He ola i ka waiwai a i ʻole ke aloha i ka hut? ʻAʻole maʻalahi ke koho ʻana i kahi koho. A inā ua like paha ʻoe iā ʻoe iho, nā makemake a me kāu mau kumuhana, the life throws your surprise.
ʻO ka moʻolelo o ke aloha a me ke emi ʻole ʻana i ka emi ʻana o ke kaʻi o ke aupuni o nā makahiki he kanakolu. ʻO Era lāua ʻo Zina, ka mea i hoʻopuka ʻia e nā manaʻo kiʻekiʻe, i kue ʻole i ka ʻōlelo aʻo a ko lākou mau mākua, e hele i ke kūlanakauhale no kā lāua moeʻuhane. E hele nui lākou i ka lima, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokau maoli i nā hoaloha, nā kanu ʻana i nā maʻi a me nā maʻi, ola i nā wā kiʻekiʻe a i lalo. Hoʻomaopopo lākou i ka mea nui o ke ola ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ke aloha a me ka hilinaʻi i ka poʻe a me ka manaʻolana no ka mea maikaʻi loa. Aole mea.
ʻO nā Crocodiles, nā kīwī hihiu a me nā mea nui i haʻi ʻia i ke kaua ma luna o nā kānaka. ʻAʻohe mea e ʻike pehea e pani ai iā lākou.
Ke holomua nei nā miliona o nā kahu puaa ma ʻEulopa, ʻaʻohe maopopo o ka mea e pani ai iā lākou. In India a me Uganda, nā mākaʻi i pio i ka poʻe i hopu i ko lākou ulu lāʻau, a ʻo ka mokupuni o East Timor hiki ke hoʻokō ʻole i ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā kahe koko nui, e make ana i ka lehulehu o nā kānaka. Aia ke kaua ma waena o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona, a he mamao loa ka pōmaikaʻi ma ko mākou ʻaoʻao. Hoʻopuka ʻo Lenta.ru i nā hōʻike mai kona alo.
Makemake wau e ʻike i nā mea āpau
Ua hui nui paha ʻoe ma ʻaneʻi i kahi moʻolelo haʻi naʻau e pili ana i "kou monkey a me kāna ʻōlelo makuahine."
E haʻi wau iā ʻoe i kona ʻano maoli.
ʻO ka hanohano o ka "kamaʻilio mua" - he kamaʻilio kūkākūkā o nā ʻelele o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole - i pili i ka chimpanzee Washo a me kāna mau kumu aʻo, mau kāne ʻo Allen lāua ʻo Beatrice Gardner. Ma ia manawa ua ʻike ʻia ua hiki i nā holoholona ke noʻonoʻo: hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia "i ka noʻonoʻo," ʻo ia wale nō, ʻaʻole wale ka hoʻokolohua a me ka hala ʻole, akā nā ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ʻano hou.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia e ka ʻaumekema Kelemanʻo Wolfgang Köhler, nāna i mālama i kāna noiʻi kaulana e pili ana i ka ʻike chimpanzee i ka makahiki mua o ka kenekulia iwakālua. I loko o kekahi o kāna mau hoʻokolohua, he mōʻī kahi ma hope o kahi mau hōʻaina ʻole i ʻole e kikeke i kahi maiʻa nui me ka lāʻau a loaʻa paha, piʻi i kahi pahu, noho iho, "noʻonoʻo", a laila ala aʻe, kau i nā pahu i kekahi ma luna aʻe o ka ʻaoʻao, piʻi i luna me kahi lāʻau a me ka ʻoki i ka pahuhopu.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hiki iā lākou ke kūleʻa i nā kūleʻa kūikawā i ka hānai ʻana iā Gua, akā ua hoʻomaka ʻo Donald e lilo i poʻo. ʻO nā mākua i makaʻu ke hoʻopau i ka hoʻokolohua, hoʻouna ʻia ʻo Gua i ka zoo. ʻO kekahi mau hoa o nā psychologists, ʻo kā Hayes kāne, nāna i hānai iā Vicky's chimpanzee, me ka pilikia nui i hoʻokō mau ʻia e aʻo iā ia e haʻi aku i kekahi mau huaʻōlelo: "mama", "makuakāne", "kīʻaha".
Kahi wale i ka makahiki 1966, ua ʻike ko ethology o Allen a me Beatrice Gardner e nānā ana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e pili ana iā Vicki, ua ʻike ʻo ia e makemake a hiki ke kamaʻilio me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hōʻailona: no ka laʻana, makemake nui ʻo ia e lawe i ke kaʻa a, no ka mea e haʻi i kona makemake i nā poʻe, hele mai me ka manaʻo e lawe iā lākou i nā kiʻi. kaʻa i huki ʻia mai nā makana. ʻAʻole ia i ka'ōlelo a ka mea i hiki ʻole ai e haʻi aku i ka haʻi, akā, ʻo ke ʻano o ka larynx. A laila ua piʻi mai ka Gardner me ka manaʻo e aʻo i nā chimpanzees i ka ʻōlelo hōʻailona i hoʻohana ʻia e ka poʻe kuli.
No laila hoʻomaka ka 'papahana o Washoe
ʻO Washo a me kona ʻohana
ʻO ka wahine nona ka mua i loko o ke ao o nā mea kahe i kahi he 10 mau mahina ʻehiku i hopu ʻia ma ʻAmelika: i hana mua ʻia ʻo ia e hoʻohana ʻia ma ka noiʻi o luna - ʻikea, ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia no ka kaulana.
Ua hānai ʻo ia ʻo ka māla ʻo Washo i kā lāua keiki ponoʻī. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hoʻomanaʻo i ka mau mea a kona makua kāne makua i kamaʻilio iā ia, akā ua nīnau pū kekahi i nā nīnau, ua kamaʻilio no kāna mau hana ponoʻī a me nā hana a kāna mau kumu, a ʻōlelo ʻo ia iā lākou.
