nā hihia a pau o ka luku ʻana i nā ʻuʻuku i ʻike ʻia. No laila, ua luku ʻia ka pūnana mua ma Mordovia e nā poʻe kamaʻāina no ka hopohopo e hoʻopōʻino nā mea kanu i nā mea kanu o nā kukama (Lapshin, Lysenkov, 1997). Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Nizhny Novgorod ke kumu nui o ka make pepeke i ka hōʻino kanaka (Bakka, Bakka, Kiseleva, 2000). ʻO ka luku ʻia o nā manu pākē a me ka wā o ka nolo i ʻike ʻia ai ma ka hikina o Turkmenistan, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ai nā ʻōpio i nā pale. (Belousov, 1990). Eia nō naʻe, i loko o ia mau wahi kahi e noho ai ka keaka keʻokeʻo no kahi manawa lōʻihi, ʻo ke ʻano o ke kamaʻāina kūloko e huli ana i ia i ua pōʻino loa. Hōʻike ʻia kēia i ka liʻiliʻi ma kahi o ka hapa kiʻekiʻe o ka luku ʻia ʻana e nā manu e nā poʻe ma waena o ke kumu o ka make a me ka luku ʻana i nā nests ma nā kākoʻo o nā laina mana.

Mawaena o nā kumu o ka make o nā moa, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, ma ka mua o ka makua makua. Hoʻokahi kahi hapa nui o nā moa mai loko aku o nā nests a i ʻole hoʻi e ʻai ʻia e nā ʻōpala pakeke. No laila, ma Belovezhskaya Pushcha aneane 30% o nā pālua i kiola ʻia, a i kekahi manawa ua luku ʻia nā pipi pipi āpau (Fedyushin, Dolbyk, 1967). I Sepania, ua nānā ʻia ka infantide ma ka 18.9% o nā nest i ʻike ʻia. I nā hiʻohiʻona āpau, hoʻolei ʻia ka moa palupalu. ʻO ka makahiki maʻamau o nā paʻila heʻe he 7.3 mau lā (Tortosa a me Redondo, 1992). ʻO ka maʻamau, pili kēia hana me ka nele o ka hānai. Wahi a D. Lack (1957), ʻo ka hana o ka hōʻino ʻana i kahi hapa o nā hua i kau ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​kahu honu mea pono ia e lawe ai i ka nui o ka ʻohana e like me ka nui o ka meaʻai i loaʻa. ʻO ka manaʻo nui o ka infantide keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e noʻonoʻo ana i ka pili me ka nalowale o ka siblicide a me ka hoʻokūkū no ka meaʻai ma nā broods. Lawe mai nā mākua i nā waihona liʻiliʻi, a ʻaʻole hiki i nā moa nui ke hoʻokuʻi. ʻAʻole make ʻo nā kahu nāwaliwali iā lākou iho, "pono ​​e luku ʻia e kā lākou mau mākua (Tog-tosa, Redondo, 1992, Zielicski, 2002).

ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kahi kūlana like i ka wā ma mua. USSR, akā aia nō hoʻi ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hapanui o nā māla ʻelemakule e make i nā laina mana, ʻo nā laina mana weliweli loa no nā ʻōpiopio, nā manu e lele ʻino nei. Hoʻomaopopo kēia i ka Bulgaria (Nankin, 1992), Kelemona (Riegel, Winkel, 1971, Fiedler, Wissner, 1980), Sepania (Garrido, Femandez-Cruz, 2003), Polani (Jakubiec, 1991), Slovakia (Fulin, 1984), ʻO Switzerland (Moritzi, Spaar, Biber, 2001). Ma kahi o 116 mau keikikoa make ma East Germany ma East Germany, 55.2% ua neʻe e ko lākou mau mākua, 20.7% i make no ka hāʻule ʻana i nā hiu, a ʻo 9.5% i make mai ka hypothermia (Zollick, 1986). Ma nā ala mokulele a ma nā wahi hoʻoilo, nā kumu nui o ka make ʻana o ka ʻāhā a pana a me nā ʻano e hōʻino ʻia e nā poʻe, make i nā laina mana, a me nā mea make manu ʻole (Schulz, 1988). Inā make nā tausani mau kaila migratory i kahi wahi me ka pūnaewele o nā laina mana, he nui ka poʻe o ka poʻe i make i ka manawa like (Nankinov, 1992).

