ANTEDON NORTH ATLANTIC (Antedon petasus) * Manaʻo

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ANTEDON NORTH ATLANTIC (Antedon petasus) ʻO ka mea ʻike nui i ka ʻōlelo Pelekane kaulana ʻo Gislen, pehea ka noho ʻana o ka noho pōloli me nā pālū pōpoki, a me nā pinnulas pololei, a hoʻopiha piha i nā wāwae ambulacral. I ka wā i hele aku ai ka meaʻai i loko o ka hale aku, ua lilo ka lilia i ke kai: maʻamau ʻo ia ka mea i hāmama ʻia nā puka ambulacral paʻa, ua puni ka waha paʻa, ua kūlou nā wāwae ambulacral i ka ʻala a hoʻolei i ka meaʻai i hāʻule iā lākou. I ka wā i komo ai nā pōpoki meaʻai a me nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i ka pua, ua hoʻomaka koke lākou i ka hoʻopuni ʻana iā lākou iho me ka limu ʻala e hūnā ʻia ana e nā kumulā o nā hua kelima, a me ia pū, me ka mahalo i ka neʻe o ka cilia, ua alakaʻi ʻia lākou ma nā pua ma ka waha. Ua ʻike ʻo Gislen ma loko o ka interambulacra o ka pākuʻi waha o ka anhedone aia kekahi ʻōiwi hoʻoneʻe ʻala hoʻi i kuhikuhi ʻia e nā ʻaoʻao o ka pā. Mahalo i kēia manawa, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke koena ʻai a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ke kōpae o nā mea ʻine. Hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike o ka meaʻai me ia ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka detritus, plankton a me nā mea ola benthic liʻiliʻi. ʻIke ʻia kēia lily kai ma ka kahakai o Noremona, ʻIkana, a me Pelekane nui ma ka hohonu o 20 a 325 m. ʻAʻole like me nā mea ʻē aʻe e pili pono ana, hoʻopili pololei ʻo A. petasus i nā hua i loko o ka wai, me ka hoʻopili ʻole ʻia iā lākou i nā pinnules a nā lima, e like me ka hana ʻana, me ka hoʻohālike o ke anhedon Mediterane (A. mediterranea) a me ka Adriatic anhedon (A. adriatica). Ma kēia mau ʻano, hoʻomaka ka hoʻouluulu i ka pūnāwai a i kauwela paha, ma muli o ka noho mua, nā hua kanu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka ʻūhā mai nā ʻāpana wahine, ma kahi o lākou e pili ana i 5 mau lā. ʻO kahi larva i hoʻomohala piha me nā kaula lima ciliary e hoka mai i ka ʻōpū.

‘:Lelo:

Kēia papa helu e pili ana i nā 560 ʻano o ka moku storn l a me ka l a me ka y. Ke alakaʻi nei ʻo Kimatulides i kahi ola manuahi, ʻauʻau lākou a ʻaʻa paha, e mālama mau ana ka waha o ka waha. Inā ʻoe e huli i kekahi o nā comatulides e ka waha i ka substrate, a laila kiʻi koke i ka kūlana kūpono. Hōʻalo ka hapanui o nā comatulides mai ke kākoʻo a ʻauʻau ʻana no kekahi manawa, me ka ʻoluʻolu e hāpai a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kekahi a i ʻole nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. Keʻauʻau kai ʻana, hoʻohana nā mea pālua i kekahi mau ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana, me ko lākou mau lima āpau i ka neʻe. E neʻe ka Comatulides i ka wikiwiki o ka 5 m / min, ke hana nei ma kahi o 100 mau hōʻā o nā hihi, akā hiki iā lākou ke lele iki wale i kahi manawa lōʻihi. Puhi ko lākou ʻauʻau i ke kūlohelohe, ʻo ia hoʻi, pū lākou me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, me ka wikiwiki wikiwiki lākou a hoʻomaha a hoʻomaha. Manaʻo ia manawa i ka manawa like e hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā comatulides ma mua o 3 m.Ae hoʻomaha, holo hou lākou a hiki i ka loaʻa kahi kūpono e hoʻopili ʻia ai. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā Comatulides i ka māka me ke kōkua o nā pōpoki, ka helu, ke ʻano, ka lōʻihi, ka lōʻihi a me ke ʻano o nā mea like ʻole i hilinaʻi i ka noho ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. No ka hoʻohālikelike, nā komatulid e noho ana ma nā lau silika he lōʻihi ka lōʻihi, aneane pololei nā cirres hiki ke uhi i ka nui o nā ʻāina nui a hāʻawi i kahi "ahonui" maikaʻi. Ma kahi hoʻokaʻawale, nā lilia kai, e noho ana ma nā ʻōpala paʻakikī, ua hoʻolako ʻia me nā cirres pōkole loa, ikaika e uhi ana i nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā mea paʻakikī ʻē aʻe. I ka neʻe ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā comatulides, ʻaʻole i hui nā mea kuikahi.

Hoʻokahi wale nō nā comatulides e noʻonoʻo i ka māmā, no ka laʻana ʻo Tropiomelra carinata. ʻO kahi hapa nui o nā holoholona e makemake i ka noho i nā wahi ʻalohi a pale i ka kū maka aniani. Inā huli ka pōhaku i ka mālamalama ma ka ʻaoʻao a kahi i hoʻopili ai i nā comatulides, a laila neʻe wikiwiki lākou i kona ʻāpana.

Ka ʻohana ākea o ka papa ma lalo o ka noʻonoʻo - ka ʻohana o ka antedonids (Antedonidae) i helu ʻia ma luna o 130 mau ʻano e like me 46 genera. Loaʻa nā Anthedonids ma nā wahi āpau, mai ka littoral a hiki i ka hohonu o 6000 m, a he mea maʻamau loa i ka pae wela. I waena o lākou, loaʻa nā 10-ray pono nui, aʻo ka ʻōnaehana me ka nui o ka beam he mea maʻamau loa. ʻO nā mea kaulana loa a ma ka inoa nui o Ashpedons (Antedon) i kēia manawa aia wale nō nā 7 mau puaʻa ʻEulopa. ʻAʻole kokoke loa nā ʻano o kēia ʻano āpau i kekahi i kekahi a ʻokoʻa ka nui o ke ʻano o nā hihi, ka lōʻihi a me ka mānoanoa o ka cirr a me ka piniul.

Ma ke kahakai ʻo Atlantika ma waho o ke kapakai o ʻAmelika Nui, Irani, Farani, Portugal, a hiki i Azores, i kahi hohonu o 5 a 450 m, hiki i kekahi ke hālāwai me A. bifida. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia kēia lily kai i nā cirres pōkole me ka paʻa o nā ʻōpala, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia i lalo no ka hopu ʻana i ka iʻa, a mai ke kahakai o Farani i nā helu he nui e kau ana i nā rhizome a me nā kumu o ka mea iʻa. Ka hapanui o ke kala o A. bifida: a me nā mea ʻalelika manuahi, ʻulaʻula, melemele a ʻulaʻula paha, a me kekahi manawa helehelena, ua loaʻa nō hoʻi. ʻO nā aniani, maʻalahi a hiki i ka 12,5 cm ka lōʻihi loa lākou he lapuwale a hemo maʻalahi i ka maka iki. ʻAʻole lawa loa ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi tauira e loaʻa nā lima āpau he 10 i ka palekana holoʻokoʻa, aneane hoʻokahi a hoʻokahi nō paha nā hihi i mea e ola hou ai. Nui loa ka mana o ka anhedone inā he ʻokiʻoki ʻoe i ka holoholona i 2 mau wahi, e hoʻihoʻi i kēlā me kēia mahele i ka hapa ʻole, a hoʻowalewale ʻia ka pākela waha mai ke calyx i kahi hou, me ka waha o ka waha a me ka hamama anal a me nā alakaʻi alaka. ʻAʻole hele wale ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i ka wā i haki ʻia ai nā lima āpau mai ka holoholona. I kēia hihia, nalowale lākou i ka manawa kūpono e ʻai ai a make.

Ke hānai, hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia ka anhedon e ka cirrhs i ka substrate a kau i kona lima me nā laina kūpono e hoʻonui ʻia ana i nā kihi kūpono, hana i kahi ʻano o ka pūnaewele. ʻAi ʻo Siosib i kēia mau līlani kai e ʻike ai i ka G me s-len.

