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ʻAʻole ka wehewehe wahi hoʻokahi i ka hoʻopio ʻia ʻana i ka lehelehe lele e hana ʻole ʻia me ka pīpī kuū o Colorado - ua nui loa kona waiwai i ke ola o ka ʻāina. Eia naʻe, naʻe i kēia manawa, ma kahi o 50 mau makahiki i hala, ʻaʻole ia ma kā mākou ola. A emi mai ma kahi o 100 makahiki i hala, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i Europa.
Kālā
ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ke komo ʻana i kēia pōpilikia weliweli o nā pō i pō o ka pōʻaiʻai iā mākou ma kahi pōkole e like me kēia. Mai ka makahiki 1918, i ka Kaua Honua Mua, ua lele mai kahi makana me nā kāmela ʻAmelika ma kahakai o Farani i ke kūlanakauhale o Bordeaux. I kēlā manawa, ʻaʻohe manawa o ka ʻEulopa e pale i nā mea kanu, a ʻo kēia pōlū huaʻu ʻoi aku "ua paʻa koke ma ke poʻo" ʻo ka mokupuni ʻo Farani. No laila, ʻoiai ke kūʻē i ka poʻe mahiʻai o ka mahiʻai, ua hoʻokipa koke ʻo ia i kekahi ma waena o nā ʻāina āpau o Central Europe, koe wale nō ʻo ʻEnelani me kona kauwela pīhoihoi a me kahi lawelawe hoʻokūkū maikaʻi. (Ma ke ala, mālama ʻo ia i ka palena o ka ʻāina i paʻa ʻia no ia.)
Ke neʻe nei i ka hikina ma ka makani ikaika i loko o nā mahina o ke kauwela, e hoʻonele ai i nā pilikia āpau a me ka pau ʻana o ka hōʻino nui ʻana o nā pā hua uala me nā pesticides, i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1940, ka pahuhopu, kipa ʻia e ka makani a me ka makewai no ka lanakila ʻana i nā wahi hou, hiki aku i nā palena o ka mokuʻāina o USSR. Pono e ʻōlelo wau he mea lele manuahi nā pōpoki pono ʻole. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i mea e lele i ka lewa, pono lākou i ka mahana - i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi a me nā lā a me ke anuanu, makemake nui nā pīpī i ka hele wāwae.
ʻO ka foci mua o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea ʻino maikaʻi ma kā mākou wahi i loaʻa i ka ʻāina Lviv o Ukraine ma 1949. A ma 1953 i kū like pū ai ia ma Kaliningrad, Volyn, Brest a me Grodno.
ʻO ka hope loa loa, i nā lā wela o Mei 1958, lele ai kahi pepehī o Colorado ma loko o ka wahi o Transcarpathian mai Hungary a me Czechoslovakia. Ma ka manawa like, ka "landing" ikaika o ka mauʻu nā hae ka mea i hānai ʻia i ke kauwela ma nā māla huaʻai o Polake a ua hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ke kaiālia Lūkia a me Kaliningrad o ka moana Baltic. A laila ua make ka hapanui o ka mokulele paʻilima i ka wai ʻino o ka moana Baltic, nā mea i koe a me nā mea e holo mai ana i ka puʻu e luku koke ʻia e ka poʻe mahiʻai kuʻala. Akā ʻo "landing" ua nui loa a hiki i ka hiki ke alo ʻia a "pahuʻu i ke kai". ʻO nā kānaka he nui, ʻo ia wale nō "piʻi" i ke kahakai kahakai a ʻaʻole lawa ka manawa e maloʻo ai, lele i loko o nā māla e kokoke mai ana. Mai ia manawa mai, ʻo ka hoʻonā nui ʻana i nā malihini kipa maoli o ka ʻāina ʻo Rūsia e hoʻomaka.
Nā hōʻailona waho
Akā e hoʻokokoke mākou i ka moʻolelo o ka malihini e lanakila ana i kahi konohiki hou a wehewehe iā ia. ʻIke ʻia ua ʻike maopopo ʻia e kēia mea ʻōlio. ʻO kona lōʻihi e pili ana i 9 a 12 mm, ka laulā o 6 - 7 mm. He poʻokela ke kino, ikaika convex, shiny, ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula me ka kukui elytra, ma kēlā me kēia he ʻelima mau ʻāpana (a laila, he ʻumi, no laila, he ʻumi - no laila ua inoa nā inoa Latin decemlineata - ʻumi-laina). Ua hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia nā ʻēheu o ka ʻili pūnaewele; me ko lākou kōkua, i nā lā wela o ke kauwela, hana nā pōpoki i nā huakaʻi lōʻihi.
ʻO ke kala o ke kino o ka larva i ka wā mua a me ka lua he ʻeleʻele; mai ke kolu o ka makahiki, lilo ka larva i ʻulaʻula, a ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka poni-ʻoni. I loko o kēia manawa, ʻokoʻa ka maʻalahi o ko lākou waihoʻoluʻu a me ke ʻano "humpbacked" mai ke ʻano o nā lau mau lau ʻona ʻē aʻe.
Ke noho maʻamau
He paʻakikī loa ke ʻano o ka noho kaakanui o Colorado. Nui nā makahiki ʻeneki a me Lūkini i haʻaheo i nā makahiki he nui e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai.
ʻO nā hōkū puaʻa i ka wā pākeke. I ka pūnāwai, puka lākou mai ka lepo a hoʻomaka koke e hānai i nā hua kanu a me ka hoa. Inā, e like me ka manawa pinepine, hana ʻia ka male ʻana i ka hāʻule, ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lau ʻana i ka hoʻoilo keʻokeʻo, ua kāhea ʻia i ka diapause, a laila i ka pūnāwai, ma hope o kekahi mau lā hānai, hiki i nā wahine ke hoʻomaka e waiho i nā hua me ka ʻole o ka male. No laila, hoʻokahi wahine wale nō ka mea hiki ke hoʻokumu i kahi hana hou.
ʻO nā wahine Overwintered mai ka puna a hiki i ka ngahulu e waiho i nā hua ʻoniʻula kukui ma lalo o nā lau. I loko o hoʻokahi lā, e waiho ka wahine mai 5 a 80 mau hua. Ma ka huina, hiki iā ia ke kau aku a 1000 mau huaʻai, ʻoiai ka liʻiliʻi o ka ulu haʻahaʻa - 350. ʻO ka nui o nā hanauna i ke kauwela e hilinaʻi nei i ke kaʻina o ka wahi a me nā hoʻoilo. Ma ka ʻākau o ka awā o ʻEulopa, e ulu ana ka pīpī i hoʻokahi hanauna, i ke kūkulu hema e hoʻomohala ai i ʻekolu mau pōmaikaʻi.
I ka papa mahele, he ʻehā mau makahiki i kaawale ʻia e ka molt. I ka makahiki mua a me ka lua o ka ʻai, e hānai ana nā ululāʻau a ke waiho mau ma luna o nā poʻo o nā hua kanu "broods". I ke kolu a me ka ʻehā, pālahalaha lākou, pinepine e neʻe i nā mea kanu lāʻau. No ka ʻaila, ka hapa nui o ka ʻōiwi i loko o ka lepo i loko o kahi radius o 10 - 20 cm mai ka ulu lāʻau a lākou i hānai ai. ʻO ka hohonu o kahi e waiho ai nā ululāʻau e hilinaʻi ʻia ana i ka papakū a me ka makū o ka lepo, akā maʻamau ʻaʻole eʻoi aku ma mua o 10 cm. He ʻano pupa i loko o ka ʻanu earthen ma hope o 10 a 20 mau lā.
ʻO nā ʻōpio, nā ʻōleʻa hou i ʻūlū mua i ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula a loaʻa nā integumen palupalu. Akā ma hope o kekahi mau hola, uaʻeleʻele lākou, huli i ke aniani me kahi paila pink, a loaʻa koke iā lākou ke kala maʻamau. Loaʻa ka nohona o ke ola me nā pīpī pākē a me nā makahiki he 1 mau makahiki. Eia naʻe, ʻo kahi ʻāpana o nā pīpī e hiki no ke ola 2 a ʻoi paha 3 mau makahiki.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui loa o ka ʻili o ka pīkī Kalakona o nā ʻano hoʻomaha. I ka inikua ʻano hoʻokahi ʻano o ka dormancy. ʻO ka ʻōleʻa kamaliʻi ma ʻeono ʻeono! Kākau mākou iā lākou. ʻO ka mea mua i ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo. ʻO ka lua he Oligopause hoʻoilo. ʻO ke kolu o ka moeʻuhane a ke kauwela, kahi lākou e waiho nei i ka waenakonu o ke kauwela no kahi manawa o ka 1 a 10 mau lā i ka hapalua o nā mea āpau i pau ai ka hana. ʻO ka hāhā he diapause kauwela lōʻihi. Pōʻalima - i ka diapause mau, ka mea i hōʻike iā ia iho i ka hopena o ke kauwela hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha (ka liʻiliʻi ʻekolu) manawa o ka hoʻoilo a i ka wā e ulu nei ana i nā pīpī huaʻai i ola a hiki i ka hāʻule. A ʻo ka hope loa, ʻo ke ono kahi wōkahi o ka lōʻihi (superpause), hiki ke hala 2 a 3 mau makahiki. ʻAʻohe mea e wehewehe i ka kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia mokuʻāina. E ʻōlelo wale mākou ua hiki i ka palaki palaka ke hoʻomohala i nā pōpilikia i nā pilikia a pau o ke ola. A no nā poʻe mahiʻai - paʻakikī loa ka hakakā ʻana i ka pūpū.
Lawe ma ka liʻiliʻi i nā makahiki he nui o ka diapause. Ke kanu nei i ka ʻuala ma kahi māla ma kahi o laila ʻaʻole 3 mau makahiki i ʻike ai, a ʻike ʻole, ʻaʻohe mea e kanu ana i kēia moʻomeheu i kēia makahiki, ʻike koke ka mea mahiai me ka minamina i kēia manawa ua piha ka mākeke i ka pīpī o Colorado. ʻO kēia ka poʻe i komo i ka diapause no 2 mau makahiki a, ua "hoʻoholo" ua manawa ka "puka," i puka aku ai i waho o kā lākou hana, a huli mai ia - ʻaʻole lapuwale.
ʻO ka poʻe makemake e loaʻa ka ʻike i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka biology o ka pītī ʻokala o Colorado, hiki ke hana i kēia ma ka heluhelu ʻana i ka monograph "Colorado Potato Beetle" i paʻi ʻia e ka hale paʻi puke Nauka i 1981.
Role i ke ʻano
A ʻo ka mauʻu a me nā ʻōpio o ka ʻenekini kūlele o Colorado e ʻai i nā lau o nā ʻano ʻoki o ka nightshade: nā ʻuala, ka ʻoma, ka hua manu, ka nui o ka pinepine - ka taba. ʻO kekahi mau holoholona hihiu o ka ʻohana like ʻole e ʻai koke. No ka mea ʻaʻole i loaʻa o ka ʻenemi iā Colorado ʻūlū ma luna o ka ʻEulopa, a ʻaʻole makemake ka poʻe predator kūloko e like me ia. A inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e kaua, ʻo ka pōloli wale nō ka mea hiki ke ho'ōki i kona hoʻomohala ʻana. Ua maopopo ke hiki iā ia ke hele wale mai i kahi hopena o ka luku piha ʻana i ka ʻai, maʻamau nā ʻuala. ʻAʻole hiki i ke kanaka ke ʻae kēia. A hoʻomaka e hakakā i ka pūpū. Akā i kēia hihia, ua lilo ia i hana paʻakikī. E wehewehe i ka mea hou aku pehea lākou e hoʻāʻo ai e hoʻoponopono.
Nā hana ʻohi
ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho paʻakikī o ke ola o ka pōpoki ua hāʻawi nui i ka invulnerability o ka pest i kekahi mea no ka kāohi.
