I ka manawa o ka noho ʻana o nā manu moa nui, ua noho ka ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe o ka manu ma ka Honua, ua kapa ʻia lākou he epiornises.
Noho ʻo Epiornis ma nā mokupuni o Aotearoa.
Epiornis (Aepyornithidae).
Ua ʻike mua ka poʻe ʻEulopa i nā epiornises i ke kenekulia 17, i ka wā i paʻi ʻia ai ka puke a Admiral Flacour. Ma hope mai o ke kenekulia XIX, ʻike kahi kanaka maoli maoli mai Palani mai i nā hua he 6 iʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā hua ʻōpoki, ua loaʻa pū ʻo ia i nā iwi o kahi manu hihiu.
Ua hiki nā epiornises i ke kiʻekiʻe o 3 mika, a ʻo ke kau palena awelika ma kahi o 500 kilograms.
He manu nui nā manu o ka epiornisis. ʻO ka nui o ko lākou mau kino i ʻoi aku ma mua o kahi kanaka, ʻaʻohe o nā ostrich.
He mau wāwae maikaʻi kēia mau manu, no laila ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke holo holo maikaʻi wale nō, akā luku pū nō hoʻi inā inā e pilikia ana lākou. ʻO ia no ka nui o nā nui a me nā wāwae nui i ʻike ʻia e ka epiornis ka inoa ʻelua - "nā manu elephant."
ʻO ka epiornisis nā lāʻau kanu lāʻau kahiko, i kapa ʻia ʻo "nā elepani."
He ʻāʻī lōʻihi a me ke poʻo liʻiliʻi nā manu. Ua haku ʻia nā ʻēheu o nā ʻēheu. ʻOiai ke ʻano nui o ko lākou nui, ʻaʻole nā manu e ʻai, e like me nā fororacos kahiko a i ʻole nā diatrims, akā ua hānai nui ʻia i nā mea kanu.
ʻAʻole i hāʻawi i nā ʻēheu palaka ʻia i ka Ephiornis i kahi manawa e lele ai, akā ua kōkua nā wāwae ikaika e holo wikiwiki a hopu i ka waiwai pio.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo ʻana e noho ana ʻo epiornis nui i Hawaiʻi a hiki i ka waena o ka XIX kenekulia, akā maopopo ka ʻepekema i kēia mau manu i make ai i hoʻokahi mau makahiki i hala.
Nā ʻepekema ʻepekema ma Oxford University i ka 2001 i hana i kahi hoʻokolohua ambisy - e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻenehana loea hou, ua hoʻāʻo lākou e hana hou i nā epiornis i pau. Akā ʻaʻole mālama ʻia nā pōpana DNA, a ʻaʻole hanana ʻole ka hoʻokolohua.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
Epiornisis
† Epiornisis | ||||||||||
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Kālā a me ka hua manu Aepyornis maximus | ||||||||||
Kahi ʻano ʻepekema | ||||||||||
Aupuni: | Eumetazoi |
Moulou | Keelless |
Kaulana: | † Mea Hoʻolālā (ʻO Aepyornithiformes Newton, 1884) |
Ohana: | † Epiornisis |
He ʻauhau ma nā wiki | Nā kiʻi ma Wikimedia Commons |
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Epiornisis (lat. Aepyornithidae, mai Helene. αιπος - kiʻekiʻe a Helene. ορνις - manu) - he ʻohana hānai manu manu ʻole ʻole mai ka waihona kālā o nā ratites, hoʻokahi wale nō i ka detachment epiorniform (Aepyornithiformes). Ua noho lākou i Hawaiʻi ma Holocene a hiki i ke waena o ke kenekulia XVII.