ʻIke ʻia ʻo Gislen ma ka aquarium i ke ʻano nui o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika A. pelasus. Noho pū ka poʻe ʻAlona me ka pōloli me nā pālaha pōpoki, nā pinnulas, a me nā wāwae ambulacral pololei. I ka wā i hele aku ai ka meaʻai i loko o ka hale aku, ua lilo ka lilia i ke kai: maʻamau ʻo ia ka mea i hāmama ʻia nā puka ambulacral paʻa, ua puni ka waha paʻa, ua kūlou nā wāwae ambulacral i ka ʻala a hoʻolei i ka meaʻai i hāʻule iā lākou. I ka hnna o ka pōloli a me nā mea liʻiliʻi e hoʻopuni i loko o ka pua, ua hoʻomaka koke lākou e hoʻopuni iā lākou iho i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea hoʻopuni huna ʻia, a ua pono ʻoe e hele i nā honu i loko o ka waha me ke kōkua o ka neʻe o ka cilia. Ua ʻike aku ʻo Gislen i loko o ka iterambulacra o ke kōpae waha o ka aptone, aia pū kekahi i nā kahe mukus hewa e kuhikuhi ʻia i nā kihi o ka pā. Mahalo i kēia manawa, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke koena ʻai a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ke kōpae o nā mea ʻine. Hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike o ka meaʻai me ia ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka detritus, plankton a me nā mea ola benthic liʻiliʻi. ʻIke ʻia kēia lily moana ma ke kahakai o Norewai, Islandia, a me Nui Pelekane ma kahi hohonu o 20 a 325 m. ʻAʻole i like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe, ʻo L. pelasns e waiho pololei i nā hua i loko o ka wai, me ka ʻole e hoʻopili iā lākou i nā pinnules a nā lima, e like me ka hana ʻana, ma ka hoʻohālike, e ka Mediterranean anhedon ( A. medi-lerranea) ame Adriatic anhedon (A. adrialica). Ma kēia mau ʻano, hoʻomaka ka hoʻouluulu i ka pūnāwai a i kauwela paha, ma muli o ka noho mua, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hua i kanu ʻia e ka ʻōpala mai nā pinnulas wahine, kahi i waiho ʻia ai lākou no nā lā. ʻO kahi larva i hoʻomohala piha me nā kaula lima ciliary hatch mai ka hua.

Ma ke kai Atlantika, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā ʻelele o kekahi ʻano comatulid, ka leptmeter (Leplomelra). No laila, ma kahi pālahalaha hohonu a hohonu paha o 50 m kahi o ke kahakai Nui o Beritania, e noho ana ʻo L. cellica, ʻike maʻalahi i kona ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka lōʻihi, ʻūpī "mau aʻa" - cirs. ʻO nā cirres lōʻihi, e pālahalaha akā ma kahi substrate, e hāʻawi i ka leptometer i ka manawa e noho ai ma nā ʻāina palupalu, viscous me ka hāʻule ʻole.

ʻO ka heliometer hoʻopuka (lieliomelra glacialis) maʻamau i loko o kā mākou kai. ʻO kēia līlio melemele pua nui 10 i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā hohonu he 10 a 1300 m i nā kai a pau o Arctic, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau -ʻa ʻole o ka moana Atlantika, a me ka moana o Iapana a me Okhotsk. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā specimens Far Eastern, hiki i ka 35 cm ke lōʻihi o lākou mau mamao, i nā hohonu mai ka 150 a 600 m i kekahi mau wahi ka nui o nā heliometer.

ʻO nā līlia nui loa kokoke i ka heliometer wai anu, no ka laʻana, ʻo Flororaetra ai.larctica, e noho ana i ka Antarctic.

Ma waena o nā līlika moana Antartika i loaʻa nā ʻano e mālama i ka hua. I loko o nā lili moana o nā huaʻōlelo Fripsouielra, ulu nā embryos i nā pou brood (nā lumi) a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā embryo i ʻano like ʻole i nā ʻano like ʻole. No laila, i nā wahine ph Ph. aia nā keʻena brood longipinna ma ka niinules a i loko o nā nui o nā embryo e kū i ka hana hoʻomohala like. Ke hana hou ʻia nā kaula ciliary, haʻalele lākou i ke kino o ka makuahine a hele ma ke ʻano pentacrppus i ka wai. ʻO kahi pitchfork Antartika hou - viviparous phnxometer Ph. nā kinipiko - nā keiki embryos a me nā pou brood e hele i loko o nā pae āpau a pau, e komo pū me nā kūlana nentacrinus. I nā wahine o kēia ʻano, ʻike ʻoe i nā pentacrinuses liʻiliʻi e hoʻopili ʻia e kahi lāʻau i nā ʻeke ʻeke o ka makuahine. Kūkulu loa kahi lili moana i loko o ka lulu māla.

ʻO ke kahe ana o nā wai i loko o nā pou brood e alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka moʻomeheu wahine. I nā mea ʻelele o ka Isometrinae subfamily e noho ana i loko o nā wai Antartika, ʻo nā kiʻi wahine ka wahine i kahi e ʻōpio ai nā ʻōpiopio i ke ʻano o kahi pahu, aʻo nā kāne, e hoʻomau ka loli. Ma kēia mau ʻōuli, hiki iā ʻoe ke koho koke i ka wahine, no ka laʻana, i ka poʻe i ka isometer viviparous (Fsomelra vivipara). I nā pinnulas nui a nā wai lili, e hoʻomohala a hua i nā hua a me ka hana ʻana i nā kaula ciliary. A laila ua haʻalele ka larva i ka peke brood, akā ʻo ka manawa pōkole loa kāna manawa: hoʻokūkū koke ia ma ka cirrus o kahi pākeke, kahi e hele ai i kahi aʻe o ka hoʻolālā.

I nā mea mālama i ka hua, ua hoʻēmi ʻia ka nui o nā hua i hoʻohua ʻia. No ka laʻana, ma nā ʻano lāʻau Antarctic Notocrinus virilis mai ka ʻohana o nā notocrinids (Notocrinidae), ʻelua wale nō ʻekolu mau ʻōpū a i hoʻokahi manawa o ka hoʻolālā e ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā ʻeke brood. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua moa i loko o nā pā i loko o ka pā i ka pā ma waena o ka ovary a me ka ʻeke brood. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia ka ʻano o ke kōmū ʻana i nā hua.

Hōʻike pū nā ʻelele o nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe o ka comatulids i ka mālama like no ka hanauna, akā makemake mākou e nānā wale aku i nā mea ʻano hoihoi loa mai ka manaʻo o ka biology a i ʻole ka hāʻawi.

ʻO nā mea nani loa i ka helehelena ka wai lili o ka ʻohana Comasteridae (Comasteridae). Loaʻa i kēia ʻohana ākea he 100 mau mea pili i 19 genera. I waena o lākou, lanakila nā puka multipath me nā lima a hiki i ka 20-25 cm ka lōʻihi, e noho ana i nā wai o nā kapakai o nā tropics. Hoʻoulu a hoʻonaninani paha ke kala a i like nā ʻano like o kēia mau holoholona me ka pua. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻāinana o kēia ʻohana mai nā lilia kai ola ʻē aʻe ma ka nuku o ko lākou waha, a ua noho ka ʻuʻumi i kahi kūlana. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona hoʻohanohano o nā comasterids ʻo ia nā kiki waha waha. ʻO ka lōʻihi, ua like lākou me ka nui o nā mahele pōkole, ma hope, ma ke ʻaoʻao o luna he mau niho e hāʻawi i nā kihi ke ʻano o kahi kime. ʻIke aku, he pono ia no ka hopu ʻana a ʻokiʻoki paha i nā mea liʻiliʻi, akā ke liʻiliʻi loa nā ʻike o kēia ʻano. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Gislen, e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā pinnules o kēia kūkulu, ua loaʻa i nā ala hou ke ʻano kai. ʻAʻole lākou wale e hoʻohana i ka meaʻai i komo i ka waha ma loko o nā puʻupuʻu o nā lima, akā, ʻaʻole like me nā comatulids ʻē aʻe, hiki iā ia ke hopu ikaika i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi me nā pinnulas serrated a hoʻoneʻe iā lākou i nā kumu alakaʻi. Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia manaʻo i ka ʻoihana o ka ambulacral system i hōʻemi ʻoki ʻia, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpū ma mua o nā lilia ʻē aʻe.

Loaʻa pinepine ʻia i waena o nā comasterids, nā ʻano me nā ʻāpana lima like. He lōʻihi nā lima mua (dexterous) a pōkole i hope, e hali ana i nā huahana. Nā lili moana me ke ʻano o nā hana lima, no ka mea, ʻo Comatula pectinata, e pili mau ana i ka lalo a me ka hoʻokipa maoli i nā lima ʻānō e hana nei me nā ʻāpana ambulacral i hoʻomohala ʻia.