A ua ʻoi kā lākou hoʻomohala ʻana ma mua o ka like ʻana o ka pepeke ma ka Pōʻalima ʻEulopa. I ka wā mua, he hana kūlohelohe kūʻokoʻa e hoʻohana ana i nā pesticides maikaʻi loa e like me DDT a me ka hexachloran. A laila, hoʻomaka nā mea kanu o nā mea hou a hui hou e kūʻē i ka maʻi kino. Ua hoʻohana koke ka pīpī i kekahi o lākou, pono e haʻalele ʻia kekahi ma muli o ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ko lākou hoʻohana ʻana no ka hana.
Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hana hoʻokaumaha ʻana i ka helu o nā pōpō haole. I ka manawa i ʻike ʻia ai nā kulekele ʻo Colorado ma ʻEulopa, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea ʻenehana i ka ʻano mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka papa ʻano o nā meaʻala maikaʻi. Ua pili pono i nā ʻano haole, i ka poʻe no ka haki ma waho o nā palena o ko lākou noho maʻamau, ke waiho nei ma kahi mamao loa o ko lākou mau ʻenemi maoli - nā maʻi parasit a me nā invertebrates predatory.
ʻO ke ʻano nui o kēia ʻano ka hana i loko o ka ʻimi i ka ʻāina o ka “malihini” o kona mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe a me kā lākou hānai ʻana ma hope ona. I ka hihia a mākou, pono lākou e loaʻa iā lākou ma ka ʻāina ʻAmelika, a laila hoʻokuʻu lākou iā lākou ma nā kahua ma ʻEulopa, no laila hoʻomaʻamaʻa lākou i kēia manawa a hoʻomaka maoli e luku maoli i kā lākou palapala maʻamau - ʻo ka pīpī kuikina o Colorado.
Ma ka manawa o ka "lanakila" ʻo ʻEulopa e ka mauʻu ma nā ʻenekuma entomological ʻepekema, ua paʻa mau ka manaʻo no ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Colorado (ʻaʻole ia no kahi mea nāna i loaʻa kona inoa!). Ua hoʻomau koke ia i ka ʻimi a me nā mea ʻōpala huki i United States (ua kapa ʻia lākou he mau entomophages - nā mea ʻai manu), lawe iā lākou i ʻEulopa, e hoʻokuʻu iā lākou i ka mahinaʻai a nānā i ke ʻano o nā "ʻano kūlohelohe o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā helu." Hoʻomaka ka hana. Ua lilo nā kānaka ʻepekema o nā ʻāina he nui i lilo i poʻe ʻāpana. ʻO nā manu o ka iʻa a me nā pōpoki i lawe ʻia i ʻEulopa, ua hoʻopuʻi ʻia nā lele parasit a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ke kula, e kali ana no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana mai ka malihini o waho.
Ua aʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema e hānai i kekahi mau pōpoki o ka ʻūlū ʻūlū o ʻAmelika Huipū i ka nui. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia he mau tausani mau mea ʻōpiopio: perillus a me podizus ʻaʻole wale ma ka māla kanu, akā ma ka ʻala a me nā ʻōmato, ma ia manawa ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoki i loko o kāna meaʻai. Akā i ka manawa e pau ai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia, ua hoʻomake koke ka mea pōʻino i kona ikaika a hoʻomau i ka "hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻaihue," a nalowale nā mea kōkua kaiāulu no ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi kaʻea mai ke kula. Ua like ka hana a Sisyphus hana.
Akā i ka hope ma 60s. a ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka poʻeʻAmelika e ʻeha i ka pepeke. Ma mua o kēia, kūleʻa lākou iā lākou iho me nā pesticides. Eia naʻe, ua ʻoi aku ka ulu ʻana o ka pāila me ka liʻiliʻi o ka maikaʻi. I ka hope loa, hiki i kahi manawa i hiki ʻole i kekahi o nā mea pesticides i ʻae i ka USA no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻuala i ka hopena ʻino ma luna o ka pep: a ua hoʻohana ʻia ia mau mea āpau. Ua hakakā ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻAmelika i ka pilikia like me ka poʻe ʻEulopa - pono nō lākou e huli i kahi mea e ae i ka ʻano kemika, i.e. E nānā i nā pono o kāna mau entomophages.
I kēia manawa, ua akaka loa i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe a pau o ka pīkolo o Colorado, kahi i komo ai nā mea e pili ana i nā makahiki ʻEulopa i nā makahiki he nui, a ma hope o lākou ka nui o nā ʻano ʻAmelika. ʻO ka pīkī kūpapaʻo Colorado kekahi o nā papa ʻaina ʻē aʻe no lākou. ʻO mākou nō ka Lūkia, no ka laʻana, nā huaʻai a avocado a i ʻole papaya.
Ua ʻike maoli ʻia ka poʻe loea i ka mālama lāʻau olakino e ʻo nā regulators ka mea maikaʻi loa o ka helu o nā pepeke manuahi, ʻaʻole lākou he polyphagous pōmaikaʻi maikaʻi, akā ʻo ia nā mea o kēia pōpeti he pepeke manuahi nui, e ʻāpono i ka hānai iā lākou.
Ua hoʻohuli hou i kekahi kūlana kūlana, ʻo ia ka mea nui nui. ʻO ka noiʻi Faunistic i ʻae ʻia i kēlā manawa e noʻonoʻo hou i ka mōʻaukala o "nā huakaʻi" o ka pīpoki kalaka o Colorado, a ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻoholo ai i kona ʻāina maoli. ʻO ka ʻepekema ʻepekema ʻAmelika ʻo W. Tower ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia ke kumu o ka puka mai o ka genus Leptinotarsa, a i ka mea o kā mākou ke koa, ʻaʻole ia ʻo Colorado. Aia ka ʻāina i kēia mau pīpī ma kahi hema - ma kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Sonora zoogeographic. Eia, ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o Mexico, aia ma kahi o 50 mau ʻano o nā pepeke o kēia ʻano. Mai kēia mai kā mākou "ʻōpio" i huli koke i ka ʻākau, a hiki i nā kahe komohana o nā mauna ʻo Rocky, kahi e pili ʻia ai nā awāwa ʻo Colorado mai ke komohana. A kēkē ʻo ia i kahi ola maikaʻi ʻana ma laila, ʻo ka "pinching" puaʻa ʻōlaʻi mai ka ʻohana nightshade.
A i ka hiki ʻana aku i nā neʻeʻāina ʻAmelika e kokoke loa i ka kumulāʻau a kanu i nā hua kanu i lawe ʻia mai me lākou, ua ʻike paha ka pīpī "ʻaʻole no kekahi mea ke hele nei ma nā wahi wela o Mexico, Arizona, a me Texas. Noho o kāna mau hoaloha he nui, ua hoʻololi koke ʻo ia i ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻuala a hoʻomaka e ʻai i ka mea kanu ulu maikaʻi. Eia, nā malihini - nā malihini mai ʻEulopa, ke hālāwai mua me kēia pīpī, a kapa iā ia ʻo Colorado.
A laila, aia i nā alahele i kūkulu ʻia, hiki koke ke kīwī i ke kapakai ʻo ʻAmelika. A eia ka 80s. o nā kenekulia i hala, 40 mau makahiki ma mua o kona komo ʻana i ʻEulopa, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻokau i kona ʻano kūwaho nui ʻana i nā māla kanu e like me nā ʻano ʻē.
No laila ua lilo ka mahele kiki kahi i pili ai ka ʻāina maoli maoli. A ʻo kēia iho he mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, eia ma ʻaneʻi, ʻaʻole i kahi ʻē aʻe, e ulu nui ana nā ʻenemi maoli kūlohelohe a noho. A no laila, eia ka mea pono e ʻimi iā lākou i kahi mua. Aia ma nā māla cactus exotic o Sonor lalawigan e ulu nui ana ka po i loko o kēlā me kēia - nā mamao pili kokoke loa a pili i nā kā kanu kanu, kamato, a me ka pia. ʻO nā hoahānau nui o ka pīpī kul Kaʻo Colorado, kahi e hoʻomaopopo nei iā mākou i kēia manawa, e ʻoi aku ka pololei o ke kāhea aku i kahi nūpepa sonor, ua ʻai ʻia.
I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua loaʻa nā hana hui pū o nā kānaka ʻepekema mai kekahi mau ʻāina i ʻike i nā mea ulana parasit e hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ana i ka hānai ʻana i ka pīpī kuū o Colorado. Ke hoʻomaka ʻia nei kahi ʻano noiʻi a hoʻomākaukau ʻia kahi papa wai no ka hoʻopuka ʻana i kēlā mau wahi kahi i ʻai ʻia ai ka mea ʻai o kā mākou "ʻai ʻelua", ka ʻuala o Colorado.
ʻO ka kumu a me ka mōʻaukala o ke ʻano ma ʻEulopa
Pane ka Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle) i ʻike ʻia i ka hapalua mua o ka 19 o ia mau makahiki, i ka makahiki 1824, na Thomas Say, he mea kūlohelohe a me ka mea ʻuma mai USA. Ua ʻohi ʻia nā kope mua iā ia ma ka pō kani, kahi e ulu aʻe ana ma nā Pihi Pōhaku. Nā ʻelele o nā ʻano hou i hōʻike mai ai, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka moʻomeheu Chrysomela a i ʻole nā lauleʻa lau. Akā i ka makahiki 1865, kau ʻo kekahi mea noiʻi kolo i ka ʻūlū konikele o ka Colorado ma loko o ka huaʻōlelo Leptinotarsa, kahi i kēia manawa.
ʻO ka ʻāina i loko o ka pīkake ʻokiukake ʻo Colorado ka ʻūhā-ʻekekikena o Mekiko, kahi ʻo Sonora. Ma kahi o ia, ʻo nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā pupu lau e noho ana ma laila, ua hānai lākou i ka nighthade hihiu a me ka tapaa. I ka kenekulia 19, ua neʻe kekahi pīkoi mai kona wahi kūloko i ke kūkulu ʻākau, a i ka ʻaoʻao hikina o nā mauna ʻo Rocky, kahi i hana ai i ka ʻai i nā lau o nā ʻuala, nā mea i hoʻopiha ʻia e nā malihini. ʻO ka poino mua i ʻike ʻia ma kahi nū i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Nebraska i ka makahiki 1855, a i ka makahiki 1859, ua luku ʻo ia i nā kīkaha ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Colorado, ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kona inoa.
ʻOiai naʻe ʻo nā hana i hana ʻia e pale aku ai i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi ʻōlapa a puni ka ʻāina, hoʻomaka koke ʻo ia e ʻike i nā mokuʻāina a me Kanada, a i ka makahiki 1876 ua ʻike mua ʻia ʻo ia i ʻEulopa me nā ukana kaomi.
A laila ua hāʻule pinepine ʻia ka pīpī i kekahi manawa i ka ʻāina, akā ua luku ʻia ʻo kēlā I ka makahiki 1918, ua kūleʻe ka "pae" o ka pīpī - ua ʻike ʻia ka pepeke ma nā pā o Farani a hoʻomaka e pālahalaha aku i nā ʻāina e pili mai ana. I ʻEulopa kahi ma nā wahi a pau kahi i koe ʻo ʻEnelani, kahi paʻa ka nui.
I ka makahiki 1949, puka mai ka pīpī ma USSR - ma Lviv wahi, i 1953 - i hoʻokahi manawa ma kekahi mau wahi o Rūsia. A ma muli o kahi holomua e hele ai i ka hikina, ua hiki i ka inikua i ke Terorien Primorsky mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 21.
Nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona o ka pīkoki kūloko o Colorado
Na ka inikona nā ʻohana hua manu, he ʻano oval ka inoa. ʻAno like ʻole nā pōpoki pākia i nā ʻōkuhi ʻaʻole wale ka nui, akā aia nō hoʻi i nā kaula pālua ka ʻeleʻele. I kahi wehewehe kikoʻī koʻikoʻi, he mea e hoʻopiʻi ai i ka lumana ākea o ke kino o ka pīpī.ʻO kekahi ʻano kūikawā no ka melemele ʻeleʻele-ʻele o ke kua.
