| Homalopsidae | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Kukui ʻia ʻo Schneider Water | |||||||||
| Kahi ʻano ʻepekema | |||||||||
| Aupuni: | Eumetazoi |
| Moulou | Lepidosauromorphs |
| Maikuhi: | Alethinophidia |
| Kekaha: | Kolikola |
| Ohana: | Homalopsidae |
Homalopsidae (lat.) - ʻohana o nā nāhelehele. Ua manaʻo ʻia ia ma muli o kahi subfamily o ka ʻohana homomopsinae ua homogeneous.
ʻO keʻano
'O ka loa o ke mau o nā' āina o kēia 'ohana mai 50 cm a hiki i ka 1 m. He poʻe ke poʻo, elongated. ʻAno ke kino a ʻōlohelohe ke kino, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka huelo.
E like me ka poʻe naʻu ka warty, lele nā laka i ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka pūhaka, alakaʻi ʻia nā maka i luna, a paʻa nā waha a me nā ʻuʻuku e hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka pahuhopu kūikawā e pale i ka kahe ʻana o ka wai. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i nui nā ili i uhi i ke kino i nā loli nui i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā nahesa ʻāina. Hoʻopili ʻia nā niho o ka wāwae o ka iwi i luna, loaʻa kahi puʻu ma ka alo o ka mua a kamaʻilio me nā kūlohelohe e hū ai.
ʻ rangeslelo ke kala i ka pihi a hiki i ka brown.
Ke noho maʻamau
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻōiwi alakaʻi i kahi ʻano aquatic. Noho lākou i nā pū wai wai a me nā wai hou, kahi o nā mea liʻiliʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi kekahi. Nui kekahi ʻano o kekahi mau ʻano, no ka lae, i ka nui o nā māla wai a me nā ʻūlū. Nā ʻuʻu ʻōpala. ʻIke pinepine ʻia mai ka wai i ka ʻāina, kahi lākou e kūpaʻa nei.
ʻO ka manaʻo ʻana o kēia mau nāhelehele e maʻi a make paha i ka iʻa, nā ʻalā a me nā amphibians, kahi e hānai ai lākou, akā, ʻaʻole pōʻino i ke kanaka. Hiki i kēia mau ʻīlio ke ale i kā lākou ʻai i loko o ka wai.
Hoʻaiho
E noho ana ka wai i kahi ākea nui, e uhi ana i ka lewa mai Central and Southern Europe a Western China a me North West. Hele ʻia ia ma ka kahakai o ke Kai ʻEleʻele o Rūsia a me Ukraine, ma Crimea, Ciscaucasia a me Transcaucasia, Central Asia a me Kazakhstan.
ʻO nā hale noho punahele nā nāhelehele wai he mau wahi kokoke i nā kino wai (ʻelua a paʻakai hoʻi). Ua loaʻa iā lākou ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā kahawai a me nā loko, ma nā kahakai kai a me nā mokupuni e kū ana i ke kai ākea. Hiki ke mālama ʻia iā lākou ma kahi o nā kahe o ka wai i nā kauhale, ma nā pā i ka wai pāpaku, ma kahi kaona kahi i hū ʻia me nā kahe a me nā kahawai wai kīnā.
Hāʻawi lākou i nā makemake i nā wahi i hoʻopuni ʻia ai nā waihona a me nā lalo i nā pōhaku nui, a ua ulu nā lāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau i kahakai. E ho'āʻo e pale i ka wehe a ākea ma kahi kokoke i ka wai.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona wai ʻōlena wai
Kūpono kēia mau mea nāhele ʻia i ka lā. I ke kakahiaka, lele lākou i waho o nā hale mālama a bask i ka lā no ka lōʻihi, a i ke ahiahi hūnā ʻia no ka pō. Ke kauwela, i ka hapa nui o ka lā, aia ka reptile i ka wai, a i ke ahiahi a lele wale ka ʻāina i ka ʻāina, kahi e moe ai lākou i ka pō.
E ʻauʻau nā ʻōlaʻi wai ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka wai a ma lalo o ka wai. Ke kū nei ka maka ʻana ma luna o kahi wai o luna, e kū ana ke kino, e like me ka wā e kaholo ana, lele koke lākou. Holo aku i ka pōpilikia, hūnā ana lākou i nā kahawai me nā kahe ikaika, ma lalo o nā pōhaku ma lalo o 2-3 mau mika mai ke kahakai. E kūleʻa ma ka papa ma hope o 4-5 mau minuke.
I ke kauwela, lawelawe lākou i nā pā ma nā wahi ma lalo o nā pālaha pōhaku, nā pailima o ka brushwood, nā lāʻau i hoʻoulu ʻia me nā kahakai o nā wai wai, etc.
Pānaʻi nā nāhelehele wai i kā lākou mau pūnaewele a ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu i nā ʻili nui. Hele lākou i loko o ka 200-400 m.
Hoʻohui ʻia lākou e ka hihiʻo koʻikoʻi loa. Ke ʻike nei i kahi kanaka i kahi 10 mau mika kahi, lele lākou e hūnā i ka wai.
ʻAnoʻai a me ka Haʻi
Pāʻai ka nāhelehele wai i ka iʻa, a ma kahi liʻiliʻi - nā amphibians. Holo ikaika lākou a hopu i ka iʻa, ke ʻimi me ka nui ma lalo. Inā e ʻauʻau ka iʻa i ka nahe, ʻaʻole hopu i ka nui o ka mea hoʻolalelale, akā inā he nalo, ʻaʻole ia e alualu me ka ʻauʻau ʻana.
E like me nā mea nānā i loko o ka aku, ua ʻoka nā nahesa i ka iʻa liʻiliʻi i hopu ʻia ma laila i lalo o ka wai. ʻAi mau ʻia ka māla nui i uka. Ke huki nei i ka iʻa pinepine e ka huʻu, lele ka ʻalā i ke kai a ke huki nei i ka pōhaku e ke kino, hoʻāʻo e huki iā ia mai ka wai.
Hoʻoilo
I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻoilo nā wai wai i ka manawa like e like me nā mea ma mua o ʻOkakopa-Nowemapa, i ka wā e hiki mai ai nā pōpō. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma ka malama ʻo Kepakemapa a hūnā ʻia ma nā lua, ma lalo o nā kumu o nā pōhaku, ma lalo o nā kumu o nā hale.
Hoʻomaka pinepine lākou i nā pūʻulu (i kekahi manawa a ʻo 200 paha kanaka) a hīmeni paha. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoilo me nā nahe maʻamau. ʻO nā hale mālama hoʻoilo hoʻoilo (nā wahi maloʻo ma lalo o nā pōhaku, nā puʻu, nā lua uwahi rodent) lawelawe i nā nahe no nā makahiki he mau i ka lālani.
ʻAno ʻia i ka hopena o Malaki a i ʻApelila paha, e pili ana i ka noho, nā kūlana o ka wā a me ka papa o ka pūnāwai. Ua hele lākou i ka papa i ka manawa o ka ea ma luna o ka mahana 9-10 ° C, akā naʻe, i ka manawa mua ʻaʻole ikaika lākou. Me ka hoʻi o ke anuanu, ua hū hou lākou i nā pā.
ʻAno hānau
Hoʻomaka ka wā hānai i ka lā o ʻApelila - mua o Mei, a me ka hua manu ma ka hopena o Iune - i Iulai. I ka lāiki e like ai ma 6 a 18 mau hua. Noho i ke kau o kēlā me kēia wahine i kekahi mau hola. I nā hua wai i hua ʻia no nā hua wai hou, ua ʻike ʻia nā embryo, kahi e hoʻomaka ai e hoʻomōhala i ke kino o ka wahine.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā hua pipi i nā lā 40-50. ʻO nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio ka mea ikaika, holo koke a like ʻole i nā hiʻohiʻona ke nānā aku nei i nā pākeke i ke ʻano, ke ʻole ka nui. ʻO ka lōʻihi loa o ko lākou kino he 16-19 cm.
Kanikau
Hoʻomaka pinepine ʻia e nā kānaka nā wai i nā loko i ke kai e nānā ai iā lākou i nā mea make a nā pōpoki.
I waena o nā holoholona, nā ʻenemi o nā nahesa o kēia ʻano ʻōiwi ʻo ia ka nahesa-eeto, a me nā manawa ʻē aʻe o nā manu lele. Ua ʻike ʻia, no ka laʻana, ʻai nui ka kite ʻeleʻele i nā ʻoka wai i loko o ka Caucasus. Hoʻopilikia hou ka poʻe Herons no lākou. No nā kamaliʻi liʻiliʻi, nā ʻīlio a me nā iʻa lawaiʻa e hōʻino. I kekahi manawa lilo lākou i mea pio no nā ʻalopeke a me nā heed.
ʻO ka kumu o ke ʻano a me ka wehewehe
Kuhi: wai wai
He nahele ʻawa i loko o nā wai ʻoki no ka ʻohana ʻehā a me ke ʻano o nā nahe maoli. Hōʻalo pinepine kēia mea lawehala no kahi viper pōʻino, no laila, i kekahi manawa, hoʻomaʻamaʻa lākou me ia. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻokoʻa ka waihoʻoluʻu o kona ʻokoʻa me kahi naona wai maʻamau, no laila e kuhihewa ʻia na nahesa i ʻona.
Video: Waiwai nā wai
ʻAʻohe ʻano ʻōlele a ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻulaʻula paha i ka occipital o ke poʻo, ka ulia wai, e like me kahi hoahānau maʻamau, nā ʻano leo ʻē aʻe i kona ʻāpana.
ʻO ka mea hoihoi: i waena o nā nahe wai i loaʻa nā melanist, ʻeleʻele ʻia keʻokeʻo lākou.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nahe wai mai ka mea maʻamau ma kahi ʻano kihi ʻehā, ke uhi ʻia kona kino me ka hiʻu cubic. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha i kona inoa Latin "tessellata" ma ka unuhi i ʻōlelo ʻia "uhi ʻia nā cubes" a i ʻole "chess". Ma muli o kēia ʻano kūlike i ka waihoʻoluʻu, ua kapa ʻia nā kānaka he "chess viper". Nui, manaʻo, manaʻo he ʻano ʻano like ʻole kēia.