ʻO kāna "huaʻōlelo" mua loa ia kahi hōʻailona o "ʻoi aʻe!": Ka ʻili, hāmama, mālama a mālama i nā huaʻōlelo hou. I ka makahiki mua o kona ola me ka Gardners, ua ʻimi ʻo Washo iā 30 Amslens, ka ʻōlelo aʻAmelika Kuli, i ka mea i kuhi ʻia i nā makahiki ʻekolu, 130 mau kāʻei. Ke lawe nei i ka ʻōlelo ma ke ʻano like o ke keiki, ua aʻo ʻia ʻo ia e hoʻohui i nā hōʻailona me nā huaʻōlelo maʻalahi. No ka laʻana, ka luku ʻana ʻo Washo i kekahi o nā mea noiʻi e hāʻawi iā ia i kahi mea ulaula i hoki ʻia e ia: nā hōʻailona "e hāʻawi iaʻu i ka uahi", "uahi ʻo Washo", "e hāʻawi koke i ka uahi" ka hahai. I ka hopena, ʻōlelo ka mea noiʻi: "E noi aku me ka maikaʻi," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Washo: "E ʻoluʻolu mai iaʻu e hana i kēia ulaula wela." Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia i nā mea ulaula.
Ka mea, ua hana ʻo Washo i ka hewa nui ma nā keiki ʻōpio e hoʻomaka ana e ʻike i ka ʻōlelo. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo kekahi o nā hōʻailona mua i aʻo ʻia e ia "wehe!" - ua noi mua ʻo ia i kona makemake e wehe ʻia ka puka o ka lumi, a laila hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻohana iā ia e wehe i nā puka āpau, a laila no nā kiʻi, nā huki, nā hue a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e wehe i ka paʻu wai.
Ua hoʻohana pololei ka moio i nā huaʻōlelo pilikino, nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka wā i hala a me ka wā e hiki mai ana (i ka wā e hiki mai ana ʻo ia nō kona makemake i nā lā hoʻomaha, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ka makahiki Kalikimaka. "). I kekahi manawa ua ho'āʻo ʻo Washo e "ʻōlelo" ʻaʻole me ka poʻe wale nō, akā me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I kahi manawa, ke alualu ana ʻo ka ʻīlio me ke kākā ʻana ma hope o ka kaʻa i kahi e holo ai ʻo ia, ʻo Washo, nāna i makaʻu i nā ʻīlio e make ai, ʻaʻole e peʻe e like me ka mea maʻamau, ʻāwī ka puka mai ka puka aniani a hoʻomaka pū me ka pīhoihoi: "ʻīlio, e hele!"
Eia kekahi, ua lawe ʻia kekahi mau chimpanze hou i hānau ʻia i ka ʻoihana ʻo Gardner. Ua aʻo koke lākou a kamaʻilio wikiwiki e kamaʻilio pū kekahi me kekahi me ka ʻōlelo lili. A i ka manawa i hānau ʻia ai ke keiki a Washo, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e aʻo i nā ʻano hana, ʻike ʻole ʻaʻole i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, akā nā mākeke ʻē aʻe. I ka manawa like, ua ʻike pinepine nā noiʻi pehea e "Washo" e kau i kona lima "- e hoʻoponopono i ka hōʻailona-ka-kahi gesture.
I ʻApelila 1967, ua hoʻohana mua ʻo Washo i nā huaʻōlelo mai nā huaʻōlelo. Ua noi ʻo ia e "hāʻawi iaʻu i nā mea momona" a "hele wehe ʻia." I kēia manawa, i kahi makahiki he chimpanzee i ka manawa i hoʻomaka mua ai nā keiki kanaka e hoʻohana i nā hui ʻelua o nā huaʻōlelo. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o nā pono kanaka a me nā makene ke ʻano ʻoihana hope loa. Akā ua loaʻa kēia ʻano ma hope i nā pilikia o ka mākaʻikaʻi. ʻO ka meaʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia i ka wā mua i ʻike ʻia e kekahi mau ʻepekema i ka hiki ʻana iā Washo e ʻōlelo. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Roger Brown, he kumu aʻo ma ke Kulanui ʻo Harvard ma muli o kāna noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻōlelo ma nā keiki ʻōpio, ʻaʻole ia he hilinaʻi ʻo Washo i nā ʻōlelo pololei a ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i maopopo i ka pili o nā ʻano o nā huaʻōlelo o ka huaʻōlelo i hāʻawi ʻia i ka ʻōlelo kekahi ʻano. Ua hoʻopuka ʻo Jakob Bronowski a me Linguist Ursula Bellugi i kahi kiʻi wela e haʻi ana ʻaʻole e hiki iā Washo ke kamaʻilio, no ka mea, ʻaʻole ʻo ia e nīnau i nā nīnau a ʻaʻole ia e hoʻohana i nā huaʻōlelo maikaʻi. Eia ka hope, ua haʻi ʻōlelo ʻia ka linguist Nom Chomsky, ʻaʻole i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka lolo o kahi chimpanzee e ʻae i ka holoholona.
ʻO ka noiʻi, ʻoiai, ua hoʻopuka i nā hopena hou aʻe hou aʻe, kahi a Gardner i hōʻike a loiloi me ka akahele like me nā ʻike i loaʻa i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka haʻi ʻōlelo i nā keiki. A ma hope ua emi ka poʻe hoʻowahāwahā e haʻalele i kekahi o kā lākou mea i kūʻē ai
Ua manaʻo ʻo Roger Brown ʻaʻole he koʻikoʻi ka ʻōlelo i ka ʻōlelo. I kekahi mau ʻōlelo, e like me Finnish, ʻaʻole i like ka nui o ka manaʻo o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo i loko o kahi ʻōlelo he nui loa ia i ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe ARL a me ke kuli. A hōʻole pinepine nā keiki i ka ʻōlelo kuʻuna, akā ... hoʻomaopopo maopopo i kekahi i kekahi.
Ua hele loa nā māla pua i ka hopena e pili loa ana nā keiki a me nā mau mōʻī i nā pane o nā nīnau, hoʻohui ʻia nā huaʻōlelo ʻelua, e hoʻohana ana i nā huaʻōlelo, nā huaʻōlelo a me nā ʻano ʻōlelo, me ka ʻōlelo o ka ʻōlelo i loko o kahi pauku. ʻAʻole maopopo i nā maʻamau grammar, nā keiki e like me chimpanzees, e ʻimi e hoʻololi i nā pauku holoʻokoʻa i hoʻokahi huaʻōlelo a ʻelua paha.