ʻO ka ʻōpū o ka pūpū he 7 mau māhele, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā lālani o nā wahi ʻeleʻele. I nā inikini he 3 mau wāwae o nā "wāwae" i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka holo lohi ʻana i nā mea kanu. Hoʻonohonoho nā ʻēheu pūnaewele i ka ʻakaʻikala i hana ʻia i nā piko lōʻihi.
ʻO nā hōʻailona kiko o ka inisike e pili ana i 8-12 mm. ʻO ka laulā o ka pīpī ʻuala a hiki i ka 7 mm. Aia he 5 mau ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele ma ka ʻaoʻao o kēlā me kēia ʻēheu. Hōʻike ʻia ke kino o ke anilā ma ka hōhelele a i ʻole ka ʻulaʻula kala. Aia nā ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele ma ke kino o ka maka.
ʻAʻole makaʻu ke kukupa ʻo Colorado ma ka hau, wai a wela paha. I ka wā hōʻemi, ua lanakila nā pākeke i kahi mamao o nā mile. Aia kekahi manawa i ka makani i lawe ai i kēia mau pōpoki no nā haneli mau haneli.
Ka Weike Pest
He ʻōleʻa ka nui o ka pīpī pākeke - 0.8-1.2 cm lōʻihi, 0.6-0.7 cm ākea.ʻO ke kino oval-round, convex, ʻoni-melemele i ke kala, me nā ʻeleʻele, nā mālamalama. He ʻeleʻele hoʻi ka prespinum; 5 mau ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele e paʻa ana ma ka elytra. Wahi a ke ʻano pale like ʻole, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka pīpī mai nā pūlima ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole paʻakikī. Hoʻopuka maikaʻi ʻia kona mau ʻēheu, ʻo ia ke kumu e lele ai ma kahi mamao.
He palupalu nā hua, a he convex a hiki i 1,5 cm ka lōʻihi, i ka manawa mua, ma ka wā ʻōpio, ua pua lākou, a lailaʻeleʻele, lilo i ʻulaʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula. ʻO nā kala like ma muli o ka mea, ʻo ka ʻai ʻana i nā lau, ʻaʻole hiki i nā palaki ke hoʻomo i ka carotene i loko o lākou, a mei pinepine ia i loko i kā lākou mau ʻili. Loaʻa i ka ulukō ke poʻo ʻeleʻele a me 2 mau laina o nā kala like ʻo ia ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ke kino.
ʻAi nā pōpoki makua a maʻa mau nā polu i nā lau nightshade. ʻO nā ʻano moʻomeheu o kēia ʻohana, makemake lākou i ka hua ʻōpala a me nā ʻuala ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mea, ʻaʻole naʻe he kihi i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka ʻōpala, ʻo physalis, a me ka uahi. A koho ʻia nā pepa momona i ka wā ʻaʻohe mea kūpono e pono ai i kahi kokoke. He aha nā mea like Kolikolo ʻo Kalekika ike i ke kiʻi.
ʻAuhea mai ʻo ka wailele ʻo Colorado?
ʻO ka moʻolelo o nā pepeke ua hoʻomaka mai Mekiko. ʻO ka lau nahele ka ʻai mua i nā mea kanu; ʻaʻole i kuhi ʻia he pāu. I ka hopena o ka neʻe ʻana o ka nui o ka heluna kanaka, ua puka mai ka pōpoki lau ma Colorado, kahi i hoʻomaka ai e hoʻopau i nā hua kanu. Ma hope mai, laha ka ineke i loko o ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa.
Ma hope o ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo, hoʻohāʻau ʻia nā pōpoki ʻai nui mai ka lepo. Kupaa "hoʻomehana" i ka lā, hoʻomaka e ʻai a me nā hoa. Ma hope o kahi manawa pōkole, e waiho ʻia nā hua, ʻike ʻia nā hua liʻiliʻi. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua manu Minke ma nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o nā lau ʻuala.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ola o ka larva i nā ʻanu he 4; Ma hope o kēia, waiho nā lōpala i nā lau, hoʻomaka e hoʻopaʻa i ka lalo o lalo. Hoʻōla ʻia nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio mai ka pupa a hoʻomaka e ʻai i nā lau hua uala.
Hoʻokomo i nā hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo i ka wā hoʻoilo, ke komo lākou i ka 10-30 kenimika i ka ʻāina. Hiki i nā mea make kīpē ke kanu i ka hohonu o 50-100 cm.ʻO ka helu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pīpī kuʻala o Colorado e hilinaʻi ʻia ana i ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ke aloha o nā ʻaina, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pōpō i ola i ka hau.
ʻO kekahi mau kohola minke e hiamoe ana i lalo o 2-3 mau makahiki i ka lālani. Eia kekahi, hiki iā lākou ke kahili i ka mea ʻole a pau, akā, lohi. E wehewehe kēia i ka hele ʻana o nā pīkī makahiki hope i ka hopena o ke kauwela.
Ma kahi kolamu, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi mea ʻino mai nā papa hohonu o ka lepo. ʻO kekahi manawa nui ka heluna nui o ka lele. Hōʻike kēia hanana i ka wā i like ʻole nā kūlana o ka wā mai ka makahiki i hala. Holo koke nā manu i nā ʻāina e kū mai.
Ka hoʻokūkū ola
E waiho wale ana nā lehelehe ʻelemakule no ka hoʻoilo, i ka hāʻule hāʻule lākou i ka 0.2-0.5 m i ka lepo a hiki mai ka wela, piʻi ka piʻahi, hoʻomaka e ʻai i nā hua kanu, a laila e loaʻa kahi hoa.
I ka manawa like, hiki ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā wahine i ka hāʻule, ke hoʻomaka koke nei e waiho i nā hua hua. Hoʻouka ʻia ia i ke ola ʻana o nā loina pōʻino, ʻoiai, ʻaʻole pono nā wahine i ke kanu ʻana i ka kāne i ka pūnāwai.
ʻO nā Beetles, i hiki i ka ʻuala, hoʻomaka e waiho i kā lākou hua - ma nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma lalo o nā lau. ʻOliʻī ʻO Colorado Beetle - liʻiliʻi, elongated, melemele aʻeleʻele paha.
I ka lā 1 wale nō, hiki i ka wahine ke hoʻokaʻawale i 5-80 pcs. hua hua, a no ka wā holoʻokoʻa - 350-700 pcs. (e like me kekahi mau hōʻike, aia kēia helu 1 tausani mau ʻāpana). Ehia mau hanauna e hoʻomohala ma luna o ke kauwela i kēia manawa a me ke ʻano o kēia manawa: ma ke kūkulu hema he 2-3, ma ka ʻākau wale nō - 1 wale nō.
ʻAkekahi uka ʻōlekani o Colorado waiho i nā hua ma hope o 5-17 lā. Ma mua o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, ua hele lākou ma waena o 4 mau manawa i kā lākou hoʻolālā.
- 1 - Kele wale ka lau o ka lau i ʻai mai lalo, ʻehā lau pinepine i ka lau apical lau,
- 2 - ʻai i ka papa holoʻokoʻa, waiho wale ana i nā veins.
- 3 a me 4 - e lūlū i ka mea kanu, holo i nā mea kokoke.
Hoʻohana ikaika ka huaʻai, a ma hope o nā hebedoma 2-3 haʻalele lākou i ka lepo no ka pupation. ʻO 0.1 m ka hohonu o ka kanu ʻana. ʻ crelele paha lākou i ka ʻāina a hiki i ka pūnāwai (e pili ana kēia i ka mahana o ka lepo).
ʻO nā pīpī'ōpiopio me nā paila kīwī, ʻalani ʻulaʻula. Akā ma hope o kekahi mau hola i huli ai lākou i ka brown, loaʻa ka ʻula maʻamau no kēia ʻano. ʻAi lākou i ka lau ʻuala no 1-3 mau pule. Inā he wela ke kūleʻa, lele lele nā pīkoi i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka makani, i kahi kauwela kauwela o 8 km / h, hiki iā lākou ke lele i nā ʻumi mau kilomita mai ko lākou wahi i kū mua.
Noho nā Beetles, ma mua o 1 makahiki, akā hiki i kekahi ke ola i 2 a he 3 mau manawa paha. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole, hāʻule nā mea hihiu i ka diapause a hoʻopau i nā makahiki 2-3 i ka lepo. Hoʻonohonoho kēia hiʻohiʻona me ka mālama pono o ka pūpū. I ka pōpilikia, ʻaʻole ka pōmaikaʻi e lele e lele, akā hāʻule i ka lepo e like me ka mea make.
Potato Beetle Habitat
ʻO ka moʻomeheu ʻokoʻa kahi moʻomeheu nightshade ʻē aʻe. Noho nā Beetles i nā wahi ākea. ʻO ka hana ma ke ao ke nānā ʻia e nā pākeke a me nā larvae. Kahi ʻia ka “minke whale” ma nā ʻāpana ʻUulopa o Rusia;
ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomohala, hoʻoponopono hou o ka lehulehu e hilinaʻi ana i ka mahana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ke kaiapuni, ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai. ʻO ka pīkoi o ka uka Colorado ua loaʻa i nā hiʻohiʻona kūpono i ke kumu meaʻai, i nā kūlana agroclimatic.
Pā ka makua i ka hoʻoilo ma lalo o ka hoʻoilo. Ke piʻi nei ke kiʻekiʻe ma luna o +10 degere, hoʻomaka nā pīpī. I kekahi manawa moe kolohe ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo hiamoe. ʻO ka lōʻihi loa e ola ai nā pākeke ʻo 3 mau makahiki.
Pehea e hakakā ai
Kahi pīpī kikowaena kūlohelohe - pepeke gluttonous loa, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e lawe i nā mea e pale aku ai, ʻo ka hua lāʻau i ka manawa pōkole hiki ke ʻai i kahi ʻāpana o nā lau i ka lāʻau. Mai kēia, ʻaʻole hiki i ka mea kanu ke hoʻomohala ma kahi maʻamau, e hoʻopaʻa a ulu i nā kūmato. ʻAʻole e hōʻiliʻili ʻia.
I nā wahi liʻiliʻi, hiki ke hana maʻalahi me ka ʻoka manuahi, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāila. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaka ma hope o ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻuala. Pono e waiho ma kahi kokoke i nā moena hoʻomaʻemaʻe. ʻO ka pīhoihoi e ka ʻohu, e hōʻiliʻili lākou i nā pōpoki i holo e ʻoki mai ka ʻupena.
Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo ia wale nō ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana me nā iniseti, hemo iā lākou mai nā moena a luku. ʻO ka manawa e puka ai ka pīpī mai ka lepo e hiki ke lele i hoʻokahi mahina, no laila ke hoʻohana maoli nei kēia ʻano hana.
ʻO ke kolu ʻelua o ka hakakā: ka nānā ʻana i nā māka no ka hele ʻana o nā'ōwī hua manu hou ma luna o lākou. No ka waiho ʻana o nā wahine iā lākou ma ka papa lalo o ka lau, he paʻakikī ke hoʻomaopopo koke iā lākou. Pono ʻoe e ʻohi i nā lau, e nānā pono iā lākou mai lalo, e koho i nā mea e ʻike ʻia ai nā hua huaʻai a luku pū iā lākou, ʻohi i nā pīpī i ka wā e loaʻa ai ka ʻuala a luku hoʻi iā lākou.
He aha kā ka ʻōleʻa kalepona ma ka Colorado
Pālima "kākuhi" i ka luku ʻana i kekahi mau mea kanu. ʻO nā mea momona loa i nā nāhelehele nā lau o nā ʻuala. ʻAʻole nā lau ʻōpio ʻōpio wale nō ka meaʻai no nā nā pepeke pokole. ʻAi lākou i nā lau o nā ʻano kanu like ʻole o ka pō.
Inā ʻaʻole i piʻi aʻe ka lau o ka huaʻai mai ka lepo mai, e neʻe ana ka pīpī i ka pōkā pepa, kamaki a me ka huaʻala. Kahi i ka nui o ka pōʻaiʻai e ʻai ana i ka 75 mg o ka nui lau i kēlā me kēia lā. Hiki i ka iniseti hua lōlō ke luku aku a hiki i ka 136 mg o ka lau lau.
