Nā bakiʻa (Rana temporaria) - kahi mākaʻi o ka ʻohana o nā mau bako maoli (Ranidae). He amphibian nui kēia: a ʻike ka amphibian i ka 10 cm. He nui ka kino, ke poʻo nui kona poʻo. Hiki i ka kala Amphibian keʻokeʻo mai ka beige a iʻa. ʻO nā wahi pōkole o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻāpana, a me nā tubercles hoʻi, e pālahalaha ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kino. He māmā ka ʻōpū, me kahi hāmi melemele a iʻa paha. Pahu ʻia kahi wahi keʻokeʻo e pili ana i ka pihi o ka maka ma o ka eardrum a hiki i ke kumu o ka mua.
I nā kāne, ʻoi aku ka lohi ʻana o ka polu, nā kihi o nā resonator e pili ana i nā kihi o ka waha. I ka wā pana, ua ʻōlelo lākou i nā calluses kālele ma ka manamana lima mua, a ke hoʻololi iki nō hoʻi i ka kala - ʻo nā ʻaoʻao o luna e lilo ka mama.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona, ua like ka piʻuluʻu nahele me nā mea ākea ʻē aʻe - ʻo ka huaʻa i koi ʻia. Akā, e nānā pono, maʻalahi lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo kā kāua kaona wahine nona ka moʻo moʻo a kahi o ka mea hānai, ʻo ka lua, ʻo ia ka nui o ke ʻano nui, a ʻo ke kolu kekahi, ma ka ʻōpū o kona poʻo i hoʻohālikelike ai i ka ʻulaʻulaʻeleʻele ʻulaʻula. Eia kekahi, ʻo kā mākou heroine he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kūloko.
ʻO kahi mauʻa kaʻa Frog
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia amphibian ma ʻEulopa, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o ka Iberian Peninsula. Loaʻa ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Scandinavia a hele pololei ma ka ʻākau ma mua o nā amphibians āpau. Ma ka ʻāpana ʻĀina o Rūsia ma ka ʻĀkau i hōʻea ke kahakai o ke Kaiʻula. Aia ka palena hikina i ka palena i lalo o ka Pae o Irtysh, ma ke kūkulu hema - a i nā wahi o ka waena waena o Volga.
Noho ʻo Amphibian kokoke i nā biotypes āpau, akā makemake ʻo ia i nā pinepine coniferous, deciduous a me nā ʻano ulu like ʻole. Ma ka palena o kona ʻāpana, ua loaʻa a kū i loko o ka ʻōpala a me nā ʻanuʻu. Nohoʻo ia i ka mahiʻai - nā māla, nā māla, nā māla a me nā māla. Piʻi nā mauna e 3,000 mau kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ke kai.
E like me nā amphibians ʻē aʻe, hoʻāʻo ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpala e pale i nā wai wai paʻakai a ʻaʻole hiki ke ola i kahi lā i loko o ka wai, ka paʻakai o ka hōʻea ʻo 0.07%.
Kāleu ʻōpiopio i loko o ke ʻano
Hoʻopau loa kēia mau ampite i ka hapa nui o ko lākou ola ma ka ʻāina, akā hoʻāʻo lākou e pale i nā wahi maloʻo. Pono nā puna paʻakai wale nō i ka wā moe, ʻoiai ke ʻike pinepine ʻia lākou ma kahi o ka wai a i loko o ka wai a ma hope o ka wā hānau.
Pēlā ʻo Polaka i nā pale no nā māla loloa o nā mea kanu, nā lāʻau make, nā pōhaku, nā mea ʻole ʻole i ka lepo: ma lalo o lākou e hūnā mai i nā ʻenemi a me nā lā ʻino.
E like me ke kānāwai, noho kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka wahi hoʻokahi no kekahi mau makahiki: ma kāna pūnaewele ua ʻike ka ʻaka me nā wahi a pau i kūpono no ka lawaiʻa, hale a me ka hoʻoilo.
No ka hana o kahi mauʻu, he mea nui loa ka haʻalulu. ʻAʻole pinepine a hiki i ka hālāwai i ke kakahiaka a i ka lā mahana hoʻi. ʻO ka hana ikaika i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ke ahiahi a me ka pō. I ke kauwela, inā ʻaʻohe ua no ka manawa lōʻihi, a maloʻo ka ʻāina, ʻaʻohe mea hiki ke loaʻa ma kahi o ke kanaka hoʻokahi i ka nahele. Akā e pono e ua a hāʻule paha i hāʻule i ka hau plentiful, he nui nā mea o lākou.
ʻAʻole e kaupalena ka wai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka hana o nā rīpī mauʻu: a hiki i ka 2-3 ° C ua ikaika lākou, ʻoiai ke ʻoluʻolu nā amphibians i kahi mahana o ke 17-20 ° C.
Hoʻoikaika ia kēia mau amphibians i hoʻomaka me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana maʻamau. Ke waiho nei ka poʻe'ōpio i ka hoʻoilo ma mua o ka wā pākeke, hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma Nowemapa, inā ʻaʻole i hoʻemi ʻia ka mahana ma loko o ke ao ma mua o 0 ° C.
He aha kēia mea no ke awakea?
ʻO ka mālama ʻana o ka rana mauʻu e hilinaʻi nei i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻāina kahi i noho ai lākou. ʻAi lākou i ka invertebrates a me nā ʻāina. He nui nā manuʻe lele e lele nei i ka papa o kēia mau amphibians, ʻoiai ke ʻimi nei lākou i ka pōʻeleʻele, i ka wā he nui wale nā manu lele e lele nei. Ma ka palena ʻākau o ka awāwa, hoʻolaʻa lākou i kā lākou ʻaina me nā meaola aku.
ʻAʻole ka like o ka ikaika o ka meaʻai i nā manawa like ʻole o ka makahiki. No laila, i ka wā hoʻoulu, nānā lākou i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "mating season".
Nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻoilo
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hānau ʻana o nā rīne mau maʻa he 180 mau lā: no nā amphibians e noho ana i ko mākou mau latitude, he manawa pōkole kēia.
Hiki i ka ʻepekopa ke hoʻomohala aku ʻaʻole ma ka ʻāina wale nō, akā ma ka puʻu o nā wahi hoʻopukapula, e makemake ana i nā waikahe kahe kahe, nā lewa a me nā pā kele. Maʻaleʻa ke ʻano o ka ʻōpū Amphibians i nā loko, nā loko, a me nā muliwai nui. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā wai wai i ka make o nā sah. Eia kekahi, i loko o nā kaila pohihihi ma lalo o ka hau, ua nui ka make - mai ka nele o ka oxygen, make nā mea ola a pau. Hiki pū i nā ʻōpio ke make no nā waipuna wai. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻōpio ʻAmibia i ka ʻāina i nā pā o nā ʻūmona i hiki ke loaʻa i ka hopena pōʻino - ʻo ka manawa pinepine lākou ʻaʻole ia e ola i ka hau a me ka hau hau hau.
Ma lalo o ka wai, moe ke "amphibian" i kahi kūlana kūikawā: ua paʻa nā wāwae a me ka alo, i huli "i nā ʻūpihi" i waho, me he mea lā e uhi ana i kona poʻo. I ka manawa like, ʻoi nā "pāma" i ʻulaʻulaʻula mai ka hoʻomohala ʻana mai o kahi kelepa paʻa o nā kahe koko i ko lākou pa. Palapala i ka hoʻoilo ma lalo o ka wai i kekahi manawa ke neʻe a puni a loaʻa i kekahi mea e ʻai ai.
Hiki i kekahi mau huaʻōlelo ke hiamoe ma kahi hoʻokahi: i ka manawa hānau mua lākou, akā ʻo ka hoʻoilo, ke ʻano o 20-30 mau kanaka, he maʻamau a maʻamau i kekahi mau makahiki a hiki i nā helu he mau haneli.
Nā Moho
I ke ola o kēia mau baki, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻia nā ʻano ʻano hana like 3. ʻO ka mua, ʻo kēia kahi neʻe i kēia makahiki i nā wahi kanu a me ka wīwī, ka lua, hele aku ka lūlū o ka metamorphose hou i noho i ko lākou wahi noho, a i ke kolu, hele i nā kau hoʻoilo.
Hiki i nā raka ke hōʻuluʻulu i nā wahi hoʻoilo hoʻoilo, e uhi ana i ka mamao o 1.5 km i hoʻokahi lā. I kekahi manawa i ka wā lūlū hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i kahi nui o ka amphibians i nā wahi kokoke i ko lākou hoʻoilo hoʻoilo, ma ke kapa o nā kahawai, ma nā ʻāina,
Hoʻomaka
Hele nā rana ʻōpala i nā wai wai no ka waiho ʻana i nā hua i ka manawa mua. I ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻomau i ko lākou lāhui, ua haʻalele lākou i ko lākou mau wahi maʻamau a lanakila i nā mamao nui a me nā mea like ʻole.
Pākuʻi ʻia nā loko wai no lākou e hiki i nā ʻano kūpaʻa kūpaʻa - ʻoiai nā poli alanui i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai a me nā puddles e kūpono no ka waiho ʻana i nā hua.
Ke waiho nei ka hua palaoa ma nā wahi wai o 55 a hiki i + 15 ° C, i kekahi manawa ke noho mau ka hau i nā wahi ma luna o kona alo.