Ua hōʻike ʻo ka loiloi e noi maluhia ʻo Washo a hoʻohana i nā ʻōlelo maikaʻi ʻole. Hiki i ka moʻo ke hoʻohana i nā hōʻailona "ʻaʻole", "ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu", "lawa." Kūpono koke ʻia ʻo Washo ma nā nūpepa hoʻohālike, e nīnau ana i nā poʻe: "He aha kēia?" ʻO ka ʻōlelo a Chomsky e pili ana i ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia o ka lolo o ka chimpanzee hiki ʻole ke hōʻoia: akā ʻaʻohe nō kumu e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kēia pilikia. ʻO ka mea hou wale nō, hoʻomaka ka ʻepekemaʻAmelika Norman Geschwind i nā hoʻokolohua me ka makemake e hoʻokumu inā ʻo ka ʻāpana i loko o ka lolo chimpanzee e like me ka mea nāna e hoʻoponopono i ka hana ʻōlelo i nā kānaka.
I ka pau ʻana o kā Gardners i kā lākou hana me Washo i ka makahiki 1970, ua pilikia ʻo ia i ka hele ʻana i kekahi o nā kikowaena biomedical "no nā hoʻokolohua" a, inā ʻaʻole make ia, a laila e hoʻolilo ʻo ia i nā koena o kāna mau lā i loko o kahi ʻāpana maleka. ʻO kāna mea kōkua ʻo Gardner ʻo Roger Fouts, nāna i hana i ka "Monkey Farm", kahi i loaʻa ai ka ʻohana "Washo" - nā koloni o ka "kamaʻilio kamaʻilio" - hoʻopakele iā ia, a me nā chimpanzees ʻē aʻe i aʻo ʻia i loko o ka hale hana.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo Gorilla
ʻAno kūpono ʻole ka hopena o ka noi ʻo "Washo ʻohana", akā i ka makahiki 70 he mau hui o nā kānaka noiʻi kūʻokoʻa e hana pū ana me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka anthropoid apes i hōʻoia a hoʻohui i kēia mau ʻike. Malia paha ʻo nā māka ʻomaʻomaʻo 25 mau loa i kamaʻilio ʻia ka pipi ʻo Coco, e noho kokoke ana ma Kapalakiko. He kumu aʻoaʻo kumu ʻo Coco: hoʻohana ʻo ia, e like me nā manaʻo like ʻole, mai 500 a hoʻokahi tausani mau ʻano ʻōmaʻomaʻo o Amslena, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka 2000 mau mea hou a me nā huaʻōlelo o ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, a, e hoʻopau ana i nā hoʻokolohua, hōʻike ʻia kahi kuʻuna akamai e kū pono ana i ke ʻano no ka pākeke ʻAmelika.
Eia naʻe, e like me nā moʻo "kamaʻilio", nui ka ulu ʻana o kāna kamaʻilio a me ka naʻauao i nā makahiki mua o kona ola ʻana (ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua hiki i nā māka nui o ke keiki i ke keiki o ke keiki ʻelua makahiki o ka hoʻomohala kamaʻilio a, ma kekahi mau ʻano, he ʻekolu makahiki). Ke ulu aʻe nei, noho mau lākou e like me nā keiki, hoʻohālikelike i ka sonishly i nā kūlana ola a makemake i nā pāʻani i nā ala ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻolilo manawa. Ke hoʻokani nei ʻo Coco me nā mea pāʻani a me nā holoholona pāʻani a kamaʻilio pū me lākou, hilahila, akā, ke loaʻa ka mea iā ia ma kēia noho ʻana.
Nui loa ke aloha o Coco i kāna pēpē (aloha iā ia kāna pēpē, ʻo ia i hala ma hope iho), makemake ʻia e huki. Hiki ke kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi kiʻi a Coco ma kāna pūnaewele http://www.koko.org/index.php, kahi āu e ʻike ai i ka nūhou hou loa mai ke ola ʻana o ke aniani, aia aia ma lalo o ke kanaha (ʻo chimpanzees a me nā gorillas ke ola a hiki i 45-50 mau makahiki).
I kēia manawa makemake nā 'epekema e lawe i kahi "humanization" iā Coco i kahi pae hou - ke aʻo nei lākou iā ia pehea e heluhelu ai.
I loko o ka pule, ua ʻano like ke kaila e pili ana i nā mokuʻāina o nā mea loiloi a Lūkia Nadezhda Babkina. E hoʻomanaʻo, aia i ka mea hana i ka hale hoʻomaha ke maʻi pneumonia koʻikoʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻia ua holomua ke kūlana o Babkina, a ua lawe ʻia ka mea mai ke keʻena pilikino i kahi haukapila koa. I ka hopena, ʻaʻole maopopo ke maopopo inā ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka mea kākau i ka coronavirus.
Margarita Koroleva, he hoa aloha o Nadezhda Babkina: "Ma koʻu maopopo ʻana, ʻo kēlā mau hoʻokolohua i hana ʻia e Nadezhda Georgievna Babkina, hāʻawi lākou i kahi hopena maikaʻi loa e pili ana i ka pilina.
Ua hāʻawi ʻia kēia nīnau e ka makamaka nui o Babkina ʻo Margarita Koroleva, he mau hola ma mua wale nō o ka halihali ʻana o ka People Artist i ka hale hau. ʻAʻole huna ka mea hānai aʻoaʻo hōkū: ke hoʻomau nei nā kauka o kahi keʻena pilikino no ke ola o Nadezhda Babkina, kahi i hoʻonoho ai ka mea mele ma ka lā 1 ʻApelila Hoʻokipa mau ka hoaaloha iā Babkina me kāna mau kauka.
Margarita Koroleva: “No ʻelua mau lā ʻelua, ua ʻike ʻo Nadezhda Babkina. Aia no ka oxygen, hoʻokaʻa ʻia mai ka oxygen, a laila pili ʻia ia. Mālama ʻo ia iā ia iho, koi hou ka oxygen. He paʻakikī loa ke kūlana. "
Akā ma ka Pōʻakahi, ua puka mai nā nūpepa me nā poʻo loulou: "Ua puka mai ka maʻi Pneumonia maʻi ʻo Nadezhda Babkina mai kahi coma", "ua puka aku ʻo Singer Nadezhda Babkina, mai loko mai o kahi coma a noi i nā ʻuala i hoʻomoʻa ʻia me ka hoʻomakeke."