Hiki i nā pīpī lau nahele ke ʻai i nā lau ʻuala i nā petioles. Me ka nui o nā pōpoki, hōʻemi ka nui o nā huaʻai i 40%. Inā ʻaʻohe mea kanu i ka pūnaewele, hoʻomaka nā pepeke i nā mea kanu solanaceous.
He hoihoi! I ke kino o nā pīpī, hoʻākoakoa nā mea make i nā moʻomeheu nighthade. E wehewehe aku kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole e ʻai nā manu ʻai i ke ʻano o nā kahele mea ʻūlū ʻo Colorado.
Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe
E ʻai ana nā kolo ʻo Colorado i nā lau ʻuala nona ka solanine. Kui kēia mea waiwai i loko o kā lākou mau kia, no laila ʻaʻole kūpono ia no ka ʻai no ka hapanui o nā manu a i nā holoholona. Ma muli o kēia, he nui wale ka ʻenemi kūlohelohe, a ʻo ka poʻe i loaʻa iā lākou ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama i ka nui o nā mau puaʻe i kahi pae ʻole.
ʻO ka manu manu ʻo Guinea, nā kuhukukui, nā pheasants a me nā ʻāpana i kū mai i nā manu mahiʻai, nā pīpī, ʻaʻole pono o lākou. No lākou, ʻaʻole i make nā pōpoki a ʻai ʻia me ka ʻoliʻoli nui. ʻAi wale nā manu ʻona iā lākou iho, pono ke aʻo ʻia ke koena mai ka makahiki 3-4 mau mahina: e hoʻolauna mua i nā pīpī liʻiliʻi i hānai ʻia i ka mea hānai, a laila holomua ka manu i ko lākou ʻono.
Hiki ke hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻia nā manu i loko o ka māla, ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻino i ka mea kanu, ʻaʻole lākou e huki i ka ʻāina e like me nā moa, ʻai lākou i nā pīpī a me nā hua manu mai nā lau. Me nā pū, ua luku nā manu guinea i nā mea hou aku, e hōʻino pū i nā mea kanu.
ʻAʻohe manaʻo e ʻai ai nā pōʻai kūloko i nā pīpī o Colorado, akā aia wale nō kekahi o nā mea i hana mua i kēia wā mai ka wā kamaliʻi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokuʻu i nā manu i loko o ka māla me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā larvae, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Mei-Iune.
Eia naʻe, makemake ʻia e hoʻopailua ʻia ka ʻuala me kekahi mea, inā ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke hoʻololi i nā moa i nā moena e kamaʻilio a me ka hao wale i ka mea kanu e ulu ana, kauā nā ʻōpiopio ʻōpio, hoʻonohonoho i nā lua no ka ʻauʻau i ka lepo. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka heihei i kēia ala, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana i ka lāʻau a i ʻole nā mea inikua pū kekahi.
E hakakā maikaʻi ka hakakā ʻana i ka pīpī a me ka loaʻa pono: nā manu, ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea make i nā momona, e ulu koke a loaʻa ka paona, e kau ana i nā hens he nui ka nui a me kēia mau mea ma kahi ʻai manuahi ʻole.
Hoʻopili i nā holoholona home, ʻai ʻia hoʻi i ka pītī hua kulekele ma nā manu hihiu. He mau ʻōpala lākou, a me nā hua liʻiliʻi, nā ʻōpio, nā puʻukū, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, akā he naʻe, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hilinaʻi i ka mea e luku aku ai lākou i ka pīpī i ka nui.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻonui i ka nui o nā manu hihiu inā e manawaleʻa ʻoe iā lākou i ke kahua, akā he lōʻihi kēia a pinepine ʻole ʻo ia ke hana, no laila, ʻaʻole kuhi ʻia ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā manu hihiu ʻo ke ala nui e hoʻoneʻe i ka pīpī. E like me kekahi hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia, nā manu e lele ana i ka pae, ʻaʻole wale nō e ʻai i ka pōpoki, akā hoʻopau pū ka hua o ka hua o ka hua make e kēia manawa.
Mai nā pepeke, nā hua a me nā ulia o ka pigle o ka ʻanuʻu ʻo Colorado e luku ʻia e nā lacewings, nā pīpī lepo, ladybugs, nā pīpī, nā pepeke, nā alaka a me ka tahini (pili lākou i ka hope, ka lūlū, ka hanauna o ka pōpilikia, ka mea e pale ai i kāna hana). Ke hoʻomau nei nā haʻawina i nā entomophages ʻAmelika - nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka pīpoki kalaka o Colorado me ka hiki ʻana o kā lākou hoʻololi i ʻEulopa.
ʻO ke kaua e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai ʻo Colorado
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ala o ka hakakā i loko o ka pale ʻana, ka ʻohi a me nā mea kūlohelohe. Hoʻokomo nā ʻano hana pono i ka hana mahiʻai. ʻAʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻole o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i hōʻoia ʻia.
Nā hana palekana kūlohelohe - nā huahana biolo, nā ala kūikawā no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea kanu o nā ʻuala. Kūleʻa nā mea kūlohelohe i ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka wā larval. Kuhi ʻia nā hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ke olakino e mālama pono ai i nā kānaka, e hōʻike i nā hopena maikaʻi me nā neʻe pinepine.
ʻO ka ʻohi ʻana i nā ʻuala mai ka ʻūlū ʻoliki ʻo Colorado ʻaʻole ia me nā ʻano lāʻau. Hoʻokū ʻo ka pīpī ʻo ka mea make i nā mea kanu manu (beans, ke kāleka, coriander a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Kēia mau mea kanu, ua kanu ʻia ma nā kihi o nā moena, pale i ka ʻuala mai ka maʻi make.
Ke hana wale nei kēia mau mea āpau no ka mea pōkole loa, no ka mea, ua pili ka peste i nā kūlana hou. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻenehana, hoʻohui ʻia iā lākou me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi i nā kālā i mea e pale ai i ka hua kanu mai nā pīpī lau.
Pūnaewele ʻIno a me nā ʻōnaehana
Ua ʻike mua ʻia kēia mau holoholona i ka makahiki 1824 e American naturalist a me entomologist Thomas Say (ʻ Saylelo ʻia ʻo Thomas) mai nā specimens i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka Pōhaku Pōhaku ma luna o nā pō kani poʻo (Solanum rostratum) Ua ʻike ʻo ia i kekahi ʻano hou o ka inoa o kona ʻano. ʻO Chrysomela. ^ E Ha yM. I ka makahiki 1858, ʻo ka haole Kelemania Kelemania Wilhelm Suffrian (Christian Wilhelm Ludwig Eduard Suffrian) hoʻokomo i kēia ʻano i loko o ʻAmelika genus Doryphorame nā mea e like aku ana ʻo ia. Ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1865, ka mea noiʻi Suimana kaulana o kēia pūʻulu ʻo Stahl i komo ai i ka pītī ʻūlū o Colorado i loko o ka ʻano i kūkulu ʻia e ia ma ka makahiki 1858 Leptinotarsa, i kahi mea i pili i ia mea a hiki i kēia lā. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi mau hana, ka mea nui e nā entomologists ʻAmelika, a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano o lalo o ka inoa ma lalo o ka inoa Doryphora decemlineata.
ʻO ka lālā nunu nā lālā he lālā i ka ʻohana kumulā kulana (ʻO Chrysomelidae), he subfamily o nā pīpī lau maoli (ʻO Chrysomelinae).
Kupaa o ka pīpara bakila o Colorado
Ua loaʻa i ka pīpī kona inoa aupuni i ka makahiki 1859 ma hope o ka luku ʻia ʻana i ka māla ʻāina i ka mokuʻāina o ʻAmelika Huipū ʻia, akā ʻo kona ʻāina maoli ʻo ia ʻo Sonora zoogeographic sub-region ma ke kahawai ʻo Mexico. kumu ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi 286 lā ]. Hoʻopili i nā pakanikau kulukona ʻo Colorado, e noho ana kekahi mau ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe ma laila. Leptinotarsae hānai ana i kēlā me ka pōʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele a me ka maiʻa - nā ʻohana aloha i hoʻomohala i ka ʻuala a me nā ʻōmato.
Mai ka ʻāina ʻo Sonoran, ua hāliu ka ʻākala ʻo Colorado i ka ʻākau a hiki i nā ʻaoʻao kahawai o nā Pōhaku Pōhaku, kahi ma ka kenekulia 19 ua hana ʻia e ʻai i nā ʻuala i hānai ʻia e ka poʻe malihini.
ʻO ka hohola a puni ka honua
ʻO ka hōʻeha koʻikoʻi nui i ka pōpō o ka pīpī kulekele ʻo Colorado i ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1855 ma ka mokuʻāina o Nebraska, akā ua loaʻa i kona inoa ma hope o kona puka ʻana i nā mahina ʻai i loko o Colorado i ka makahiki 1859. ʻOiai ke ʻano o nā mea āpau āpau, lele koke ʻia ka pōpilikia hou ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, a i ka makahiki 1876-1877 ua holo ʻo ʻAmelika Atlantika me nā kaʻa i luna o nā moku a ua ʻike mua ʻia ma ʻEulopa, ma ka kokoke o Leipzig.
Ma hope o ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka pīkī kuʻukia ʻo Colorado i nā manawa he nui i ʻEulopa, akā ua luku malū ʻia kāna huakaʻi a hiki i 1918, i ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua loaʻa iā ia ka "kiʻi i ka waʻa" ma ka moku ʻo Bordeaux (Farani). Mai laila ua hoʻomaka ka honu i kāna huakaʻi lanakila i waena o nā ʻāina o ʻEulopa, ʻaʻole wale ma UK, kahi i ʻike pinepine ʻia ai ia.
Ke neʻe nei i ka hikina i ka makani ikaika i nā mahina kauwela, i ka hopena o ka 1940, ua hiki i ka pīpī i nā palena o USSR. ʻO kāna foci mua ma ka ʻāpana o ka USSR i loaʻa i ka ʻāina Lviv i 1949. A laila ma 1953 i kona manawa like i ka manawa ma Kaliningrad, Volyn, Brest a me Grodno. Ma ka hope loa, i nā lā wela o Mei 1958, ua lele ka mokulele ʻo Colorado Colorado ma ka ʻāina Transcarpathian mai Hongria a me Czechoslovakia, aʻo ka "landing" ikaika o ka mau pīkoi mai Polani ka mea i kiola ʻia i ke kahakai Lithuania a Kaliningrad o ka Moana Baltic. Mai kēia manawa mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻāla nui ʻana o ka pīpī kuū o Colorado ma USSR. I ka makahiki maloʻo o 1975, me nā kaʻa holo paʻa i ka mauʻu, mai nā wahi mai o Ukrainian SSR i hele mai i nā wahi o nā Urals Hema. Mai ka makahiki 2000, ua loaʻa ma ka Teritori Primorsky.
Kāleka
Aia ka pokole ka nui, 8-12 mm lōʻihi a 6-7 mm ākea. O kona kino ke ʻole, ikaika convex, ʻulaʻula, ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻoni. ʻO ka pōmaika me nā wahi ʻeleʻele. Ma kēlā me kēia elytra he 5 mau kaula ʻeleʻele (mai kahi i kapa ʻia ai ka inoa Latin o nā ʻano decemlineataʻumi laina). Hoʻopuka maikaʻi ʻia nā ʻēheu pūnaewele, a me ko lākou kōkua i nā kika ʻo Colorado e hana i nā huakaʻi lōʻihi.
ʻO nā larva o ka pīkī kūloko o Colorado a hiki i 15-16 mm lōʻihi me ke poʻo ʻeleʻele a me nā lālani ʻelua palahalaha ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino, no ka mea ke pīhoihoi pinepine ai ia me ka ladybug larva, he hina wahine hina wale nō me nā ʻāpana ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu o ke kino o ke aniani o ka pigle Colorado Colorado he ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele hoʻi, me ka manawa e lilo i ka melemele a i ʻole paha i pinkish. ʻO ka mea nui e pili ana i ka hemolymph o nā larvae, ʻo ia ka puaʻa carotene. I ka ʻai ʻana o nā palima i nā lau o ka ʻuala, kāwili lākou i ka puaʻa āpau koe wale nō ka carotene, nā mea i hōʻiliʻili i ko lākou mau ʻāpana a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke aniani i kahi kala "kāloti".