I ka nui o nā ʻāina Aferika, he mau kuʻuna keʻokeʻo ka manu keʻokeʻo. E like me ka hoʻi ʻana mai o nā apo, ma Sev. a me Komohana. Nā ʻApelika, e pili ana iā 80% o nā make i ka pate. Wahi a nā helu a H. Schulz (1988), i ka 1980s. 510 tausani mau pua i pana ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo 4-6 he mau tausani ma Lebanona.

Hiki i ka make nui o nā pua ke hoʻoulu ʻia e nā hanana hanana pōpilikia - nā ʻino, ka nui o ka huahekili, etc. Ma ʻAukake 5, 1932, kokoke i kahi kauhale ma ka ʻūlū o Bulgaria, i ka wā o ka huahekili he nui (ua hāʻule nā ​​ʻolika o ka hau mai ka lani a i ka hapalua kilokilo ma ke kaupaona ʻana!), Aneane 200 mau kino i make a ma kahi o hoʻokahi mau mea i koe me nā wāwae haki a me nā ʻēheu (Schumann, 1932). I ka makahiki 1998, ma nā kauhale ʻelua o ka ʻāina Lviv. aneane aneane hui āpau i 19 mau hae nalo i make i ka wā nui o ka ua (Gorbulshska et al., 2004).Ma muli o ka hōʻeha nui hiki ke hoʻihoʻi i ka wā anuanu ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana o nā pua. No laila, i ka makahiki 1962 ma ka pae o Lviv. haneri haneli o ka poʻe i make ma muli o ka hau a me ka hoʻoilo ma ke kolu o ka makahiki o Malaki (Cherkashchenko, 1963).

ʻO kekahi manawa make ka poʻe moa e ʻānai e ʻānai i nā mea i lawe ʻia e ko lākou mau mākua. ʻO ka mea hoʻohālikelike, aia kekahi hihia o ka make o kahi koʻikoʻi, e hōʻā ana i kahi nahesa (Kuppler, 2001). ʻO ka pōʻino o nā moa kekahi mau mea i lawe ʻia e nā mākua i ka pili

Hiki i ka maʻa keʻokeʻo ke lilo i pilikia o ka kleptoparasitism. No ka laʻana, ma ka Dnieper ma Cherkasy faritra. ʻIke akula mākou i kahi hihia o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i kahi ʻaeto keʻokeʻo (Haliaeetus albicilla) e lele ana ma luna o kahi kahawai. Hoʻokū ʻo ka ʻōpū i kāna mea i pio, kahi i kāʻili ai ka ʻaeto i ʻelua mau iʻa mai ka ihu o ka wai (Loparev, 1997).

Hoʻokomo nā mea maikaʻi i nā loli i ke kaila e hiki mai ana i nā makahiki i hala. ʻO nā hale e pili ana i nā hale e pili ana a me ka pūlima, kahi e ʻona nui ai nā hale, a aneane pau loa mai nā kauhale. ʻO ka nui o nā lāʻau kahiko e kūpono i ka pili ʻana i nā noho. Ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ka ʻāina hoʻōla, ke kāʻili wai ʻana i nā waikahe wai e nā kai ʻai, hōʻino ʻole i ke kahe ʻana o ka wai hoʻokaʻina o nā wai wai e hōʻemi ai i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā meaʻai. He mea kūpono kēia no nā ʻāina he nui o ke Komohana. 'O Europe, kahi e pono ai i nā mea kanu kūikawā e hānai i nā hana. ʻO kēia manawa, ua hoʻohui hou kekahi pilikia - ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka'āpana i nā wahi kai a me nā kīlei i nā wahi he nui o ka Hikina. ʻEulopa a me Kauka. ʻO Asia ma muli o ka lilo o ka hoʻokele waiwai. ʻO ka hoʻonui hoʻonui ʻia o ka mahiʻai i ke kumu o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā pesticides i loko o nā kaulahao meaʻai, kahi e make ai nā maʻi a me nā maʻi i nā manu. Hōʻike ʻia kēia i kahi ākea nui loa i nā wahi hoʻoilo, kahi e hana ʻia ai ka hakakā kūloko me nā ʻūlini a me nā mea mahi ʻai ʻē aʻe, e lilo nei i meaʻai nui no nā pupu.