Margarita Koroleva: "ʻAe, ʻaʻole wau i ʻike inā ua noi wau, a i ʻole hoʻi e nānā. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e kamaʻilio liʻiliʻi me ke koʻokoʻo, manaʻo wau ua loaʻa iā ia ka meaʻai maʻamau, me ke kīʻaha, me ke kōkua. "
Akā ma ka Pōʻalua ua lilo kahi kūlana. Ua hōʻike ʻia e pili ana iā Nadezhda Babkina i ka hapalua o kona mau māmā, a ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke ʻōlelo.
Margarita Koroleva: "ʻO wai e hiki mai ana i kekahi mea e kākau i nā nūpepa. Mai manaʻoʻiʻo ia. ʻAʻole wau i maopopo he kumu maoli ʻaʻole ia he coronavirus, no laila aia nō nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ʻole, hōʻike nā diagnostics i ke ola. I kēia kūlana, nā maʻi pīnopele bilateral. Mālama mākou i kā mākou hana lima e hōʻoia i ka holo pono ʻana o nā mea āpau, ua hele maikaʻi loa ka hoʻoponopono ʻana. "
Akā ua loaʻa pū kekahi o nā maʻi pīpī bilateral i Alexander Vasiliev. Ua haʻi aku ka mea kākau moʻolelo kaulana iā Nadezhda Babkina i ka lā ma mua o ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ka haukapila a makaʻu ʻo ia e maʻi ʻo ia, no ka mea he hoʻokahi kā lākou make-artist. Ua piʻi ka mahana o Vasiliev ma kahi o 38, ua hāmama ka kō kō. Ua mālama koke ʻia ʻo ia i ka hale ma Kommunarka. Akā ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kino o ka mea kākau nūhou, ua ola hou ʻo Vasiliev. ʻAʻole naʻe i hōʻoia i ka Coronavirus.
ʻO kahi hoaaloha o Babkina, ʻaʻole i haʻalele i ka mea nui: ua paʻakikī ka mea pena kiʻiʻāina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi maʻi kaumaha.
Margarita Koroleva: "Ke kamaʻilio nei wau e pili ana i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i kona wā ma mua o ka lā hoʻomanaʻo. Ua hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Stress ma ka papahana ola o Nadezhda Georgievna a, ʻoi aku ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i kona ʻano make. ʻOi loa kona ikaika, akā na ka mea hiamoe iki. ʻOiai e maloʻo loa ana, e kali kākou. ʻ saylelo nā kauka, i ka lā hiki iā ia ke loaʻa iā ia, e hoʻopā ʻo ia. "
A kākau nā puke e noi aku ʻo Nadezhda Babkina iā ia e lawe ʻia aku i ka hale hau koa koa, kahi lākou i kau ai iā Joseph Kobzon a me Lydia ma ko lākou mau wāwae. Ua hōʻole ʻo ka luna kūkā o Babkina, ʻo Sergei Gorokh ma ke kelepona ua hana ʻia ka mea kiʻi kiʻi ma ka hale hau pūʻali koa.
Sergey Gorokh: "Mālama ʻo ia i kāna iho no ke kolu o ke kolamu a kamaʻilio."
Kākau: "I kēia manawa aia kahi ʻike ua lawe ʻia ʻo ia i kahi haukapila koa. Uaʻoiaʻiʻo nō kēia?
Sergey Gorokh: "E heluhelu ʻoe, e ʻoluʻolu, ma ka pūnaewele o ka hale kiʻi. Ua kākau ʻia nā mea a pau ma laila.
ʻAʻole naʻe i hoʻonui hou ʻia ka ʻikepili ma ka pūnaewele o ka hale kiʻi ʻo Babkina mai ka lā 7 ʻApelila. Noho leo ʻole paha ka ʻohana ʻohana mele.
Margarita Koroleva: "ʻOiaʻiʻo, e like me nā ʻohana āpau, aia ʻo Evgeny Gor i ka ʻike, akā ʻaʻohe mea e makemake i ka manaʻo i kēia manawa. Hana nā kauka i nā mea e kōkua nui ai e like me ka mea, ma ka hopena, e hana i nā mea āpau a loaʻa hou iā Nadezhda Georgievna i ke olakino. "
Lilo holoholona a i ʻole nā keiki i ka noʻonoʻo?
Eia nō naʻe, he ʻino a maikaʻi loa ʻole nā manaʻo o kēia mau noiʻi. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, ua kuhi ka "kamaʻilio" i ka lele i loko o ka aila poni i ka ʻaila poni ʻana o nā poʻe ʻatikala a me nā ʻomaʻamaʻka e pili ana i ka hohonu o kahi kanaka me ka ʻike a me nā holoholona e like me ka automata i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā reflexes a me nā hana.
Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ua kūʻē ka poʻe linguists: e like me ka manaʻo o Noam Chomsky e ʻā ana ma ka linguistika ʻAmelika, ʻo ka ʻōlelo kekahi ʻano hōʻike o ke ʻano genetic i nā kānaka (ma ke ʻano, e hoʻomākeʻakaʻi i kekahi o nā mōʻī "kamaʻilio" a lākou i kapa ʻia ʻo Him Chimsky).
Wahi a nā poʻe kritika, he mau huaʻōlelo koʻikoʻi nā ʻano nui monkey, akā he kiʻi maʻalahi ia o nā mea noiʻi, ma ka maikaʻi loa "condition reflexes" i loaʻa ma muli o ke aʻo ʻana. ʻO nā loiloi, kamaʻilio pū me nā puʻu, manaʻo paha i ka manawa a pau e hāʻawi iā lākou i kahi mākaʻikaʻi, me ka ʻole o ka ʻike ʻana iā lākou iho - me nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohālikelike, nā maka, nā kikowaena, a me nā mau heihei e pili ana i kā lākou mau ʻōlelo, akā ma ka ʻike ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau.
ʻO nā loea "kamaʻilio" ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Clever Hans, ka Oryol trotter, nona ka mea "aʻo" i aʻo ai "i ka lio e helu a pane i nā nīnau. A laila ua hoʻohuli wale ʻia ka hana lokomaikaʻi a Hans i nā neʻe subtle o kāna kumu.