Nā hana ʻohi
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hana hoʻomohala no ka pīkī o ka ʻūlū ʻo Colorado ma kahi o ke kuapoʻo a me ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu i ka wā e puka mai ana nā larvae o nā makahiki 2 a i ka wā hānau nui ʻana o nā pīpī ʻōpiopio me nā iniseti (pesticides). Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike i ka pīkī kuʻukū o Colorado me ka pale nui loa i nā mea lohi a hoʻomohala koke iā lākou. Akā, ʻaʻole hoʻohui i nā mea inikini systemic i nā pīpī [ kumu ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi 286 lā ] a hoʻolako i ka hiki ke hana maikaʻi me ia i nā makahiki he nui. Ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi, hōʻiliʻili pinepine ʻia nā pīpī a me kā lākou mau puʻuwai ma ka lima a me ka luku.
ʻO nā grooves (a i ʻole nāʻuhe) me nā pua o 45 ° a me nā mākaʻu i lilo i mau kahelehele no ka hapalua o nā hapa ʻōpio o Colorado e hele ana ma ka ʻili.
No ka ʻohiʻohi ʻana o nā isle i loko o ko lākou mau kino i nā pōmole alkaloids o nā solanins i loaʻa i nā pua a me nā lau solanaceous, ua hiki nō iā lākou ka nui o nā manu a me nā holoholona, a no laila he nui wale nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe, ʻo ka manawa, ka nui o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe kaulana loa o ka pīpī Colorado e hiki ʻole ai ke pale i kona helu ma kahi pae palekana.
Hiki i nā ʻōpoki puaʻa ke ʻai: mai nā manu - pheasants, turkeys and guinea fowl, mai nā iniseti - pīpī lepo a me ka lacewings. Hiki i nā Ladybugs ke ʻai i nā hua a me nā ʻōpala ʻōpiopio.
ʻO nā manu guinea ka ʻai ʻia e ʻai wale ʻia e nā guinea manu, aʻo ʻia nā turkeys e hana i kēia mai ka wā kamaliʻi, e hoʻohui pū ana i kekahi mau pīni i kiki ʻia ʻo Colorado i ka mea hānai a hānai i nā pīpī, kuʻu iā lākou i ka pī me ka palaoa. punawai kumu-kumu ʻole? ] .
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka pīpī kulekele ʻo Colorado he mau pīpī kekahi a me kekahi mau pepeke, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka tahini ʻO Myiopharus doryphorae (fr.) Lūkia , e hōʻea i ka helu nui loa i ka hāʻule a pā i ka hanauna hope loa o nā pīkē Kolpeka i ka makahiki, akā, ma Colorado, ʻoi ka helu o kēia mau iniseti manuahi e hiki ke piʻi i nā waiwai nui i ka pūnāwai, e ʻae ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka nui o nā pōpoki Colorado i kahi pae kūpono.
Hoʻoponopono ʻia nā kākelikola i ka helu o nā kinikini ʻo Colorado me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea inikini entomophagous, inā hoʻi me ke kōkua o nā pū i wānana. ʻO Podisus maculiventris a ʻO bioculatus Perillus.
I ka makahiki 2010, ua hōʻike ka Institute for Plant Protection of the Academy of Science of the Republicova i ka hopena o nā kaha o nā haʻuki o ka hellebore Lobel e pili ana i ka pīkī kūʻai ʻo Colorado.
Ke loaʻa nei nā pīhoihoi ma nā wahi no ka kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu solanaceous me ke kōkua o ke ʻano nui o nā ʻala o ka ʻala. Inā ʻoe i kanu solanaceous i hui pū ʻia me nā mea ʻala kino (no ka laʻana, ka borago, calendula, lemon balm, basil, mint, dill, coriander, tongā, ka ʻoni, nā pīni, nā pīni), a laila hiki ke helu ʻia ka nui o nā pīpī ma 8-9 mau manawa, he nui liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e pili i ka palekana o ka hua.
ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka pīpī kuʻukū o Colorado i ka mea ʻala o ke kao ʻala, no laila e hāʻawi ʻoe i kahi ʻāpana o ka lehu a me kahi ʻihi ʻulaʻī i ka wā e kanu ai i nā ʻuala i loko o ka lua, a laila e kū ʻole ʻia ka pīpī i kēia mau lāʻau a hiki i ka pua o ka ʻuala, a ma hope o ʻaʻole e hoʻopōʻino i ka mea kanu, ʻoiai ka hoʻomohala piha. kau ke kau ʻana i ka ʻai ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ulu a hoʻopau i ka pua. punawai kumu-kumu ʻole? ] .
No ka hopena nui aʻe, hiki i kekahi mau hoʻoponopono hoʻomalu.
ʻAno | Ka nānā ʻana | Kahi helu | Hoʻokomo ʻia | Mālama |
---|---|---|---|---|
Parasites a me nā parasitoids | Labidomerae Chrysomelobia | Acari | imago | USA, Mekiko |
Edovum puttleri | Hymenoptera | nā hua hua | Kolombia, Mekiko, USA | |
Nā anaphes ʻono | Hymenoptera | nā hua hua | USA | |
ʻO Myiopharus aberrans | Diptera | imago | USA | |
Myiopharus doryphorae | Diptera | palua | Kanaka, USA | |
Meigenia mutabilis | Diptera | palua | Lūkia | |
Nā huakaʻi Megaselia | Diptera | imago | Kelemānia | |
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora | Nematoda | imago | kosmopolitans | |
Heterorhabditis heliothidis | Nematoda | imago | kosmopolitans | |
Hoʻopiʻi | Lebia grandis | Coleoptera | hua manu, ʻōhule | USA |
Hoʻololi ʻo Hippodamia | Coleoptera | hua manu, ʻōhule | USA, Mekiko | |
ʻO Coccinellidae | Coleoptera | hua manu, ʻōhule | kosmopolitans | |
Euthyrhynchus floridanus | Hemiptera | palua | USA | |
ʻOplomus dichrous | Hemiptera | hua manu, ʻōhule | Mekiko | |
ʻO bioculatus Perillus | Hemiptera | ʻāpiopio, nā hua ʻōpala, nā lolo | Kanata, USA, Mexico | |
ʻO Podisus maculiventris | Hemiptera | palua | USA | |
ʻO cinctus Pselliopus | Hemiptera | palua | USA | |
Sinea diadema | Hemiptera | palua | USA | |
Mokuhea Stiretrus | Hemiptera | palua | USA, Mekiko | |
Nā mea hele | Bacillus thuringiensis | Mea maʻi Bio | palua | USA, Kanada, ʻEulopa |
Nā kukui photorhabdus | Hoʻokipa ʻia | nā pākeke, nā lolo | kosmopolitans | |
Spiroplasma | Hoʻokipa ʻia | nā pākeke, nā lolo | ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻEulopa | |
Beauveria bassiana | Ascomycota | nā pākeke, nā lolo | USA |
ʻO ka pīpī ʻuala waha ʻole
Hiki ke hauna i ka pīpī ʻuala maoli piʻupaʻa wahaʻai (Luncinotarsa juncta) ʻAʻole kēia mea i kahi pōloli maʻi koʻikoʻi - e hānai i ka mauʻu mai ka ʻohana nighthade, no ka laʻana, a me ka uahi, Caroline nightshade (Solenum kalepa), me ka bittersweet nightshade a me nā ʻano o ka physalis. ʻAno pinepine ʻo ia i ka ʻuala a ʻaʻole hānau i kāna hua.
He aha ka hopena o ka pīpī kuʻukia ʻo Colorado?
Kahi pīkoi ʻo Colorado, hōʻike, kiʻi
ʻO ka ʻōlehu kalaka ʻo Colorado he ʻona ʻo Coleoptera, ka ʻohana o nā pīpī lau.
Loaʻa ke ʻano o ka hua manu i ke ʻano o kahi hua manu: ʻo kona ʻaoʻao o luna he convex, a he pāwaha ka haʻahaʻa. ʻO 8-12 mm ka lōʻihi o ke kino, a ʻo ka laulā he 6-7 mm. He wahi lapalapa ko ke poʻo, ʻo kona laulā he ʻoi aku ma mua o ka lōʻihi, ua hakahaka ʻia a kū anana a kokoke paha. Ma ke poʻo o ka mauʻu ʻukupa ʻo Colorado i kahi hōʻailona ʻeleʻele i loko o ke ʻano o ka tapatahi ʻO ka maka o nā pīpī i ke ʻano o nā pīni a me ka ʻeleʻele, aia lākou ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo.
Aia ka Antennae i kahi o 11 mau māhele ma ka pae o ke anima maka ʻāina: ʻo ka mua 5 he brown, a ʻo ka koena 6 he ʻeleʻele.
ʻO ka ʻōpū i 7 mau ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ke kukui me nā wahi ʻalani. E kokoke kokoke i ke kino o ka ʻiʻini, e pili ana i ke kala melemele a me nā ʻōpala. Ua hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia ka pīpī manuahi ʻo nā pika, aloha iā lākou i hiki i ka pīpī ke hana i nā huakaʻi lōʻihi, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wā hau.
He nāwaliwali nā wāwae o ka insekona, no laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke hele ka ʻakatala Kūkākūkā, hele wale.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wahine i loko o nā pīpoki, a ʻo ko lākou momona paona he 160 mg, a me nā kāne - 145 mg.
ʻOliʻī ʻO Colorado Beetle
Ma kahi mahana o ke ea + 21 ° C a me ka humuhumu o 70%, e ulu ana ka ulu ʻana o ka hua i ka 1-2.5 mau pule, akā inā e hāʻule ka wela i ke + 11 ° C, e pau ka hana.
ʻO nā hua o nā pīpī he ʻano oval, he pālahalaha a hinuhinu, ʻo kā lākou laulā e pili ana i 0.8 mm, a ʻo ko lākou lōʻihi he 1.7-1.8 mm. I ka waiho ʻana o ka wahine i nā hua ʻili, loaʻa iā lākou ke kala melemele ʻulaʻula, a laila e hoʻomoʻuliʻu maʻalahi a lilo i ʻulaʻula.
ʻAkekahi uka ʻōlekani o Colorado
Ma kahi o 5-17 mau lā ma hope mai, ʻōpiopio nā hānai mai nā hua; ʻo ka helu kiko o ka lā e ʻoki ana i nā kūlana o ka wā. He poʻo ʻeleʻele ke kino a me ka ʻiʻo ka hua ʻōkuhi, he pālahalaha ma lalo a he kumupaa ma luna. Ma ka mua o ke kino he ʻekolu mau pōkole pōkole o nā wāwae o ke kala ʻeleʻele, aia i nā pahu ʻeleʻele ma nā ʻaoʻao i nā lālani ʻelua.
Aia ka larva ma nā pae 4 i ka hoʻomohala:
- I ka makahiki mua: ua uhi ʻia ke kino i nā lauoho a ua lōʻihi kona mau lā 1.5-2.4 mm, ua kāʻā ʻia i ka hina hina. I kēia manawa hana, hānai ka ʻai i ka ma lalo o ka lau lau.
- Ka lua o nā makahiki: hoʻololi ke kino i ke kala i ʻulaʻula māmā, e hoʻonui kona lōʻihi i 2.5-4.5 mm, e emi ana ka nui o nā lauoho. Ke hānai nei nā lolo i nā ʻiʻo a pau o ka lau, waiho wale nei i nā corani.
- ʻO ke koluʻekolu: ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 4.6-9 mm, ua loli ke kala i ka ulaula, hala nā lauoho. ʻO nā Beetles nā ala e neʻe ai i nā mea kanu kokoke a ʻai i nā ʻiʻo o nā lau a me nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio.