Ma Central Asia, ka mea nui e hoʻopilikia ai i nā loli i ka nohona a me ka nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻāina hou no nā mea kanu huaʻai me ka nui o ka mākaʻi ʻōpala, hāʻule i nā kumulāʻau i nā awāwa kahawai, kahe waʻa, a me nā hōʻemi i ka māla o ka mahiʻai. Ma muli o ka hoʻonuiʻana o nā mahina, ua ʻoki ʻia nā kāʻei kaua nui. ʻAʻole kōkua nā mea hoʻonaʻauao o kēia wā a me nā ʻenekau ʻana i ke kau ʻana i ka pili o ka keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma nā wahi e noho nei (Sagitov, 1990, Sernazarov et al., 1992).

Ke Lūkini, kahi mea koʻikoʻi e kaupalena ana i ka helu o nā pakanalelna ʻo ka luku ʻana i nā nests ma nā hale pule e pili ana i ko lākou hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana, ma nā pou telegraph a me nā hale kiaʻi kaha i ka wā e mālama ai i nā kamaʻilio uila, a me ka hemo ʻana o nā hale kiaʻi wai no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma kahi wahi hou a i ʻole ka mea keleawe. Ke hoʻoweliweli nei ka hopena o ka hope, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o ka pūʻulu keʻokeʻo a ka Lūkini keʻokeʻo i nalo i nā hale kiaʻi wai.

ʻO nā kumu hewa ʻole ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o ke ʻano kūpono i ka ʻōpū keʻokeʻo o ke kaiāulu, a me ka nalowale o nā kuʻuna kahiko. No laila, lawe ʻia ma ka wahi o Kiev. hōʻike ka loiloi i kahi mahele nui o ka lahui o nā kaiāulu ʻaʻole wale nō i ʻike pehea e huki ai i kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e nalo, akā ʻaʻole makemake nō hoʻi e loaʻa kahi pū ʻai ma ka pāʻai (Grishchenko et al., 1992). ʻOiai ʻo ka hele ʻana o kahi pūnana i manaʻo ʻia i mua he kālau nui, ka huki ʻana i kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e nalo ai kekahi o nā mea o ke ao agrarian kahiko (Grishchenko, 19986, 2005). Ma Uzbekistan, ua manaʻo ʻia ka manu keʻokeʻo i manu manuahi, akā i kēia manawa ua komo ka nui o nā kānaka ma kekahi mau wahi i ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā ʻuʻuku a ʻohiʻili ʻana i nā hua (Sagitov, 1990).

I ka hema o Ukraine, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ʻōpū keʻokeʻo i nā ʻano helminths: Dyctimetra discoidea, Chaunocephalus ferox, Tylodelphys excavata, Tōnekisisi tricolor (Kornyushin et al., 2004).

Ma kahi o 70 mau makana o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā iniseti, he keu nā mea kiki (Coleoptera) i ʻike ʻia ma nā nīnū o nā ʻōpū keʻokeʻo (Hicks, 1959).

ʻO ka waiwai waiwai, pale

Hoʻopau ka keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i kahi helu lehulehu o nā mea mahiʻai, ʻoi aku nā inika a me nā rodents. Ua kaulana ākea ʻo ia me kekahi o nā mea mālama ʻūlū ikaika. Hiki i ka ʻona ke hana i kahi pōʻino i ka iʻa a me ka hopu, ʻai i nā iʻa, nā moa, nā manu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka pōʻino o ka lawaiʻa e hana wale ʻia ma kahi e hana nui ai nā manaʻo nui a i ʻole a loaʻa ʻole nā ​​meaʻai ʻē aʻe (ma ka laʻana, ma nā kīhāpai iʻa ma Israel). I nā ʻāina o ka Hikina. ʻEulopa a me Kauka. I Asia, he ʻulua kēia hana.

ʻO ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo he hoa noho lōʻihi o ke kāne, aia kona ʻano nui ʻē aʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā manu ʻoluʻolu loa a mahalo ʻia o nā lāhui he nui. Hoʻokumu ʻia kāna moʻomeheu i nā wā kahiko, ʻoi aku paha ma hope koke o ke kū ʻana mai o kahi ʻenekele hana (Grishchenko, 19986, 2005). ʻO Stork kahi mea maikaʻi maikaʻi no ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ka hāpai ʻana, e mālama i ke kōkua o kekahi kanaka, e hoʻopilikia maoli i ka manaʻo o nā poʻe e noho kokoke ana. Ke pale nei i ka ʻāʻī, ua kūpono i ka propaganda hoʻoikaika a me ka hana wehewehe wehewehe, ka mea hou o ka moʻomeheu kahiko o ka kōkua ʻana i kēia manu. Eia kekahi, ma muli o ka loaʻa nui o ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i kahi nui o ka poʻe i nā hana kaiāulu. ʻO ka nui o nā kaʻina ʻepekema nui a me nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha, no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka lawelawe ʻo "Leleka" ("Stork") a me "Year of the White Stork" (Grishchenko, 1991, 1991, Grishchenko et al., 1992), i alakaʻi ʻia ma Ukraine. ʻO nā hana pānaʻi ʻelua a me nā kōkua pono i ke kūkulu hou ʻana i mea nui no ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i nā manu ma nā wahi hou.