Wahi a nā kūlana o kahi reservoir kūikawā, e hoʻolōʻihi ana ka hoʻouka hou mai 2 a 10. I nā wahi e ulu ana, ʻaʻole nui nā kani o nā kāne, mai hoʻonohonoho i ke mele lōʻihi a nui. Ua kāhea lākou i kā lākou mau hoaaloha me nā hōʻailona ʻokoʻa e pili ana i kahi kekona a like hoʻi me ke ʻano he aniani.
Hōʻike iki ʻia Males ma kahi kōkuhi ma mua o nā wahine. ʻO kekahi manawa pili ʻia nā kāne ma ka ʻāina, i ka manawa wale ke poʻo o ka wahine i ka wai. E like me nā kāne o ke kuahiwi maʻamau, i nānā ʻia me ka makemake e haʻalele i nā hua, nā kāne kāne o ka ʻōpala o ka mauʻu e hiki ai iā lākou ke "hoʻopuni" i nā amphibians o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, "ʻaʻole loiloi" i paʻa ma ka lima.
Haalele ka wahine i nā hua a haʻalele i ka wai a me ka wikiwiki e hoʻi i kona noho maʻamau, akā mau ke kāne. Inā loaʻa iā ia kēlā, a laila ia lā aʻe e waiho ʻo ia i nā keiki me kekahi wahine ʻē aʻe.
Kūpono ka wahine i nā tausani he 4 tausani. He like ke ʻano o ka mōlona, kahi i loaʻa ai i kahi mauʻu liʻiliʻi, akā ua koke koke nā manawa o ka hua o nā hua a me ka nui o ka popo he mau manawa, aʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ke ʻano o kahi ʻano like jelly like. Hiki ke ʻike pinepine ʻia kēlā masonry ma ka wai pāpio. ʻO ka mahalo, hiki i nā hua huluhulu mauʻu ke kūmau i ka hypothermia i -6 ° C, me kaʻole o kā lākou hiki ke hoʻomohala. Eia naʻe, me ka hōʻeha ʻole iā lākou iho, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke kū i ke mahana a + 24 ° C no ka manawa lōʻihi.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, hoʻomohala ʻia ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka embryo mai 5 a 15 mau lā. E hānai ana nā lolo i nā mea kūlohelohe i ka wai a me nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi. ʻOiai i loko o nā pūnāwai ākea, hoʻopili ʻia nā tadpoles i nā ʻōpala mākeke - a hiki i 100 mau pākahi i hoʻokahi pāhau. ʻO kahi ʻelee kahi i loaʻa ai kēlā kolana kahi e like me ka nui ʻōmaʻomaʻo paʻa.
Kūlike i nā kūlana, hoʻomohala ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā aniani 1.5-3 mau mahina a hoʻopau me ka metamorphosis.
I nā makahiki maloʻo a nui hoʻi, ʻo ka malo o ka loko mua o ka wai, ua make i ka make nui o nā kihi e pili ana i nā kahe nui a me nā pua o nā ʻōpala, a pau ka wai e ʻoki ʻia mai nā pauku hohonu. I nā kūlana maikaʻi aʻe, ola ka nui o nā huaʻai i ka metamorphosis, a ma hope o ka pau ʻana, nui nā baki liʻiliʻi i ka manawa like. I kēia manawa, hele pinepine lākou mai ka hōʻalo ʻana, ma lalo o nā huila o ke kaʻa a lilo paha i waiwai pio o nā ʻano manawa like ʻole. ʻO nā mea i kūleʻa ke ola, ʻai i ke kūleʻa e ola i ka manawa anuanu lōʻihi.
Hiki i nā rana ʻōpala i ke wā ʻōpiopio i ka makahiki ʻekolu o ke ola. Ma nā kūlana kūlohelohe e noho ai lākou ma ka average 6-8 makahiki.
ʻO ka wehewehe a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Nui nā ʻelele o kēia holoholona i ʻōmaʻomaʻo i nā kala me nā lālani pākahi liʻiliʻi. Nā pōkole aniani ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 3 cm ka lōʻihi, ʻoiai ua loaʻa nā ʻano nui ma ka nui.
I ka hapanui o lākou, ua kiko wale ka ʻōpū, ma o, inā makemake ʻia, hiki ke ʻimi ʻia nā ʻōpū āpau i loko, me nā hua o nā wahine hāpai. I ka nui o nā ʻano palaka, ʻoi pū nā iwi a me nā ʻili o ka iwi. Ma kahi aneane ʻaʻole kekahi o nā ʻelele o ka honua holoholona i hiki ke kaena i kēlā waiwai o ka ʻili.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia wale ka ʻano o kēia mau baki. Kūpono hoʻi ko lākou mau maka. ʻAʻole i like me ka ʻaoʻao o nā kinka, nā maka o nā palahalaha ʻōmaʻomaʻo a he ʻulaʻula pololei, aʻo nā maka o nā palaka lāʻau ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ko lākou ʻohana. Kūleʻa nā haumāna. I ke ao, aia lākou i ke ʻano o nā kaomi kuʻi, a i ka pō, hoʻonui nui nā haumāna, i lilo ka holo.
ʻOhala a ākea ke kino o ka baki, e like me ke poʻo. Hoʻopili ʻia nā wāwae, he ʻala. Ma nā wāwae aia kekahi mau kīʻaha inu, me ke kōkua o ia mea e hoʻopili palaka ʻia nā rana ma ka lau. Loaʻa nō hoʻi nā rana a me ka thermoregulation maikaʻi loa.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻōhumu mua o kēia mau amphibians i nā kenekulia 19. Ka loli mau ʻana o Centrolenidae i kēia manawa: i kēia ʻohana amphibian ʻelua he mau subfamilia a ʻoi aku ʻoi aku ka nui o nā huaʻōlelo likala. ʻIke ʻia a wehewehe mua ʻia e Marcos Espada, he Zoologist Spanish. I waena o lākou aia kahi mea hoihoi maikaʻi loa.
No ka laʻana, ʻo Hyalinobatrachium (kahi kīʻaha liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi) e hoʻohui i nā ʻano he 32 o nā poʻe me kahi ʻōpū ʻokoʻa piha a me nā ʻōpū keʻokeʻo. ʻO kā lākou ʻike i ka nānā maikaʻi i ka aneane āpau o nā ʻōpū āpau - ka ʻōpū, ka puʻuwai, nā pūpū, naʻau o ke kanaka. I kekahi mau holoholona, ua uhi ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ka kūwili me kahi kiʻi ʻoluʻolu. Hoʻokomo ʻia kā lākou puʻuwai ma ke ʻano, a i loko o nā rana o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe he ʻakolu ia.
I loko o genus Centrolene (gecko), ka mea e hui pū ai i nā ʻano he 27, ʻo kēlā me kēia kanaka me ke kākala o ke kala kīmaʻomaʻo. Ma ka poʻohiwi aia kahi oʻe nui ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mākeke, i hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia nā kāne i ka wā o ka moe ʻana, e hakakā nei no ka ʻāina. No nā mea hou a pau i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka nui loa.
I nā ʻelele o nā huaʻala Cochranella, he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka ʻōpala i kahi kala a he kiʻi keʻokeʻo i ka peritoneum, e uhi ana i nā ʻāpana o nā kino o loko. Pahu ka lehelehe ʻōpū, ʻōpū poʻohiwi. Loaʻa iā lākou ko lākou inoa i ka hanohano o ka zoologist Doris Cochran, nāna i wehewehe mua i kēia moʻomeheu o nā baki aniani.
I waena o lākou, ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona hoihoi loa piha aniani frog (Cochanella Euknemos). Ua unuhi ʻia ka inoa mai ka ʻōlelo Helene "me nā wāwae nani." ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona he mauʻu ʻiʻo ma ka mua, pale lima a me nā lima.
ʻĀina kino
ʻO ke hoʻonohonoho ʻana o kahi baki aniani Kūpono no kona nohona ola a me ke ʻano ola. Aia i nā ʻili nā ʻili nā puʻu he nui nā kūmole e hūnā mau ana i nā moemoe lau. Hoʻomau pinepine ʻia nā pipi a mālama i nā mako i ko lākou mau papa.
Mālama ʻo ia i ka holoholona i nā microorganism pathogen. Lawe ka ʻili i ka ʻili i ke kaolepa. No ka mea, ke komo ka wai i ko lākou kino ma o ka ʻili, ka palupalu o ke kahua nui, nā wahi ʻuʻuku. Eia, ma ka ʻili, ka ʻeha a me nā ʻokoʻa hoʻoluʻu.
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona punahele o ke kino o ke baki ka wahi kokoke loa o nā kuʻi a me nā maka ma luna o ka poʻo o ke poʻo. Hiki i ka amphibian ke lele ʻana i loko o ka wai, paʻa kona poʻo a me kona kino ma luna o kona alo, e hanu a ʻike i ke kaʻe.
ʻO ka kala o ke aniani a me ka bea ka mea nui e hilinaʻi nei i ka noho. Hiki i kekahi mau ʻōuli ke hoʻololi i ke kala ʻili ma muli o nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni. No ka hana i kēia, loaʻa lākou nā pūnaewele kūikawā.
ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā wāwae hind o kēia amphibian i nā ʻāpana mua. Ke kumu nei kēia no ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā mea i mua no ke kākoʻo a me ka pae, a me ke kōkua o ke kua ke neʻe lākou i ka wai a me ke kahakai.