ʻO kekahi o nā pahuhopu o Rambo ka paipai ʻana i nā pupu no nā pane kūpono e like me ka liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole i hōʻike nā loea makua ʻo Savage Rambo i nā talena kūikawā a hoʻonui wale i kona manaʻo.Aka i kekahi manawa, ʻo Kanzi - ke keiki a kekahi o kēia mau kaikuahine, e kaomi ʻamuni mau ana i kona makuahine - ua hoʻomaka koke ʻoe e pane no ia i kāna hana ponoʻī. A hiki i kēlā manawa, ʻaʻohe mea e aʻo iā ia i nā mea a pau, ʻaʻole i nānā nui ʻia nā mea noiʻi iā ia, akā pane maikaʻi loa ia.
Ua ʻike koke ʻia ua aʻo pinepine ʻo ia e hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻōlelo Pelekane, a he mea ʻē aʻe nō hoʻi ua hōʻike i kekahi talena maikaʻi no nā pāʻani kamepiula. ʻAno, hiki i ka kūleʻa o Kanzi a me kona kaikuahine ʻo Bonbonishy, ʻaʻohe mākaʻi o skepticism Savage Rambo, a ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hōʻike i ka honua ʻepekema ʻo kāna "kamaʻilio" chimpanzees i ʻike i ʻekolu mau ʻōlelo (yerkish, amslen a ma kahi o 2000 mau ʻōlelo Pelekane), maopopo i ke ʻano o nā huaʻōlelo. a me ka syntax o nā huaʻōlelo, hiki ke hoʻomālamalama nui a me ka metaphor, e kamaʻilio pū ana me kekahi me ke aʻo ʻana mai kekahi i kekahi.
Wahi a ka ʻepekema, ʻike pinepine nā mole i nā manaʻo a ka mea haʻiʻike, ʻaʻole maopopo ka ʻike i nā ʻōlelo. Me he mea lā ke nānā aku nei ke kanaka i ka ʻikepili palake me ke kani o ka TV ua huli. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, e hoʻomālamalama hou ka manaʻo. Ua hōʻoia ʻo Rambo i kēia nānā ma o ka hoʻokolohua, hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻike ʻana i nā hōkū o Kanzi a he 8 mau makahiki ʻoi aku ka makahiki ʻo 19. Ua hoʻomau ka hoʻāʻo ʻana mai Mei 1988 a Pepeluali 1989. Mai ke 600 o ka hana ma mua, hana ʻo Kansi i ka 80%, a me Ali - 60%. No ka laʻana, "hoʻokomo i ka pā i ka microwave", "lawe i ka pā i ke ala", "ninini i ka lemela i Coca-Cola", "kau i nā ʻula ʻoi i loko o ka ʻeke", a me nā mea kupanaha kupanaha a ka moʻo o nā mākaʻi i kū He mea hiki paha ke noʻonoʻo e pili ana ka ʻōlelo a Washo, Kanzi a me Coco i ka ʻōlelo a kahi keiki ʻelua a ʻelua makahiki, a he mea ʻokoʻa kēia “ʻōlelo” ʻokoʻa, he mea like ʻole me ke kanaka?
Ua paʻakikī ʻo kā Savage Rambo noiʻi e hakakā. ʻO ka poʻe e aloha nui i ka ʻokoʻaʻī kanaka e hiki ke hōʻoia i kēlā, akā naʻe, ʻo ka ʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia e nā moʻo, he mamao loa ia mai ke kanaka. E like me ke leʻakaʻaka: "Ua komo kekahi puaʻa i ka pā pāʻani ma ka pā palaka. Nui nā kānaka a pau me ka wiwo ʻole, a hoʻokahi wale nō mea nānā, ʻaʻole i palaki, me ka holo nui ʻana i ka papa. "ʻAʻole ʻoe makemake i kēia?" - e noi ana i kona hoalauna. "ʻAʻole, ʻaʻole hewa, akā ʻaʻole ʻo Oistrakh."
I ka honua holoholona: moʻomeheu, hoʻonaʻauao, nā manaʻo
"He lapuwale nā holoholona." ʻO kēia tesis ka mana hope loa e hōʻoia i ka kūlana kūʻokoʻa o ke kanaka ma waena o nā mea ola ʻē aʻe, e hāʻawi ana iā mākou i ke kuleana kūpono e mālama ai iā lākou i loko o nā selela, hoʻohana no nā hoʻokolohua a kūkulu i nā mea hana no ka hana ʻana o "ʻai ola".
Akā i ke waenakonu o ke kenekulia iwakālua, puka ka ʻatikala - ke ʻepekema o ka pili holoholona. A ʻo ka nānā ʻana o nā ethologists i ʻae i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe i ka mana psychic o nā holoholona.
Ka mea i maopopo iā lākou ka ʻike kuʻukē (e like me nā elephants a me nā dolphins), i ka liʻiliʻi loa i ka pae kino: ʻike lākou iā lākou iho i ke aniani. ʻO ka kiko o nā manaʻo ʻino ʻia e lākou. No ka laʻana, e like me ka nānā ʻana o ka etology ʻo Penny Patterson, ʻo gorillas ke aloha a me ka huhū, nā uē a me ka ʻakaʻaka, ʻike lākou i ka haʻaheo a me ka hilahila, ke aloha a me ka lili. inoa no kekahi.
ʻAʻole kēia he ʻano luhi, akā he ʻano moʻomeheu i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai kekahi hanauna i kekahi hanauna. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hou o nā moʻomeheu moʻomeheu o nā moʻo, a ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "moʻomeheu" ua hoʻohana ʻia ma laila me nā huaʻōlelo.
Eia nō naʻe, e like me Evgeny Panov, "ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka hana kaua o nā mea kaua anthropoid e hōʻike ana i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻolālā pilikino i nā koina lōʻihi o ka hana. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ia e alakaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o kahi moʻomeheu ulu.