ʻAʻole ka wai ʻē wale nō ka pili pili pono o ka mea maʻamau, akā ʻo kona hoalauna hoʻi, no ka mea e noho pinepine ana i nā wahi kokoke, e noho ana i nā wahi kokoke me nā pae like ʻole. ʻO ke kūlana nui no kāna hana ola kūleʻa a makemake nui ʻia ka hele ʻana ma nā wahi o kahi wai ʻano, ʻelua e holo ana a me ka wai kū.
ʻIke ʻia i ka lumi ʻauʻau ʻauʻau ʻauʻau, ka mea like me kēlā kanaka ke kumu nui a me ka haunaele, ʻoiai e ʻeha nei iā ia iho. ʻO kēia makaʻu a pau ʻole a me ka huhū a ka naheka wai mai ka ʻike ʻole ʻana i ke kanaka, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻona a maikaʻi ʻole ia.
Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kuhi: Water Snake
Ma kahi o ke kaʻe ʻole o ka wai i hāʻawi ʻia me nā wahi ʻulaʻula poʻohiwi ma ka hope o kona poʻo, aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o waho i kū mai i kēia ʻano ʻano. Hiki ke lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka nahe a ka wai he hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mika, akā he mau mea like loa he 80 cm lōʻihi ka nui o nā wahine. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka nahesa maʻamau e like like me ia, hiki ke ulu i nā hapa he mau kenimika.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka naheka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka maka o ka muzzle i ka wai. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, maʻamau hewa ʻia no kahi viper ma muli o kona kala, waihoʻoluʻu ʻula a me nā hemahema o nā ʻāpana kala. Eia nō naʻe, inā e noiʻi mākou i ka ʻohu wai i nā kikoʻī hou aku, a laila hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i kekahi mau hōʻailona e wehe ai i ka reptile racun:
- o ke poo o ka uka, ua like ke ano o ka tapatahi, a me ka ana i kahe ana he oblong, oval,
- ʻoi aku ka nui o nā poʻo o ka nahesa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā viper.
- ke nānā aku nei i nā maka o ka nahesa, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kū pono aʻe ka haumāna o ka ʻāpana manu, aʻo ka ʻā o ka nahesa i ʻō,
- i ka olelo ana o ka mea kiki, he mea oi aku ka mea i oi aku, mamua o ka nahesa, o kona loa, e like me ke kanawai, aole e oi aku ma 73 cm, a e hele ka lōʻihi o ka nahesa i luna o ka mika.
Loaʻa i nā unahi ke uhi ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka reptile he mau lula, a loaʻa nā iwi i ka longitudinally. Hoʻonohonoho mākou i ke kala o ke kua o ka nahesa, a ʻulaʻula ʻia kona ʻōpū i nā kāne a ʻākena-ʻākena i loko o nā wahine. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ventral, hoʻoono ʻia ka ʻaoʻao nui me nā wahiʻeleʻele e kū pono ana ma ke kino o ka mea naʻala.
ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻona wai ka wahi i loaʻa ma ka wahi occipital o ke poʻo i ke ʻano o ka leka "V", ke kuhikuhi ʻia kona alualu ʻoki. ʻAne like nā kala o ka ʻaina holoholona ʻōpio i ke kala o nā kānaka pākeke, ʻo ko lākou ʻōpū wale nō he hue keʻokeʻo. Loaʻa nā maka o Snake i nā haumāna ʻeleʻele a me nā pua melemele me nā kiko hina.
Aia i hea ka wai e ola nei?
ʻO ka pālahalaha ākea o ka ʻohu wai ka nui. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻaina maʻamau, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia i kēia ʻapo i ka thermophilic a me ka hema. Noho ʻo ia ma loko o ka ʻaoʻao hema o ʻEulopa, ua noho ma ka hema o Ukraine a me Rūsia, i ke koho ʻana i nā palena o nā panalāʻau o Don, Kuban, Volga, nā kahakai o ka Azov a me Black.
Inā mākou e hōʻike i nā palena o ka hoʻoponopono o ka nahe maʻamau, ua like ke kiʻi me kēia:
- ma ke komohana, ua palena ka palena i ka ʻaoʻao komohana hema o Palani (ka Rhine Valley),
- ma ke kūkulu hema, e holo ai ka palena ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ʻAmelika, e hōʻea ana i Pakistan a me ke Kaiwa Persian,
- ua hele ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka maka o ka nahesa i ka palena o ke komohana ʻĀina,
- ka palena o ka mokuna ʻākau e kū ana ma ke kahawai Volga-Kama.
Mai ka inoa inoa o ka reptile ke maopopo loa ia ʻaʻole hiki ke hele i kahi mamao mai nā kino wai, pono ia e loaʻa nā wai i loko o nā wahi noho. Aia loko, i loko o ka wai wai i hoʻopau ʻo ia i ka māhele o ka liona o kona manawa. E makemake nā wai wai i ke kai o ke kai, kahawai, loko, kai. ʻO nā kālai a me nā hale kō i hana ʻia i hana mau ʻia. Hoʻolohe wale ka poʻe ʻona a hoʻowalewale ʻole i ka wai a pau paha, akā noho pū nō lāua i ke anuanu, ʻino, a me nā kahawai kuahiwi. I ke kuahiwi, hiki ke hālāwai me ka nahe wai wai i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ʻekolu mau kilomita.
ʻO ka hapa pinepine, koho nā nāhelehele i nā loko i kahi wai hoʻoneʻe i mua o ka wai no ka noho mau, nā ʻalike a me nā hiʻi i uhi ʻia me nā gravel, lepo a sand. Hōʻalo nā ʻūlū i nā kahawai ākea kolo. Hoʻopili ʻia nā kino wai i ka lau ʻia e nā ʻōlapa, ke ʻimi nei lākou a hānai i nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi me ka huki ʻole ʻole mai ka wai. ʻO nā wahi punahele kahi e makemake ai nā reptile e hoʻomaha a hoʻomaha i nā pōhaku he nui nā kālai ʻia e kokoke ana ma kapa, a i ʻole nā lālā lāʻau, i hoʻopili pono ʻia ma luna o ka wai o ka wai. Hōʻoluʻolu nā ʻili a me ka neʻe i ka lei o nā kumulāʻau, no laila e piʻi pinepine lākou i nā lālā o nā mea kanu i kokoke i ka waʻa.
He aha kā wai e ʻai ai i ka wai?
Kuhi: wai wai mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
ʻAʻole ia he pīhoihoi ia i ka papa ʻaina pāʻina ka papa kumu i ka ʻāpana ika. Holoi ʻo ia i kāna pālani punahele, ma ka paʻakai a i ka wai hou.
ʻO ka ʻona ʻai nā:
Ua ʻona ʻo ia i kahi iʻa liʻiliʻi ma ka wai wai, a me ia i ka ʻimi ʻana me ka nui nui, no laila ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻana i uka.
ʻO ka mea hoihoi: no ka mea loaʻa kahi pōmaikaʻi kūleʻa, ua hiki nō iā ia ke ale i ʻehā mau haneli liʻiliʻi o ka iʻa ʻekolu kenimita, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka iʻa (ma kahi o 15 cm ke lōʻihi) i loaʻa i kāna meaʻai.
Hoʻopili i nā iʻa, ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike o ka wai i ka ʻai mau baki, tadpoles, toads, newts. Ma nā ʻāina ʻo ke kai o Azov a me ka Crimea, ua hoʻōla ʻo ia i nā bipi keiki i ka nui he nui, no laila ua kapa ʻia kēia mau kānaka ʻōiwi "keiki bipi". ʻOi aku ka makemake o nā kahe wai wai e huki ma ʻelua ala: hiki iā lākou ke hūnā a kali no ka mea i make i ka hoʻouka, no laila e hoʻouka iā ia me ka uila uila, a i ʻole i ka holo ʻana i ka mea i hiki ke hopu ʻia, a manu ʻole.
Inā lanakila ka mea make ma ka pakele i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana, ʻaʻole ia e hopu me ia, e loaʻa hou i kahi mea hou no ka hopu. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻopili ʻia ka reptile i waenakonu o ke kino o ka iʻa, ka mea nui i hoʻopili ʻia e kāna mau ʻōpio a kau pū me ia i kahakai, e paʻa ana ma luna o ka wai o ka wai. Ke hoʻopili nei i kona huelo i kekahi kaʻe kapakai, ua huki i kona kaumaha kaumaha i ka ʻāina.
Hoʻomaka ka ʻai ʻana me ke kai ʻana i kahi poʻo iʻa. ʻOi paha ka nui o ka dimensional o ka mea i loaʻa i ka nui ma mua o ka pāʻina o ke poʻo, no laila ua ʻā kekahi reptile me ke kōkua o nā ʻāpana paʻa o ka iwi haʻahaʻa a me nā iwi i kokoke ma kahi kokoke. Ke nānā nei i kēia ʻike, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia e kū wāwae ana i kāna mea ʻeha.
Ka mea hoihoi: I ka ʻike ʻia aia i loko o ka ʻōpū o kekahi o ka wai i nāhelehe ʻōpio liʻiliʻi i loaʻa kekahi ʻōpiopio liʻiliʻi.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me nā ʻano hana
Kuhi: wai wai
ʻO nā ʻōnuʻu wai ka lā i nā poʻe wī o ka lā i hana ʻia i ka wā o ke ao. Ke holo nei mai ka lua o kāna lua i ke kakahiaka nui, hoʻomehana ʻia i kahi lōʻihi i nā hihi o ka lā o ke kakahiaka. Ua hoʻolimalima ʻo ia i ia manawa i ka wai, e puka aku ma waho mau i ke ahiahi, a laila ʻeʻe i kona puʻukū a hiki i ke kakahiaka. ʻAʻole makemake nā nāhelehele i ka wela wela, no laila, i kēlā mau hola wela a hūnā lākou i ka wai wai a i ʻole nā mea pua pali.