ʻAʻohe o nā iwi hoka mai kēia ʻohana, a ua mahele ʻia ka ʻai ma ka ʻāpana 4: cervical, sacral, caudal, a me ka ʻoki. Hoʻopili ʻia ka paleʻe ʻana o ka pahū i ka ʻuʻuku me kahi vertebra hoʻokahi. Mahalo i kēia, hiki i ka lāʻau kue ke neʻe i kona poʻo. Hoʻopili ʻia nā limu ma ka spine e ka mua a me ke kāʻei o hope o nā wāwae. Hoʻokomo pū ia me nā ʻūhā poʻohiwi, sternum, a me nā iwi pelvic.
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o nā rīkene ma mua o nā iʻa. Loaʻa ia i ka spinal cord a me ka lolo. Ua liʻiliʻi iki ka cerebellum, no ka mea ke alakaʻi nei kēia mau amphibians i kahi ola luhi a he monotonous ko lākou neʻe ʻana.
He mau hiʻohiʻona o ka digestive. E hoʻohana ana i kahi lelo lōʻihi i ka lehelehe waha, hopu ke poʻo i nā pepeke a paʻa iā lākou me nā niho i loaʻa ma luna o ka iwi poʻo. A laila ua komo ka ʻai i ka esophagus, ʻōpū, no ka hana hou aʻe, a laila neʻe i ka ʻāpana.
ʻO nā puʻuwai o kēia mau amphibians he ʻekolu-chambered, ʻelua o atria a me ventricle, kahi e hui ai nā koko a me ka vena. Aia kekahi mau pōleʻe koko. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana o ka bako e ka nostrils, māmā, akā pili pū ka ʻili amphibian i loko o ka hana hanu.
E like me ke kaʻina ʻana o ka hanu: penei ka hāmama ʻana o nā nika o ka frog, ma ka manawa like o ka lalo o kāna oropharynx haʻahaʻa a komo ka lewa i loko. I ka uhi ʻia o nā nostrils e piʻi liʻiliʻi ka lalo a komo i ka ea i loko o nā māmā. I ka manawa hoʻomaha o ka peritoneum, lawe ʻia kahi hoihoi.
Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana excretory e nā keiki, kahi i hoʻoili ʻia ai ke koko. Hoʻomoʻa ʻia nā mea kūpono e ko nā tubal renal. Eia kekahi, hele nā urine a komo i ka ʻāpana.
ʻO nā baki aniani, e like me nā amphibians a pau, he hanela ka lōʻihi o ka ʻaina. Ke kūpaʻa nei ke ʻano o ke kino o ka hona i ka mahana hanu. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, hele lākou i ka passive, ʻimi no nā wahi hoʻoneʻe, hoʻoluʻolu, a laila hibernate.
Hoʻopili pololei nā ʻōpū naʻau, no ka mea hiki i nā rana ke noho ma ka ʻāina a me ka wai. Ua hoʻonohonoho lākou ma ia ala i hiki i nā amphibians ke hoʻoponopono i kekahi kūlana ola. ʻO nā mea ola i ka laina o ke poʻo i kōkua iā lākou e holo maʻalahi i kahi ākea. ʻO ka nānā ke like me nā kāwili he ʻelua.
ʻO ka nani o ke aniani kīʻaha e hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike pono i nā mea i neʻe maikaʻi, a ʻaʻole hoʻi e ʻike i nā mea hoʻokū. Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻono, a ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻili, e ʻae i ka poroka ke holo maikaʻi ma ka honi.
ʻO nā pepeiao pepeiao nā pepeiao o loko a me ka waena. He waenakonu kekahi ma waena, ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi kahi puka i loko o ka oropharynx, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao kahi e kuhikuhi kokoke i ke poʻo.Aia kekahi kahi eardrum, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia i ka pepeiao loko e hoʻohana ana i kahi stakes. Ma o ia lā ua hoʻopuka ʻia nā kani i ka pepeiao o loko.
Hiʻohiʻona maʻamau
ʻĀnō ke ola - 5 (18) mau makahiki (bipi frog a hiki i 16 makahiki, e kuʻi a hiki i 36 mau makahiki).
Hoʻaiho - kahe, pale i ka nahele, nā nahele, i ka wai.
ʻAno lawehala - i nā wā maloʻo ka hūnā ʻia lākou, ma ke ao - kā lākou ʻimi.
Mea ʻai - nā pepeke (nāū), nā mākona, nā gastropod terrestrial, iʻa iʻa.
ʻO ka hana i ka wā mahana o ka lā (makahiki).
Ke noho maʻamau
ʻO nā hānana nā kaona he nocturnal, a i ka manawa o ka hoʻomaha o ka lā ma kahi o ka mauʻu ua. E pio ana lākou i nā mea inika i ke ahiahi, ma ka ʻāina. Ma laila, ma ka ʻāina, koho nā rula i ka hoa pili, ka hoahele a waiho i nā lau a me ka mauʻu.
Eia nō naʻe, kā lāua huaola - nā ʻōpala, e hoʻomohala wale i ka wai a ma hope wale nō o ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi ʻōpala hoʻi i hele i ka ʻāina no ka holomua. He mea kupaianaha nō ke ʻano o nā kāne, a ma hope o ua wahi wahine nei i waiho i ka hua, e waiho ma hope o ka hua a pale iā ia mai nā pepeke. Akā ʻaʻole ka mea a ka wahine e hana ai ma hope o ka masonry.
ʻO ke ʻano o waho
Noho ka palaka ma nā loko a i ʻole o ko lākou kahakai. ʻO kona poʻo ākea ākea e huli maikaʻi ai i kahi kino pōkole me kahi ʻoi hoʻēmi. ʻO ka mucus i hūnā ʻia e nā kulu ʻili, ʻaʻole wale ia e hōʻoia i ka komo ʻana o ka ʻili i ke kūleʻa kino, akā e pale pū nō ia mai nā microorganism.
ʻO ka iwi he maha o ka ʻāhu, ke ʻihi a me ke kākala o nā wāwae.
ʻŌnaehana nenoaiu
Hoʻomaka ka ʻōnaehana digestive i kahi lua oropharyngeal nui, ʻaʻole ma ka lalo o ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia ai ke alaloa ma ka mua. A loaʻa ka ʻai ʻana, e kāʻili ʻia ka alelo o ka waha, a ʻā ka mea i make. I ka ʻōpū oropharyngeal, wehe ʻia nā kahawai o nā ʻōhua koholā. Hoʻokomo ʻia kā lākou mea huna i ka ʻāʻī a me ka meaʻai. Ma ka ʻaoʻao luna kekahi mau niho conical liʻiliʻi e lawelawe wale i ka waiwai. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka meaʻai me ka lawaiʻa i ka esophagus a laila i loko o ka ʻōpū. Hoʻopili nā mea momona glandular o nā paia o ka pūhaka i ka pepsin enzyme, ka mea e hana nei i kahi aniani (ʻo ka hydrochloric acid e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpū).
Hoʻololi ka mea i ka ʻai i loko o ka duodenum, kahi a ke kahe o ka ʻili o ka ate. ʻO ka huni o ka pancreas e ninini ʻia i ka dile bile. E komo mālie ka duodenum i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi, kahi e hoʻopili ai nā mea momona. Hiki ke koena ʻai i nā meaʻai nui a hoʻopili ʻia ma ka cloaca.
ʻŌnaehana huhū
Mālama ka ʻaka i ka mālamalama a ma o ka ʻili. Aia ma ka paia o nā pūnaka i wae ʻia i nā pōpoki i loaʻa ʻole ke ʻano o ka nui o nā kīʻaha koko. I ka wehe ʻana o ka baki i kona mau ihu a hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka lalo o ka ana i ʻole oropharyngeal, komo ka ʻōpū i ka lua.
A laila e pani ʻia nā lehelehe me nā ʻolua, piʻi aʻe ka lalo o ka lua oropharyngeal, a lele ka ʻōpū i loko o nā ʻōpū. Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka hopena ma muli o ka hana a nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū a me ka hiolo ʻana o nā pā pulmonary.
Hoʻaiho
ʻIke maikaʻi ka poʻe ʻAmibia i nā wahi kūpono ma nā kahe o nā muliwai wikiwiki, ma waena o nā kahawai, ma nā ulu lāʻau ulu o nā ʻōpala a me nā kuahiwi. Noho ka wai frog i nā huaʻai o nā kumulāʻau, nā pulu ʻūʻele a me ka ʻalae ʻala. No kēia mau baki, ʻo ka mea nui ka maona o kahi kokoke.
ʻŌnaehana ʻōnaehana
ʻO ka puʻuwai o nā ʻaumuaʻelimaʻelima ka ʻekolu-lumi - ʻelua atria a hoʻokahi ventricle. Kahi nee arterial me ka valal midina longalinal i loko mai ka puka o ka ventricle, ka mea e kaʻi ana i ka koko a me ka hoʻohuihui ʻia i loko o nā moku like ʻole. ʻO ke koko Venous mai nā ʻāpana kū a me ke koko arterial mai ka ʻili i komo i ka atrium kūpono. hoʻākoakoa ʻia ke koko ma ʻaneʻi. ʻO ke koko arterial mai ka palu i komo i ka atrium hema. Kūʻai lāua i ka atria i ka manawa like a me ke koko mai ia lākou mai ka ventricle. Ma muli o ka pūhaka lōʻihi i loko o ka cone arterial, komo ke koko i loko o ka pūpū a me ka ʻili, hui ʻia - i nā kino āpau a me nā ʻāpana o ke kino wale nō ke poʻo, ka aʻa - a i ka lolo a me nā kino ʻē aʻe o ke poʻo.