ʻO keʻano
ʻO ka epiornisis kekahi o nā manu nui loa e noho ana i ka wā kaʻao. Maui Epiornis (Aepyornis maximus) ʻoi aku iʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu mau mika ka lōʻihi a ʻo ke koʻikoʻi a hiki i 450 kg, kā lākou mau hua - 30-32 cm ka lōʻihi me kahi volume a hiki i 8-9 l, ʻo ia ka 160 manawa ka nui o ka hua moa. Kuhi ʻia nā ʻano wai ʻewalu o nā ʻano he ʻehā he kuleana - he kū maoli Aepyorniskomo me A. hildebrandti, A. ka gracilis, A. medius, A. maximus, a ī Mullerornis. I ka mokuʻāina kaulana i ʻike ʻia mai ka Pleistocene. ʻO ka epiornisis hope loa i luku ʻia e ke kanaka ma ka kenekulia XVII, no lākou nā ʻano ʻano Aepyornis maximus . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ke kiaʻāina o ka kolone Farani i ka mokupuni o Hawaiʻi i ka waena o ka makahiki 17, ʻo Etienne de Flacourt, e haʻi ana i ka manu manu like me nā manu i noho ʻole ʻia. ʻO ka mākaʻi nui loa o ka Epiornis, hiki ke kaupaona ʻo 640 kg, ua hāʻawi ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano ese Vorombe (ʻānō ʻO Vorombe titan) .
ʻO ka ʻano loiloi o nā ʻano endocranes Aepyornis maximus a Aepyornis hildebrandti hōʻike ʻia i ka cortex ʻike o ka epiornis i hoʻēmi ʻia me nā manu ʻē aʻe, koe me ka kiwi. Olive poepoe i loko A. maximus nui loa, oiai A. hildebrandti he liʻiliʻi lākou, ʻo ia ka mea ʻonaninaka maikaʻi loa lākou a alakaʻi i ke ola nocturnal, e hilinaʻi nei i ko lākou ʻano honi.
Nā hua ʻaka
ʻOiai nō ua make ka nui o nā manu elephant, ma kahi o 70 o kā lākou hua huʻai. E mau ana lākou a hiki a hiki i kēia lā. Hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau huaole ma nā hale hōʻike paleontological me nā ʻūlau o nā manu i ʻike ʻia.
Ua loaʻa i nā ʻepekema ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Murdoch ma Perth ka DNA o kahi iʻa ma nā pūpū hua. Hōʻike ka hoʻohālikelike DNA e pili ana i ka manu o ka elephant kahi pili i pili i ka manu kiwi manu ʻole like ʻole, ʻo ia ka nui o ka moa.
Nā manaʻo
ʻAno ma ka ʻano Aepyornis ʻEhā mau ʻano e ʻae ʻia nei: A. hildebrandti, A. ka gracilis, A. medius a A. maximus , akā ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia nei ka mana o kekahi o lākou. He nui nā mea kākau e manaʻo nei he mau mea like lākou. A. maximus. ^ E Ha yM. Eia naʻe, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua komo nā ʻano ʻekolu Mullerornis .
ʻAuhea mai nā holoholona nui
No ke aha i hiki ai i nā manu ke ulu i kēlā nui like? Aia he wehewehe kūloko no kēia, nona ka moku gigantism. Ma muli o nā mutations ma ka puʻu pituitary, ulu nui ka mea i nui ma mua o kona mau mua. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka ulu ulu ʻana o ka holoholona, kahi me ka nui o ka makahiki o ka holoholona i pau ka hoʻokuʻu i loko o ke koko i ka nui o ka nui a kū i ka ulu.
Ma ka ʻāina ma ka ʻāina, aia ka nui o nā ʻenemi a puni, e kīlū pinepine ʻia kēlā mau kanaka a ʻaʻole hoʻi e haʻalele i nā hua. A inā haʻalele lākou iā ia, no laila, he mea paʻakikī ke hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia gen, no ka mea, he mea paʻakikī ke ola. Akā ma ka mokupuni, nui nā pua hakahaka - nā rodents a me nā manu - he nui ka mea i ʻoi aku i ko lākou mau ʻāina i ka ʻāina.
ʻO ka mahalo, ua like ka manu kiwi me ka epiornis i ka nui, hiki ʻole ke kaena ʻo ka nui.
Ka Hoʻolāʻau Kuhi
ʻO ka epiornis mua i ʻike ʻia ma ko mākou honua he 2 miliona mau makahiki i ka makahiki i hala. Ua ulu lākou i ka microclimate kūikawā o Hawaiʻi, kahi ʻaʻole ka ʻenemi maoli. A hiki ka mokupuni, ʻike ʻia mai nā kānaka ma ka mokupuni.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā manu ua luku ʻia e nā kānaka mai ʻAmelika, kahi i hali i Hawaiʻi i kahi o 1.3 tausani mau makahiki i hala.