Ua papa inoa ʻia ke White Stork ma loko o nā Red Red o Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, a ma ka Russian Federation i ka Red Books of Karelia, Mordovia, Chechnya, Krasnodar a me Stavropol Territory, Belgorod, Volgograd, Kaluga, Kirov, Lipetsk, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, , Tver a me kekahi mau wahi.

Nā hiʻohiʻona kino

ʻO ke ʻūlū nui kūlou i ke kino o kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo 100-115 cm mai ke kihi o ka beak a hiki i ka hopena o ka huelo, ke kaupaona ʻana - 2,5 - 4.4 kg, nā manu ākea 195 - 215 cm. ʻO ka melanin pigment a me nā carotenoids i loko o kaʻai i nā leʻa e hāʻawi i kahi kala ʻeleʻele.

p, ka mea pā 4,0,0,0,0,0 ->

ʻO nā poʻo ke keokeo ka lōʻihi i kuhikuhi i nā palahalaha ʻulaʻula, nā wāwae wāwae ʻulaʻula me nā manamana lima ʻāpana, a me ka ʻāʻī lahilahi a lōʻihi. He ʻulaʻula ʻeleʻele ko lākou mau maka, ke kahakaha nei nā ʻili a like nā kui. ʻO nā kāne a me nā wahine ke nānā like like, nui nā kāne. ʻO nā lōʻihi ka ʻahu ma ka umauma e lōʻihi a hana i kahi ʻano o ka pad i hoʻohana ai nā manu i ka wā o nā ʻaʻi.

p, ka mea i hōʻea ʻia,0,0,0,0 ->

Ma nā ʻēheu lōʻihi a ākea hoʻi, he keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e hāloʻe wikiwiki i ka lewa. Holo mālie nā manu i kā lākou mau eheu. E like me ka hapa nui o ka wai, e hāloi ana i ka lewa, ke nānā nei nā ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo: ua kiko i nā ʻāʻī lōʻihi ma mua o ka lihi o ka ʻoi. Hōʻalo lākou i nā ʻēheu nunui ākea ʻole a hoʻopakele i ka ikaika.

p, ka mea i pīhoihoi 6.0,0,0,0,0 ->

Ma ka ʻāina, e hele mālie kekahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a pōloli, e hoʻolōʻihi ana i kona poʻo i luna. Ma ka hoʻomaha, hoʻomaha ka poʻo i kona poʻohiwi. Hōʻea ka hulu manu huakaʻi i kēlā me kēia makahiki; i ka wā e ulu ai ka ulu a ulu.

p, ka mea pā 7,1,0,0,0 ->

Ma nā wahi e makemake ai i nā papa keʻokeʻo e makemake ai i ka hale

Nā ke keʻena keʻokeʻo e koho i nā noho:

p, paukiki 8,0,0,0,0 ->

• kahawai
• kahawai
• kahawai
• ʻōpala.

ʻO nā pale keʻokeʻo kahi hilahila mai nā wahi i ulu nui ʻia me nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe a me nā kumulāʻau.

p, ka mea pā 9,0,0,0,0 ->

Kakele keʻokeʻo ma ka lele

ʻAno meaʻai

Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōpū keʻokeʻo i ka lā, makemake nui e hānai i nā pā liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻāina mahiʻai, ma nā wahi nahele. ʻO ka ʻōpū keʻokeʻo he wahi kai e hoʻoneʻe a hānai iā:

p, ka mea pā 10,0,0,1,0 ->

• poʻe māhiti
• Iihilihi
• nā nahesa
• baki
• pepona
• iʻa
• nā manu liʻiliʻi
• mama.

p, ka mea pā 11,0,0,0,0 ->