ʻElua mau lālā o ka kaila o ke koko, akā ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopoka ʻia ma muli o kahi ventricle hoʻokahi. I loko o kahi pōʻai nui, e kahe ana ke koko mai loko o ka ventricle i loko o nā kino a pau, a mai lākou e hoʻi hou mai i ka veins i ka atrium kūpono. I loko o kahi pōkole liʻiliʻi, e kahe ana ke kahe a ka wai mai ka hala wai a i ka ʻāʻī a me ka ʻili, a mai loko mai o lākou e momona a me ka oxygen, hoʻi mai i ka atrium hema.
ʻŌnaehana excretory
Hoʻohālikelike ka ʻōnaehana excretory e ʻelua mau lua ma kahi o ka ʻaoʻao o ke vertebra. I loko o nā pūpū he mau glomeruli i mea e pōʻino ai nā hua pala a me kekahi mau mea waiwai e hōʻole ʻia mai ke koko. I ka holo ʻana o ka tubal renal, ua hoʻokomo hou ʻia nā mea waiwai nui, a komo ka urine i nā lua o ka urika i loko o ka cloaca a mai laila i loko o ka puna. Ma hope o ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka pahi, hoʻopau nā ʻuki a kona mau pā i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā urine i loko o ka cloaca a kiola ʻia aku.
ʻŌnaehana aloha
ʻO ka lolo ke ʻano o nā ʻoihana like me ka iʻa. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka forebrain, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua ʻāpana hemis.
He liʻiliʻi ka cerebellum, i wehewehe ʻia e kahi ʻano maʻalahi o ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka neʻe.
Ma ke alo o nā maka o nā amphibians pākeke, nā pūnaka eyelids (luna a i lalo) a me kahi membrane blink e hoʻomohala ʻia, pale lākou i ka kornea mai ka hoʻomaloʻo a me ka lepo.
Nā hui ʻōpū
ʻOi aku ka ʻoi aku ka naʻau o ka iʻa ma mua o ka iʻa. Hāʻawi lākou i ke alakaʻi no ka amphibians i ka wai a ma ka ʻāina. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā amphibians makua e noho ana i ka wai laina hope kino, hoopuehuia lākou ma ka ʻili o ka ʻili, ʻoi aku ka nui ma ke poʻo. I ka piliona epidermal o ka ʻili i laila ke anuanu, nā hōʻeha a me nā receptors tactile. Oliveehana oliva nā kinona olfactory i pihi ʻia e ka puka kūwaho e nā pakano waho, a i loko o ka lua oropharyngeal ma nā ʻōpū o loko. Hoʻopili ʻia kekahi hapa o nā paia o nā ʻeke iʻa olfactory me ka epithelium olfactory. Hoʻokomo wale nā ʻona Oliva i ka lewa; i loko o ka wai, i pani ʻia nā ʻaoʻao waho. ʻO nā māhele o nā mea ʻala i nā amphibians a me nā chordates kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻo ia kahi o ka ʻōpū o ka honi.
Koreniha maka convex, ʻo ke kīpē ke ʻano o ka lensa biconvex. Aia nā lāʻau a me nā cones i ka retina. Nui nā amphibians i hoʻomohala i kahi nānā aku kala.
I nā hui pepeiao i ka ʻapo ʻana i ka pepeiao i loko, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka pepeiao waena. Loaʻa i kahi mea hana e hoʻonui ai i nā kani uila. Hoʻopili ʻia ka puka waho o ka puʻupuʻu pepeiao i kahi elard eard. I loko o ka ihu ka ossicle auditory. Hoʻopili ʻia nā kahe pepeiao waena e nā kuʻi liʻiliʻi ma ka waha waha.
ʻAno hānau
ʻAi like ka ovaries a me nā hōʻike no nā amphibians a me nā iʻa. Hoʻopuka ʻia ka hāpū kūwaho ma ka wai. Pau nā huakaʻi. Hāʻalo i ka oviducts hele i loko o ka cloaca, ke kūleʻa nei nā vas i nā tubules i loko o nā ureter. Ka palaka ʻōpiopio i ka pūnāwai i ka makahiki ʻekolu o ke ola.
Hoʻopili ke kāne ma ke kua o ka wahine, paʻa loa i kona mau wāwae mua. E kōkua ana nā mea palolo ma nā manamana lima e hoʻopili i nā wāwae a i ʻole e hala i ka wahine no kekahi mau lā. I kēia manawa, nū ka wahine i ka 3000 hua, a hoʻōho koke ke kāne iā lākou me ka waiū. ʻO ke kumu, kokoke i ka nui o nā huaʻai, ka mea, ʻaʻohe o nā amphibians e hoʻolei iā lākou i nā miliona, e like me ka maʻamau o ka iʻa, no laila hiki ke nui ka nui o nā hua, ʻo ia ka nui o nā kumu mālama i kēlā me kēia.
Ka uhi ʻia nā hua me ka membrane molile, e nui nui ana i ka wai. E ʻohi i nā ʻāpana o ka lā a me nā wela i nā ʻāpana he nui, e wikiwiki ana i kona hoʻomohala ʻana.
Hoʻohui
Hoʻoulu ka caviar fertilized i loko o 7-15 mau lā. ʻO ka hapa ma luna o ka hua o ka hua lohi a huli i loko o ke poʻo a me ka lae o ka emryo, a me ka lalo haʻahaʻa i loko o ka ʻōpū. Loaʻa i kahi ʻoka a me nā mea kanu, kahi e hoʻemi iki ʻia. Ma hope o 8-15 mau lā, kahi larva - waiho ka tadpole i ka ʻōpū hua manu.
He ʻokoʻa ʻē ka tadpole i ka hoʻopili mai nā holoholona makua. ʻIke ʻia kahi iʻa ʻole wale kahi externally, akā i loko pū. Hoʻohana ʻia ka pau ʻili ʻoi no ka neʻe, a no ka hana ʻana i nā kaila waho o ka hanu. Me nā ʻāpana horny a puni ka waha, lawe mai ka tadpole i nā meaʻai kanu. Kōkua ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao iā ʻoe e hoʻokele.
ʻAʻole liuliu, ua nalowale nā kāpili kūwaho, ke hoʻololi ʻia nei lākou e nā haki a gill me nā petals, uhi ʻia i ka uhi ʻili. I kēia hākā, loaʻa i ka tadpole ka naʻau ʻelua-lumi a me ke kaʻe o ke kahe koko. ʻO ka Oxygen ke komo i ke kahe mai loko mai o nā wahi i hōʻili ʻia i loko o nā hua lāʻau gill nui i loko o nā ʻalā o nā gill, a me ke komo ʻana i ka pua cutaneous mai ka nui o ka huelo. ʻO ka huahana nui o ka kaʻawale e like me ka iʻa ka ammonia.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o ke ʻano o nā palaka a me nā baki pākeke
Kākau | Larva (ʻiki) | Holoholona hihiu |
Wili kino | Nā ʻano iʻa ʻai, me nā rudiments o nā wāwae, ka ʻili me ka membrane ʻauʻau | Hoʻopili ke kino, ʻelua mau pālima o ke kino i hāpai ʻia, ʻaʻohe ʻili |
Ka neʻe o ka neʻe | Koi ʻaila | Lele, lele a me nā ʻāpana hind |
ʻO ka hanu | Kulu (gills mua i waho, a laila loko) | Pulmonary a me ka ʻili |
ʻŌnaehana ʻōnaehana | Pāʻālua lumi ʻelua, hoʻokahi ʻāpana o ke kahe o ke koko | ʻEkolu keʻena liʻiliʻi, ʻelua mau kahe o ke koko |
Nā hui ʻōpū | Kūkulu ʻia nā māpana o ka laina lateral, ʻaʻohe eyelids | No kaʻenehana laina lateral, eyelids i hāpai i nā maka |
ʻO nā ʻōpala a me nā meaʻai | Hoʻohana lākou i nā meaʻai kanu (algae, etc.), ma nā ʻanuʻala ua hoʻomohala lākou i nā papa horny e huki ana i nā ʻili o nā mea kanu palupalu me nā unicellular a me nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi e kū ana ma luna o lākou. | ʻAʻohe mea palu kūpono ʻole i nā ʻanewa, me ka hua lāʻau e hopu ai i nā pepeke, nā mollusks, nā ʻalā, a me nā iʻa iʻa. |
Ke noho maʻamau | Wai | Palapalaʻeleʻele, semi-aquatic |
Ma hope o kekahi mau pule, hoʻomaka ka metamorphosis - ka hoʻololi ʻana o kahi larva aquatic i loko o kahi ʻōpala i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ke ola ma ka ʻāina. Welina nui nā mea kanu, ua nalowale ka laina o ke kaula, ua pōkole ka lihi. Kahi nā Limbs, mai ka protrusion o ka ʻōpū, hana i nā māmā, mai ka ʻehā (hope) i ka lau aʻe o ka lālā - ke pulmonary o ke kahe o ke koko. a pēlā aku, e like me nā papa nui o ka ulu ʻana o nā amphibians. ʻAʻole e "hāʻule iho" nā kino kahiko a ʻaʻole i nalowale. Hoʻohālikelike lākou i nā molekuleka a lawe ʻia aku e ke koko i kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana no ka "kūkulu" ʻana o nā ʻōpala hou. Ma hope oʻelua a ʻekolu mau malama, ua lilo ka ʻōpala i kahi ʻaka.