He mau holoholona luhilahi nā Comasterids, maʻa pinepine ka ʻike ʻana iā lākou e holo ana. K lark nānā i ka Torrey Strait pehea e hele mai ai nā mea hoʻouluulu i ka papahele, lohi a me ka paʻakikī pilikia. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia hana ma ke ʻano: kahi pālahalaha o ka ʻāpana o ke kaua, hopu i kahi mea kūpono me nā poʻo i kiki ʻia, e hōʻike ana i ka mea huna. A laila e huki nā lima paʻa lima a huki ka holoholona, aʻo ka hoʻoiho ʻana mai ka substrate me nā lima manuahi. I kēia ala, holo ka komasterpda i ka wikiwiki o ka 40 m / h a loaʻa iā ia kahi kūpono no ka hoʻopili. Inā he lehua ka lōʻihi o ka lily o ka moana (ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ma Comatula purpurea), a laila hoʻohana mau ʻia nā lima lōʻihi i kaulaʻi a hoʻopili i ka mea, a pōkole nā mea pōkole e hoʻonele hou i ka lolo i ka huki ʻana i ke kino.

ʻO ka hapanui, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka hapa nui o nā comasterids i ka lepo e hoʻohana ana i nā cirrhages, akā ma kekahi mau mea e noho ana ma ka one coral, hōʻemi ʻia nā cirrhuse, ka lilo ʻana o ka cone o ke kīʻaha i kahi pentagon flat e waiho kokoke ana i ka mokulele hoʻokahi me nā hihi. ʻO nā līlani pēpē, no ka laʻana ʻo Comatula rotolaria, ua kahele ʻia ma nā ʻōpua coral i loko o ka mokupuni ʻo Malay, ke waiho wale ma luna o ke one. Hiki ke nānā ʻia ka hōʻemi piha ʻana i ka cirr ma ka 190-ray Comathina schlegeli, kahi e kokoke ana i ka Pōʻalima o Pilipino.

I nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole o ka multipath comasterids o nā ʻano like, hiki i ka nui o nā lima ke ʻano. ʻO ka motato Comatella stelligera, he mea maʻamau loa ia ma ka littoral o ka Malay Archipelago, mai 12 a 43 mau lā.

I kekahi mau kai kūleʻa mokulele, ua pili nā hulu o nā huahana genital i nā phases o ka mahina. Ua nānā ʻia ʻo ka Canthus Kepani (Comanthus japonicus) e noho ana ma ka lewa o ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke Kai o Iapana, e waiho i nā hua i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki mua a i ka hapa hope paha. ʻO ka holoi ʻana i nā huahana a nā ahiahi, ʻo nā kāne mua ka mea e hoʻokuʻu i ka sperm, nā mea e hōʻeuʻeu i nā wahine e waiho i nā hua. Hāpai ʻia nā hua manu ma o ke kahe o nā ʻāpana manawaleʻa o nā uhi i kolohe ʻia, me nā lima āpau o ke kai beamahi i hoʻokuʻu i nā huahana i ka manawa like. Hoʻopili ʻia nā hua wai i hoʻopiha ʻia i loko o kahi puʻupuʻu, pinepine ʻia me nā ʻano kī he nui, nā pono, a me nā mea i lalo o ka uhi o kēia pūpū, ulu ka hua i ka pae o kahi larva i paʻa me nā kaula ciliary.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā līo moana aniani e noho nei i nā wahi mokulele i nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe o ke kauoha Comatulid. He nani maikaʻi loa ka discoida Amphimetra, e pālahalaha ana mai Iapana a ʻAulalia ma ka hohonu o 5 a 35 m. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻelima ʻohana nui o nā chimeter (Himeromelridae), me nā mea he 50, he 10 mau māneka-ʻulaʻula ākea. Sleplianomelra spicata mai ka ʻohana o marimetrid (Mnriraelridae) loaʻa iā 20 mau ʻōleka, ʻalani i ʻulaʻula a me ka melemele.

Mākou Crinoidea. ʻO nā Crinoids, a i nā līlia kai

Nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau. Nā Crinoids (gr. krinon - lili), a i ʻole nā lili moana, ʻo ia ka papa nui o nā crinozoids, ke kino nona ka calyx e hoʻopuni ai i nā kino o nā kino, ʻelima lima maʻamau i kūkulu ʻia e kāohi ai i ka ʻai, a me kahi lāʻau a i ʻole nā mea hana o ka antennae i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻopili ʻana i lalo o ka wai. kumuhana. ʻO ka calyx ka calyx kahi i kūkulu ʻia i ke kāʻei o nā papa radial a i hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau kāʻei o nā papa nui. Ua uhi ʻia ke kīʻaha mai luna mai me kahi uhi, a i ʻole penmen, i loko o nā ʻāpana ambulacral e hele ana i nā lima a laila i nā ʻūʻī. ʻĀina Ordovician - i kēia manawa.

ʻĀina kino. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana oloko o ka lili moana i loko o kahi kīʻaha, ma ke kikowaena o ka waha e kū ana kekahi waha ma ka ʻaoʻao luna. Hoʻokomo ka waha i ka hana o ka digestive, hana i hoʻokahi a keu paha mau puna e like me ka puna a wehe i ka anus i ka posterior interradius. Ke waiho nei ka pālahalaha mea ma ka lua o ke kino o ke kino a ke kāohi ʻia ana mai nā paia o ke kino me ka membranes mesenteric. Elima nā lima kī ʻole ʻole a i ʻole ke kīhaʻi lima paha i ko lākou mau kīʻaha. ʻO ke kīʻaha me ka lima e hoʻonā ʻia ai.Aia a puni ka lolo o ka digestive kahi awelima o ka papa ambulacral, ʻelima radial canal e hoʻolalelale ana me nā wāwae ambulacral, ua kuhikuhi ʻia lākou i nā lilia moana, nele nā ʻōpala, nā ʻōpala a me nā hana i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōpū, ka hanu a me nā hana kūpono. Nā meaola planktonic a me nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka detritus i lawelawe i ka meaʻai no nā crinoids. Hāʻawi ka meaʻai i ka waha ma o nā ʻōpū ma nā lima me ke kōkua o nā wāwae ambulacral a me ka cilia o ka epithelium integumentary. ʻO ka nui o nā meaʻai i loaʻa i ka lili o ke kai e hilinaʻi nei ma ke ʻano o ka hāpai ʻana i nā lima, a e like me ia, ka lōʻihi o nā huahe, a i ʻole nā ʻalāwi paha. Ma kahi lili pua kahi me nā lālā 68 o nā lima, ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o nā pōkole meaʻai a hiki i 100 m. Aia ka pūniki i nā wahi neʻe a puni ka waha, mai kahi i hoʻonui ʻia ai nā puhipī i nā lima ma ka radii ʻelima, e hōʻoia ana i ko lākou neʻe.

Kuhi. 263. Ke ʻano o ka loko o ke kai: 1a, b - calyx monocyclic, 2a, b - dicyclic calyx, 3 - ʻāpana scheme ma loko o ke kīʻaha, 4 - ka nānā ākea o ka pili i ke kai lili, amk - kanawai ambulacral, anal ākea, k - 'aʻa ', cr - lei, pi - kicked, p - waha, lima - lima, st - stalk, h - kīwī, nā pā: bz - basal, br - brachial, ib - infrabasal, rd - radial

Paukū calyx. ʻO Calyx, a i ʻole theca, i nā ʻano like ʻole, conical, goblet, disc-like or spherical. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka kīʻaha ma lalo o nā wahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā lima i kapa ʻia ʻo dorsal, a dorsal paha, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao luna i kapa ʻia ka pale, a i ʻole penmen. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻāpana dorsal o ka theca e ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau ʻāpana o nā papa. Hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā pā: radial (RR), basal (BB) a me nā pā infrabasal (IB), kēlā me kēia o nā pūmaka āpau o elima mau papa. Holo ka lāʻau mai ke kumu o ke kīʻaha a i ʻole nā ʻano kīkē - antennae, a cirri paha, e hoʻopili ʻia nā lima ma nā papa radial. He calyx, kahi ʻāpana o ka dorsal, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia me ke kāʻei o nā papa radial, he kāʻei basal, i kapa ʻia ʻo monocyclic, inā he kāʻei o nā papa basal a me infrabasal - dicyclic. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana o ka dorsal o ka theca i nā papa radial i liʻiliʻi pinepine ʻia mai nā mea basal. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻike ka nui o nā papa ʻē aʻe i ke ʻano o ka hapa dorsal, ma waena o ka anal (kahi a i ʻole paha) i kū i ka posterior interradius, radial, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i waho o ka wā e ulu ai, e hoʻonui ana ka nui o ka calyx i ʻike ʻia i nā lilia kai. Hoʻonui kēia piʻi ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka calyx o nā māhele o nā hapa i lalo o nā lima a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā papa hou, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo interradial a me interbrachial (e ʻike i ka Fig 271, 5-8).