Mālama ʻia mai ka inoa o ka reptile nā mea nāhelehele e maikaʻi loa nā lawaiʻa a me nā poʻe ʻokoʻa maikaʻi i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka honua wai a hiki ke noho i ka wai i ka lōʻihi. ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻona kahi ʻāina hoʻoili, kahi āna i pili ai, e neʻe ana ma waena o ʻelua mau a ʻehā paha mau mita.
ʻO ka mea hoihoi: ʻaʻole ʻike i nā ahe wai wai, ua koi a koʻikoʻi. No ka ʻike ʻana i ka poʻe ʻoi a ʻo ka lōʻihi ma kahi lōʻihi o ʻumi mau mika, ua wikiwiki loa ka reptile e iho i lalo e pale i kahi hālāwai.
Holo nā nāhehele i loko o ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kumukūʻai mua, e kū pinepine ma ʻOkakopa-Nowemapa. ʻO kā lākou mau haʻuki āpau ua nalowale me ka hōʻea ʻana o Sepatemaba, i ka manawa e hoʻomaka ai ke anuanu. Hiki i ka hoʻoilo ke kū hoʻokahi a hōʻuluʻulu paha. ʻO nā keʻena kahi e ola ai ka nahesa i ka wā hoʻoilo paʻakikī e hoʻohana ʻia e lākou no nā makahiki he nui.
ʻOiai ʻo nā mea hoihoi: i kekahi manawa ma ke kau hoʻoilo hoʻoilo ʻana ma ke ʻano o ʻelua mau mea hoʻohālike ʻelua. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine ka wai i ka hoʻoilo i loko o kahi lua me ko lākou mau kaikuaʻana maʻamau.
Ke ala ʻana mai ka hoʻōla ʻia i ke anuanu i ka wā e mahana ai ke kiʻekiʻe o ke ambient a hiki i ka 10 degere me kahi hōʻailona hōʻailona, hāʻule kēia manawa ma ka hopena o Malaki a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻApelila, kau ka mea āpau ia i kahi o ka noho mau loa. ʻO nā ʻōlei e ala hou nei e nānā lohi a neʻe iki, hōʻemi mau ka loaʻa ʻana o ka dexterity i ka hoʻoilo.
ʻO ke kaʻina o ka molting i nā wai wai i hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Aia he hōʻike no ka molting i ke kauwela e mālama i kēlā me kēia mahina. Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ka ulu ʻana o kēia reptile, a laila hiki iā mākou ke hilinaʻi nui me ka mea hoʻomehana he mea ola a ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i nā hōʻeha kūwaho o ka poʻe. ʻO ia ʻo ia e ho'āʻo nei ʻo ia ka mea mua e hoʻi i ka wā e ʻike ai i ka poʻe e noho maluhia a kani hoʻi.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻenehana a me ka hana hou
Kuhi: Water Snake
Pau ka hoʻoilo ʻia o ka hoʻoilo i ka ʻōnuʻu ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hoʻomaka lākou i ka wā ʻaʻa mare. A laila e hōʻuluʻulu i nā nahe wai wai i loko o nā hui āpau, kahi i hana ʻia ai nā ʻaina, i mākaukau e pili ana i ka pa. Hele kolohe ʻo Reptiles i kahi kokoke i ʻekolu makahiki o kona mau makahiki. Ma hope o kahi hōʻili ʻana i kahi ʻino, hoʻomaka ka wahine e hoʻomākaukau no ka waiho ʻana i ka hua manu.
I ka masonry, hiki ke mai 4 a 20 mau ʻāpana, ua lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kaʻina hana a ua lawe i kēlā me kēia makuahine e hiki mai ana i kekahi mau hola ma kahi lālani.Hoʻokomo ʻia ka waiho ʻana o ka wahine i kahi lepo maloʻo a maloʻo, ma lalo o nā pōhaku nui. ʻO nā ʻōlapa hou i hoʻōla ʻia, no laila ke ʻike ʻia ka silhouette o ka ʻōpū ma ka pelu.
ʻAe mau manawa ʻelua mahina hoʻolilo. Ua hoʻonui hou ʻia nā mea kime mai ka hānau ʻana i ka hana, kūʻokoʻa a me ka dexterity. Holo koke lākou a nānā like like me ko lākou mau mākua, lua no lākou ke nui. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka paila liʻiliʻi mai ka 16 a 19 cm. Ma kahi kokoke, hele nā keiki i kā lākou ʻimi mua no ka iʻa o ka iʻa.
ʻO nā mea hoihoi: nā wai kuhi, e like me nā mea maʻamau, i mau ʻili pū i mau a hiki i hoʻokahi tausani hua e ʻike.
I loko o nā mea kanu, e hoʻomaka pū ka male ʻana o ka male ʻana i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai nā reptile i mua o ka wā hānau. I kēia hihia, lawe ʻia ka ʻōlelo manu ma ke kauwela e hiki mai ana.
Ma muli o ka ʻike ʻole ʻole, nui ka poʻe e manaʻo he kaomi wai ka hopena o kahi keka ma waena o kahi naʻaleʻa maʻamau a me kahi mea hoʻohui, he hewa maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka manaʻo kuhihewa kēia, no ka mea No nā ʻano ʻelua like ʻole nā ʻohana like ʻole a hiki ʻole ke uhai ʻia kekahi me kekahi.
Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā wai wai
Kiʻi ʻO ka Waiwai: Caspian Water
No ke kanaka, palekana piha ka wai, akā ka reptile ponoʻī ke kali i kahi nui o nā hoʻoweliweli. Hiki i nā nāhelehele ke lilo i mau pilikia o nā holoholona a me nā manu make. ʻO nā mea palupalu he mau holoholona ʻōpio ʻole. ʻAʻole kā ia e kūʻē i ka nahesa, muskrats, muskrats, weasels, fox maʻamau, hedgehog, nāhelehele ʻoki ʻai, nā kime hina, nā pipi, nā kaio. ʻO nā ʻnika liʻiliʻi mau e lilo i mea e hōʻino ai i nā gulls a me nā kahe wai.
ʻOiai ʻo ia iʻa nui e like me ka pike a me ka lawaia hiki ke ʻuʻuku i nā nahe, ʻoi aku ka ʻōpio. Hoʻopili i kekahi o nā iʻa, ʻoluʻolu kekahi poʻe ʻoki ʻai ʻaina i nā nāhelehele (sandy efa, nā maka nui a me nā lehelehe a me nā pua a me nā pua. He mau mea palekana e hana ai ka mea i hoʻohana iā ia e kānalua i ka hoʻoweliweli. E hoʻoweliweli i ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ua hoʻopuka ʻia kēia mea a hoʻokuʻu i kahi mea kuhi fetid me ke kōkua o nā kelima wahine. Hoʻopili kēia i nā pōpana wai kūlohelohe i ka makemake o nā mea hoʻohana he nui, e mālama ana i ke ola pāʻina.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi: ʻo Watery kahi mea hana maoli i hoʻohiki i ka make i loko o ka pale pilikino, ke kūlena like ke kūloko.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole wai ka wai i nā mea a pau a pōʻino loa, e loaʻa pinepine iā ia no ka naʻaupō kanaka, no ka mea, i ka mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia e lawe ʻo ia i kahi pōpilikia. Ua make ka nui o nā poʻe i nā kaua like ʻole me ka poʻe, no ka mea, i ka ʻike ʻana i ke kokoke ʻana i ʻelua mau lua o ke ʻano loea, ʻelua wikiwiki lākou e hē ana, e hū ana i nā hohonu o nā wai.
Ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana a me nā ʻano
Kuhi: wai wai
ʻOiai ākea ka nui o ka hoʻonā ʻana i ka nahe o ka wai wai, ʻike ʻia ka reptile e nā ʻano maikaʻi ʻole, no laila ke emi nei kona lehulehu. Ma ko mākou ʻāina, ʻaʻohe nui o nā pilikia e pili ana i ka nui o ka nahe wai, aia wale nō ma nā wahi i kākau ʻia i nā Red Books. I ʻEulopa, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea; ʻo kēia ʻano ʻehā e waiho aku ma mua o ka hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i kahi paʻa.
ʻO ke ʻano pōʻino loa ia ma nā ʻāina ʻEulopa, no ka mea he ʻāina liʻiliʻi lākou, no laila, ʻaʻohe wahi no ka poʻe noho e noho, e ʻaneʻane loa kahi kanaka i nā wahi āpau. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe loa i nā popa, deforestation, a me ka kau ʻana o nā alahele he hopena maikaʻi loa ia o ka pāʻina pāʻina, ʻo ia ke kumu e nalowale nei ai kēia mau ʻāina.
ʻO kaʻoi aʻe o nā pilikia i luna aʻe, ua hoʻopilikia nui ka nui o ka lehulehu a me nā hiʻona o ka honua, no ka mea, he nui nā kino wai i hoʻohaumia a lilo i kūpono no kahi pāʻina maikaʻi. Lehua loa nā nāhelehele i nā ʻano kani leo mai nā waʻa kaʻa, nā moku, nā kahua hoʻoneʻe, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Mai poina e pepehi nā kānaka iā lākou iho i nā nahe wai no ka mea like me lākou me ka mea ʻawaʻawa.
Ma ka ʻāpana o Rusia ma kahi āpau, aia kēia ʻano o ka nahesa i lalo o kahi kūlana ʻole, no ka mea ʻAʻole ʻike ka ʻike hilinaʻi ʻia o ka helu o ka pāʻina pāʻina awakea. Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke kūlana honua o ka mālama ʻana i ka nahe o ka wai, ʻike ʻia kēlā mea mālama ʻia kēia ʻano o ka reptile e ka Berne Convention.
Ka iʻa Kaʻai ʻana i ka wai
Kuhi: wai wai mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
Ua ike makou ua emi loa ka lehulehu o ka nahesa wai i ka nui o na aina Europa, kahi i hooweliweli ai keia nahesa i ka hoowalewale ole. Hoʻohui kēia kūlana kūlana, ʻo ka mea mua, me ke ola ʻole o kahi mea e noho ai a pau, no ka mea, ua piha nā wahi āpau a puni ka poʻe. ʻO ke kūlana mālama mālama i nā nahe wai i ka pae honua e ʻōlelo i kēia ʻano o nā reptile i pili i ka noi ʻelua o ka Berne Convention for the Protection of European Spies of Wild Fauna and their Habitats (species species that need special protection protection) of 1979. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea nui loa, akā naʻe ʻike mau ʻia kona waiwai kikoʻī.