Nā hiʻohiʻona frog a me nā noho maʻamau
I nā pulu hiki ʻole o ka lālā hema o Mexico, ma Paraguay ʻākau, ʻAmelika kahi e hiki ʻole ai i nā kānaka ke hele, papau meha aniani (Hōʻoluʻolu ʻo Centrolenidae). ʻO nā kapa wai o nā kahawai a me nā kahawai e kahe ana ma waena o nā ululāʻau anuu loa he wahi punahele loa no kona mau wahi. ʻO ka mea ola maoli, me he mea lā mai ke aniani, ma nā ʻili o nā ʻili e ʻike ʻia, nā hua.
Aia ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū me ka ʻōpū o ka ʻāʻī maka, akā ua ʻike ʻia me ka ʻili ʻili o ke kua a i ʻole nā wāwae translucent. I kekahi manawa hoʻonani ʻia nā lālā kuʻekuʻe me kahi ʻano o kahi palu. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole ka nui ma mua o 3 cm ka lōʻihi, ʻōmaʻomaʻo keʻokeʻo, ulaula i ka waihoʻoluʻu me nā hiʻohiʻona lehulehu-aniani, me nā maka he nui, wehewehe akiʻi o kahi pōʻā aniani.
I loko o ke kiʻi i kahi pōkā aniani
ʻAʻole like me ka amphibian lāʻau, ʻaʻole i nānā kona mau maka i nā ʻaoʻao, akā i mua, no laila ke kuhikuhi ʻia kona nānā ʻana ma ke kihi o 45 °, kahi e hiki ai ke hele pololei i ka holoholona liʻiliʻi. Aia kekahi kikoʻi kikoʻī ma ka kuʻekuʻe.
ʻO nā subspecies Ecuadorian o nā amphibians (Centrolene) ka nui o nā ʻāpana nui a hiki i 7 cm. He mau papa ʻaʻa keʻokeʻo, ʻike ʻia nā iwi ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Loaʻa ka humerus i kahi puka maikaʻi. ʻO ke kumu kumu o ke kuʻina he mea hana i ka wā e uhaʻi ana i ka ʻāina a i ʻole ke ʻano ʻē.
Kūkulu wai frog a me ka noho ʻana
Aia ma ʻEkuador ma ka hopena o ka kenekulia 19 a ua loaʻa nā ʻōhua mua loa, a a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20 ua māhele ʻia kēlā mau amphibians i 2 genera. Hope i koho ʻia he 3 mau genus aniani poloka (Hyalinobatrachium) ke ʻano o ka waiho ʻana o kahi iwi keʻokeʻo, ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o kahi pale kukui, aia i nā "nā hoahānau" ʻē aʻe e uhi ana i ka ʻike o ka puʻuwai, pūpū, ati.
ʻIke maopopo ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana kūloko. ʻO ka ʻāpana nui o ke ola o nā baki āpau e hana ma ka ʻāina. Makemake paha kekahi poʻe e noho i nā kumulāʻau, koho i kahi kuahiwi mauna. Akā hiki ke kūpono wale nō ka procreation ma kahi o nā kahawai wai.
Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi nohona nocturnal, i ka lā e hoʻomaha ai lākou i kahi lōpele. ʻIke aku ʻo ʻAmelika Hyalinobatrachium e ʻimi i ke ahiahi. ʻO nā kiʻi kiʻi pōkole uʻi ʻo ia nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hana hoʻohālikelike i ka wahine, ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā hana i ka wā e waiho ai i ka hua hua.
Mālama nā Males i ko lākou mau hola mua o ke ola, a laila hoʻopau manawa ka manawa. "E mālama nā mākua Mesh" i ka masonry mai ka dehydration a i ʻole nā mea inikinena no ka lōʻihi (i ka lā āpau). Aia kekahi manaʻo i ka wā e hiki mai ana lākou e mālama i ka ulu ʻōpiopio. ʻO nā wahine o nā ʻano ʻano a pau ma hope o ka puhi ʻana i nalowale i kahi ala ʻole.
Kaʻaina ʻana o ka Palapala ʻaina
Ma waena o nā inoa inoa amphibians i loaʻa Ka baki uha ʻōlelana ua hāʻawi ʻia iā ia ma kahi kūlana. E like me nā amphibians "ʻelima" maikaʻi loa, makemake ʻole e hoʻolalelale ma nā arthropod palupalu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, lele, mau namu.
I ka ʻike ʻana o kekahi mea e make ai, wehe ʻo ia i ka waha, e ʻoki ana iā ia mai kahi lōʻihi o nā kenekimita. Hōʻailona ia hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi i ka meaʻai ʻaʻole wale i ke ahiahi, akā i ka wā hoʻi i ke ao. Ma lalo o nā kūlana ola kūlohelohe, kūpono nā mākeke Drosophila i nā meaʻai.
E kūʻai i ka bakaka uaka paʻakikī loa kēlā, ʻoiai aia nā kikowaena ʻepekema no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kēia mau holoholona ʻokoʻa, kahi liʻiliʻi nā mea aloha amphibian e loaʻa nei iā lākou. He paʻakikī nā koi no ka lawe pio ʻana, e pono ʻoe i nā aquatorrariums kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe me kahi koina kaulike kūpono.
Kanikau
Nui a nui ka poʻe aloha e leʻaleʻa i nā baki, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā mea liʻiliʻi. ʻO kēia mau mea nā ʻalā, nā wīwī, nā ʻīlio, nā alopeke, nāhelehele, nā ʻūlū, nā holoholona, nā pelies, a pēlā aku.
ʻO nā hua a kēia mau amphibians i uhi ʻia me ka popo i ka mea ʻano like like ʻole i like me ka maikaʻi, akā, aia nō hoʻi nā mea ʻimi manu - ʻo nā mea planarians, nā pepeke, nā ʻona o nā amphibian, a me nā mea āpau.
No ka mālama i ka pīkī mauʻu ma ka home, pono ʻoe i ka terrarium 30-40 lita. I ka lumi lumi, ʻaʻole pono ka hoʻomehana a me ka hoʻomālamalama nui. ʻAʻole hiki i ka hale kai ke waiho ʻia ma kahi puʻu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻimi i kahi wahi maikaʻi loa no ia (ʻaʻole ʻae kēia ʻano holoholona i nā mahana ma mua o 25 ° C).
No ka mea ua koi nui kēia ʻano lāʻau i ka ea, mai poina e hoʻopoina i ka wai ma luna o ka substrate i hoʻokahi lā. Eia kekahi, he nui, akā ʻaʻole hohonu, pono e kau i ka loko i ka terrarium.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia e waiho i ka terrarium ma lalo o ka kihi o ka ulu lāʻau.
ʻAi lākou i ka holoholona me nā lele, nā ʻikena, ke koko, nā ʻōpala, a me nā mea.
ʻĀnō ke ola
ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia i loko o ke ola o ka pōpoki aniani, akā ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i nā hana kūlohelohe he nui loa ka ola o ko lākou ola. ʻO kēia ma muli o kahi kūlana kūlohelohe maikaʻi ʻole: ka pale ʻole i ka pale ʻole, ka hoʻokaʻawale i nā wai i loko o nā kino wai o nā ʻano hana hoʻomehana. Ua manaʻo ʻia he ola ola i loko o kahi aniani i loko o ka hale maoli ma waena o 5-15 mau makahiki.
- Ma ka honua, aia ma mua o 60 mau ʻano o nā ʻaka aniani.
- Ma mua, ʻo nā rana ʻehā he wahi o ka ʻohana frog lāʻau.
- Ma hope o ka waiho ʻana, nalowale ka wahine a mālama ʻole paha i ka hua.
- ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka moe ʻana i nā pōkā, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo amplexus.
- ʻO ka mea nui o ka pōkā aniani i ka inoa ʻo Centrolene Gekkoideum. Loaʻa nā poʻe keu he 75 mm.
- Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i nā kāne ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano kani like ʻole - whistle, squeak a trills paha.
- ʻAʻole aʻo ʻia ke ola a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā tadpoles.
- Ua kāwili ʻia nā baki aniani me ke kōkua o nā paʻakai bile, aia ma nā iwi a hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea ʻala.
- Nā makana o kēia ʻohana ua ʻike maka i ka bula, i.e. hiki iā lākou ke ʻike pololei me nā maka ʻelua ʻelua ma ka manawa like.
- ʻO ka ʻāina ʻōiwi kuʻuna o nā pōʻai anuanu ma ke komohana ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hema.
ʻO ke aniani kīʻaha he wahi kūʻokoʻa a me nā mea ʻala i hana ʻia e ke ʻano, me nā hiʻohiʻona he nui o ka digestive tract, reproduction a me ke ʻano maʻamau.
Lake Frog: Wehewehe
He kino elongated ʻo ia me kahi muzzle kuhikuhi liʻiliʻi. ʻOkoʻa paha ka kala o ke poʻo.ʻO ka maʻamau ka waihoʻoluʻu, akā i kekahi manawa ua ʻike ʻia nā hina a me ka brown. Hoʻopili ʻia ke kino holoʻokoʻa me nā ʻeleʻele nui o ka ʻano kūlike.