A ua hoʻohana lākou i nā loea luku e hoʻomohala i ka mokupuni. E hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ʻāina no ka mahiʻai, puhi lākou i nā ululāʻau āpau. ʻO ka huina, i 90% o nā ululāʻau i luku ʻia ma Hawaiʻi. Ma muli o kēia, ʻaʻole wale nā mea kanu kūikawā i nalowale, akā nui nō hoʻi nā holoholona ua nalowale i ko lākou mau hale a me nā meaʻai. I Hawaiʻi, ua nalowale nā hippos a me nā lemurs nui. Akā, ʻo ka lilo nui loa nō ia o kahi manu elephant, ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻohana ai i nā wahi ʻē aʻe ma nā wahi o ka honua.
ʻO ke aloha o ka poʻe noho aku no nā hua ʻokiʻoki i hoʻopau iā ia. Hoʻokahi hoʻokahi hua epiornis e hānai i kahi ʻohana āpau. ʻAʻole lākou i hoʻopā aku i nā manu iā lākou iho - ʻo nā epiornises he mau hoaʻakeʻa koʻikoʻi nui wale nō no ka poʻe i paʻa i nā ihe.
Ua ola kekahi o nā manu elephant i ke kenekulia 17, akā ua luku ʻia lākou i ka nalu hou o nā malihini. Me nā pu, ʻaʻole lākou i makaʻu i ka hopu i ka pāʻani nui. ʻAe, ʻo kēlā poʻe liʻiliʻi i peʻe i loko o ka hihiu, ʻaʻole i hiki iā lākou ke haʻalele i ka hua kūpono
Makemake e ʻike i nā mea āpau
Ua make ʻo Epiornis a i ʻole ka manu elephant i ka mokupuni o Hawaiʻi, akā ua ola wale nō i loko o nā moʻolelo moʻolelo wale nō. I ka holoholona hihiu, ua luku ʻia ka epiornis e ke kanaka i ka kenekulia 17. Ua hiki i ka manu elephant manu lele ʻole he 16 mau mika i ke kiʻekiʻe, a kaupaʻa kekahi poʻe ma kahi o 600 kg.
ʻO ka hua epiornis 9-he a he 32 cm lōʻihi: ua ʻike ʻia ma Hawaiʻi, akā naʻe, eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻalo.
Wahi a DNA, he pili ʻo epiornis i kekahi manu mokulele ʻē aʻe - kiwi, ʻaʻole hiki ke kaena nui. Ua kāhea i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke kumu no ka nui o ka nui epiornisis island gigantism - kahi ʻano hoʻomohala o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ola i nā mea ola i loko o kahi eʻoki nui nei, i ka wā ʻole o nā ʻenemi kūwaho a me nā mea hewa ʻē aʻe, aia kekahi mau huaʻōlelo i kū ʻole i nā ʻano o nā pahele nui.
ʻO ka epiornis mua i hōʻike 2.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua ulu lākou i ka microclimate kūikawā o Hawaiʻi, kahi ʻaʻole ka ʻenemi maoli. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka flora a me nā manu o Hawaiʻi me ka hiki ʻana mai o nā malihini no ʻApelika.
ʻO 90% o nā nahele ua luku ʻia ma ka mokupuni, ua nalowale nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Ua lilo ʻo Epiornis i kekahi o nā poho nui.
I ka wā mua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe e ʻimi i nā hua o kahi manu - hoʻokahi hua manu epiornis e hānai i ka ʻohana āpau. ʻAʻole lākou i hoʻopā i nā manu iā lākou iho - he mau ʻenemi nui loa ka epiornis, no ka poʻe i paʻa i ka ihe. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka lua o ka holo ʻana o ka malihini, ua paʻa ʻē aku kekahi me lākou me nā pū, ua hoʻopau hope i kēia ʻano.
No ka manawa lōʻihi i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ua alakaʻi kēia manu i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo ka nui hoʻi o nā ʻano like o kā lākou pūʻulu - nā ostriches a me cassowaries.