Akā inā paha ʻaʻole pono ia i nā mō'ī? E hoʻomanaʻo nei i ka pīhoihoi o Douglas Adams: "Manaʻo kekahi kanaka ua ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku ma mua o nā dolphins, no ka mea, ua loaʻa kāna nui: ua hana ʻo ia i kahi huila, New York, nā kaua, a pēlā aku, ʻoiai nā dolphins e hana wale i kēia, me ka leʻaleʻa, ke kahe ʻana ma ka wai. ʻO nā dolphins, i ko lākou ʻoki, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻoi aku ka nui o ka oi aku ma mua o ke kanaka - no kēia kumu. "
ʻAe, ke kaupaona nei ka lolo o ka moʻo humanoid ʻekolu mau manawa ma mua o kā mākou, akā, ʻaʻole ia e hana ai i kahi mea ʻē i waena o nā mea ola ʻē aʻe: nā manu lele, nā kohola, nā ʻōpū he nui ka lolo o ka ʻōpio ma mua o kā mākou. Ua hoʻoholo nā mea noiʻi ʻaʻole e hoʻohālikelike i ka nui o ka lolo, akā ʻo ka laha o ka lolo i ka kaumaha o ke kino. Eia eia ka pōʻino maikaʻi - ʻo nā kiʻi ʻoihana mua ma mua o mākou i kēia ratio.
A laila ua hana ʻo nā Pūlani me nā chimpanzees ʻekolu. ʻO Moye (ma Swahili kona inoa ʻo “Kotahi”) ʻeono makahiki, ʻo Tatu ("ʻekolu") i ʻehā makahiki, ʻo Nne (ʻehā ʻehā) he kāne, ʻelua a ʻelua makahiki a ʻoi kona mau makahiki. ʻO Washo ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia hana ua haʻalele ʻia ʻo ia mai ka hoʻokolohua. Ua hōʻea nā chimpanzees a pau i ka mahiʻai ma hope o ka lā ʻehā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. Mai ka wā mua, noho lākou ma lalo o kahi aupuni kūwaho kūpono. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia holoholona kona wahi noho āpau - kahi lumi moe, wahi e pāʻani ai, nā lumi kaukau a me nā lumi ʻai. E hana nā ʻekolu limahana me kēlā me kēia holoholona. Ma nā papa paʻa ua hoʻolālā koke ʻia lākou e aʻo ana i ka chimpanzees ASL. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kumu e hoʻohana iā ia - he kuli kekahi o nā limahana, ʻo ke koena ʻo lākou nā keiki no nā mākua kuli. Ma ke alo o nā holoholona, kamaʻilio wale nā poʻe limahana āpau me ka ASL, no laila, ʻaʻole lohe nā chimpanzees i ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe kanaka.
Hoʻomaka ka lā hanaʻai o ka mahiʻai i ʻehiku i ke kakahiaka nui aʻe nā kahu nui i nā makana. Hoʻoholo ʻia kahi "hōʻailona o ka lā" - kahi hōʻailona hou e aʻo ai nā poʻe aʻoaʻo e hoʻopuka i loko o ke ola o kēlā me kā lākou poʻe holoholona, e hana ana i nā ʻano kūlohelohe e hiki ai ke hoʻokau hou i kā lākou mau'ōlelo. Ma hope o ka palaka kakahiaka kakahiaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka papa kakahiaka, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, kahi aniani o ka waiū mahana. A i ka wā e ʻai ai, ua ʻoluʻolu ke ʻano o ke kūlohelohe: pono lākou e hoʻopaʻa iho i kahi puke a ʻai hoʻi me ke kōkua ʻole ma waho. Ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana, pono ʻoe e palu i kou mau niho a e lulu i ka lauoho.
Ināʻaʻohe wela, hele nā chimpanzees i nā ʻaʻahu a lākou e aahu ai. Hana lākou i nā moena a hana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe. E like me ke kānāwai, hiki i nā mea hoʻohana ke holoi i ka wai i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, holoi i nā kīʻaha, a hoʻokō i nā hana ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa kēia mau maikaʻi i ka ʻike o ka ʻōlelo a pale ʻole i ka lawe ʻia ʻana.
E mālama ʻia nā papa ma mua a ma hope o ka ʻaina awakea. Ka hapalua hola - mākaukau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hōʻailona, a me kekahi hapalua hola - e nānā ana i nā nūa i paʻi ʻia, puke. ʻO nā mea pāʻani i kapa ʻia nā "pedagogical" e hoʻoikaika iā lākou e huki, koho i nā mea mai kekahi laina, ʻoliʻoli me nā cubes, ua aʻo ʻia lākou e ulana i ka pono a me ka ʻuʻuku hoʻi. Ua ʻike ʻia aia ka mālama pono ʻana o ka chimpanzees i kanakolu mau minuke. A i mea e pale aku ai i ka pīhoihoi, ua hoʻouna ʻia lākou e hiamoe ʻelua i ke ao. A puni ʻehiku i ko lākou ʻauʻau ʻana a me ka palaka ma ka hiamoe ʻana i ka lole lōʻihi, nalo ke ʻano o ka lole.
Me kēia nohona, loaʻa iā Moya kahi huaʻōlelo o 150 mau mea, a ʻo Tatu ma mua o 60. I hoʻokahi manawa i ka hebedoma, ʻākoakoa nā mea noiʻi a pau e kūkākūkā i nā hopena, me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā kiʻi mai chimpanzee a i ka papahana chimpanzee. I kekahi mau pule, hiki i 19 mau hana e kamaʻilio ma waena o nā holoholona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ASL. ʻO ka hapanui o lākou e iho i nā hōʻailona "hele pāʻani" a "hele e wili" (aloha nui nā chimpanzees i nā ʻili). Ua manaʻo ʻo Moya, ʻae i ka lele ʻana i ka Tattoo iā ia iho, a hāʻawi i kahi hōʻailona iā "eia", e kuhikuhi ana iā ia i kahi e pono ai ka piʻi ʻana o ka Tattoo. Ua koho ʻo Moya iā Nne me ka hōʻailona "keiki", kau ʻo ia iā ia e inu i loko o kona kīʻaha, ʻoiai ʻo Nne ʻoi iho, ke kumu i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia wale nō, kāhea ʻo Moya nā kuki.
ʻO kēia hanauna o nā chimpanzees, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e nā hoʻohālikelike, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Washo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻoiai ua hoʻomaka lākou e kamaʻilio me ka ʻōlelo ʻana o ka ASL ma mua a ʻo ia i loko o kahi kūlana "ʻoluʻolu" i hoʻālaʻi ʻia mai nā lā mua.