I ka hapa nui o nā ʻano o kēia ʻano, ua ʻike ʻia kahi kapa kukui ʻokoʻa loa me nā hōʻuluʻulu liʻiliʻi ma ka pōkā a me ke poʻo.
Ma lalo o ke kino he ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ka poni ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka pinepine ma aneane nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele. Ke gula nā maka. I ke kūlohelohe kūlohelohe e ola a 10 mau makahiki. Ulu ka ʻōpū o ka loko i 17 cm ke lōʻihi. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he liʻiliʻi iki nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, akā he mau resonator lākou. I ke ao, ua hele pinepine i ka wai i mea e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka ʻili; i ka pō, i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka lewa, ʻaʻole i pilikia ka palaka i ka holoi ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino.
Hoʻaiho
Makemake ʻo ʻAmelika i nā wahi kūlohelohe e like me nā kealepili i palaki ʻia a me nā ala. Pela ka noho ana o Central a me Europa Hema, Asia, Kazakhstan, Lūkia, Caucasus, Iran, North Africa.
Noho ka baki loko i loko o nā wai wai wai (ʻoi aʻe ma mua o 20 cm hohonu). Noho nā loko, nā hale kai a me nā kahawai, nā loko. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike iā ia ma ka palena o ke kūlanakauhale ma nā kahawai o nā waihona, i loko o nā māla o nā wailele a me nā ʻihi. ʻO ka ʻoluʻolu o kahi kanaka kokoke mai.
Hiki i ke kūlana kūlohelohe loa hiki ke hoʻoneʻe i ka frog loko. Hiki i ka noho kino o nā kanaka o kēia ʻano ke ʻano ʻokoʻa loa, hiki iā lākou ke ola ma nā wahi i haumia nui ʻia me ka holoi ʻole, akā hiki ke loaʻa nā mea kū i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana.
Hiki ke maʻalahi a hoʻomāliʻi i ka ʻōpala maʻamau a me nā waihona waiwai. I ka maloʻo ʻana o nā mea kanu, hiki iā ia ke lele i kahi hale hou, e kū aʻe ana i 12 km.
ʻAno lawehala
ʻO ka mea loko loko he ʻano thermophilic. Hoʻohana ia ia ma ka uina i ke mahana mai +8 a +40 ° C. I nā hola wela, ua hūnā ʻo ia i ka malu o nā mea kanu.
Hoʻolauna ka holoholona i ka lā ma kahakai a i ka wai. Ma ka ʻāina, basking i ka lā, i ke ʻano paʻa. Eia naʻe, loaʻa ka lohe maikaʻi a me ka hihiʻo, ma ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e lele ana i loko o ka wai. Eia ma ka haka he wahi palekana a hūnā, pinepine pinepine i ka ʻakaʻaka i ka silt. I ka wai, hiki ke lōʻihi lōʻihi. A ma hope wale iho o kona hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻana ʻaʻohe pilikia, hoʻi ʻo ia i kona wahi mua.
Ke lilo ʻana i mea ʻauʻau kūpono, ke pale pū ʻo ia i nā kahe wikiwiki, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻo ia e hopohopo i ka nalu.
ʻAe ke ola no ka loko o ka wai loko i hiki i ka hoʻoilo ma ka loko like. Hoʻopili kekahi mau mea i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā wahi hohonu a i nā punawai hoʻi. Ma kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ai ka wai i ka makahiki a puni, e hoʻomau mau nei ka ʻaka. Pau ka hoʻoilo i ka lā 230, i kēia manawa aia i loko o ka silt a i lalo paha. E ala i ka waena o Mei, i ka wā e hoʻomāʻamaʻa ai ka wai. I ka hihia o ka hau, ua make ka nui o nā rana.
I kahi hale momona, mahalo nui ka nui o nā amphibians. ʻO nā manawa pinepine, e noho ana nā rana ma kahakai i nā ʻohana nui, a ʻo ka wai o ke kaʻe wai e hoʻopuni wale ana me nā muzzles protruding he nui.
Kauʻai
He aha nā mea me ka loko o ka loko? Ua hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka makahiki, ke ʻano, ka wahine a me ka wā. ʻAi lākou i ka ʻāina a me ka wai.
Holo wale ka hopu holoholona ʻana i kekahi mau mika mai ke kahakai. He predator kēia ʻo amphibian. Ma muli o kona nui hoihoi, hiki i ka mea i hiki ke lilo i mea kīhu liʻiliʻi a me ka nahesa, ʻoi, ʻo ka moa a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ʻoi.
ʻO nā Tritons, nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, a me kā lākou mau tadpole i lilo i ʻaina awakea i ka wai. Invertebrates - nā crustaceans, nā pepeke, mollusks, millipedes a me nā wī i loko o ka meaʻai nui.
Hiki i kahi ʻenekia loko ke hopu i kāna mea ʻenemi a hiki i ka lele. ʻO ka maʻamau he mau pōpō iki, nā lele, nā ʻīlio. I ka wā o ka hopuʻana, hoʻohana nuiʻo ia i kāna alelo, e hoʻolei ana i kekahi mau kenimika ma mua. Kōkua paʻa nā ʻōwili e mālama i ka neʻe ʻana i ka waiwai. Ināʻoi aku ka mea i pilikia ma kahi mamao, a laila wiwoʻi ʻo ka amphibian iā ia. Ua maopopo maopopo nō hoʻi ka ʻaka i ka lele, e lele ana i kahi kūpono.
ʻO ka meaʻai maʻamau o nā tadpoles ka liʻiliʻi o ke algae.
Pehea e kahe ai nā loko?
Ua hiki i ka wahine i ka wā akomi ma ʻekolu mau makahiki. ʻAʻole like me nā poʻe amphibians e ulu nui ana ka hana hou ma hope o ka wā. Ua kali ka baki a kū hou ka mahana o ka wai iā +18 ° C. ʻO ka maʻamau kēia ka hopena o Mei a Iune. Kuhi ʻo ia i ka hua manu ma loko o ka hale hoʻopuka āna e noho ai: ʻaʻole ia e hana i nā neʻe kūikawā no kēia kumu.
Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka bako mua ma hope o ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi neʻe ʻana, e lawe ʻia ana mai hoʻokahi pule a i hoʻokahi mahina.
No ka hoʻoulu kālā, hōʻiliʻili lākou i nā hui nui. ʻO nā keiki nui i kēia manawa he mau leo nui loa a he paʻa maoli nō hoʻi. A croaking, wili nā resonators ma nā kihi o ko lākou waha. No kekahi, no ka wā hoʻomaha i nā kāne, ma ka wāwae mua ma ka manamana lima mua, ʻike ʻia nā sila - nā māla palaoa.
ʻO kā lākou 'mele' hīmeni ka hoihoi i nā wahine. Ma mua o ka waiho ʻana i nā hua ʻai, hele mai nā mākele. Eia naʻe, waho ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana. He hana kēia i loko o nā amphibians a pau kekahi, ʻaʻole i ʻokoʻa kekahi o ka palaho.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o kēia kaʻina hana: penei ka uʻi ʻana o ke kāne i ka wahine i ke ʻano me kona mau wāwae mua ma ka umauma. No laila, hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka sperm a me nā hua i loko o ka wai, e hāʻawi ana i ka hoʻomakeʻa o nā hua he nui. 'O kekahi manawa a' ole paha, "wahine 'hoʻokahi paha wahine' hoʻopili koke 'ia.
ʻO hoʻokahi mahina ka mahina hoʻoulu. Hiki i ka wahine hoʻokahi ke waiho i nā hua 6,000.
Lake Pona Tadpoles
3-15 mau lā ma hope o ka lohi ʻana, kū ʻia nā tadpoles. Ma hope koke o ka hānau ʻana, pālahalaha lākou ma ka loko. I ka lā e ikaika ai lākou, ma ka pō e hūnā ma lalo. I nā 2-3 mau mahina wale nō, hiki lākou i ka lōʻihi o 9 cm. Akā, ma hope o ka metamorphosis, ʻo nā bako he 1.5-2.5 cm wale nō.
ʻO ka mahana wai ʻoluʻolu loa no lākou ʻo + 20-28 ° C, ma + 5-6 ° C, pau ka hoʻomohala, a ma + 1-2 ° C lākou e make ai. ʻAʻole hele nā tadpoles a pau i loko o ka puʻu lika. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou e lilo i mea hānai o nā iʻa predatory a me nā manu like ʻole.
Frog: wehewehe, ʻano, ʻano hiʻohiʻona. He aha ke ʻano o ka lālani?
ʻO kahi pilina maʻamau me ka wai hoʻonaʻauao e kau i kahi nui o nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻona ma ka ʻoi o nā rana. Ua hanu ka ʻōpole me nā gills, a ua hanu ka pāloʻelemakule ma kona waha, pūʻili a me ka ʻili. ʻO kēia ʻano nui o nā ʻōpū hanu he ʻano wale nō ia o nā amphibians. ʻOiai ka baki i loko o ka wai, ʻā ʻo ia i ka ʻili, a aia i ka ʻāina - me ka waha a me ka ʻalā. ʻŌnaehana o ka honua a me ke kaila. ʻElua mau ʻāpana o ka puʻuwai e hana i ka wai, a hoʻoili ʻia ke koko hoʻokahe ma ke kino, e like me ka iʻa. Ma ka ʻāina, pili ka nui o ka atrium hema ma ka hana, a komo ka koko oxygenated arterial i loko o ka lolo. Pēlā, me kēlā me kēia kiʻina o ka baki, loli koke ka ʻōnaehana hanu.