Aʻo o ka lima. Holo nā lima mai nā papa radial o ke kīʻaha. Maʻalahi lākou i ka maʻalahi, no ka mea ʻo ka hapa nui he bifurcated hoʻokahi a keu paha. Kuhi ʻia nā lima o nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa e like me ka vertebrae i pili ʻia, ka mea e hoʻopili ʻia me kekahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻalā a i ʻole kahi elastic ligament. Ma ke kānāwai, ua lako lākou i nā manawa hui puʻu pōkole - pinnulas. Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea o nā lima me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana kūikawā, ka manawa pinepine ka pā hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau mokuahi. Loaʻa i nā lima ka wikiwiki a me ka hoʻomālamalama nui. Ma lalo o nā kūlana pōʻino (kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe, ka nui o ka oxygen, hoʻopakeʻe i nā ʻenemi), hiki i nā līlia moana ke hōʻoki i ko lākou mau lima, ʻoiai e hoʻi hou ana nā hapa i hala. Hāʻawi ʻia nā lima a me nā pana i nā puʻu hohonu hohonu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā ʻano ciliary epithelium. Aia i ka puʻu ka loiloi ambulacral radial, kahi i kohu ai nā wāwae ambulacral i waho me nā ampoules (ma 3 i kēlā me kēia) waiho i nā pūlima, hana lākou i ka hana o ka pā a me ka hanu. Hele pū nā lālā hope o nā puka radial i loko o nā kālai.

ʻO nā lima ke hōʻiliʻili i ka meaʻai. Hoʻopau ka lua o ka lua o ke kino, nā ʻuhane o ke aʻa, a me nā kīʻaha o ke kahe e holo ana i nā lima. Ma o nā alaka meaʻaiʻai o nā lima, komo ka ʻai i ka wehe ʻana o ka waha ma waena o ka mauʻenehana. Ma ke kaʻina hoʻomohala ʻana, hoʻonui ka lōʻihi a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻāʻī o nā lima. Hoʻohuli ʻia ka lālani lima hoʻokahi i nā ʻōhua mua i hoʻopau ʻia (Fig. 264, 2), kahi lima ʻelua e ʻāpono i nā lilia i ke kai e ohi hou i nā meaʻai. ʻO ka hoʻonui i ka lōʻihi o nā pū i ka wā i ka wā o ko lākou dichotomous branching a i ka wā hana o ka cirrus (Fig. 264, 1). Eia nō naʻe, i ka hana ʻana o nā mea e ulu ai, ua kū mai nā lilia moana, ma kahi i hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻemi ʻia paha paha. I ka wā o ka hōʻemi lima, hiki ke nalowale nā kīʻaha kīʻaha ma ke alo o lākou.

Kuhi. 264. Scheme o ke ʻano o nā pū: 1 - ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka lima cirrus mai dichotomously branched, 2 - hoʻomohala ʻia o kahi ʻāpana laina ʻelua mai ka lālani hoʻokahi, 3 - ʻāpana o ka lima (4 mau ʻāpana) me kahi waʻa ambulacral a uhi ʻia nā papa, 4 - ʻelua mau ʻāpana o ka lima o Diamenocrinus (Devon) o nā lima i hiki ke nalo. a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i kā lākou mau kīʻaha kīwī

Hoʻopau loa nā penmen ma nā ʻano kuʻuna hope loa me nā mea ʻōpala nui. Hoʻomo ʻia ia e nā polili he nui i ke ana o ke kino, kahi i hoʻopiha ʻia ai ka ʻōnaehana ambulacral i ka wai. ʻO nā wāwae Ambulacral e kokoke ana i ka waha e hoʻololi ʻia i nā pahuhopu kokoke-waha. I nā līlia kai kahiko, ua uhi ʻia nā mea pāmenika me nā waha he ʻelima, a i ʻole ʻia i nā papa. Hoʻolaha ʻia nā papa ʻōlima i kēlā me kēia ʻano kūlike: i kekahi mau ʻano ʻike ʻia lākou i ke keʻa lapalake a ke noho ʻole ʻia e nā pākeke, ma nā mea ʻē aʻe ke kūkulu maikaʻi ʻia a pili pono ʻia kekahi me kekahi, ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe i uhi ʻia nā papa liʻiliʻi, ma waena o nā papa i uhi ʻia nā ʻōpū o nā meaʻai. , a me nā papa interambulacral e waiho ana ma waena o lākou. ʻO kēia mau papa, e pili pū ana me kekahi me kekahi, i hana i kahi ʻano o ka pā ma luna o ke kīʻaha, aia kahi waha ma lalo o kēlā pā, a komo ka ʻai ma loko o nā ʻatikā ʻai e waiho ana ma lalo o ka pā.

Kuhi. 265. ʻO nā ʻano o ka uhi o ka uhi (tegmen): 1 - hoʻopuka wale ʻia nā papa waha, 2 - uhi ʻia ka uhi me nā pā ambulacral, 3 - ua hōʻemi ʻia nā papa ʻōlelo oral (mālama ʻia kokoke i ka waha), 4 - nā kahe o ka meaʻai ma lalo o ka uhi ikaika, anal hole, m - madreporitis, papa: am - ambulacral, at - anal, iam - interambulacral, ʻole - waha

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka anus ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka waha o ka calyx oral interradally, kokoke i kona kaʻe. I nā līlani kai e noho ana i nā wai mālie a me ka hana ʻole, ua puka mai kahi wai anal, i uhi ʻia me nā papa liʻiliʻi. ʻAi ʻia kahi meʻa e hoʻihoʻi ai i ka holoholona i kahi lōʻihi ma ka waha.

Kuhi. 266. ʻO nā ʻano kumu o nā lilia moana: 1 - ke kumu o Eifelocrinus i pili i ka koloni o bryozoans (hana hou), 2 - ke 'heleuma' o Aticyrocrinus, 3 - ka bileterally symmetrical stem me antennae (whiskers) o Myelodactylus, e hoʻopuni ana i ka lei (cr), 4 - Hoʻopili ʻia ke ahulau ʻāmichrinus a puni kahi calyx

ʻEmlelo. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ʻano manuahi i lalo o ka ʻaoʻao o ka calyx, i kona pā waena, ka mea e like me nā māhele o nā ʻano like ʻole: puni, elliptical, quadrangular, pentagonal, a ʻano liʻiliʻi loa hoʻi i ka triangular a hexagonal. I kekahi mau genera, hiki i ka lāʻau ke lōʻihi i kekahi mau mika, ma kahi ʻē aʻe e waiho mau ana ia i nā atrophies i ʻole. I kekahi mau ʻano, ulu ke kīʻaha me kāna kumu. Ma o ke kumu holoʻokoʻa e hele ai kahi kaila axial i kahi ʻāpana ʻokoʻa. I nā lilia moana kahiko, ʻo ke kumulima nā elima mau papa o ka papa i hoʻonohonoho ʻia. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ke anuanu, kahi hoʻololi i kahi hoʻonohonoho cyclic a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o kēlā me kēia mau pā i pili i kekahi ʻaoʻao o ke kuʻi. Loaʻa pinepine i nā ʻāpana like, ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana nodal e hōʻike nui ʻia e loaʻa ana nā antennae. Hoʻopili nā līo moana i ka substrate i nā ʻanuʻu like ʻole: ma ka ulu ʻana i ke koʻokoʻo a pohō i ka ʻaluna pōhaku ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kahi nui o ka lime ma nā ʻāpana nui a hoʻokumu i kahi pākuʻi pili, hoʻomohala i nā lālā aʻa ma ke kūpaʻa o ka hope o ke kuʻi, a he ʻano ʻano heleuma i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana. a i ʻole ko polypnyaki coral a lawelawe no ka hoʻopiʻi pōkole, ʻoiai kekahi - i weli ʻia a puni kahi kīʻaha ma ke ʻano ākea a lawelawe paha paha lohi a kokoke i ka neʻe o ka neʻe ma ka lalo a me ke kōkua o ʻelua mau lālani antennae (ʻike i ka fig. 266, 5). Pēlā i ʻike ʻia ai ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma ka lalo o ke kumu o ka hue kikoʻe, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā mahele i loko o nā keʻena kahi a kaawale e lawelawe ʻia ana me kahi ʻano ʻauʻau manu me kahi ʻano plankton. I ka hope loa, ma kekahi ʻano o ka hana ua hilo a kū ka ʻōpala i ka hana pākeke i nā nui crinoid hou. E like me nā līlia moana mau ka noho ʻana, aia wale nō ka ulu mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i hoʻokahi mahina a me ka hapa, ma hope o ko lākou kīʻī i kīloi i ka ʻā keʻa a me ka lilia ʻōpiopio e hala i ke ola manu ʻole. Ma ke kumu o ke kīʻaha, antennae, a cirri paha, hoʻomohala. Hoʻoneʻe ka neʻe o kēia mau pua me ke kōkua o nā lima, akā i ka hele hoʻokahi ua kau ʻia lākou i kahi lōʻihi (a hiki i 3 m), e hōʻea ana i 100 mau puʻupuʻu i hoʻokahi minuke. ʻO ka helu, ka nui, ka lōʻihi a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka antennae e hilinaʻi nei i nā kūlana ola: nā līlia kai e noho ana ma nā silika maloʻo he lōʻihi ka lōʻihi, kokoke i nā antennae pololei, nā lilia e ola ana ma nā pōhaku i hoʻolako ʻia me nā antennae pōkole pōkole.