ʻO ka hiki ke kamaʻilio kūkākūkā me nā apili anthropoid i hōʻoia maikaʻi ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ma o nā papahana o ʻehā mau hōʻike hou.
Akā ʻo kahi hoʻokolohua i mālama me nā chimpanzees ma ke Kulanui o New York ma New York, ua hoʻopau koke ʻia nei. Nā kumu no ka hāʻawi manawaleʻa ʻana i nā ʻoma kauka aʻoaʻo ʻo Herb Terrace i hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui i waena o nā hoa hana.
ʻEhā mau makahiki i hala aku nei, hoʻomaka ʻo Terrace i kahi hoʻokolohua ma laila ʻo Nim Chimpanzee (ʻo kona inoa piha ʻo Nim Chimsky - he kumu hānai ʻAmelika ʻo Nom Chomsky) i aʻo ʻia ai ASL. Ua hoʻomau ʻo Nim i ka ʻōlelo hōʻino e like me nā "geeks" ʻē aʻe, a hoʻopiʻi akula ʻo ia i kona lima i nā mea aʻoaʻo e hōʻike iā ia i nā hōʻailona hou. Ua lanakila ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he "kamaliʻi" ko ka hoʻomohala ʻōlelo, ka hana ʻana i nā hōʻailona hou, a aʻo ... e hoʻopunipuni a ʻāwili. ʻOiai me kēia mau mea āpau, ua hiki mai ʻo Terrace i ka hopena he hiki ʻole i nā chimpanzees ke kūkulu pololei i nā ʻōlelo. Ma kāna mau hoʻokolohua, ʻaʻole i nānā ʻo Terrace i ke ʻano o ka hoʻopiha ʻana o nā hua'ōlelo Nim, akā i ka haki ʻana o kāna mau ʻōlelo. Hoʻokumu ʻo ia i ka hui ʻana o nā huaʻōlelo ʻelua, i hoʻohui pū ʻia i nā huaʻōlelo. ʻO kekahi mau ʻōlelo, no ka mea, ʻoi aʻe ka mea, “maʻamau” i nā manawa maʻamau me ia, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe, noʻu, "iaʻu", "iaʻu", ma ka lua. ʻIke ʻo Nim ʻaʻole i hana ʻia nā huaʻōlelo "hāʻawi iaʻu" a "hāʻawi mai iaʻu" ma ke ʻano like ʻole. Eia hou aʻe, ma muli o Terrace, ʻaʻole ia i hele. A eia nā ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pono e ʻōlelo ai ma waena o nā keiki ʻōpio a me nā chimpanzees hoʻomaka wale
ʻO ka mea mua, inā e haku nā chimpanzees i nā hōʻailona mau a ʻekolu a i ʻole mau huaʻōlelo, a laila ʻo ke kolu o nā mea ʻekolu a ma hope wale nō i nā hihia i loaʻa ʻole i ka ʻike hou aʻe, a laila e hoʻihoʻi lākou i ka mea i hoʻohana mua ʻia, a i ʻole e hoʻohui i kahi inoa i ka huaʻōlelo pilikino - "pāʻani (me) me Nim ( om) ”No nā mākelē he 4 mau huaʻōlelo āna i hoʻomau ai, ʻaʻohe wale nō i ʻike i ke ʻano. Ma ka ʻōlelo a nā keiki, kēia ʻano repetitions, e like me ka linguistic, ʻaʻole ʻike pinepine ʻia.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ʻelua ka mea i kapa ʻia e nā poʻe linguist i ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o kahi ʻōlelo. Ke hoʻohana nei nā keiki, ka ulu ʻana o nā wā kahiko, lōʻihi a paʻakikī. ʻElua mau makahiki, ʻo ka lōʻihi o nā ukali i loaʻa iā lākou he like like me Nim's - 1,5 mau huaʻōlelo (a i ʻole hōʻailona), akā i nā makahiki ʻelua e hiki mai ana ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o nā huaʻōlelo o Nim me nā wīwī, ʻoiai i loko o nā keiki. ) e hoʻonui pinepine ai.
A ʻokoʻa nā ʻano mea like ʻole o Nem i nā keiki. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke pili i ka pilina ma waena o ke ʻano semantis o ka hōʻailona a me ke ʻano o kāna hoʻohana. ʻO ka pilina pili ma waena, no ka laʻana, kahi mea e ʻai a me ka ʻōlelo pili no Nim i noho ʻole - ʻaʻole ia i ʻike i kahi ʻokoʻa ma waena o "ʻai i kahi huaʻai" a "ʻai kahi huaʻala." Eia ka mea, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Terrace, ʻaʻole maopopo ka chimpanzees i kā lākou ʻōlelo.
Ma ka hope loa, ua hoʻokolokolo ʻo Terrace i kahi kikoʻī i nā kiʻi ʻoni i hopu iā "Nim" kamaʻilio "me ia kanaka, a hoʻohālikelike i kēia mau hopena me ka noiʻi ʻana o nā kamaʻilio ma waena o nā keiki a me nā mākua. Hoʻomaopopo nā keiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kamaʻilio he ʻano ʻano pāʻani ia e hoʻololi ai i nā kuleana: ʻo ka mea mua e ʻōlelo ai, a laila kēlā me kēia. ʻAʻole pilikia ke keiki i ka interlocutor a kamaʻilio pū me ia. I Nim, ma kahi o 50 pākēneka o nā hihia, ua hoʻolauna nā ʻōlelo i loko o ka ʻōlelo a interlocutor.