Ke hoʻohau nei i ka hoʻoilo, ua pā ka palaka ma lalo. ʻOiai ka baki ma ka lepo, maʻalahi ia. A hoʻāʻo e ʻimi e pili ana iā ia ma kahi o ka wai. ʻAʻole paha he mea lanakila. ʻO ka pihi holookoa o ka pōkō ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia no ka lele. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka wāwae o ka huluhulu, i ʻōpū ʻia o nā levers pitted. He ʻumi ʻōpio e hana pinepine ʻia e nā ʻuhane ikaika. A ʻo ke kāʻei o nā forelimb ka mea maikaʻi loa "manaʻo noʻonoʻo" no kahi "mālie palupalu".
ʻOiai ka hapanui o ka nui o nā mauʻu a me nā moor i ka ʻāina, hele lākou e noho i loko o kahi aniani. Hoʻopili ʻia ko lākou kino a uhi ʻia i ka ʻākala, a no laila ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka hana o kahi hoka, ʻaʻole like me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe - i ka manawa o ka lā, akā ma ka ʻano o ka humuhina a me ka ea ʻana. Hiki i kahi rog ke kiʻi i kēlā me kēia manawa. A inā pinepine ka hana ʻana o kēia ma ka pō, ʻo ia wale nō no ka pō ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka maʻa. I ke ahiahi, ʻoi ka mea i makemake ai i ka ua me ka ʻoluʻolu o ka ua.
Nā maka makaka
ʻO ka mālamalama maʻamau, miniaturization a me ka hilinaʻi o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā lālā ʻōnaahana o ka frog e hoʻomaka ana e hoʻowai i nā ʻenehana. Ua kūkulu lākou i kahi "maka uila" - kahi a kahi i kau ai ke kumu o ka maka o ka frog.
E like me ʻoe e ʻike i, ka mea nui i ka maka o ka maka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka kaila o kahi o nā photoreceptors, he mau papa o nā pūpū bipolar a me hoʻokahi ʻāpana o nā kelua ganglion. Nā poʻe photoreceptors - nā koʻokoʻo a me ka cones - ʻike māmā, hoʻololi i ia i nā bipalima, hoʻoulu a hoʻoiho i nā pūnaewele bipolar. Hana ʻia e Bipolar ka ʻike i loaʻa ka ʻike a hoʻouna i kēia mea i ka ganglia. Ua hele aku nā lālā o nā nerve optic, kahi a nā mea alualu i hele ai i ka lolo, i hala aku nei i ka ganglia. Akā ua hoʻohuli ʻē ʻia i nā hui like ʻole o ka ganglia. Hoʻomaopopo kekahi o lākou i nā hoʻohālikelike wale nō, kahi ʻē - kahi neʻe e neʻe ana, kahi ʻē - kahi kihi ʻihiʻehā, ʻehā, nā mālamalama like ʻole.
Kahi ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka huhū ma o ka pau ʻana o ke kaona optic nerve i kahi kikoʻī o ka lolo. I ka lolo, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka ʻike, a ʻike ʻia ka holoholona i ke kumuhana.
Wahi e noho ai nā rana?
Noho kokoke nā rana ma nā wahi āpau, hiki ke hālāwai ʻia ma nā ʻāina ākea āpau, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole ka Antarctica. ʻAʻole makemake ka hane no ka anuanu, ʻaʻole pinepine lākou i ʻike ʻia i nā aniani nā ʻāina Arctic (ʻoiai he nui nā mea like e noho pū kekahi). Akā nui nā ʻano o nā rana e ʻae i kā mākou pumehana i ke ʻano. E like me ka mea i kākau ai ma luna, i ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo ma ka haʻahaʻa o nā waihona wai, ʻo ia hoʻi, komo lākou i loko o ka wai wai, no ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka puna wai lākou e lele hou i ka honua.
A nō pū kekahi o nā rana no ka nui o nā ʻalualua o ʻAmelika, ʻAsia a me ʻAmelika Hema.
Ehia mau rana e ola?
Kau ʻia ke ola o nā rana ma kā lākou ʻano. I ka awelika, noho lākou no 10-20 mau makahiki. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, i nā kūlana kūlohelohe, he nui nā ʻenemi, no laila, ʻaʻole ola lākou i ka wā kahiko. Akā inā ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli iā lākou, no laila, e laʻa, e ʻimi nā loko o nā ʻalā e noho nei i loko o nā wahi hoʻonaninani e noho a hiki i 20 mau makahiki, a i kekahi manawa i ola ʻia ke ola o 32 mau makahiki, e nā huaʻalā palaka ua lilo ia i pōpoki maoli.
He aha nā mea palaka e kai ai?
Hoʻokumu ka mōʻaukala lōʻihi i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻikepili i kahi ʻano maikaʻi maikaʻi nui e like me ka unpretentiousness a me ka pono ʻole i ka meaʻai. ʻAʻole lawa ka ʻai - e pōloli ka sahana no ka lā a me ka pule.
He nui - ʻai i nā mea a pau ma ka lālani, nā mea āpau i kahi i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi manawa. Kūleʻa ka papa hana. ʻO nā ʻōpū a me nā kumikupu, nā meli a me nā ʻalā, nā ʻalā a me nā pōpoki, nā ʻalopela a me nā mania, nā ʻōpala a me nā snails, nā spider a me nā millipedes, mau slugs a me nā ʻōpū a pēlā aku. Eia nō kekahi, ʻo ka ʻono no ka aneane o nā baki a pau, me ka ʻole o ka loko.
Hoʻomaʻa ka ʻili o kēia i nā mea i makemake ʻia - hoʻopau i ka iʻa iʻa a me kā lākou mau ʻōpala. Aia kekahi mau hihia i ʻai ai i kēia mau bako.
Akā pehea ehia mau meaʻino e hiki ai i nā baki ke luku maoli? Ua helu ʻia ka mea pili lima ʻo B. A. Krasavtsev ma kahi āpana o 24 tausani mau mika pākēneka a me ke kahua he awelika o 720 mau mauʻu mauʻu. Inā e pōloli ka pōloli ma kahi o ʻehiku mau inikini i kēlā me kēia lā, a laila ma ke ala ʻana (ʻeono mahina: mai ka hapalua o ʻApelila a i ka hapa o ʻOkakopa) e hoʻopau loa iā 7 X 180 = 1,260 mau kope. Ke hoʻonui nei i kēia helu ma ka helu o nā rana ma ka pākeke, loaʻa iā mākou kahi helu kupaianaha: 907,200 Ma kahi o hoʻokahi miliona mau pepeka!
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā baki
Akā ma kahi o nā makana o ka ʻonina, nui ka momona, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka biology a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau. No nā makahiki he nui, hoʻohana nā ʻomaʻomaka i nā baki i kahi pālahalaha pālahalaha a makemake ʻia lākou i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻonani ʻia ka ʻaka me kēia hanohano ma muli o kona ahonui a me ke koʻikoʻi, loaʻa hou i ka hakakā nui no ka hakakā.
ʻO kēlā "aloha" e ka poʻe noiʻi e uku ʻia no nā rana. Ua loaʻa iā lākou e nā haneli he mau tausani. No kona pono waiwai, ua lawe ke kanaka i nā ʻāina ākea hou mai ke ʻano. A inā mālama ʻia ka nahele, nā ʻōpala a me nā muliwai hoʻi, a laila nā ʻāina wai ʻole a me nā kino wai hoʻonaninani - nā kumu maʻamau o nā rana - i manaʻo ʻia he ʻāina ʻole ʻole ʻole. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia lākou ma ka wahi mua. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hōʻemi wikiwiki ʻana i ka nui o nā rīka e hoʻopili i ka hoʻonaninani o kā lākou physiology: e ulu mālie lākou. Hiki i ka ʻaka ke pālahalaha wale nō ma ke kolu o ka makahiki, a hiki i kēia manawa hiki i kona nui ke lawa i ka hoʻokō hoʻokolohua. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke kanaka i ka kūlohelohe, ua ʻeha nui ka palaka. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e hakakā i nā ʻano ʻano kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke pale aku i ka ʻano naʻau o ke kanaka.
Kēʻeli ʻia nā makana ma mua o ka ʻepekema olakino, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mahiʻai. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha i loko o kekahi mau ʻāina ua kūkulu ʻia nā koho i kona hoʻohanohano.
Mea ʻala o ka ʻaka i Palisa.
No laila mākou i manaʻo ai e lilo ko mākou mau palapala a me ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka ʻōpala i mea e mahalo ʻia ai i kāna mau pono, ʻaʻole ia he noi no ka luku ʻia ʻana o kekahi ʻelele o ka honua honua ʻaʻole hiki ke kū i ka hoʻokūkū me ka piʻi o ka lahui.