Kuhi. 267. Kānāla ʻōwili mai ka ʻelima mau alapine a hiki i ka cyclic

ʻO ka hana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana. ʻO ka ʻōlelo pono ʻana, ʻo ia ka hānau ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lili moana ʻo ia e pili ana i ka genus Antedon. Hoʻololi nā lili moana. Hoʻopili ʻia nā pūnaewele sela ma nā pinnule o nā lima, ke aloha ʻana i nā huahana o ka hua a kahi like i ka wā, a hānai ʻia nā hua i ka wai. Hoʻopili ʻia nā hua pipi i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o kahi kinikona, pinepine ʻia me nā ʻano kī he nui, nā pono. I kēia mau kiko, ulu nā hua i ka pae larval. I ka wā mua, pili ʻole ka larva o ka waha a ʻai wale i ka ʻala. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ventral, loaʻa iā ia kahi kapu suction piri. Ma hope o ka ʻauʻau ʻana i kekahi manawa i loko o ka wai, hoʻopolo ʻo larva i lalo, a hoʻopili i ka substrate me ke mua o ke kino. Ua huli ka hope i hope i loko o kahi ʻōpala, a ʻo ka laulā hoʻi i loko o kahi calyx. Hoʻopili ka cilia i ke kino o nā larva, a pohō ka paʻakikī o nā ʻōpū o loko i ka 90 °. ʻElima mau pūlima waha e kū mai nei, e hana ana i kahi pyramid ma ka ʻaoʻao aʻe, ʻelima papa basal e hoʻomoʻa mai lalo. Ma waena o lākou a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka huaula.3 mau nā papaabasabasabas. I kēia manawa, like ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka lilia i ke ʻano o ke kaʻe o kekahi mau cystoids Paleozoic. ʻAʻole liuliu, ma waena o nā papa pālua a me nā papa waha, ke kāʻei o ke kāʻei ʻana i nā papa āpau ʻelima, ulu nā lima. Ma ka palena ma waena o ka calyx a me ka lālā, ua kūkulu ʻia nā ʻāpana kūhou hou. Elima mau pule ma hope o ka hoʻonā ʻana o ka larva, ua lihi maila kahi lihi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i 4 mm kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka lāʻau. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, e lohi koke nā lima, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēlā me kēia lima i nā lālā ʻelua, kū ka ʻili ma ke lima, kahi e kūleʻa me kekahi. I kēia hana, like nā lily kai i ke kūlike o nā lili o ke kai i kū i ka genus Pentacrinus. Ma hope o kekahi mau manawa, ua hoʻemi ʻia nā papa ʻōlelo waha, a ma luna o ka ʻaoʻao o luna e ulu ai ka lole - tegmen. Hoʻemi hou ʻia nā papa basal. A laila hoʻokaʻawale wale ke kīʻaha mai ke kuʻi, a me ka lilia ʻōpiopio, e huli ana i kahi mea ʻole, ka hoʻomaka ʻana e alakaʻi i kahi ola kelepona, e neʻe ana me ke kōkua o nā lima. No ka hoʻopili iki ʻana, hoʻomohala ʻia cirri i ke kumu o ke kīʻaha. ʻO kahi hōʻike no ka ontogenesis o nā lilia moana hou e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o nā māla i kūleʻa mai nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia.

Kuhi. 268. Ontogenesis o Antedon bipida: 1-2 - kolo manuahi manuahi (ulele parietal e kū pono ana i lalo), 3 mau heiʻi (e like me kahi cystoid), 4 - kahi pentacrine me nā lima hoʻokaʻawale, pr - suction cup, nā papa: bz - basal, a i ʻole - waha. rd - kaomi

ʻO nā waihona kālā o ka ʻauhau a me ka hoʻonohonoho. Kūkulu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho lili i ke ʻano o ka calyx ma ke ʻano he nui holoʻokoʻa, ma luna o ke kumu o kāna ʻāpana dorsal, cap (tegmen), nā lima a me ke kumu, ma ka helu a me ke ʻano o ka wahi o nā anal, interradial a me nā pā interbrachial. Aia ka papa i ʻehā mau haʻuki: Camerata, Inadunata, Flexibilia, Articulata, nona nā mea ʻekolu i hala mai Ordovician a Perm, a me nā ʻelele o ka ʻehā, e kū ana i ka hoʻomaka o ka Triassic, e hoʻomau ana ma nā kai o kēia manawa (Fig. 269-272).

Kuhi. 269. Kahi kaiohao o Kamerera. Kuhi hiʻohiʻona (1-3 - ma ka hoʻolālā, 4 - ma ka ʻaoʻao): 1 - Cleiocrinus (waena Ordovician), 2 - Glyptocrinus (ʻĀina Ordovician), 3 - Platycrinites (Devon - Perm), 4 - Acrocrinus (carbon)

Kuhi. 270. Subclunae Inadunata. Kuhi hiʻohiʻona: 1 - e pālahalaha calyx i nā crinoids inadunate, 2 - Cornucrinus (Ordovician): 2a - ke nānā hope, 2b - luna nānā, 3 - locrinus (waena - hope Ordovician), 4 - Cupressocrinites (waena ʻo Devon): 4a - kīʻaha me mau lima, 4b - ka nānā ʻana o ka calyx mai luna, 5 - Cromyocrinus (carbon), dc - kanawai a dorsal, papa: anal - anal, a i ʻole waha - no ka hoʻomaha o ka notasi ʻike ʻia Fig. 263)

ʻEkumuahua ʻO nā lili kai ma ka Paleozoic a me Mesozoic, he poʻe ʻeleʻele nā wahi nui o ke kai. Noho kekahi o lākou ma lalo o ka pale aku i nā ʻōpua, aia kekahi i iho i ka hohonu hohonu. Noho nā līlia moana i nā hohonu āpau: mai ka sublittoral a i ka kahawai (a hiki i ka 9700 m), mai nā tropic a i nā polar polar. I kekahi manawa hana lākou i kahi noho nui - "ʻano ʻai", ka mea hoʻokahi. Aʻo ia paha, "ka nahele" o nā lilia moana i noho i nā wā ʻimi o ka wā, ʻoiai ka ʻike ʻia nā papa o ka laupili crinoid, i loko o nā ʻāpana o ke kumu, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā lima a me nā koena o nā calyxes. ʻO nā līlō hohonu hohonu he mau lōʻihi, nā kīʻaha lima, nā lahilahi a me kahi calyx liʻiliʻi; I nā lili moana e noho ana i nā wai mahana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka calyx, i kekahi manawa i hoʻopūpī ʻia me ka kīwī, ke koʻokoʻo, e like me ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua pōkole ʻia, i kekahi mau hihia i ka helehelena, a hoʻopili ʻia nā lili moana i ka substrate me ke kīʻaha. Ke alakaʻi nei ka hapanui o nā lilia moana i ke ola me kahi e waiho lūlū ai me kahi a o ko lākou mau lima. ʻO nā crinoid manuahi i loaʻa ʻole i loaʻa i ka Paleozoic (Silurian, Perm), kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā līla kai e alakaʻi nei i kahi ala planktonic. ʻO kēia ka puka Silurian (Scyphocrinites), kahi i ʻike ʻia ai kahi hāmeʻe holo moana (pneumophore) i ka hope o ke kuʻi. Paʻaila ʻo Lila ʻo Cretaceous, uncorroded ma muli o ke kahe o kahi calyx liʻiliʻi a me nā lima lōʻihi. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o nā līlani kai hoʻoneʻe i ka mea i hana ʻia iā lākou no ka hoʻonā ʻana i nā meaola hou ma luna o lākou, no nā ʻano cohabitation, a hiki i kēia parasitism. Noho ka ʻōpala o ka ʻohana Myzostomidae i ka lilia kai, a holo kekahi o lākou ma ke kumu a me ka calyx, nā mea ʻē aʻe i pihi pono ʻia i nā pinnulas no ko lākou hale, a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i loko o ke kino. ʻO kekahi mau gastropod i hoʻomaka paha i nā lilia moana. Ma ka ʻaoʻao iki o ke calyx o kekahi crinoid Paleozoic, mau pūlepo o nā mofusks gastropod (platinoderatids) i ʻike ʻia a kokoke loa ka ʻaoʻao o ka estuarine i ka anus o ke kai, aia paha i kuhi ʻia kēia mau gastropod ma nā lilia feces.