ʻEkolu mau ala e mālama ai i ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma hope o ka haʻi ʻana o ka hoahele: hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokuʻi i ka haʻi ʻana o ka ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻuluʻulu hou i kāu mea i ʻōlelo ai a hoʻohui i kekahi mea ponoʻī, a ʻo ka hope, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻōlelo i nā keiki hou i lalo o ka makahiki ʻelua o kā lākou mau makua a hiki i 20 mau hapalua o kā lākou mau ʻōlelo . ^ E Ha yM. I ka makahiki aʻe, ua hāʻule nā māhele o ka hana hou ʻana i ʻelua mau pakeneka. Akā ʻo Nime, i loko o ke kolu o ka makahiki o kona ola ua hoʻohālike ʻo 40 pakeneka o nā huaʻōlelo o kāna mau kumu. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā keiki ma lalo o ʻelua mau makahiki i nā huaʻōlelo o ka interlocutor i 20 mau keneka o nā hihia, a ma o ʻekolu makahiki, kākoʻo lākou i ka hapalua o nā kamaʻilio ʻana. ʻAʻole iʻoi aku ka hoʻonui ʻia o Nim ma kahi o 10 pakeneka
Mawaena o ke kao a me ke kanaka
ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia nui, ʻo ia nā wahi a mākou e nānā ai i "nā mea like" i ko mākou noʻonoʻo a me kā mākou ʻōlelo, ʻaʻohe hiki ke noʻonoʻo aʻe i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā mōnaka "kamaʻilio" he ʻokoʻa nā mea ola ʻē aʻe ma mua o ko lākou mau hoahānau maoli, "nā mōʻī nāwaliwali," e like me ka ʻōlelo a Washo. Akā ʻaʻole loa lākou e lilo i poʻe, ma ka liʻiliʻi o nā maka o ka poʻe.
Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Washo ma muli o ka wahi ma Nevada kahi i noho ai nā Kahu. Ma ia hopena ua hoʻohuli ʻia ma loko o ka ʻōlelo o ka ʻohana iwi Kina e noho nei ma kēia wahi, ʻo "wosho" ʻo ia kekahi kanaka. Ua manaʻo ʻo Washo iā ia iho he kāne. "ʻO ia ka mea like me ʻoe a ʻo wau pū," wahi a kāna kumu aʻo Penny Patterson e pili ana i kāna Coco. I ka hoʻokolohua ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kiʻi ma ʻelua mau'āpana - "nā kānaka" a me nā "holoholona" - ʻo Vicki ka mea i ʻike i ʻekolu huaʻōlelo wale nō, ua hilinaʻi ʻo ia i kāna kiʻi i loko o ka hui "kanaka" (e like me nā mea ʻē aʻe "e kamaʻilio ana") i mālama ʻia i kēia hoʻokolohua. ) Ua pīpī wale nō hoʻi a me nā manaʻo ʻinoʻino e kau i ke kiʻi o kona makuakāne "ʻaʻohe ʻōlelo" i loko o ka "holoholona" hui me nā kiʻi o nā lio a me nā ʻelele.
ʻO ka mea ʻike wale, ʻaʻole pane ʻia ka pane ʻana o nā mea ʻōlelo loea a me nā poʻe noiʻi. A ʻo ke kumu nui o ka hakakā ʻole ke kau ʻole ʻia nei nā kuhi a me nā kumumanaʻo.ʻO ke ʻano o ke keiki a me ke kaikuahine ʻike ʻia ka ʻōlelo kanaka ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe he kīnā ʻole. Akā ʻo "kamaʻilio" ka mōʻīwī e hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ke ʻano like me ke kanaka Hoʻokaʻawale lākou i nā mea kikoʻī o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i nā māhele like ʻole o ka poʻe, no ka laʻana, me ka hōʻailona “pēpē”, nā māka i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia i nā keiki, nā ʻōpio, a me nā moʻo. Ua hana ʻo Washo i ka ʻano o ka "ʻīlio" i ka manawa i hālāwai ai ia me nā ʻīlio, a i kona lohe ʻana i ka ʻīlio ʻana e ʻīlio ana, me ka ʻike ʻana i kā lākou kiʻi. Hana ihola nā keiki iā Gorilla Coco, ke ʻike nei i ke apo i ka lima o Penny, "wahi a:" lei lei manamana lima. " A kapa ʻia kā Chimpanzee Washo i ka moʻauʻau "manu-wai." He aha kēia inā ʻaʻole ʻo ka ʻōlelo o ke keiki? ʻO ia, ʻo ia ke ʻike i ka mokulele, i ʻōlelo ʻia he "butterfly." A ʻo ka mea, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Coco's gorilla goriel Michael, nāna i aʻo i ka ʻōlelo ʻōpiopio i kona wā ʻōpiopio, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i nā hana mana o ka mea naʻauao! Ua kāhea ʻo ia i nā kumumanaʻo e like me nā wā ma mua, i kēia manawa a me ka wā e hiki mai ana.
I ka manawa i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia i kona wā ʻuʻuku a noho ʻo ia i ka nahele, ua ʻimi nā mea lawaiʻa i kona makuahine, ʻaʻole like me nā kānaka, ua kī ʻia nā "kamaʻilio" kīʻaha "i ke ʻano o ka haʻi ʻana i kā lākou ʻōlelo. A no ka mea he hōʻailona kūlohelohe kekahi kanaka, ʻo ia ka mea lākou "i lilo i poʻe". ʻO kēia hopena ua hōʻoia ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa. Aia, ʻo Uosho, me ke kānalua ʻole, ua kau ʻo ia iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he lahui kanaka, a kapa ʻia ʻo ia he "chirczees" ʻuʻina manuahi. Ua manaʻo ʻo Coco iā ia iho he kāne. I kā lākou manaʻo e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kiʻi o nā holoholona mai nā kiʻi o nā kānaka, ua paʻa ʻo ia i kona kiʻi ma nā kiʻi o nā kānaka. Akā ʻo kekahi kiʻi o kona makuakāne lauoho a me ke kapa wili ua hoʻopili ʻia ma kāna pou o nā elepani, nā lio a me nā ʻīlio.
Pehea mākou e pili ai i kēia mau mea ola? Ua like pū me ka pilikia ʻo ka Soviet Soviet "The Adventures of Electronics": no nā pākeke, ʻElona ke kamaʻilio kamaʻilio, a hiki iā ʻoe ke huli a kū i ke ʻano, akā ʻike nā keiki: he kanaka kēia, ʻo ia nō hoʻi ʻo kāna māhoe ʻo Syroezhkin.
I kēia mau lā, ʻike ʻia nā mea noiʻi kuleana holoholona i nā psychos sentimental. Akā paha i ka lā ʻapōpō e loli nā mea a pau, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia he poʻe kānaka nā manawa āpau a i ʻole paha i manaʻo ʻia nā lāhui kanaka ʻē aʻe.