I kēia manawa, ʻōlelo nā kānaka ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Texas e manu nā manu elepani, a me nā mea maoli ʻōpiopio. E like me ka kiwi, he hoahānau pili ia o ka Epiornis mai Kahiki Nui.
I ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana, ua hana nā mea noiʻi i "nā loea" o ka lolo o ka epiornis a me kona mau hoahānau e pili kokoke ana. Ka mea, ua like me ka limu ʻike ma ka lolo o ka epiornis, ua liʻiliʻi ʻia e like me ka kiwi. Ua aneane ʻole nā ʻano nui ʻelua ʻelua. Hōʻike kēia mea nāwaliwali o nā maka manu o ka elephant, he mau mea ola nocturnal lākou.
Akā, ua uku ʻia ka mau maka nānā me ka ʻono maikaʻi loa. A ma nā ʻano like ʻokoʻa, ua ʻokoʻa lākou i nā nui hoihoi. Manaʻo ʻepekema nei i noho i kēia mau ʻōnaka i loko o nā ululāʻau. ʻO ka epiornisis o ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa e noho ana ma ke kahua ākea a ikaika i ka wanaʻao.
ʻO keʻano
ʻO ka epiornisis kekahi o nā manu nui loa. Madagasikara Epiornis (lat. Aepyornis maximus) kālele iā 3-5 m o ke kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaupaona ʻana ma kahi o 400 kg, kā lākou mau hua - 30-32 cm ka lōʻihi me kahi volume a hiki i 8-9 l, ʻo ia ka 160 manawa ka nui o ka hua moa. ʻO ke koena o nā ʻano ʻewalu he mau huaʻōlelo ʻelua e hōʻike ʻia - ʻoiaʻiʻo Aepyorniskomo me A. hildebrandti, A. ka gracilis, A. medius, A. maximus, a ī Mullerornis. I ka mokuʻāina kaulana i ʻike ʻia mai ka Pleistocene. ʻO ka epiornisis hope loa i luku ʻia e ke kanaka ma ka huli ʻana o nā kenekulia XVII-XVIII. ʻO ke kiaʻāina o ka kolone Farani i ka mokupuni o Hawaiʻi i ka waena o ka makahiki 17, ʻo Etienne de Flacourt, e haʻi ana i ka manu manu like me nā manu i noho ʻole ʻia.
ʻOiai nō ua hala ka nui o nā manu elepani i kahi lōʻihi ma mua, ua mālama ʻia kahi nui o kā lākou hua pālima. E mau ana lākou a hiki a hiki i kēia lā. Hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau huaole ma nā hale hōʻike paleontological me nā ʻūlau o nā manu i ʻike ʻia. Ua loaʻa i nā ʻepekema ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Murdoch ma Perth ka DNA o kahi iʻa ma nā pūpū hua. Hōʻike ka hoʻohālikelike DNA e pili ana i ka manu o ka elephant kahi pili i pili i ka manu kiwi manu ʻole like ʻole, ʻo ia ka nui o ka moa.
ʻAno ma ka ʻano Aepyornis ʻEhā mau ʻano e ʻae ʻia nei: A. hildebrandti, A. ka gracilis, A. medius a A. maximus , akā ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia nei ka mana o kekahi o lākou. He nui nā mea kākau e manaʻo nei he mau mea like lākou. A. maximus. ^ E Ha yM. Eia naʻe, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua komo nā ʻano ʻekolu Mullerornis . ^ E Ha yM. Kaukaʻikaʻi Aepyornis
- Aepyornis gracilis(Monnier, 1913)
- Aepyornis hildebrandti(Burckhardt, 1893)
- Aepyornis mulleri(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894)
- Aepyornis maximus(Hilaire, 1851)
- Aepyornis pāʻano(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1869)
- ʻO nā mea kuʻiʻo Aepyornis(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894)
- ʻO Aepyornis titan(Andrews, 1894)
- Aepyornis medius(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1866)
- Aepyornis grandidieri(Rowley, 1867)
- ʻĀnohi Aepyornis(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894)
- ʻO Aepyornis lentus(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894)
- Mullerornis betsilei(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894)
- Mullerornis agilis(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894)
- ʻO Mullerornis rudis(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894)
- ʻO ka huʻu Flacourtia(Andrews, 1894)