Ma nā wahi o ko mākou'āina, ʻaʻole i like ka maikaʻi me ke ʻano mea ʻai holoholona ma Europa, ʻoiai ke emi iki nei ka nui o kekahi mau wahi. ʻO nā mea maikaʻi ʻole ka hoʻohālikelike o nā wai wai a me nā kānaka ponoʻī nāna e pepehi i nā nahe wai, kuhi hewa iā lākou he ʻāpana. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe data e pili ana i ka nui o nā pauna wai, ko lākou helu kūmole i Lūkini ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia. Aia kēia reptile i ka Red Book o kekahi mau wahi kaawale: Voronezh, Samara, Saratov.
Ma waena o nā mea palekana o ka nahe wai, hiki iā ʻoe ke papa inoa:
- hoʻonohonoho o nā wahi mālama mālama kūikawā,
- ka papa ʻana i ka hopu
- pale pākaʻi ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mālama ʻoki wai i waena o nā kānaka noho,
- ka palena o ka wawao ʻana o ke kanaka ma nā ʻano biotopes kūlohelohe.
Ma ka hopena hopena, e hoʻomau i ka hoʻohui ʻole ʻia nā mea ʻike ʻole ʻole a me ka wai o ka mea hoʻokahi, i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka poʻe he nui. ʻOi aku ka makemake o ka wai kahe a ka iʻa o kēia wahi iʻa ʻona, a nānā aku iā ia i nā kikoʻī hou aku ʻoe, e aʻo ʻoe i nā mea hou a he mau mea hou ʻē aʻe i hūnā ʻia ma ka hohonu a i ʻole ka pohihihi, nā puaʻa, nā pale o ke kahakai.
Nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻōiwi wai
Aia ʻelua mau pūʻulu wai nui - nā wai wai a me ke kai. Eia naʻe, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā ʻano pili i nā ʻohana kai o kēia mau reptile ma ka ʻāina o ko mākou ʻāina, e kamaʻilio nui mākou no nā nahe wai. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻelele o kēia subfamili no ka ʻohana o kekahi, akā aia kekahi mau ʻelele mai ka subfamily o nā boas a me ka ʻohana o nā pua ʻalā.
Kahoulu
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hiʻohiʻona o ka nahe tenima.
- ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona nui o kēia ʻano o kahelona, ʻo ka hele ʻana o kahi kaʻina hana ʻoluʻolu ma ke poʻo, i uhi ʻia me nā unahi liʻiliʻi loa,
- ʻokoʻa ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 70 a 90 mau kenimika,
- ua uhi ʻia ke kino me nā unahi ʻona,
- ka poe kiai e kipa aku ana ma ka aina, aia ma ka opu o keia mau nahele, he liilii loa, a he elua kihi.
- ka hoikeke o ke kino o nā nahe mū alohilohi i hiki ke ulu ma luna o ia mau ʻano ʻano algae i manaʻo ʻia no nā pahuhopu camouflage.
ʻOiai ka mea nona nā herpetons (ka inoa inoa o kēia subspecies of reptiles) i hiki i ka hiki ke neʻe i ka papa o ka honua, aneane ʻaʻole lākou e waiho i nā kino wai. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka laulima ma Indochina, ʻoiai nā hihia kaawale i ka hālāwai ʻana me lākou ma nā ʻāina ʻē o ke kaikukui kūlike. Hiki iā lākou ke neʻe maʻalahi i loko o ka mānoanoa o nā kahawai a i ʻole nā kai kahi e noho ai lākou, akā, makemake lākou e noho kokoke i nā pilima wai, no ka mea, ua nui ka lawa o ko lākou ola ʻoluʻolu. ʻO ka huahana nui i kaʻai o kēia mau holoholona maloʻo iʻa, he iʻa. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka hopu ʻana, kāwili lākou i ko lākou kino i ke ʻano o ka leka J, ke hoʻohuli nei i ko lākou mau poʻo i ka huelo, a me ka manuahi i kēia kūlana i ke kali ʻana o ka mea i make.
I ka lawaiʻa loa ʻana o ka mea i ʻai ʻia, hoʻowalī ʻo ka nahe i ke kuʻi, a laila e makaʻu ai ka iʻa a hana i ka maka i ka waha o ka reptile. Hiki i ke kaʻina hana hanalima a ʻekolu mau lā ae kau i kona nui. Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻano reptile e ka hānau hānau ʻana. Hiki i ke kaʻina hana a me nā pāʻani pākeke ke hana i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻo ke kumu e hiki ai i nā kuhihewa ke hōʻike i ka hana o ka makahiki. Ma ke kaʻina hana no nā huina hala, nā ʻ ,lelo ʻekau i kau ʻia ma ke poʻo o kēia naheka he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, he hoʻomaikaʻi ia e lawe ana i nā hiʻona o ka nui o ka wai i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻano o nā ʻelele o kona ʻohana. Ma ke kaʻina hana hoʻoulu, hoʻopili ke kāne i ka wahine me kona kino a kau i nā niho me ka ʻāʻī. I ka awelika, alakaʻi ka wahine i hoʻokahi pahu mai 10 a 15 mau cubs e hānau ai ka ola kūʻokoʻa.
ʻO Warty
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka helehelena o kēia mau reptile:
- he mau pūnaʻu liʻiliʻi ko lākou me ka hale pākahi e kīhai ʻole ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā, kahi āu e ʻike ai i nā wahi o ka ʻili. Ma muli o kēia, ʻaʻole ʻano maʻalahi ka helehelena o ke kino, ka mea maʻamau no ka ʻona o nā luna āpau o kēia neʻe, akā e like me ka uhi ʻia o nā uhi liʻiliʻi,
- he liuliu ke hele ʻana o ke poʻo i ka ʻāʻī a aneane hiki ke nānā ʻia.
- na haumana o keia mau reptile he ovoid, maka na maka a puni kekahi, aia ma ka piko o ke poo,
- loaʻa ka ikaika ikaika, akā i ka manawa like me nā niho puʻupuʻu o ka like like. Nona nā niho ʻaʻole i ka iwi ʻili wale nō, akā ka palu hoʻi.
E like me nā kahe wai ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā ʻelele o kēia subfamily ke holo i luna, akā makemake lākou e hoʻolilo i ka hapa nui o ka manawa i ka wai. He wahi nui nō lākou, e pili ana me India, Australia, New Guinea a me Hema a ʻAiʻaka ma ka Hema. Makemake lākou i nā kaila, ʻo ka wai o ka wai i ʻole ma mua o hoʻokahi mita ka hohonu. I kekahi manawa aia lākou e ʻimi ai i ka meaʻai a me ka pahuhopu e makaʻala i ka ʻāina hiki ke piʻi aʻe i nā kahawai kahi a lākou e noho ai. Hiki nō hoʻi ke loaʻa ma nā pā nui, nā pāpū a me nā moena momona, a me nā kahakai o ke kai. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka meaʻai no kēia mau naʻa ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai he mea nui ia he kaʻina hana manuʻai no nā kāne a me nā wahine: inā makemake ka mea mua i ka pēpē a alualu i ka mea pio, ʻoi aku ka mea pinepine e kali nei no ia.
ʻO ka manawa pinepine loa o kēia mau reptile i ka pō, ka mea e hui pū ai me nā peculiarities o ke ʻano o nā mea ʻike ʻike ʻia, a me nā puʻupuʻu circadian o ko lākou mau ʻenemi kūwaho - nā mōmela makehewa, nā nāhelehele nui a me nā kānaka. Hiki i ke kau hou ʻana o kēia mau nāhelehele i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, me ka ʻokoʻa o ka manawa mai Dekemaba a Ianuali, i ka wā e hōʻemi ai ke ʻano o ka mahana i kā lākou hana. Noho ka wahine a me nā kāne, ʻae like e hui me kekahi wale nō no ka kanu ʻana. Ma ke kaʻina hana ʻo Coitus, ua hoʻopili ke kāne i kona kino a puni ka wahine a hoʻopaʻa i kona mau ʻuki a puni ka ʻāʻī. Hiki i nā ʻelele o kēia ʻohana reptile ke mālama i ke kino maoli o ka sperm, no laila ʻaʻole pono ke wahine i ke kāne kāne no ka hoa kāne i kēlā me kēia manawa he mākaukau ʻo ia no kēia. Hānau nā wahine i nā keiki a 3 a 7 mau lā, ma hope koke o ka hānau ʻana ke ola kūʻokoʻa.
Anacondas
ʻO Anacondas ka nui o nā mōlia nui i mālama ʻia a hiki i kēia lā ma ka honua.
- ka nui o ka pākeke pākēnē i ka 4 a 6 mika. Ma ka puke e ʻike pinepine ai ʻoe i kēia ʻano reptile ua kapa ʻia ʻo "water boa",
- ka mea i hoʻohanohano ʻia ko lākou kino kino e nā ʻulaʻula hina,
- ua uhi ʻia ke kua o ke kua o ka anacondas i ʻelua lālani o nā ʻāpana nui o ka uhi ʻulaʻula, i elongated a i ʻole hoʻi i ka helehelena ʻili, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi ʻano kuʻikuʻi,
- ua uhi ʻia nā ʻaoʻao me ka ʻāpana a i ʻole paha kekahi mau lālani liʻiliʻi melemele nui e hoʻopuni ana i nā apo i ke aniani. Loaʻa i kēia kala i ka hana camouflage, e ʻae ana i ka anacondas e hūnā i ka wai.
- mama
- manu wai
- pepa liʻiliʻi.
Hoʻopau pinepine ka poʻe nui i nā caimans, capybaras a me nā mea hānai palaoa. ʻO kekahi mau manawa, nā ʻano honu, tagu, a me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o kā lākou ʻano like i hiki ke lilo i mea pōʻino no ka anaconda. E like me ka Boas, e nānā ana kēia nahe i ka mea i make, ua nalo i loko o ka wai, a nalowale kona nānā ʻana, ke hoʻomau wale nei ia ma luna o ia mea, a hoʻopili iā ia i nā apo, hoʻopau ʻia. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea pio ke kikoo piha, kahi no ke anaconda e kiko pono ai kona waha a me kona ʻūhā.