- ʻEhā makahiki: hiki i ke kino i ka 9-15 mm i ka lōʻihi, e lilo ke kala mai ka ʻāpana-melemele a ʻulaʻula-uliuli.
ʻO ka kala ʻona o nā ʻōkā ʻia ma muli o ka manaʻo i ka mea nui ka kala i ko lākou kino he carotene.
ʻO kēlā me kēia hāhā o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka holomua me ka molting. I loko o kēia manawa, ʻai nui nā mea iniketi a ma hope o 10-20 mau lā i ka kanu ʻana i ka lepo i ka hohonu o kahi e 10 cm a me ka pupate.
ʻO Pupae a me nā pākeke o ka ʻōleʻa kūloko o Colorado
Kahi ka pupa i ke kanaka ʻelemakule i ka helehelena; ke kino o kona kino he 9.2 mm lōʻihi a me 6.4 mm ākea. Pahu a ʻulaʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula paha ka ʻula o ka pehu.
Inā ulu ka pupule i ka wā o ka ʻohi, ua ulu wale ka pīpī mai ka pupa i ka ʻāina a hiki i ka hoʻoilo, hoʻoilo wale ʻia i ka puna.
Ma hope o ka hala ʻana o ka pīpī mai ke kula a kekahi i kekahi pākeke, ʻeleʻele ʻia i kekahi mau hola a lilo i ʻeleʻele.
I ka holoʻana o 1-3 pule, ua loaʻa ka pōpoki i nā mālama momona. I ke kauwela wela, no ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu, hiki iā ia ke kaha ʻo nā huakaʻi lōʻihi i lōʻihi. Ma ke ala, lele nā pōkoki ma ka makani ʻōmaʻomaʻo a hiki ke piʻi aku i nā wikiwiki a hiki i 7 km / h.
Kahi i hea nā lālani Colorado? ʻO kā lākou noho
ʻO ka wahi hānau o ka pīpī kulekele ʻo Colorado, ʻo Mexico, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Sonora sub-region. ʻO ka hōʻeha koʻikoʻi mua o nā māla kanu e nā kaila ʻupena o Colorado ua kaulana ia ma Nebraska i ka makahiki 1855.
Ua loaʻa kona inoa i ka mahalo i ka hanana i hana ma 1859 ma Colorado. I kēia makahiki, hoʻopau nā mea hihiu i kahi kanu kanu nui i kēia moku'āina. Akā aia kekahi kumuhana ʻē aʻe o ke ʻano o ia inoa: mai ka ʻōlelo Mexico a ka ʻōlelo “colorado” i unuhi ʻia e like me "ʻulaʻula", e kūpono i ke ʻano o nā mane.
Holo koke aku ka pīpī ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. Ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1876-1877, ua hele mai ʻo ia i nā ʻākau komohana o ʻEulopa i nā ʻuala kentang i lawe ʻia mai haole. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, i kēlā manawa ʻaʻoheʻike koʻikoʻi me nā popoki a Colorado, ʻoiai ua luku ʻia nā kino āpau o ko lākou helehelena. Akā ua loli nā mea a pau i ka makahiki 1918, i loko o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua hoʻokūkū ka bug i ka Farani i loko o ka moku ʻo Bordeaux.
I ka wā nui o ke Kaua Patriotic War, ua hele mua nā pōpoki ma nā palena o ka USSR.
ʻO ka manawa mua ma ka ʻāina o ka USSR ma mua, ua ʻike ʻia nā pīpī ma ka makahiki 1949 ma ka Lviv, a i ka 1953 ua hoʻomaka lākou i loaʻa ma nā ʻāina Kaliningrad, Volyn, Grodno a me Brest. I ka makahiki 1958, i ka wā wela a me nā makani mai Hungary a ʻo Czechoslovakia, he nui ka lele nui o nā kolo ʻo Colorado i ka wahi ʻo Transcarpathian a me Polani.
Ke neʻe wikiwiki nei nā mea hihiu i loko o Rūsia, ma kahi e ulu ai nā mea kanu huaʻai, hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻonui wikiwiki a laha a puni ka ʻāina. Mai ka waenakonu o 1970, ua ili ʻia nā pepeke ma nā ʻĀlima Hema, a i ka 2000 - aia i ka Teritori Primorsky.
ʻO kahi kahi o ka pīhoihoi ʻo Colorado ululupule he moʻomeheu nightshade, hiki ke loaʻa i nā wahi ākea. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia mau pōpilikia ma kahi kokoke i nā wahi āpau, koe wale me nā ʻāpana mamao ʻo Far North a me nā wao.
Nā hiʻohiʻona a me ka noho maʻamau
Kolikolo ʻo Kalekika (ʻ namelelo Leptinotarsa decemlineеata) he pepeke mai ka ʻohana ʻohana o nā lau pupu manu o ke kauoha a nā holoholona ʻiwi lele, nona nā ʻano o nā arthropod. Ma kahi ala ʻē aʻe, kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka pīpī kuʻukia o Kolokala, no ka mea, ʻo ka mea nui o kāna meaʻai he ʻano nui o nā ʻuala a me nā lau o nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe.
He lau nui ka nui o kēia lau no ka pīpī, aia kahi ʻano lapalapa (oval), he 10-12 mm ka lōʻihi a he 5-7 mm ka laulā. Hoʻolahalaha ke kaila ʻula i nā ʻāpana ʻēheu o kēia holoholona hihiu e ke ʻano i loko o ʻula a me ka ʻulaʻula.
I ka kiʻi o nā pua ʻōlei hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā ʻala ʻōlapa like ʻole ma luna o nā ʻēheu, ʻumi wale nō ʻāpana, ʻelima ma kēlā me kēia ʻēheu. Aia nō ma muli o kēia pili ka huaʻōlelo "decemlineata" i ka papa inoa latina o kēia pīpī, aia i ka unuhi pololei e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo "ʻumi laina."
He mākuhi loa nā ʻēheu o kēia ʻuʻipi a loaʻa i kahi ʻano convex i luna pono o ke kai. Holo maikaʻi ka pītī ʻīwai a no nā penerbangan lōʻihi ke hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā ʻōpū o ka makani e hiki ai ke lawe aku ma luna o kekahi manawa no kekahi mau kilomita.
ʻAkekahi uka ʻōlekani o Colorado kukui aniani ʻōpiopio o ka hōkē o ka lōʻihi ma ka awelika he lōʻihi 14-15 mm. I ka hala o ka manawa, loli ka laulima o ka larva i ka melemele ʻulaʻula, a laila i ka ʻulaʻula (kāloti) kala ma muli o ka ʻohi ʻana o ka carotene i ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino, i loaʻa nei i nā lau o ka palato a ʻaʻole i ʻuʻuku nui ʻia e ke kino.
A uliuli ke poʻo o ke larva, ʻeleʻele ka ʻeleʻele, ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino ʻeleʻele i nā ʻāpana ʻelua. ʻO ka mahalo i ke kino kino o ke larva ka hele ʻana o ʻeono mau maka o nā maka ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ke poʻo, e ʻae ana iā ia e neʻe pololei i ka ʻaoʻao kūpono.
Ua ʻike ʻia kēia pepeke, a he mea ʻē aʻe, i helu ʻia e ka ʻepekema kanaka ʻepekema ʻAmelika o Thomas Say i ka makahiki 1824. ʻO kona māhele ma ka honua honua pepeke manu kulekele hoʻomaka me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, a i ʻole, hiki i ka ʻāina home o kēia pīpī ke noʻonoʻo ʻia i ka ʻākau-hikina o Mekiko.
I loko o ke kiʻi o ka larva o ka pīpī bakala o Colorado
Loaʻa ia i kona inoa ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i ka mahina ʻuala ma Colorado, USA. I ka hopena o ka ʻumikūmāiwa ʻumikūmāiwa, ua kipa ka popo ʻo Colorado i ke kai i loko o nā moku kalaiwa e lawe ana i nā mea ʻai i Europa a mai ia manawa ua hoʻomaka ka pālahalaha aku i ka konineta Eurasiania.
Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II i ka pau ʻana o nā makahiki 40, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma luna o nā expanses o ke Soviet Republic of the Soviet Union, mai kahi i hoʻopuehue ʻia ai lākou a puni ka ʻāina o CIS i kēia wā. I ka hoʻomaka mua o ka kenekulia XXI, ua ʻike ʻia kāna mau kānaka ma nā ʻāina ākea o ka ʻAla Hikina ma ka Primorsky Territory, kahi i hana ʻia ai kēia manawa hakakā me ka pīpoki kalala kolorado.
ʻActerlelo ola a me ke ʻano
Noho a piha nā pepeke a me nā hua kō o lākou i nā wā a me ka hoʻoilo ma kahi o nā pūnaewele o ka germination o nā māla pōhade. Hoʻopili i nā lele o nā pika manuahi ʻelemakule e pili ana me ka nele o ka nui o ka ʻai ma ka wahi kahiko.
ʻEhā mau ʻōpio o ke koʻe (a me ka hoʻomohala i nā ʻōhua): i ka makahiki mua o ka makahiki ʻelua, ʻai wale nā ʻōpio i nā lau ʻōpio maloʻo wale nō i nā mea kanu kai, no laila ua noho nui lākou ma luna o ka lāʻau, ma ke kolu a ʻehā ka wā e pālahalaha lākou i ka mea kanu a hoʻomaka e ʻai i nā lau o nā ʻano āpau. (ʻōpio a me ʻōpio), waiho wale i nā ʻāpana lau pala wale.
Ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i hoʻokahi mea kanu, lōloli lākou i nā ʻōpala kokoke a me ka hoʻomake pū ʻana i ka make, nā mea e kū ai Hoʻokomo pū ʻia ʻo Colorado beetle mau māla a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe i kanu ʻia e ke kanaka.
Ke kūpaʻa nei ka nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka larva mai ka embryo a i ka pākeke (i ke ʻano o ka honua a me ka lewa e hoʻopuni ana, ma ka nui a me ka nui o ka ua, ma ka wikiwiki o nā kumulā o ka makani a pēlā aku).
Ma hope o ka hiki ʻana i ka makahiki ʻehā, hiki i ka larva ke iho i lalo i ka lepo a pohō i ka lepo i ka hohonu o kahi ʻumi kenimika no ka pupule, maʻamau ka hana ʻana o ka lua o ke kolu o ka hoʻomohala.
Hana ka Pupa i loko o 10-15 mau lā, e kau pono i nā kūlana kūlohelohe, ma hope o ka pīpīʻeke makua e hele i ka maka e hoʻomau i kona ola.
Inā ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pīhoihoi e ka lulu maloʻo, a laila hiki iā ia, me ka ʻole o ka haʻalele i ka lepo, e hāʻule koke i ka ʻōpū ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā mahana wela i ka pūnāwai.
ʻO ka nānā i nā mea leʻaleʻa he hiki i nā pīpī o Colorado ke hāʻule i loko o kahi diapause no kekahi mau makahiki, ʻo ka maʻamau ma muli o ke anuanu o ke kauwela a he nui paha o kēia mau mea hihiu ma kahi liʻiliʻi, e hoʻopiʻi i nā meaʻai liʻiliʻi no nā kānaka āpau.
Kolikolo ʻo Kalekika
Me he mea i maʻa mau ʻia mai nā mea a pau i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei Kolikolo ʻo Kalekika he pōʻino piha kēia no ka poʻe mahiʻai a me nā māla mahiʻai. ʻO ka ʻai ʻana i nā lau o kekahi mea kanu ma hope o kekahi, ua nui ka wikiwiki o kēia mau pepeke manuahi, e hoʻopau i nā hepeka o nā mahina i kanu ʻia.
Hoʻopili i nā topu o ka ʻuala, hoʻohana ka Colorado potato pigle i ka lau o ka hua manu, kamato, ka pepa momona, physalis, nightshade, dereza, mandrake a ʻo ka tabo.
Pēlā ka hoʻomake ʻole ʻana o nā pepeke i puka mai i ka ʻāina i ka wā e hiki mai ana nā hopena no ka ʻūlū ʻūlū ʻo Colorado. ^ E Ha yM. I loko o nā mahiʻai nui e kūʻē i ka pīkī kumukupa o Colorado, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pesticides manuahi.