Kuhi. 271. Flexibilia subclass: 1 - he kīʻaha Taxocrinus mai Devon me kahi ʻōpū o ka gastropod clam Platyceras (Pl), 2a, b - kahi ʻāpana o ka huina o ke kalapona i wāwahi ʻia e ka parasito misostomids (Annelides), 3.8 - Sagenocrinites (Silur), ʻo ke kīʻaha ka brachial (br) a me nā pā interbrachial (ibr), 4 - Protaxocrinus (waena Ordovician - Silurian), 5-6 - hoʻonui i ka nui kīʻaha ma muli o nā papa brachial, 7 - Ichthyocrinus (Silurian - ʻ Devlelo Devonian), ʻo ke kīʻaha ka komo ʻana o nā papa brachial , (hoʻolālā i nā hua fig 263)

ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻomohalaʻana o nā crinoids. ʻAʻole maopopo ke kumu o nā crinoids. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou ma Cambrian mai kahi kupuna maʻamau me ka dystoids a ʻo ko lākou hoʻomohala pili ʻana me ke ʻano o nā ʻano ʻula o ke kino - nā lima i hoʻolālā ʻia e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka meaʻai. ʻAʻole homologous nā lima i nā brstoli cystoid a me kahi blastoid. I ke keiki mua Ordovician, ʻike ʻia nā inoa o nā subclass: nā kāmera a me ka inadunate, a e hoʻomaka ana mai ka Ordovician waena, kahi subclass o ka flexibilia. Inā nā kahikina ʻelua mau lua i hui pū ʻia i nā kihi, a laila noho ka pūnaʻu Flexibilia i kahi hui liʻiliʻi i ka wā o Paleozoic, e make ana i waena o ka Permian. Nui ka nui a me nā ʻano camerata a me inadunates i ka Deviano a me ka Carboniferous mua.ʻO ka nui o nā camerata e hōʻemi nui i ka hope o ka Carboniferous, a make nā mea hope o kēia subclass i waenakonu o ka Permian. ʻO Inadunates, ma kahi, ʻo Perm e hāʻawi i kahi uila hou a hōʻike ʻia e ke kahele ʻana i kahi ākea ākea. ʻO kekahi o nā subunits o inadunate (enkrinin) i hoʻomau i ka manawa Triassic, akā make pū hoʻi i ka hopena o ka Triassic. Hōʻike nā ʻaha mua o nā subclass articulate i ka Triassic, ma ka Jurassic a me Cretaceous e lilo ana lākou, i waena o lākou me nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā ʻano crinoid stovless. I loko o nā kai i kēia wā, he stalked (75 mau mea) a me nā lāʻau (ʻoi aku ma luna o 500 mau mea he nui) he mau hui wale nō nā pūʻulu nui wale nō, ʻaʻole wale nō ka papa o nā crinids, akā ʻo ka subtype āpau o crinose.

Kuhi. 272. Subclass of Articulata: 1 - Uintacrinus (Late Cretaceous), 2a, b - Marsupites (Late Cretaceous), 3 - Saccocoma (Late Jurassic - Cretaceous), nā papa: iber - interbrachial, along - pentagonal base plate (for the rest of the notation see fig. . 263)

Kāne

Hoʻohui ʻia lākou e ka mua o ke kumu i ka wā ʻōpio (ma ke ʻano pentacrinus). Ma hope o ka metamorphosis, i ka manawa o ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻana mai ka ʻōpū, neʻe ka ʻanū me ke kōkua o cirrhae (nā ʻāpana o ka ʻaoʻao aboral o ke kino), a hiki ke kū aʻe hoʻi i loko o ka wai wai, me ka lima ikaika. ʻIke ʻia nā Antedones ma nā ʻāina paʻakikī o ka wai maʻa (emi iho ma mua o 200 m) ma nā kaiʻai Atlantika a me Pākīpika.

Nā manaʻo

ʻAno ʻano Antedon 14 mau ʻano:

Hoʻōla (Antedon mediterranea) He iwi lili nā mea i ʻike ʻia i loko o ke kai Kūʻai, e noho ana ma waena o nā algae i nā wahi kai i kapa ʻia, i hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻuluku a i lalo paha kahi coral, i kahi hohonu o 220 m mai ka ihu o ka wai. He ʻula ʻulaʻula kona. Hiki i kēia lily moana ke haʻalele i ka lepo a maʻa wale a holo i ke kai ākea, e wikiwiki wikiwiki me nā tent tent.

Lilia Maikaʻi (Crinoidea) (Z. I. Baranova)

ʻO ka inoa o ka papa he kumu Helene a ua unuhi ʻia i loko o Lūkia ke ʻano "like me nā lilia." ʻOiaʻiʻo, he kino kino kino ke ʻano o nā lālā o kēia papa. Hoʻonui ka mea hoʻonani a i ʻole ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻulaʻula o ka hapanui o lākou e hoʻonui hou i kēia ʻano. He pānaʻi maoli lākou i nā māla wai kai. Noho ka lilia moana ma ke kai a me nā kai, i pili ʻia ma nā mea i lalo o ke kai. ʻO kekahi o lākou - Lilia i nā lili - hoʻopau lākou i ko lākou ola āpau i loko o ka moku i hoʻopili ʻia, ke kāohi nei i ko lākou lāʻau. Like - lili pua lopa - ke hoʻololi nei i kahi ola manuahi, lilo i ke kumu a loaʻa iā ia ka hiki ke hōʻoki i ka substrate a kau i nā wahi liʻiliʻi, e neʻe ana i ko lākou mau hihiu e like me nā pua. Eia nō naʻe, i kēlā me kēia mea kūkulu, kahi lili uncempered e hana i kahi kahua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e hōʻike ana i ka kokoke o nā ʻāpana ʻelua o nā lilia moana hou.

Hoʻolālā Ke lilia loa nā lili moana. ʻO kā lākou kino ke ʻano o ke kīʻaha, me ka ʻaoʻao ākea i huli aʻe i luna, kahi mai ke ana o nā cirrus branched, aiʻole nā lima, haʻalele. Ke ʻano nui o nā kukui nā papa no kēia papa, a me ka laulā o nā līlani kai āpau loa i hoʻopili ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o nā kumu.

Hoʻokahi nā lilia i kūpaʻa a me nā lula i kū ʻole ʻia, ʻae ʻole i ka echinoderms ʻē aʻe, ua alakaʻi ʻia me ka waha (waha) i ka ʻaoʻao ma luna, a i ka ʻaoʻao me ka ʻaoʻao, aboral. Loaʻa iā lākou āpau kahi kikoʻā i kālai ʻia nā kaila hāmama, nā ʻāpana o nā papa nui o nā ʻāpana like ʻole a me nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻOiai ke kau ʻia o nā papa skeletal i loko o ka ʻili o ka holoholona, ʻike koke ʻia mai waho mai, e like me ka lilia ma ka pākeke. Ua uhi ʻia ka ʻaoʻao ʻōpū o ka calyx me kahi kiʻi i loaʻa iā ʻelua (calyx monocyclic) a ʻekolu paha (kīʻaha dicyclic) pilinā papa e pili ana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka radii a me interradius a puni ka ʻaoʻao waena (koʻikoʻi) o ke kīʻaha, 5 papa i loko o kēlā me kēia corolla. I nā līlio kai stalked me ke kumu o ka calyx, ʻoi aku ka pololei me kāna paona waena, ua pili ʻia ke ala ma hope, ʻo ia hoʻi e hana e hoʻopili i ka holoholona i ka substrate. Pono e noʻonoʻo i nā ʻāpana o ke hoʻopili ʻana i nā lili o ke kai ma ka substrate he ʻokoʻa. Ma kekahi mau ʻano, hoʻomāhuahua ʻia ka papa o ka hope i loko o ke ʻano o ka pā a waiho ʻia paha, ma ka poʻe ʻē aʻe, e kau mai nā aʻa liʻiliʻi mai ke kumu o ke kūpaʻa, ma ke kolu, nā kaʻina kūpono (cirres) i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o nā apo ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa ma kahi mamao mai kēlā me kēia. I nā līhai lōkō ʻoi, kahi i waiho ʻia ai kahi papa pahu mai ka laka, ka hui pū ʻana me ka papa waena o ka calyx, hoʻopili ʻia ka manawa hoʻonaninani i ka substrate me nā aʻa i pihi ʻia (cirrhas), hoʻopili ʻia me nā ʻili ma ka hope. Hoʻokaʻa ʻia nā cir me nā huika o ka huina o ke calyx, ʻoi aku ka nānā pinepine ʻia i ka lily lūlani Heliometra glacialis, ʻo ka palaki waena o ka calyx e ulu a hana i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka kihi waena, ka mea lawe i nā lua kūikawā no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka cirrus. Ma ka lalo o kēlā me kēia fossa aia kahi hāmeʻa e hele ai ke ʻōpala o ke nerve ma ka cirrus. Hiki i hoʻokahi cirr ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli.