ʻO ka wā nui o ka lau ʻana mai ka lā a ʻApelila a hiki i Mei a hui pū ʻia me ka ua nui. Ma loko o kēia manawa, hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā anacondas i nā hui i loaʻa i nā ʻīlena ponoʻī ma luna o kahi wāwae i ka ʻūhā ʻāʻī ma ka lepo, i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā pheromones i huna ʻia e nā wahine. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka moe ʻana, ua hui pū ʻia nā nāhelehele i loko o kahi puʻupuʻu pohō, pinepine ka inoa o hoʻokahi wahine a me kekahi mau kāne. I mea e luhi ai i ke kaʻina o ka coitus, hoʻohana kēia mau nāhelehele i nā wāwae hind rudimentary, e hana ana i kahi kani grinding i loko o ke kaʻina hana. ʻO 6 mau malama ka maʻi gestation, kahi e hiki ai i ka wahine i nalowale i ka hapalua o ke kaupaona ʻana ma muli o ka pilikia o ka hopu ʻana i ka pilikia. Ke alakaʻi nei ka wahine i nā keiki he 45 a i ka manawa, ma hope koke o ka hānau ʻana ke ola kūʻokoʻa.
ʻAmelika ʻAmelika
ʻO kahi hui o kēia ʻohana, ka poʻe e noho nei ma nā wahi o kona hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ke kapa ʻia kekahi ʻāia wai ʻawa ʻawa.
- Aia ka lōʻihi o nā ʻōpūʻAmelika i ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai nā 120 a 150 sentimita. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne
- nui ke kino a he pupu lapalapa kona nui.
- ua uhi ke kino me ke anuanu, kūlohelohe i nā pauna wai, ʻulaʻula, ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻoliva a hina hina paha i ka waihoʻoluʻu, e hoʻopili nui ʻia kekahi i kekahi.
- ua hoʻopalau nā kūpeʻe i nā ʻili.
- aia ma ke kua ka ʻaoʻao o ka huina ma ke kaʻe o ka lō heʻuʻuku ma ka ʻaoʻao.
- nui loa lākou a puni nā maka ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka muzzle me nā haumāna nui.
Holo loa kēia mau wahi i nā ʻāina o ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika. I ka manawa pinepine e hiki ai iā lākou ke hālāwai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Mekikoka, Canada, Cuba a me nā mokupuni ʻo Caribbean. E like me ka mea maʻamau, makemake kēia mau holoholona i nā ʻano ʻano biotopes aquatic - nā kahawai o nā kahawai liʻiliʻi me ka kahe mālie, nā loko liʻiliʻi, pāpū a me nā wahi liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻāpana, a me nā kai moana. I ke ao, hiki pinepine iā lākou ke ʻike i ka palani ma ka lā. Pii wale lākou i luna o nā kumulāʻau a me nā mea kanu e hoʻopiha ana i ka wai, eia naʻe, ma kahi hōʻailona liʻiliʻi o ka pōʻino e lele lākou i loko o nā kino wai me ka wikiwiki o ka uila. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka meaʻai no nā ʻelele o kēia ʻōpī i nā ʻano iʻa a me nā amphibians. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ala o ka ʻai ʻana i nā holoholona ʻōpiopio ʻAmelika o kā lākou mau ʻōpio a me nā mea liʻiliʻi. Hana ka hana huluhulu i ka wai.Lulu ka nahesa i lalo, a kau i nā apo, a ke ahonui nei no ka mea e hiki mai ana.
Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka makaʻala a ʻauʻau kokoke i ka nahe ʻona, hana ʻo ia i ka uila uila, e hoʻoponopono i ka mea i hoʻopiha ʻia i loko o kona waha a uhaʻi i kona kino e puni iā ia i mea e hoʻomaka ai ke ʻano o ka pīhoihoi kūlohelohe. Mālama ka ʻiʻo holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā meaʻai hiki ke ana i 5 mau lā, e hilinaʻi ana i ka nui o ka mea i lawe ʻia i ka wā, ʻaʻole nui ka mamao o ka holoholona i ka wai i kona wahi i pale ai. ʻO ke kaʻina hana nui i ka hana hou ʻana o kēia mau reptile mai ʻApelila a hiki i ka hopena o Mei. I kēia manawa, ʻimi nui nā kāne i nā wahine i loko o ke kahua wela a me nā pheromones i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e lākou ma ke kaʻina o ke ola. I ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wahine a me kahi kāne i kēlā me kēia, makemake lākou e ʻike i kahi noho mālie a puni hoʻi no ka moeʻuhane - no ka laʻana, kahi kihi lāʻau, kahi ana liʻiliʻi, kahi kīhaka nui a he kikowaena nui paha ma waena o nā kumu lāʻau. Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻano ma ka hana hua ʻana i ka hua. I ka wā pōkole loa, hoʻopiʻi ka wahine i kahi hua o nā hua no ka manawa pōkole, mai kahi e kokoke kokoke ana nā cubs e hatch. I ka hoʻohālikelike, hiki i kahi wahine ke waiho i nā 90 hua ma ka manawa.
Nā wai a me ke kanaka
Ma muli o ka ulu nui o ka nohona o ka honua a me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o nā kānaka i nā ʻāina a lākou i ulu ʻole ai ma mua ma muli o nā kūlana ʻino, a i ʻole i hiki ʻole, ke hoʻomau nei ka poʻe me kēia mahele o nā reptile.
Ma muli o ke ʻano o nā hui āpau o ka hui o nā wai a ka wai, ʻaʻole i hiki ke hoʻopōʻino nui i ka hapa nui o ka poʻe (koe wale nō nā anaconda), pinepine ka hopena o kēia mau hālāwai me ke kaupalena ʻana o ko lākou mau ʻōpala, ka luku ʻana i kēlā me kēia kanaka a me nā hua manu, kahi e hiki ai ke nalo aku nei i kēia mau reptile. helehelena o ka honua. Ma lalo iho mākou e hana ʻoi aku ai i nā mea kikoʻī me ka mea e hana ai ʻoe inā ua make ʻoe i nā nahesa, he aha nā hopena i hiki ke alakaʻi, a pehea pū kekahi e pūleʻa ai.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana e hiki ke pehu
Manaʻo kēia, nā kiona e hoʻomaka e hōʻike i ka ulu ʻana i kahi kanaka inā hele ʻole ia i kahi o ko lākou ʻāina a lākou i noho ai. No ka mea aia ka nui o kēia mau ʻīlio ma ka ʻāina o ka biotopes aquatic, ka mea pinepine ka mea i ʻike ʻole ai i ka mea i kēia manawa aia i ke kahua i noho ai e kekahi o nā luna o kēia subfamili.
ʻO ka pinepine loa, loaʻa i nā nī pīpī mai nā reptile i ka manawa o ka hele ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kaohi wai, i ka wā e haki a hana ʻole ai i kahi palaki wai i hilo ʻia ma ke kali ʻana o ka pāʻina. Inā ʻaʻole hoʻonāukiuki nui ma kahi o kekahi kanaka, hiki ke hōʻike wale ʻia ʻia e nā mea lehulehu nui o nā anacondas, ka mea nāna i hoʻākāka i ka mea mua i hiki ke pio.
ʻO nā hopena o kahi kahiʻeha
ʻO ka ʻūhū iho, ʻoiai ʻoi loa ka hōʻeha, ʻaʻole ia e hopohopo, no ka mea, i loko o ka pauahi o ka wai a ka wai, ʻaʻohe o nā ʻāpana ʻona i nā kānaka. Eia nō naʻe, no kekahi poʻe makemake i ka hopena alak i ke ʻano koke, hiki ke hōʻeha ma muli o ka hoʻomohalaʻana i ka angioedema, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo Quincke edema. ʻO ka pōʻino nui i loaʻa i ka hiki ke hoʻomohala i ka maʻi asphyxia, ka mea i hōʻemi ʻia ma ka hopena o ke pani ʻana i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū e ka edematous membrane molary o ka larynx a me ka glottis. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapa nui o kēia mau hōʻeha e hiki mai ana i ka poʻe i ka wai i loko o ka wai, aia kahi kūpono o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi alapine i haʻi ʻia, ʻoiai kekahi gangrene a ʻo ka sepsis hoʻi.
ʻO kēia no ka mea nui i nā maʻi pathogenic nui a me nā microorganism ʻē aʻe i loko o ka wai (ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia no nā kino wai piha). ʻO nā hopena maʻamau e loaʻa i kahi pōpoki ka hoʻomohala ʻia o ka edema kūloko o nā kolo e kokoke kokoke i ke kahua koke o ka ʻuʻā, ka pīhoihoi iki mai ka hopena a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi ʻōpala, kahi e hiki ai i kekahi manawa ke hoʻohuli i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ke kōkua mua no kahi kihi
ʻO ka hana koʻikoʻi e pono e hoʻoiho koke ʻia ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi māmukī wai i loaʻa i ka wehe ʻana o ka ʻeha, ka mea, inā kūpono a kūpono hoʻi, pono e pale aku i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i loko o ke ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hana ʻoi. I ka hihia o ka hoʻomohalaʻana o ka angioedema, i kēlā me kēia hihia, pono ʻoe i ke kōkua o kahi loea loea. Ma lalo aʻe nei mākou e hāʻawi ai i ka ho'ākāka e ka lākau o ke kōkua mua no ka hoʻopili ʻana i kēia mau mea hoʻopiha:
- ʻO ka mea mua, pono e hoʻokaʻawale i nā lole a me nā kāmaʻa mai ka ʻaoʻao i hōʻeha o ke kino (ʻo ka manawa maʻamau ʻo ia ka wāwae).
- A laila pono e holoi i ke koko i kū ʻia ma ka pae o ka uha a hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka ʻeha. He mea nui kēia e hoʻouna iā ia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau inā loaʻa ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia e kahi lacerated.