ʻO ka hemahema o ia mau hana, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa maoli nā mea hihiu i nā lāʻau pesticides, a kamaʻilio hou aku, hoʻomau i ka ʻai ʻana i nā lau o nā mea kanu mea kanu, a maikaʻi ʻole nā kānaka i ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻuala.
I loko o nā māla home liʻiliʻi, nā kaʻina o nā māla i hoʻoili ʻia nā mea kanu mai nā kumulāʻau ʻo Colorado me ka lehu lāʻau. Eia pū kekahi uapo no ka huehō ʻuala o Colorado a ʻo kona ʻōnaʻi he hopena ʻ Urea, a i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ia ʻano hopena, ʻoi aku ka lepo i ka hoʻohui ʻia me ka nitrogen.
Ma muli o ka manaʻo o kēia inika nā mea maikaʻi loa o ka ʻono, ʻaʻole makemake i nā ʻae pungent ikaika, no laila hiki i ka hiki hoʻohemo i ka huehue ʻōleʻa colorado Hiki iā ʻoe ke pīpī i nā infusion ʻokoʻa, no ka laʻana, kahi infusion o ka dandelion, wormwood, horsetail a i kahi decoction o nā ʻuʻuna aniani.
I nā kīwaha hale, ua hōʻiliʻili pinepine ʻia ka pīkī Kalukini me ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻia, a puhi ʻia a ʻeha ʻole ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi kekahi o nā hana pono o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kēia pepeke.
E like me ma mua o ka hoʻopauʻana i ka pīpī ʻūlū ʻo Colorado e hoʻoholo mau ka mea nona ka mahina kanu a me nā māla i ka manawa, akā ke hoʻāʻo nei ka poʻe e hana ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano mea make i nā mea make kūlohelohe, a hoʻolimalima manawa hou aku no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano mea kanu hou o nā ʻano mea kanu i loʻohia ai ka pīpī palaka ma ka ʻai ʻana o ka mauʻu.
ʻO ka pilina a me ka lōʻihi
Ma hope o ka hoʻoilo ma ka pūnāwai mua, i ka lā mua o ka lā, hele ka popo ʻo Colorado i nā ʻōpio mai lalo o ka ʻāina a hiki ke aloha koke me kekahi.
Ma hope koke o ka hoʻomakeʻa, hoʻomoe nā wahine i kā lākou hua, e hūnā lākou i nā hua ma ke ʻano o nā lau a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kumu lāʻau. I ka lā hoʻokahi, ua hiki i ka wahine ke waiho i 70 mau hua, a no ka manawa o ka hōʻohi i ke kō a hiki i ka hāʻule, hiki i ka nui o nā hua ke kau mau tausani.
Ma hope o hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau pule, mai nā hua liʻiliʻi, aneane 2-3 mm ka nui, ʻomoʻoki mai nā hua i kau ʻia, ka poʻe mai nā minuke mua o ke ola e hoʻomaka ʻana e hānai, ʻai mua i ka ʻula hua manu a me ka hoʻohuli lōloli i nā lau ʻōpio.
Ma hope o hoʻokahi mau pule, komo ka larva i ka hana papa a me nā hebedoma ʻelua ma hope iho, ua koho ʻia kekahi ʻano kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa mai lalo o ka ʻāina, a ʻo ia hoʻi i mākaukau ai no nā hua.
Ma nā mākaʻi hema, i loko o ke kau mai ka puna a i ka ʻohi, hiki i nā ʻōpio a ʻekolu paha mau ʻōpiopio e ulu a ulu, kahi e maloʻo ai ke ʻano ambient, he maʻamau ka ʻike ʻana o kekahi hanauna. I ka awelika, ola ka pīkoi Kalikiniki i hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau makahiki, akā inā e hāʻule i ka diapause lōʻihi, a laila hiki ke ola i ka inika a hiki i ʻekolu mau makahiki.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o waho
Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe i hālāwai ma mua i kēia ʻano mahiai maʻamau, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike ma ka Pūnaewele. He nui nā kiʻi o ka ʻoihana i ka pīkuhī Kolokini ma luna, hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i ka kikoʻī o kona helehelena. Ma ke kaona o ko mākou ʻāina, e noho pōkole kēia hiʻona - aneane ʻehiku mau makahiki.
I ka ʻepekema ʻepekema, ua pili nā kupa ʻo Colorado huaʻīpana i ka ʻohana o nā mau pīpī lau, ke kauoha "nā mauʻu." ʻO nā larva a me ka pākela o ka Colorado potato beetle e hānai ana i nā lau a me nā pua o nā mea kanu nighthade i ulu ʻia.
O kona kino, he oval, e like ana me ka hua moa moa ma kona ano. Ma ka lalo, e maloʻo ke kino. E ulu ana nā ʻelemakule o kēia mau inikua i ka lōʻihi mai ka ʻehiku a ʻumikūmālua ʻumikūmālua. I ka laulā, ko lākou kino he 5-10 kūmita.
Hoʻomaopopo!
Aia ke poʻo o ka pīpī i kū pololei me ka mahalo i ke kino. Ua huki ʻia ia a ʻike maka like ʻole ia. ʻO kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka pīpī ka hiki ʻana o kahi hōʻailona triangular ma ke poʻo, he ʻāpana ʻeleʻele. Kanikina nā maka, oval, i kau ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo. He mau lōʻihi kekahi manu me ka manu.
Ma muli o ke ʻano kūikawā o nā wāwae, lele wale nō nā kolohe ʻo Colorado. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke holo. He mau ʻakaʻeke koʻikoʻi o ka ʻuala kupa ma loko o nā ʻanuʻu ʻelua. ʻAkahi ke kala o nā ʻēheu he ʻeleʻele a he keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o nā ʻēheu ʻiliʻeleʻele, he ʻoliki, translucent. ʻAe nā kala o ke ʻōpū o ka ʻūpono, ua ʻoka ʻia i nā māhele.
He mea kūpono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia nei he nui ka nui o nā wahine o kēia mau mea hihiu ma mua o nā kāne. Ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, ʻo ka paona nui o nā wahine ma kahi o 160 kalama, a me nā kāne - 145 gram.
No hea mai oe?
ʻOiai ke inoa, i puka mua ʻia kēia mau pōpoki ma Mexico. A loaʻa ka inoa i nā pōpoki i ko lākou inoa no ka luku nui ʻana o ka hua i loko o Colorado.
He hanana kēia hanana i ka makahiki 1859. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia nā Beetles a pākuʻi ʻia me nā ʻuala, kahi i lawe ʻia mai ʻAmelika Huipū ʻia i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka honua. I ka hopena o nā kenekulia 20, ua loaʻa nō i nā pepi manamana ʻia i loko o ʻEulopa a me ka ʻāina o ka Soviet Union.
ʻO ka manawa mua loa ma nā ʻāina Soviet, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana e nā kolo ʻo Colorado ma nā moku Volyn. No ka pale ʻana iā lākou mai ka pōʻino, lawe i nā luna i nā hana kuikahi nui. ʻOiai, ʻaʻole nalowale nā pulu. He kūpono loa ka microclimate kūloko no ke ola a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua pīpī ʻūlū ʻo Colorado.
Hoʻomākaukau
ʻO nā iniseti e hoʻomake i nā pōpoki ma luna o ka mākeke. I mea e ʻike ai i kahi hoʻoponopono kūpono no ka pīkuhī kalepona o Colorado, pono ʻoe e makaʻala i ka ʻano. ʻAʻole like ka hopena o nā mea ʻala i kēlā me ka pīpī.
E pepehi aku nā kunu maʻi i nā pākeke a me nā hua. Hoʻohui ʻia ka hoʻonā i nā ʻāpana i ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o nā ʻōkuhi, a ninini ʻia ka pauku ʻana i loko o kahi pīpī. Ke hana nei me nā insecticides, mea nui loa ia e mālama i kou palekana.
Aia i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻolālā ʻia e hana i ka kūʻai ma mua o ke kanu. He mea lawa hoʻi e pīpī i ka ʻuala a kanu i ka lepo. I ka lepo, loaʻa i ka tubers nā pale mai ka ʻehiku kalepa o Colorado. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻuala mai nā pōpilikia ʻē aʻe i ka lepo.
Hōʻike ʻia nā hanauna hou o nā iniseka i kahi hopena hoʻoneʻe ʻia. ʻO kēlā mau laʻa mai ka ʻūlū ʻo Colorado ma ka hopena make i nā pōpoki. He mea paʻakikī loa ke wehe ʻokoʻa i nā “kohola”, akā hiki iā ʻoe ke luku i ka nui o nā kola lau.
Hiki i nā mea kanu poʻomanaʻo ke hoʻopiha piha a ʻāpana paha i nā huahana kūlohelohe. ʻO kaʻoi aku o kēia mau huahana, ʻaʻole nā pōʻino i ke kanaka, nā manu a me nā holoholona. ʻO nā huahana biological kekahi o nā ʻano kūikawā kūikawā e hoʻokau i ka make o nā pōpoki. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ke kau nei ke kaʻina o ka make o nā pīpī i ka manawa.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā insecticides i ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ʻuala ʻana. No kēia kumu, hiki iā ʻoe ke kahakaha i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kīnā me nā ʻōnaehana maʻalahi.
Nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻona
Hoʻokomo ka ʻōpala ʻo Colorado i ka hoʻoilo ma lalo o ka hoʻoilo. I ke kumu mua, ua neʻe lākou a hoʻomaka i ka luku ʻana i nā mea kanu i piʻi.
I ka lilo ʻana o ka lewa o ka lewa ma mua o he ʻumi, ua hoʻomaka ka popolika ma ka wailua o Colorado. I kekahi mau hihia, nā pōkoki ʻoi ma mua o ka hele ʻana i ka hoʻoilo hiamoe. A laila e hāʻawi koke i ka hua ma hope o ke ala ʻana. ʻO ka kali ʻana o ke ola maʻamau i nā ʻelele o kēia mau mea hihiu mai kekahi a ʻekolu mau makahiki paha.
ʻO ka wā o ka ala a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o nā pīpī i lawe mai i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mahina. Inā he kumu kumu o ka mālamaʻai, ulu ikaika nā pākeke a mākaukau e hoʻoulu.
Hoʻopau nui ʻia nā huaʻi mai nā hua hebedoma ma hope o ke kau ʻia ʻana. ʻO ke kino o ke koʻo iʻa ke kino, convex, i hiʻohiʻona e ka ʻula kala ʻulaʻula. Hoʻomaka ka hana koʻikoʻi o kēia mau mea hihiu ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana i ka mahana o ka ea 15 mauʻu.
ʻO nā hopena palekana
ʻO ke ala palekana e hōʻino ʻia i ka pīpī kuehu o Colorado i manaʻo ʻia he mea pono nā kānaka. Ke kaʻina hana nui - ka hōʻiliʻili manual o nā pōpoki a me ka luku ʻana iā lākou. He mea maʻalahi ia i ka hoʻouluulu ʻana i nā mea kanu me ka lehu, decoction maʻamau, infusions.
Hiki i ka lehu lāʻau maloʻo ka pollinate bushes lāʻau. ʻAʻole manaʻo ʻia he hopena lehu ʻaʻole mea maʻa. Pono e hoʻopau ʻia 2 kg o ka lehu ma 10 lita o ka wai. 1 lita o ka huina o ka hopena i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i 10 lita o ka wai, ma hope o ka hana ʻia o nā mea kanu.
Ua ʻōlelo pū nā poʻe kauwela kauwela i ka mustard e loaʻa i ke hopena maikaʻi i ka hakakā ʻana me nā pōpoki pipipi. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka 100 g o ka pauku mustard maloʻo i 5 lita o ka wai mahana, ua hoʻohui ʻia he 50 ml o ka vī (9%). Pono ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka hopena me ka lāʻau i ka wā e pua ai.