Kuhi. 130. Ke ʻano o ka lilia Heliometra glacialis: A - ke ʻano o ka lilia, B - nā kikoʻī o ka calyx a me kahi ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana, C - ka waha o ka pā o ka lili hou (hoʻonui ʻia). 1 - ke kihi waena o ka calyx, 2 - cirr, 3 - nā wahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka cirr, 4 - mau hihi, 5 - ka māhele mua (vertebra), 6 - ka lua o nā ʻāpana, 7 - pākīwī, 8 - kicked, 9 - waha ka waha, e noho ana me nā papillomas 10 - nā ʻōpio ambulacral, 11 - ka piʻi ʻana o kahi anal, 12 - anus, 13 - saccules, 14 - nā ʻili e alakaʻi ana i nā leʻaleʻa ciliary, 15 - nā papa āpau o ka pālule o ka ʻōpū o ka waha.

Loaʻa i nā lima o nā līlō kai maikaʻi ke kākoʻo o ka huakaʻi, ka mea e kū ana i nā mahele o ke kanaka, a i ʻole vertebrae i kapa ʻia. nā papa kele. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka mea mua o nā papa brachial i hoʻopili ʻia i nā papa radial o ka calyx hope, aia kahi kokoke i ka palena o ka ʻaoʻao waha. Hoʻopili ʻia nā papa skeletal me ke kōkua o nā ʻuhane, e hāʻawi ana i ka hiki a me ka wikiwiki. Kuhi ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻano o ke ʻano o nā hihi i ʻike ʻia mai waho mai i ke ʻano o kahi ākea ākea ākea ma waena o lākou. Eia nō naʻe, ma kekahi mau wahi, ka pili o ka pili o nā papa brachial me ka ʻole o ka ʻōpū, a laila ʻaʻole maopopo ʻia nā palena ma waena o lākou a ʻike ʻia a he puʻu lihilihi nāhelehele. Ua kāhea kēia mau ʻili ʻālehu, a ʻo ka hiki i nā līlani e wāwahi i ko lākou mau hihiu ma lalo o nā kūlana pōʻino, no ka laʻana, me ka mālama wela, ʻike ʻole i ka oxygen, hoʻouka i nā ʻenemi, pili pū me ka nui o ke ʻano o ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i ka vertebrae. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mai 75 a 90% o nā lilia e haki ana i ko lākou mau hihi ma nā szyures syzygal a loaʻa ʻole ka paʻakikī ma nā muscular muscular. Kalani maʻi ʻōpiha (ka haki ʻana) i nā lima he mea maʻamau ka maʻamau i waena o nā lili moana, a ʻo nā hapa i nalowale e hoʻihoʻi hou i nā manawa (me ka hoʻoponopono hou). ʻO ka maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kahi hihi regenerated mai nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe i kekahi mau manawa e kahi kala māmā a me ka liʻiliʻi. E like me ke kānāwai, ua hoʻololi nā syzygal sutures me nā ʻupua pelu a loaʻa ma hope o ka 3-4 vertebrae. Ma kahi kokoke i nā ʻāpana āpau o nā ʻili, kū pono nā lālā ʻaoʻao i ka ʻākau a i ʻole ka hema paha. kuha ʻia, ke komo pū ʻana o nā ʻāpana like ʻole, a i ʻole vertebrae, e kū ana ma ka ʻaoʻao aboral. Hoʻopiʻi kēia mau kaʻa a hāʻawi i nā hihi i kahi hulu hulu. ʻAʻole iki nā lālā o nā līo moana a noho i ka helu ʻelima. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻomaka mai ka lua brachial plate, ua bifurcated lākou, a laila ua lilo lākou i 10, a i pālahalaha paha, a laila hiki i kā lākou helu ke hiki i 200. Ma ka ʻaoʻao waha o ka ʻili, me nā mea āpau āpau, a hiki i ka kipa, hele ma kahi kikoʻī ʻana o ka puʻu ambulacral, e noho ana mau laina ʻelua o nā wāwae ambulacral. I ke kumu o nā hihiu, e hui pū ana kēia mau ʻāpana a hala i ka disc waha o ka calyx, kahi i alakaʻi ʻia ai lākou ma ka radii i ka hāakaʻi waha, aia i ka nui o nā ʻano ma ke kikowaena o ka disc waha. Uhi ʻia o ka ʻōpū waha o ka calyx me nā ʻūpū palupalu a kokoke loa i kahi o nā huika. Hoʻomo ʻia kona ʻili i nā ʻili he nui e alakaʻi i loko o nā ʻili lau ciliary a komo hou i ka lua o ke kino a lawelawe e hoʻopiha i ka ʻōmaʻoma ambulacral me ka wai. ʻO ka wāwae ambulacral e kokoke loa i ka waha e huli i nā pahuhopu kokoke-waha, i lako me nā papillomas paʻakikī. ʻO ka wana mua loa o nā ʻīlio, maʻa ʻole o nā pua, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ai nā ʻaoʻao waha a, e like me ka pūlima waha e kōkua pū me ka ʻai. Aia ka anus ma luna o kahi kiʻekiʻe liʻiliʻi e loaʻa ana i ka nui o nā ʻano lāʻau i loko o kahi o ka interradiuses o ka disk waha, e kokoke kokoke ana i kona ʻaoʻao. Hoʻokahi waha o nā līo kai i loko o ka esophagus, e kahe ana i loko o ka ʻōpū, a laila i loko o nā ʻōpū, hana i hoʻokahi a i ʻole kekahi mau kani.

ʻO nā meaʻai no nā lilia nā mea liʻiliʻi planktonic liʻiliʻi, liʻiliʻi o nā detritus. Ka mua loa o ke ʻano o kā lākou meaʻai i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā ʻano e hānai ai i nā echinoderms. ʻAi maikaʻi lākou i ka ʻai. Hāʻawi ʻia ka meaʻai i ka waha me ke kōkua o nā wāwae ambulacral a ma muli o ke hana ʻana o nā cilia o ka epithelium integumentary o nā kiʻi ambulacral. ʻO ka hana nui ma kēia e mālama ʻia e ka nūpepa i huna ʻia e nā kipi glandular o nā pua. Hoʻopuni ia i nā ʻāpana meaʻai, hana i nā kumulāʻau meaʻai, kahi me nā wai wai i hoʻoiho ʻia e ka cilia, i hoʻouna ʻia i ka waha ma o nā ambulacrams. ʻO ka hana pono o kēia kaʻina hānai e hilinaʻi nui ma ka lōʻihi o nā puʻu. ʻO ka pale aku i nā hihi, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā pua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻai i ka waha. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma loko o ke kai a ka mea i māla ʻia e Metacrinus rotundus, he 56 mau hihi, ʻo ka nui o nā puʻu he 72. ma ma ka 68-hihiu Comantheria grandicalix, hiki i nā pua ke piʻi i ka 100 m.

ʻO kahi pālahalaha nui o nā līlia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ko lākou mau liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pono o ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi pūnaehana hanu kūikawā. ʻO ka hanu Lily aia paha ma o ka ʻili, nā ambulacral wāwae a me ke anus.

ʻO nā holoholona liliʻi kahi holoholona liliu loa. Hiki ke neʻe i nā līlī keʻokeʻo me ko lākou mau lima, aia nā ʻano pālahalaha he nui a ka ʻōpala i nā wahi he nui, ʻoiai nā luna ohana Hiki i ka Antedonidae ke holo liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (a hala i kekahi mau mika ma kahi hoʻokahi). Lūlū anhedone ʻaʻole pinepine pinepine. Inā ʻae ʻia nā kūlana, a laila mau mahina i hiki ai iā lākou ke noho i hoʻokahi wahi, e hoʻopili pū me nā cires. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā līlia ke hoʻolako iā lākou no ka maʻi a nā meaola kino, a hiki i nā parasitisa maoli. No laila, ʻike ʻia ka pehu o ka ʻohana Myzostomidae ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli ma ka lilia, a ʻano ʻē lākou ʻē aʻe: ke kaʻawale wale ʻana kekahi me nā lehele o ka lilia, nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, ma nā alapiʻi, nā alakaʻi kūikawā, kahi i kau ʻia ai, lilo kekahi i nā ʻāpana kūloko maoli.