- A laila, pono ʻoe e lawe i kekahi hoʻonā antiseptic āu e loaʻa ai, me ka hoʻopili ʻana iā ia i kahi olonā a i ʻole paha e līwī ai, e kāʻī iki me ka pelu piha o ka pōpoki koke a me ka ʻaoʻao a puni.
- Ma hope o kēlā, e lawe i kahi kīʻaha hou me kahi antiseptic a i ʻole kahi disinfectant e hoʻopili iā ia a hoʻopaʻa liʻiliʻi iā ia i ka pūnaewele hōʻeha.
- ʻO ka mea hope loa, e hoʻopili i kahi pāleʻomaʻo paʻa paʻa ʻoi loa e paʻa i ka pili me kahi disinfectant, poloka i ke komo ʻana i ka maʻi, a pale i ke kahe hou.
E hui i nā nahele ʻona
No nā poʻe e lawaiʻa nei i nā moana wela o ko ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a i ʻole ka Pākīpika i hiki paha ke hui e like me nā mea iʻike ʻole ʻia e like me nā ʻano nui iʻa. Hōʻike lākou i kekahi o nā ʻohana he nui i ʻike ʻia e nā mea a pau mai ka wā kamaliʻi, nā mea kolo manuahi. 
Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, ākea ka nui o nā kaila ma luna o kā mākou honua - ua ʻokoʻa loa kā lākou mau noho i nā ʻatikala a i nā zona climatogeographic. ʻAʻole paha e loaʻa iā lākou ma ʻArarctica a me ka lewa, kahi lākou i ulu ʻole i nā ʻāina a no ka noho ʻana.
I ka huina, ʻoi aku ma mua o 2600 mau ʻano o nā nahesa i ʻike ʻia ma ka honua honua, ke hōʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā ʻohana 12. ʻO ka laulā nui loa o nā ʻohana nahesa e like me nā mea a pau, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hapa o nā mea a pau e ʻike i ka ʻepekema.
ʻAʻole ʻae kekahi o nā ʻepekema i ke ʻano o nā nahesa. Manaʻo nā ʻano like ʻole i kuhi ʻia e nā kūpuna mamao o nā nahesa i ko lākou mau kino a huli ʻia i ke ala o ke ola ʻana. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe zoologists ua loaʻa i nā kūpuna nā nāhelehele i ko lākou ʻano ʻano hopena ma muli o ke neʻe ʻana i ke ola burrowing, e hōʻike ana kekahi i nā kūpuna o nā nāhelehele he poʻe noho aquatic, e neʻe malie ana i ka ʻāina, ʻoiai ka poʻe i manaʻo e nalowale nā kūpuna o nā nahelehele i ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana i waena o nā mauhele a me nā pōhaku.
Hiki i kēlā me kēia mau ala ke hele i kahi hana ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka neʻe ʻana o kēia mau mea loina.
ʻO ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa - nā nāu ʻalani (Hydrophiidae) hele i ka wai o ke kai, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e hoʻohālikelike i nā keiki mai ka ʻāina a me ke kai. Ke waiho nei i ka moʻomeheu aquatic i kahi waiho hohonu loa i ke ʻano a me nā biology o kēia mau nahele i kūpono i hāʻawi ʻia i kekahi ʻohana kūikawā.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano he 60 o nā ʻīlena i nā aʻa. ʻEkolu mau ʻano genera, ʻo nā 14 mau ʻano he subfamily nā nāhelehele ʻona (Laticaudinae), 13 genera, hoʻohui i nā ʻano 39 like, ʻano subfamily o nā nahe Dovetail (Hydrophilinae).
ʻO nā ʻōlio moana ʻōpiopio i ka hoʻopili ʻia me ka ʻāina a loaʻa pinepine i waho.
Noho ka nāhelehele iʻa i nā kai āpau o ka Pākīpika a me nā kūleʻa Inia, mai ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ʻApelika a hiki i ke kahakai komohana o ʻAmelika Tutonu. Loaʻa i ka loaʻa ma ke Kaiʻula. Ma ka ʻākau e kā lākou iā Iapana. Ma nā wai o ka 'Atlantika, ʻaʻole i ulu nā nahelehele moana, a hoʻokahi wale nō nā ʻano - bicolor bonito (Pelamis platurus) hiki iā ia ke komo i loko o ka Caribbean mai ke Kai Kūwela ma o ka Canal Panamaka.
ʻO ka hapa nui loa o ka ʻāʻī a me nā ʻano a nā ʻenehana i loko o ke kai Hema Hema a me nā wai o ka Mokupuni ʻo Malay. Loaʻa ka ʻike nui ʻana o nā ʻīlio lau ma ʻaneʻi, a hoʻopau pinepine lākou i nā ʻele lawaiʻa. ʻO nā wahi punahele nā wai kahakai ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma kahi o 5-6 km mai ka ʻāina, inā ma kahi kokoke i nā waha o nā kahawai e kahe ana i loko o ke kai, kahi i loaʻa ai nā mea i loaʻa i ka nui nā meaʻai no lākou. Hōʻalo wale kekahi iā lākou ma mua o 50 km mai ke kahakai, ʻoiai kekahi mau mea noho e noho i nā haneli mau mile mai ka ʻāina.
ʻO ka laulā hohonu o ko lākou wahi noho liʻiliʻi - ʻaʻoleʻoi aku ma mua o 200-300 mika, a hiki i nā ʻīlima moana ke noho a hiki i ʻelua hola me ka ʻole o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ea. Loaʻa ʻia kēia ma o ka hanu kūikawā a me ka hanu ʻili.
ʻO ke ʻano o nā ʻōpū o ke kai he ʻano maʻamau o ka hapanui o nā ʻano - he poʻo liʻiliʻi me nā maka liʻiliʻi he mau haumana pōʻai ʻole, ua uhi ʻia me nā pale nui a holo maikaʻi i ke kino. ʻO ke kino o nā ʻōpū o ke kai i mua, he palupalu, i ka manawa e neʻe ai i hope, lilo loa ia i pulupulu mai nā ʻaoʻao a ua hoʻopau hoʻi i ka huʻu me nā lehelehe e like me ka peʻikuʻu, ʻo ka lōʻihi e hiki ai iā 1/6 o ka lōʻihi o ke kino holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻona o nā nāhelehele i ke kai, ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻole ʻana i nā pale pale ventral, e hana nui ana i nā nahele ʻōpala e lawaiʻa ana i ko lākou ʻōpū, a huli ʻia i waho pono ʻole i ke kai.
Hoʻopili ʻia ke kino o nā moʻo nui kai ma nā ʻaoʻao a pau e nā pae kaulike liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā nāheʻe moana mua loa (Laticauda, Nā Aipysurus me nā mea ʻē aʻe), ka mea i paʻa i ka pili me ka ʻāina, ua nui ka nui o nā mea palau e holo nei i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū.
ʻO nā puka o ka ihu ma nā kihi o ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka muzzle a kahe a lākou e ʻeha ai e kahe wale ana i ka wahi liʻiliʻi loa o ka ihu mai ka wai. Hoʻopili ʻia ka puka ihu i ka wā e hoʻopulapula ʻia me ka palaka kūikawā e pale ai i ka wai i ka komo ʻana i ka nasal nasal. I nā puka hāhi i kāwili ʻia, ʻaʻole like me nā naheao ʻē aʻe, aia lākou ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo. Ua pōkole loa ka alelo o nā ahe a puni, a ʻo ka ʻaki hoʻokahi wale nō ke hiki ke pale mai ka waha.
Hiki ke loaʻa i nā nahele nui i ke kai i loko o ko lākou waha - ke ʻano nui ka nui o ka waha i ka palillary koko a hiki ke komo i ka oxygen mai ka wai. Wahi a kekahi mau zoologists, loaʻa i ka lawaiʻa o ke kai ka hanu ʻili kūikawā. Ma muli o kēia mau ʻano o ke kino, hiki i nā ʻīniha moana ke noho ma lalo o ka wai no ka manawa lōʻihi (hiki i 2 mau hola).
Kau ʻia nā niho ʻawaʻawa e pili ana i ka hope o ka iwi maxillary. He manawa pōkole lākou, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a huli ʻia a loaʻa ke kahaha venomous.
Ma hope o nā manu ʻapā ma luna o nā iwi āmālua maʻa, he mau niho liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka nui o ia ʻano ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano nui iʻai like i ka 1 a hiki i ka 18. Aia wale nō. lawelawe i ka emidocephalus (Emydocephalus annulatus) ma hope o nā mea ʻona ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi nā niho liʻiliʻi.
ʻO nā iʻa like ʻole, ʻoi loa ka ʻiʻo, lawelawe ʻia i ka ʻai no ka naheka i ke kai, ai ʻai pinepine lākou i nā mea momona liʻiliʻi a me nā honu. Holo lākou, pinepine, mai kahi hoʻomau a hopu ikaika paha me ka mea iʻa, ka mea, ma hope o ka ulia a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana o ka ʻona, ua ʻili. ʻO kekahi manawa hoʻohana ka ʻona i ke ʻano o ka loiloi o ka lawaiʻa, i ka manawa a ka ʻona i lele ʻole ai ma luna o ka wai, a ke kali nei no nā iʻa liʻiliʻi a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi e hōʻiliʻili ai i kahi mea ʻokoʻa. Kahi neʻe kekahi ʻano o ke kino o ka nahe a ke kai - a loaʻa pū kekahi o nā iʻa.
Koi ʻa nā nāhelehele i ke kai.
ʻO ka hana hou ʻana o nā ʻīlio i ke ala ma nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano pili e pili ana i ka ʻāina i ka waiho ʻana ma ka hua. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻnika o ke kai he ovoviviparous, he nui nā ʻano nui i loaʻa i ka placenta primitive e hoʻopili ʻia ai ka embryo me ke kino o ka makuahine. Hāʻawi kekahi o kēia mau ʻano i nā hua i loko o ka wai, aia kekahi i ka ʻāina no kēia kumu. Heʻuʻuku loa ka nui o nā moʻo iʻa o ke kai - he 1-2 wale wale nō.
Hiki lākou i ka wā pākeke i hoʻokahi makahiki o nā makahiki.