Loaʻa i nā hoʻohana o nā kūpeʻe o nā kūleʻa ponoʻī nona iho:
- Hoʻopili ʻia ka pīpī i ka wā maloʻo.
- e manaoia e hoihoi hou i ka lapaau ana ma hope o 7-10 la,
- ʻAʻole hiki ke mālama i nā mea hoʻonā no ka manawa lōʻihi, no ka mea, e nalowale ana nā hopena kūlohelohe.
- Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka pipiʻi i ka kakahiaka a i ke ahiahi ahiahi.
ʻO ka hoʻoulu a Opio ke hōʻike nei i ka hana kiʻekiʻe ma ka hakakā ʻana me nā pōpoki. ʻO kahi pahu pākolu ʻekolu-1/3 hoʻopiha ʻia me nā ʻula sibala, i ninini ʻia me ka wai mahana, waiho ʻia no 2 mau lā. Hoʻomalima ʻia ka hui ʻana me ka wai (1: 2), hoʻohui i ka 10 g o ka kāwili i ka ʻano wai.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā pua juniper, nā waiʻu make o ka celandine, nā infusions o ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa. Hāʻawi aku i nā kānana konupepa i ka palekana o ka mau ʻukepili ʻo Colorado. ʻOkoʻa ka Sawdust i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mulch. E kōkua pū kekahi i nā iniseti e kōkua i ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i kanu ʻia ma kahi kokoke o nā moʻo.
He aha nā holoholona a me nā manu e hui pū ai nā kolo ʻo Colorado?
Kahi pīkoi ʻo Colorado, hōʻike, kiʻi
No mākou, ʻo ke ala maʻamau e hana i nā kinikini ʻo Colorado e hōʻino iā lākou me ke kōkua o nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole a me nā kūlohelohe o ka lāhui. Akā aia kahi koho'ē aʻe - aia kekahi mau manu a me nā manu e ʻai ai i nā kolo ʻo Colorado, ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke kōkua i ka hakakā ʻana i nā pōpoki.
Akā aia kekahi mau mea like ʻole, no ka mea, ua hōʻiliʻili nā mea make i ke kino o ka pulupulu, he liʻiliʻi ia nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe.
ʻO keʻano kūikawā, ʻo ka ladybug, kahi mea hana liʻiliʻi a me ka lacewing e ʻai i nā hua a me nā hua manu o ka pīpī, akā he mana ʻole lākou i mua o nā pākeke. Hiki iā lākou ke kōkua i ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka nui o nā inikaina, akā, i kēlā me kēia hihia, pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i nā ala ʻē aʻe e hoʻopiʻi ai i nā kolo ʻo Colorado.
ʻO ka meaʻino no nā pōpoki guinea fowl a me ka turki. Hoʻomaka kekahi i kēia mau moa i mea hoʻonā wale ai i ka puhi. Hiki i nā manu ke ʻai i nā pākeke, akā e koi ʻia lākou i ia ʻano meaʻai. E hana maʻalahi kēia: pono ʻoe e waiho iā lākou i ka ʻai o nā pōpoki ʻo Colorado, ma hope o ka mea e hoʻomaka ai lākou e ʻai i nā iniseti hiki mai iā lākou.
ʻO ka pītī o ka kalekaua ʻo Colorado he mea lūlū me ke ola nui, hoʻonui nui ia a hiki ke hoʻolalahalaha no nā lōʻihi lōʻihi. ʻO ka hoʻohemo ʻia o ka pīpī kuukupapa o Colorado ʻaʻole maʻalahi, no laila e pono ʻoe e hoʻomaka e hakakā i ka wā hiki ke hiki.
ʻO nā ala ʻē aʻe o ka hakakā
Loaʻa nā pīpoki'ōpiopio i nā ʻuala ma ka ʻohu, aloha i ka manaʻo maikaʻi o nā ʻono. I mea e pale ʻole ai i nā pōpoki i ka ʻike ʻana i nā pua, pono ʻoe e kanu i kekahi o kēia mau mea kanu i ka ʻaoʻao o lākou: calendula, dill, basil, cilantro, mint, nā kāla lāʻau, kēlā me kēia ʻano ʻaka, ʻala. Ke hoʻokaʻawale nei, mai kēia helu e hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka aneane 10 mau manawa.
Ke kanu nei i nā wai kō i ka pūnāwai i kēlā me kēia pūlei, e kau i kahi liʻiliʻi o nā ʻuala a me ka lehu. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka pīpī ma ka pua a hiki i ka pua ʻana, a ma hope iho ʻaʻole ia e hopohopo hou, no ka mea, ke kau ʻia ka wai hou i ka hapa mua o ka manawa e ulu ana.
Nā Pōʻalima
Inā ʻaʻole kōkua nui maoli ke ʻano o ka mālama i ka nui, ua nui nā mauʻu a i ʻole ka nui i lilo nā wahi i hoʻopulupula ʻia e nā ʻuala, a laila ʻo ka mea maikaʻi loa āu e noʻonoʻo ai ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu me ka inikia insecticides. Hoʻopaʻa lākou i nā mea kanu me ke ʻano o nā pā paniki o nā makahiki 2 a me nā ʻōpio'ōpio iā lākou.
Akā, ʻo ka mea ka ʻoi i ka pīpī kuʻikuʻi ʻo Colorado ka mea e kūleʻa maikaʻi ai i nā mea ʻenehana a me ka hiki ke kūpono iā lākou, pono ʻoe e hoʻololi i ka hoʻomākaukau, ʻaʻole e hoʻolele iā lākou me ka like mau. ʻAʻole paʻakikī ke hana i kēia, ʻoiai i kēia mau ʻokoʻa nā hopena no ka ʻūlū ʻūlū ʻo Colorado, e koho i na mea.
Nā Pōʻalima - kaona mai loko mai o ka ʻūlaka ʻo ka ʻūlū ʻo Colorado - hiki ke kāpili ʻia e like me nā mea nui. No ka laʻana, hiki ke kahakaha ʻia lākou a pau i nā papa: o ka pili paʻa, e hana wale ana ma luna o nā ʻōpio a i ʻole nā pakeke, a i ʻole nā honua e luku ai i nā pīpī i kekahi manawa.
ʻOi aku ka ikaika o nā lāʻau hōʻola ma hope o ka lāʻau; ʻaʻole lākou e luku wale i nā mea ʻino, akā ke hoʻopiʻi hou ʻia nā mea kanu, a inā hoʻohana pono ʻia a inā i pāhuahua ka dosage, pili nō hoʻi lākou i ka poʻe.
E like me ke ala o ke noi, ua manaʻo nā huahana no ke kapa a me ka hoʻokiʻe. Me kahi hoʻolālā i hoʻomākaukau ʻia mai nā ʻaihue lole, hoʻōla ʻia nā tubers ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻia ʻana no ka pōkole a i pōpopo ʻia i loko o kahi hopena. Mākaukau ʻia kahi hāleʻa mai nā mea hoʻouluulu ʻia e hoʻoulu no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka lau a me nā kumu lāʻau.
Wahi a ke ʻano o ka hana ma ka pūlima, pili nā pepeke, nā ʻōpū a me ka ʻōnaehana. Kūlike lākou i nā mea ikaika. He mau avermectins kēia, nā pyrethrins, nā pūhui phosphorus a me nā neonicotinoids.
ʻO ka nui o nā mea inikua ikaika he phytotoxic, ʻaʻole ʻia lākou no ka ʻūhū ʻana o ka wai: e hoʻomake ʻia ka mālama hope ʻana ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina ma mua o ka eli ʻana o kahi hua hou. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka pau ʻana o ia mea kanu no ka kanu ʻana i ka pūnāwai.
Nā Hana Hana Moʻomanaʻo
Inā ʻoe e noʻonoʻo pehea e haʻalele i ka pōkō ʻūlū o Colorado, he nui nā koho. Mai ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana o ka pīkohala kamekele o Kolikou i kā mākou latitude, ʻaʻole nui ka nui o lākou mau ʻenemi i ka kūlohelohe.
Nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike
ʻAʻohe ʻano ʻano like ʻole ka 100% "paʻakikī" no ka pahū. Akā aia kekahi mau ʻanoʻokoʻa e pale aʻe i ka ʻai ʻana i ka mea make ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa kēia ʻaʻole ma muli o ka ʻenehana genetic, akā ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hana e hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā papa ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka maʻamau ke koʻikoʻi, fibrous, uhi ʻia me nā lauoho, me nā uaua uaua, kahi e hoʻopili ai i ka ʻai o nā pōpoki, ʻoi aku nā hua ʻōpio. Hiki nō iā lākou ke makemake i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o nā lau i ʻāpua ʻia me nā solanine a me nā alkaloids ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole kēia mea hoʻohua i ka leʻaleʻa i ka ʻono, akā e pale i ka hiki i ka pūpū e hoʻohuli.
Aia nā ʻanoʻokoʻa me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoponopono hou, no laila, e ʻai ʻia e nā ʻōpio, ua hoʻihoʻi hou lākou, ulu hou i nā lau hou. Hoʻēmi kēia i ka hoʻohemo ʻana, no ka mea, ʻo ke kaila nui e hilinaʻi i ka nui o ka mea ʻala mai loko mai o nā mea kanu e hele ai i loko o ka wai.
Hoʻēmi i ka hopena o ka hōʻili ʻana i ka pīpī a me ka pale kūlele ʻana i ka ʻuala i nā maʻi. No nā moena home, hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i kēia mau ʻano kanu ʻaiala:
- Pōmaikaʻi iā ʻoe. ʻO ka lihi he unsetentious, me ka hopena kiʻekiʻe a me nā manaʻo starch. ʻO ka hemahema hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka nematode.
- O ka huke. ʻO nā ʻano waena i waena o nā makahiki, he mea kūpono ia no ke kanu ʻana i ke kikowaena waena o ka Russian Federation. ʻO ka momona ka mea kanu, ke ola i kona inoa.
- Kamensky. Hoʻomaka a ʻokoʻa mua, ʻokoʻa hoʻi he hua. Hoʻohui me ka pale ʻana i ka pīʻini, hana kēia mau waiwai i koho kūpono no nā ʻano moe o ka home.
Eia kekahi ma kēia, ma ke kūʻai aku hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā ʻano he nui e kū'ē ana i ka pīpī. Hiki iā lākou ke kūʻai aku ma nā hale kūʻai pūnaewele a i ʻole paha i nā hale laukala.
Kōkua kōkua
ʻAʻole ʻoe e hilinaʻi wale ma ka ʻano like ʻole, ʻaʻohe ʻano paʻa o ka paʻa ʻana. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka ʻuala a i ʻole ka loaʻa ʻole o ka pahu i ka manawa holo. ʻO ka hana mua, ʻo ka ulu mua o nā kūpoki. Pono kēia e hana i nā wana i ko lākou ala i luna i ka wikiwiki.
Aia e ʻike ʻia ana Kolikolo ʻo Kalekika ʻike ʻia i ka mahana o ka 15 ° C, a inā e kanu mua ʻoe i nā ʻuala, a laila i kēia manawa kā nā wana e ulu ka manawa kiʻekiʻe.Hiki ke ʻokiʻoki i nā ʻōpala nui i nā māhele i loaʻa i ka peephole. E ulu kahi mea kanu mai kēlā me kēia, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hua. Pono e pīpī ʻia ka pīpī me ka lehu ʻoi.
Pono ka wīkī i kanu ʻia. I ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻai, nui a ikaika hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi e pale aku i nā pōpoki. No ka hana i kahi olakino kūpono, pono e hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea kanu i ka lepo - humus a me ka lehu maʻemaʻe.
ʻAʻole lawe ka pōkole ʻukala ʻo Colorado i kekahi pōmaikaʻi, ʻo ia wale nō ka pōʻino. I ka luku ʻana i nā kanu mea kanu, e hōʻemi ana ia i nā hua ʻai. E pale i ia, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ala like ʻole; e kiʻi i ka hopena wikiwiki a hiki ke paʻa ʻole i kekahi o lākou, akā e hoʻohana 2 a i ʻole 3 i hoʻokahi manawa.