ʻO nā kiʻiʻiʻo Frog
- ʻO ka bakal goliath e noho nei ma Cameroon ka nui loa o ka honua. ʻO kona paona i piʻi a ʻekolu a me ka hapa kilokika, a ʻo 32 ka lōʻihi o ke kino. ʻO ka kāleka mai ka Seychelles i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka ʻoki liʻiliʻi loa i ka honua. ʻAʻoleʻoi aku nā holoholona pākeke i ka 1.8 - 1.9 kenimika.
- Ke lohe ʻia nei ka uwē ʻana o kahi puahiwi, i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻĀkau o ʻAmelika Hema, ma ka lōʻihi o kekahi mau kilomita a ua like hoʻi me ka uwō o ka bipi.
- Noho ka bako ma ka mokupuni ʻo Indonesia. ʻO ka membrane ma waena o nā manamana lima e lawelawe ai he parachute. Ma kahi lele lele e lele mai ana mai i ka mokupuni ʻo Borneo, hōʻea ka ʻāpana i ka 19 mau kenimika square.
- ʻO ka huehue o nā pōkā huapau e like me ka curare. Hoʻohana ʻo ʻAmelika Hema i kahi o ia mau ʻimi no ka jaguars a me ka deer, smearing arrow arrow.
- ʻO ke kolikola ʻekolu mau ʻaoʻao (Brazil, Peru, Guiana) i mālama mua i kāna mau keiki. A pau ka makeke, ua pili nā pili i ke kino o ka makua, a lawe ʻo ia iā lākou i loko o kahi wai hou.
- Ua hoʻolele kahi rhinoderm kāne e noho ana ma Kili i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua a lawe iā lākou i loko o kāna ʻeke leo.
- ʻO kahi wahine pipa (Brazil, Guiana), e hoʻohana ana i kahi ʻōkuhi protruding (ovipositor), e waiho ana he 40 a me 114 mau hua ma kona kua. A laila e kulu ʻia nā pū me nā lids a puni nā hua. Loaʻa nā kūkulu āpau a me ka loli (82 mau lā) i loko o kēia mau loko, mai kahi i puka mau ʻia nei.
Ua heluhelu ʻia a me nā pilina pilina
- Maslova I.V. Hoʻopilikia ka hopena i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ke ola amphibians a me nā reptiles (rus.): Collection / Comp. A.O. Kokorin. - Moscow: WWF Rusia, 2006. - P. 111. - ISBN 5895640370. - Bibcode: 26.23B58.
- Ananyeva N. B., Borkin L. Ya., Darevsky I.S., Orlov N. L. ʻO ka papa inoa o nā inoa o nā holoholona. ʻAphphians a me nā lau. Latin, Lūkia, Pelekānia, Kelemānia, Farani. / hoʻoponopono ʻia e Acad.
- Ferrell, Vance. Ka Palapala Geographical. ʻVolutionlelo Encyclopedia, Volume 3. ʻvolutionlelo Hui Pūnaewele (Malaki 4, 2012). ʻO Dahl, Chris, Novotny, Vojtech, Moravec, Jiri, Richards, ʻo Stephen J. Beta ka like ʻana o nā baki ma ka ulu lāʻau ʻo New Guinea, ʻAmonia a me ʻEulopa: ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kaiāulu a me ka wela (English) // Journal of Biogeography (English) Lukia : hale moolelo. - 2009. - Vol. 36, ʻaʻole nō. 5. - P. 896? 904. - DOI: 10.1111 / j.1365-2699.2008.02042.x.
- Shabanov D. A., Litvinchuk S. N. Ka baki: kahi ola me ke kānāwai ʻole a i ʻole ke ala kūikawā o ka hoʻomohala? (Lūkini) // Natur: Kumuhana. - ʻepekema, 2010. - No. 3. - P. 29—36.
- Kartashev N.N., Sokolov V.E., Shilov I.A. Hana ʻana ma luna o nā zoology vertebrate.
Nā baki: wehewehe
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻohana o nā rana me ka ʻike ʻole ʻole ʻia lākou i ka ʻāʻī i hala, no laila e ʻike maoli ʻia ke poʻo hoʻokahi me ke kino ākea. ʻAʻole nele kēia mau holoholona i kahi kakala, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka inoa o ke kauoha a ʻo kona ʻano hiʻona. Loaʻa wale i nā pōkole, ʻoiai e hiki ke kāohi i ka nohona ola ma waena o 360 degere.
Kāleka
He ʻōhuli nui nā poʻo o nā palaka, he pāpaʻi ʻia i ka helehelena, me ka maka poʻohiwi i nā ʻaoʻao o ia mea.ʻO kēia mau holoholona, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kekahi o nā mea ʻelele o ke kauoha, loaʻa i ʻelua mau maka o ka maka - haʻahaʻa a ma luna. Ma lalo o ka nā eyelid haʻahaʻa he polipone manuahi, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ia ka "ʻekolu o ke kenekulia." Ma ke kua o ka maka ka mea e kapa ʻia ʻo eardrum, kahi o kahi wahi i uhi ʻia e ka ʻili ʻili. Ma luna o ka waha hoʻohālikelike nui, ʻike ʻia nā lua o nā pūpū me nā pūpū kūikawā. Hoʻokū ʻia ka waha o ka baki me nā niho liʻiliʻi.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā wāwae mua o ka frog me nā manamana lima ʻehā loa, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā wāwae hind, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a hoʻopau i nā manamana lima, ma waena o kahi membrane kūikawā i hana ʻia i ka pehu, e ʻae ʻia i ka poroka i ka manaʻo nui i ka element o ka wai. ʻAʻohe o nā manamana lima o nā rana, ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻohana. Ma hope o ke kino kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo cesspool, ka mea e hōʻike nei i ka puka wale nō no nā māhele meaʻai i hoʻoulu ʻia. Hoʻopili ʻia ke kino o ka frog me ka ʻili puha, i uhi ʻia me ka papakū o nā mālamaka kūikawā, kahi i hūnā ʻia e ka nui o nā kelima subcutaneous o ka frog.
ʻO kekahi manawa hoihoi. ʻAʻole ulu ka pōʻino ʻEulopa i ka lōʻihi aʻe ma mua o 10 mau kenimika, ʻoiai ka pōkole ʻApelika goliath i manaʻo ʻia he poʻokela nui loa o ka ʻohana, e ulu ana he hapalua mika ka lōʻihi a loaʻa iā lākou kekahi mau kilogram.
Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻo ka nui o nā rana e hilinaʻi ana i kā lākou ʻano, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o ko lākou nui ka i waena o waena mai 0.8 a 32 kenimika. Hoʻololi ka ʻano like o ke ʻano o nā rana, ka mea like ʻole i ka waihoʻoluʻu motley o ko lākou kino. Hoʻohui pinepine, ʻo ke kino kino o kēia mau holoholona i pili i ka nohona kūlohelohe, i hiki iā lākou ke maʻalahi me ka camouflage i waena o nā mea kanu, i waena o nā mea kanu, etc.
Hōʻike pinepine, ʻo ke kinilike o ke kala o ka holoholona i hōʻike ʻia o ko lākou huʻaʻewaʻi, aʻo nā mea hōʻona i hoʻoili ʻia e nā glandula kūikawā i kau ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka holoholona. Hiki i kēia mau mea ke pilikia me nā holoholona wale nō, akā no nā kānaka. Hiki i kekahi mau ʻano ke hoʻohalike i ka "kaua" kuʻuna o nā ʻōpala i mea hiki ke pale aku iā lākou iho i nā ʻenemi maoli.
Ka noho ʻana a me ke ʻano
Hiki i ka pōkole ke noʻonoʻo maluhia i kahi ʻohana kūʻokoʻa, no ka mea ua neʻe maʻalahi lākou ma ka ʻāina, ka hana ʻana i nā pihi nui, piʻi koke nā kumu lāʻau, ʻeli a lalo iho i lalo nā pū, a pū kekahi, holo, holoholo, e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā mai ke kiʻekiʻe, e pili ana i nā ʻano.
ʻO ka hoʻohanohano o nā rana ka mea i hiki iā lākou ke komo i ka oxygen ma o ka ʻili. ʻAe kēia i ka holoholona i ke ʻano he nui, ma ka wai a ma ka ʻāina. Eia kekahi, aia nā ʻano mea e hoʻouna ʻia i nā wai wai i ka wā hoʻolaʻa.
Hoihoi mai e ike! Hōʻike nā holoholona i kā lākou hana ma ke ʻano like ʻole. Makemake kekahi mau holoholona e ʻimi manuahi i ka pōʻeleʻele, aʻo kekahi mau e hōʻike i kā lākou hana no 24 mau hola.
Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he mea hoihoi nui ka mālama ʻana i nā pū palaka no ka hana ʻana i ka leo e like me ke croaking. ʻO ka heleʻana o nā pū kani kani a me nā resonator e hiki ai i ka holoholona ke hana i kahi laulā o nā leo. He kūpono kēia i ka wā hānau, ʻoiai ua pono ka holoholona i hoʻokaʻawale i ka kāne ʻē.
ʻO nā baki makua, mai kēlā manawa i kēia manawa, e hoʻopau i ko lākou ʻili a ʻai pono ma laila, a ma hope o lākou ke kū nei ke kali a hiki i ka ʻili hou ke hana pono. Ma aneane pau nā koho o kēia ʻohana e alakaʻi i kahi ʻano maʻalahi, ʻoiai lākou e hiki ke hele i ka lōʻihi o ka wā moe. Ua hoke ʻo nā rīpī e noho aniani i ka hoʻoilo.