Ma waena o nā mālamalama hoʻomālamalama o ka ʻohana o nā ʻīlio moana e hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale pīhoihoi nui (L.semifasciata), e hōʻea i kahi lōʻihi mikaʻelima a me ka lōʻihi o 7-8 cm. 
He mea maʻamau kēia mau ʻnika moana i ke kai ʻo komohana, mai ka moku ʻo Ryukyu a hiki i Samoa. Nui nā kihalihi manu nui ma ka ʻāina Phillipin i lilo ʻo ia i ka poʻe lawaiʻa Kepani e hopu i nā nahe no ke huna ʻana, ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā waiwai a me nā haberdashery, ʻo ia hoʻi no ka ʻiʻo, ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia ma Iapana no nā mea inu a iʻa ʻeli paha.
I waena o nā nahenae iʻa ʻia, ka mea maʻamau ʻōwili ulu-ʻano (Laticauda laticaudata) Kālaha ʻia kēia ʻano mai ka mokupuni ʻo Ryukyu a hiki i Ausetalia a mai India a i nā mokupuni ʻo Solomon. ʻO kona kino ke ʻano he kukui ʻulaʻula, ma ia ʻaoʻao o ke kahe ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele loa. Hoʻonālikelike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao ventral i nā kukui-ʻulaʻulaʻula. ʻO kēia kailea nani i mea maʻamau i nā ʻōpua a me nā mea kanu kai.
Pākuʻi ʻia nā hānai i lalo o nā heihei nā leo emidocephalus i kani (Emydocephalus annulatus), ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ke kahakai ʻo Ryukyu a hiki i ke kahakai ʻo Australia a ʻehiku mau ʻano o Aipysurus e noho ana i ka wai o ka ʻāina ʻo Kōkia Hema a me ʻAmelika Hūlani.
ʻAʻole ʻano kūpono ʻia nā ʻīlio moana no ka ʻāina ma kahi o ka ʻāina. Ma ka lāʻau pākuu, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke neʻe ma muli o ka waiho ʻole ʻana o nā pale pale ma ka ʻōpū. I loko o ka wai, ʻike kēia mau ʻuhane moana, e like me ka iʻa.
Hoʻopili ka nānika a ke pinniped i ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa i ka kai, a heʻuʻuku wale nō nā mea liʻiliʻi i wae ʻia ma ka ʻāina e hānai mai ai i nā hua. ʻO nā nāhelehele a pau o nā dovetail e ovoviviparous.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka iwi o ka moʻo i loko o ke kai he lau liʻiliʻi a me kahi ʻāpana mua o ke kino, ka mea e ʻokoʻa i ka wahi i mānoanoa a ʻoi ka nui, a me ke ʻano o ka peʻa ikaika-like (a i ʻole ka hope). Kēia ʻōnaehana kino kino e kōkua i nā ʻili o nā iʻa e hana wikiwiki i ka wā e hopu ai i ka meaʻai i ka pahu wai a ʻaʻohe ke kākoʻo ma luna o ka ʻāina paʻa. I kēia hihia, lawelawe ka huakaʻi i hope ke kākoʻo no ke poʻo a me ka ʻōpū anterior.
Eia ka weheweheʻana o kekahi o nā ʻano i ʻike pinepine ʻia e nā ʻokoʻa:
Kāpae hui ʻia (H. fasciatus) aia kahi hapa o ka ʻōpū o ke kino (4-5 mau mākaʻu ma mua o ka mua). Ma ke alo, he ʻeleʻele, me nā ʻeleʻele melemele i nā ʻaoʻao, a ma ke kua o ka papaʻi, he mau ʻeleʻele ma luna o ka ʻulaʻula. Loaʻa ia ma ka moana India a me nā wai o ka Malay Archipelago.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka palupalu (H.cyanocinctus), ka waiho ʻia i kahi kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo-hina me nā pihi transvers black, a hiki i ka lōʻihi a hiki i 2 mika. He mea maʻamau ia i loko o ke kai wela o ka mokupuni o ka Pākīpika a me Inia, i loko o nā mokupuni o ka mokupuni ʻo Malay i ʻū a kū i ke ʻākau i Iapana.
Spiral dovetail (H.spiralis) kū no ka lōʻihi o kona lōʻihi - a hiki i kahi kokoke i 3 mika. Hoʻohālike ʻia kona kahele ʻana me ka ʻōpī tape.
ʻAʻole i haʻahaʻa loa iā ia i ka nui paluku paloko (H.elegans), e ola nei ma na wai o Akau o Auseteria a ma ka Mokupuni o Aru. ʻO kona lōʻihi e hiki i ka 2 mika.
Bonito leo lua (Pelamis platurus) - he pua liʻiliʻi (a i 1 mika lōʻihi) me ke poʻo elongated i hoʻoulumi ʻia mai luna aʻe a me ka ʻāno mānoanoa, he kino i hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao a me kahi huelo o nā pua laina. ʻO ka palona ʻeleʻele, aneane ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele o nā dorsal o kēia mau ʻore iʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻōniʻoniʻo ʻōniʻoniʻo o ka ʻaoʻao ventral o ke kino. ʻElua mau kala ʻelua i ka wā ʻole, ke hoʻololi ʻole, e kūleʻa i kekahi i kekahi. Ua uhi ʻia ka huʻu i nā wahiʻeleʻele nui ma kahi ʻula mālamalama. Akā, i nā wahi ʻokoʻa o ka laulā o ka bonito, ʻokoʻa paha ka waihoʻoluʻu o ko lākou waihoʻoluʻu.
ʻO ka ʻōpū moana, kahi lei manu ʻelua ona ʻia i loaʻa ma nā wahi ma India a me Pacific Ocean - mai ke kahakai ʻAmelika, a i nā kahakai komohana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻOi aku ka laulā ma mua o nā wahi hoʻomoʻa o nā a pau moana. ʻIke ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema ma Cape of Good Hope a ʻona hoʻi i ke Kai o Iapana.
ʻAʻole ia i hiki i loko o ke kai o ko mākou ʻāina.Hoʻokahi wale nō mea make i ʻike ʻia i ke one o Posyet Bay, hema o Vladivostok.
Kuhi ʻia kēia mau ʻōlima moana i ka ʻāina, a e hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou he haneli mau haneli mai ka palena kahakai.
Hoʻopuka maikaʻi ʻia i ke ola ma ke kai wai a me ʻōmole microcephals pīpī (ʻO ka gracilis Microcephalophis) e noho ana i ka ʻĀina a me ke Komohana ʻĀpana Komohana. ʻO kēia mau nāhe liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (70-80 cm) me ke poʻo liʻiliʻi ("microcephalus" - "poʻo liʻiliʻi") a me kahi ʻaoʻao ʻāpana keu me ke kino, ke hoʻohālikelike nei me ke kua poʻo koʻikoʻi. Hoʻopili ʻia ke kino holoʻokoʻa me nā unahi hexagonal like me nā kihi paʻa.
Nui nā ʻoka o ke kai nui i mau ʻōpū nui ma nā wahi o kā lākou ākea. Ma kēia mea, kū astrication (ʻO Astrotia stokesii) ʻO kēia ʻulaʻula kukui me nā aniani kalepa ākea a hiki i 1,5 m lōʻihi ka lōʻihi e hiki ai ke hana i nā ʻōpala nui ma ke ʻano o nā kīwī a kū i kekahi mau mita ākea a ʻoi aku paha ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli mau lōʻihi. He lei ʻeleʻele mauʻu e kūloko ana he mau tausani na loko e neʻe ana mai ka neʻe ʻana a pau.
ʻAʻole maopopo paha nā kumu o kēia ʻōuli. Loaʻa paha paha kēia ma muli o ka hana nui o ka hoʻohiki.
ʻAkahi, pono mākou e noho ma ka i ka pau o nā alia o ke kai. Ua aneane āpau lākou a pau i nā puhē i hoʻopā ʻia. Ka nui o nā ʻoka a ke kai he nui i ka hilo ma mua o nā wahi i loaʻa i nā mea ʻona maikaʻi loa.
Ka manaʻo ʻia o ka ʻona ʻona nui Kau Ka Honu Dubois (Aipysurus duboisii), aia ka mea hoʻonā i ke kolu o nā wahi āpau ma waena o ke ao holoʻokoʻa ʻōpio (ma hope o ka taipan a me ka nahe ʻulaʻula).
ʻIke ʻia ka Daksis Sea Snake ma ke kahakai komohana o Ausetalia a me nā moana o ka Mokupuni ʻo Malay ma kahi hohonu o 30 mau mika. Pānaʻi ʻo ia i nā wahi i kūleʻa ʻia me nā mea kanu kai i loko o nā ʻalā, ma ke one. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kēlā me kēia mau lehele e pili ana i 1 m, akā hiki ke lōʻihi i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mika lōʻihi. ʻIa ʻia ʻo ia me kahi kala ʻulaʻula me nā pōkole pōkāʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele ma ke kua a me nā ʻaoʻao. ʻO nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, ka ʻāpana a me nā holoholona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e lawelawe i ka meaʻai no ka nahe a Dubois, i ʻoki ʻo ia i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻoki ʻia me kāna oona. Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻiole o ka maʻi ʻawa o ka nahesa, akā, ʻaʻole e like me ka hopena o ka hopena a lilo i ka mau ʻalā. Hoʻohālike ka hana o ka ʻawa i ka ʻōnaehana nūnū, ma ka mea maʻamau, ke kāpae nei i nā mea hoʻopiʻi o ka ʻōpū, ma muli o ka mea i make ai ka mea i make. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole holo kekahi e hele ma ka weliweli ma ka ʻike o ka nahe a ke kai Dubois - he ʻano hana maikaʻi kēia, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ke kaheʻe ʻana no ke kumu ʻole. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻoe e hoʻowahāwahā i ka nahesa a hopu paha ia e ka huelo, ke ʻole, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia kou manaʻo e ʻike i ka ʻano aʻokiʻoki a me ka hana a kahi mea ʻino.
Ke pau ka make ʻana o ka nahe a ke kai, ua komo ka nui o nā mea ʻono ma ke kino o ka mea i make. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapanui o nā lehelehe moana e hū ʻole no nā kumu ʻole. E mālama maʻa mau nā lawaiʻa India i nā ʻnika moana i hopu ʻia i kā lākou mau upena me kā lākou mau lima hānai. ʻIke lākou. ka hiki ka huki wai. ina e paa a pepeha oe.
Loaʻa nā ʻōnohi o nā nahele o ke kai i ka hopena neurotoxic i ke kino o ke kanaka. ʻAʻole i hele ʻia nā Tumor a me nā aʻa o ka pūnaewele o ka ʻuʻulu. Kūkulu nā ʻōiwi ākea - nāwaliwali, hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka neʻe o ka neʻe. hoʻohiki, holo palaka, pōkole o ka hanu, a hiki pū me ka hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻia o ke kikowaena ʻōpū. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hāʻawi wikiwiki i ka kōkua mua i ka mea i make, a laila ma hope o kekahi mau hola, e make ai kekahi kanaka.
Eia naʻe, liʻiliʻi ka pākēpē o nā make ma muli o ka nīnona o ke alikaʻi ʻana i ke koina liʻiliʻi o ka mea ʻuʻupu me kahi ʻuʻuku.
Nui nā iwi a me nā ʻīlika holoʻokoʻa e hoʻoulu ʻia me ka nā pono o ka maʻi laʻa, me ka loaʻa ʻole ka hopena i ke kino o ke kanaka.
No ke aha e pono ai nā nahesa moana?
I ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana i waena o nā ʻuwa a me nā makika, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hōʻalulu i ka ʻai, a laila hiki iā ia ke hūnā ma nā wahi hiki ʻole ke loaʻa. No laila, hoʻohana ka moʻo i ka luku ʻana o kā lākou poʻe pio i ka hana maʻalahi.
Aia no ka poʻe ʻē aʻe, no lākou, ʻo ke kānāwai mua o ke kamaʻilio ʻana me nā mea ma lalo o ka wai i kūpono - ʻaʻole e hoʻopā, mai weliweli, mai hoʻoweliweli iā lākou. E kōkua kēia i ka pale ʻana i nā pilikia he nui i ka wā o ka dive.
ʻO wai ka pōʻino i nā wai aona?
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, i ka honua hou, ka ʻona weliweli a me ka pōʻino loa o kēia mau reptile kekahi kanaka nona ka ʻano nui e hāpai i ka pōʻino i ka wai wai. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo nā kānaka wale nō ka ʻenemi o kēia mau reptile. ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe maoli o nā nahe wai.
- nā manu ʻōpala a me nā manu,
- nā manu ʻalani
- mammalia nui ʻōmule,
- nā pani
- alligator.
Nā Waiwai wai: Nā ʻano like a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ola
Noho ka poʻe nāhelehele i nā ʻano biotopes: ma nā wao nahele, nā kai a me nā loko, nā ka nahele nui, nā mahina ʻai. ʻOiai aia nā mea lele lele i ʻike ʻia ma Indonesia a me Asia Hema, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻolālā mai nā lālā lāʻau.
Nui ka nui o nā mea leʻaleʻa e ʻauʻau, aʻo nā mea'ē aʻe ua loli i ke ola wai.
Noho ka ʻāleʻa wai ma Australia, Indonesia, India, a me ʻĀsia Hema. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano 44 o kēia mau ʻīlio. ʻO kā lākou noho maʻa nui a me nā loko liʻiliʻi, a me nā wai hou aʻe hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka ʻike me ka māla. Hiki i nā nahe wai ke neʻe maikaʻi ma luna o ka ʻāina, kahi a lākou e koho pinepine ai.
Herpeton a i ʻole Herpeton
ʻO ka ʻāina kamaʻāina ʻo Erpeton ʻo Indochina. ʻO nā wai hou, brackish, ka wai moana e kūpono i kēia mau ʻano. Hāʻawi ʻo Erpetones i nā mea i makemake ʻia i nā wai wai i nui nui ʻia me nā algae. Pono kekahi - he nui nā iʻa i loko o ka loko wai, no ka mea, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka ʻai.
Kahi okoa ka helehelena o Erpeton - ma kona poʻo i hoʻohaunaele ʻia me nā mea kaulike, no laila, ua kapa ʻia ka inoa o ka naheka - ka ʻona kola. ʻO kēia mau halekoa he wahi hui hou o ka pā. Ke holo ka nahesa, huki i kēia mau pū i mua. ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ke kino he 90 kenimika, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā erpetons he liʻiliʻi i ka lōʻihi. Aia he 2 nā puka kala kala: ʻāpana a nānā ʻole.
Ua hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia kēia mau ʻōlena maikaʻi i ke kai i lalo o ka wai: hiki iā lākou ma lalo o ka wai me ka lewa no ka hapalua hola. ʻAʻole e like me nā hoahānau, ʻaʻole palupalu nā erpetons, no laila, puka ka uhi algae i ka ʻili, i kōkua i ka nahesa e hoʻohilahila iā ia iho.
Ma ka ʻāina, hele maikaʻi ka ʻuʻuku. Ua kūʻē lākou i ka mea pio mai kahi hoʻohālua. ʻO ovoviviparous kēia mau nāhelehele, hānau lākou ma lalo o ka wai.
ʻAlona ʻokiʻoki a i ʻole nahele paha
He ʻala nāu ʻo kēia ʻīlio no ka "ulu", no ka ʻili i loaʻa ai kona inoa. He palu palau kahi nahelehele. Me kona kōkua, ua paʻa ka nahesa i ka iʻa paila. ʻAʻohe wahi i nā ʻāpana ʻAmelika i ka ʻai na nā puʻupuʻu warty.
ʻO ka hapa nui loa o ka lōʻihi i hiki aku i ka mika he 2 mau mika, akā ka manawa pinepine ka nui o 1.5 mau mika. ʻAno ke kala, ʻulaʻula ma nā ʻaoʻao. Nā ʻōpiopio'ōpiopio ʻeleʻele nā ʻeleʻele i hala me nā makahiki.
Noho kēia nā ʻīlena i loko o ka wai aniani ma Indonesia, ʻAsia, ʻAralia a me India, a holo pinepine lākou i ke kai.
Ke ola nei nā nahesa Warty i kahi ola maʻalahi. He ovoviviparous lākou a hua i ka wai. Aia kekahi ʻōlelo e hiki ke hana i ka pōʻino o ka ʻōpala o ka elepani.
Mokakalukle Hydrophiinae
Ma nā ʻāina Inia a me ka Pākīpika i noho nā nahele nui i ke kai. Ma kahi o 63 mau ʻano o nā ʻīlio e hōʻike ʻia nei.
ʻO ka mea ʻona ʻo ka moana he mea make.
ʻO ka nui o ke kino, ma muli o nā ʻano, pili ka 0.8-2.7 mika. Hoʻomaʻi ʻia ke kino o kēia mau lehele mai ka ʻaoʻao a hiki i ka huelo a like ka huelo me ka lau lā. Mahalo i kēia huelo, na nāhelehele a ʻauʻau maikaʻi a hānai i kahi hohonu hohonu. Ua liʻiliʻi ka poʻo. Kuhi ʻia ka waha me ka ʻoihana o nā kīʻaha koko, no laila e hiki ai i ka nahesa ke ʻōlelo aku i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka oxygen i ka wai. Ke kāwele ʻia ka nahe i ka wai, a pani ʻia kona mau ihu me nā ʻūhā kūikawā. Ua emi ka ʻōlelo o kēia mau ʻano.
ʻO ka nui o nā nakahi i ke kai he viviparous. Hiki koke i nā pēpē hou.
He ahulau ikaika a pau nā ʻōlima o ke kai, ʻo ia ke kumu i hāʻawi ʻia i nā kime. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻawaʻawa i ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia a hoʻohana maoli ʻia. ʻAi nā nāu iʻa i ka iʻa. Hāpai lākou i nā poʻe i kahi hihia inane ke hoʻonāukiuki wale kekahi kanaka iā ia. He mau hola ma hope o ke kau ʻana ʻia e kahi nahe ʻakai, ua make ka make.
Nā nahesa a iʻa nā ʻAmelika paha
E noho ana kēia mau nahelehele i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. He mau hoahānau mamao o kā mākou nahesa. E wehewehe iā 10 mauʻano o ka nerody, ke alakaʻi nei lākou āpau i kahi ola kokoke. ʻO kahi naheki o kekahi ʻano ʻano i unuhi ʻia "he nahesa o nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo." He keiki kupanaha nā keiki o kēia mau nahelehele, ʻoiai ʻaʻole piha nā mea make ʻole.
ʻO ka lōʻihi loa o nā ʻōlapa ʻAmelika e hele ma ka 1.9 mika. He kino mānoʻo a lākou. ʻO ke poʻo ka ʻokoʻa kūlohelohe ʻokoʻa, ʻōwili ʻia. ʻAno hina, ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele-ʻula. I ka wā, ua lilo nā leile i ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka helehelena, ʻano like loa lākou me nā kīnika, akā ʻo kā lākou mau haumāna, ʻaʻole like i ke kīpē, ua ʻolua ʻia e like me like, akā ua puni ke ʻano.
ʻAi nā kānaka ʻAmelika i nā iʻa a me nā amphibians. ʻO nā naheka ʻAmelika, ʻaʻole e like me kā mākou, hiki ke kū aʻe iā lākou iho, inā ʻoe e paʻa i ka nahe i ke kihi, nāna nō ia, e kiola aku a kuʻi me kou mau niho. Inā ʻaʻole peʻa ka ʻenemi, a laila hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka hoʻouka kaua a me ke kiola i ka wai mai ka lua lau, a hoʻoiho i kahi mea ʻono maikaʻi ʻole.
Noho maikaʻi nā ʻōlani ʻAmelika i kahi upena a hoʻohana i nā mea nāna. Hiki i kēia mau ʻīlio pio ke hoʻohua. ʻO nā ʻōpipelika ʻAmelika e viviparous, ka nui o ka wahine e hiki ai i hiki ke hele i nā haneli o nā pēpē, ʻo kēlā me kēia o ka hiki ke 20-26 kenimika ka lōʻihi.
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