I waena o nā ʻenemi weliweli loa o nā lili moana e pono ai ke kapa i nā mollusks predatory liʻiliʻi ohana Melanellidae. Ke hoʻoluhi nei i nā līlia, kākā lākou i nā ʻāpana palaha me ko lākou proboscis, hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka palupalu palalulu a hoʻopau i ka ʻai. Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā līlia i kēlā me kēia crustaceans liʻiliʻi e noho i loko o ka huehue 'ana, a i ʻole i ka anal cone, a i ʻole ma ka disk ma waena o ka cirr.

Noho nā līlia a pau. Hoʻokumu nā huahana huahana i nā pinnules kokoke i ka calyx. ʻO ka pinepine loa, hoʻokuʻu nā kāne i ka sperm mua ma o ka wehe ākea kūikawā i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o nā pinnules i ka manawa o ka wā o ka hua o ka huahana reproduction. Hoʻopono kēia i nā ʻaila o ka huaʻī e nā wahine. ʻAʻohe o ka mea hope loa i nā ʻōpoki genital, a lawe ʻia nā hua wai ma ke kaʻe ʻana o nā paia o nā kuki. Hoʻomelike ʻia nā hua o ka hapanui o nā ʻano ma ka wai. ʻO nā larva i hohola ʻia i hana mua ʻia mai kahi hua kanu lobe, kahi ola pōkole ma plankton i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā pili o nā echinoderms ʻē aʻe. Ma hope o 2 a 3 mau lā, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ana i lalo a kau i ka lolo a i kekahi mau mea paʻa, me kona mau mākua. Hoʻopili ʻia ka pili o ka liona ma mua o ka hope, a laila e lilo ana i ka cilia a lilo i ulu ʻole.

Pili ke kino o ka larva i ka lōʻihi a me ke ʻano ma ka ʻōpū a me ka calyx, ma luna o kahi o ka waha. ia cystoid kaʻina hana. ʻAʻole liuliu, wehe ke kīʻaha i kahi alima ʻelima mau lima, ulu nā lima ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka waha, hoʻomau ka laka, e ulu ana ka hoʻopili pili, a lilo ka larva me he wai lāe e lohi ana ma kona ʻōpala. ʻO kahi kahi kēia pentacrinus. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kona inoa ma muli o ka ʻike ʻana i ka wā ma mua, i ka wā i aʻo ʻole ʻia ai ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka liona Atlantony lifle ʻo Antedon bifida, ua lawe ʻia kēlā ʻano hua ʻai no ke ʻano lāʻau lili kūʻokoʻa i kapa ʻia ʻo Pentacrinus europeus. He liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā pentacrinuses - mai 4 mm a i o 1 cm, akā, e hele mai nā puka nui ma nā wai Antarctic anuanu, a hiki i ka 5 cm lōʻihi.

Kuhi. 131. Nā kūlaʻi o ke kai a lili: 1 - ka pahu wai o ka lily kai, 2 - ka lily kai i ke ala cystoid, 3 - ka papa pentacrinus, 4 - kākā i ke kumu kūlohelohe kūloko o ka lili Phrixometrus nutrx me ka pentacrinoids i hoʻomohala i ka pouchod

Hoʻololi hou ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻelua i nā lilia kai hou. Ma nā līkā moana stalked e waiho mau ana i ko lākou ola a pau, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā paukū hou i ka ʻaoʻao calyx. Hoʻonui ka nui i ke kāʻei. Aia ia ka mahele o nā ʻāpana kū hoʻokahi (vertebrae) kahi i kū i luna o kekahi, e like me ka nui o nā peʻa. Ka māhele o ka 'āina, ka hono i nā lūlū a me ke kōkua o nā ʻalā a kālai ʻia i ke kikowaena e nā kahe a nā uaki a me nā iwi ʻē aʻe, e hoʻomohala i nā ʻano cirrus lateral i kū i ka pili o ka moku, ma kahi ʻē aʻe - ma kona kumu wale nō. Ke lilo nei ka lilia i ke kai e like me ka pua. Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o nā līpī o kēia mau lā 75-90 cm, a me nā fossil mau moemoe maoli, a hiki i ka 21 ke lōʻihi m.

Inā ʻaʻole, loaʻa ka ulu ʻana o nā lilia moana pentacrinus. Ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina a me ka hapa, ua hoʻopau iki ko lākou kīʻaha mai ke kuʻi a hoʻololi i kahi ola manu ʻole, a make ka lāʻau.

ʻO nā līlio kai makehewa nā holoholona kahiko loa i waena o nā echinoderms hou, akā ua ʻike ʻia lākou i loko o nā kai i kēia manawa. Loaʻa kā lākou kope mua i ka makahiki 1765 kokoke i ka mokupuni o Martinique (ʻAmelika Atlantika) a ua wehewehe ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo "palm palm". I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano lili ola 75, ʻike ʻia ma nā hohonu hohonu, a hiki i ka 9700 m. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe, makemake ʻia nā līlia moana e makemake i nā wai pāpū, hiki ke loaʻa i ka littoral, no laila, ʻike mua ʻia nā zoologists ma mua o nā meaʻaila. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻōpiopio o ka Caribbean ma ka hopena o ka makahiki XVI. Loaʻa i nā līla kai ola manuahi. I nā kai o kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano he 540 i loaʻa ma nā wahi ʻalā a me nā wai o ka ʻAkau Antartika a me ke Arctic. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka māhele nui o ka hāʻawi ʻana i kēia mau holoholona, ʻo ia nā wahi o ka Palaleka o ka Inia a me ka Pākīpika Moana. ʻO nā līnī āpau āpau he hoʻokahi keahui pūʻia nā lilia (Articulata) a ʻehā huʻaleʻa, ʻEkolu o kēia e hui pū ai i nā pua lilii a hoʻokahi wale nō - stalkless (Comatulida).

I waena o nā lili stalked, nā mākaʻi kaulana loa mokuleleisocrinide (Isocrinida). He lōkihi ka lōʻihi lākou, ʻelima mau ʻaoʻao, e hali ana i nā apo o nā kaila nui ma loko o kona lōʻihi, ʻelima mau ʻāpana ma kēlā me kēia mamao. Nui nā pale o nā līlia, a ua like ko lākou lei i ka pua. Loaʻa mau ʻia kēia līlī ma ka dredging i ka wā i haki ʻia, no laila ʻaʻole mau ka ʻaoʻao o kā lākou pili i ka substrate i kahi lōʻihi. ʻO ka mea i hala aku nei, ua loaʻa ka mau specimens holoʻokoʻa ma nā kelepona telegraph. Ka mea, ua lilo ka lili moana o kēia ʻuʻupu i ka liʻiliʻi i luna o ke kumu o ka laka, i pili i ka papa. Hoʻopili iki ka pili i ka substrate i nā lili, hoʻoneʻe pinepine ka lili a alakaʻi i kahi ala o ke ola hou ʻole ʻia, ʻaʻole hoʻi i hoʻopili ʻia e ka cirrus o ka honi i kahi mea kūpono. Hiki i ke nānā aku i nā lilia i hāpai ʻia mai ka lalo o nā mea i hōʻoki ʻia, kahi i hoʻopuni ai ka cirr kokoke i ka haki i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko, i.e., aia i loko o kahi kūlana.ʻO ka hapanui o nā ʻano o kēia kaona i komo i ka ʻatikala ʻo Metacrinus, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻāina Indo-Malay. Maanei ʻoe e ʻike ai i ka Metacrinus nobilis (Papa 17), e noho ana ma kahi hohonu o 250 m. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka līpili kēia kahi lōmaʻomaʻo keʻokeʻo me kahi lei kukui a ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka ʻulaʻulaʻula.

Ma ka hohonu o 145-400 m mai ke kahakai o Iapana hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻano ʻē aʻe - Metacrinus interruptus. Hoʻopili maʻalahi ia i kekahi mea, me ka mea i cir c i loaʻa i nā pale.

I loko o kā mākou wai e hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai me nā ʻelele o nā ʻōpala o nā lilia i ulu ʻole. mokulelemillericrinide (Millericrinida), hōʻike ʻia e ka nui o nā ʻāpana, nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ʻole, a me ke kumu lāʻau e hoʻopiʻi ana, e lawe ana i nā cirres ma kona kumu. ʻO kēia mau mea, he pono e haʻi mua i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka hohonu hohonu o ka moku ʻo Bathycrinus, helu helu 9 mau mea, i hoʻohele ʻia i ka hohonu hohonu o nā wai a me nā paina.

Ma ka Pakipika Pakipika i ka Mokupuni ʻo Commander Islands ma kahi hohonu o 2840 m Ua loaʻa ʻo Bathycrinus complanatus. ʻO kēia liʻiliʻi, ka hapa kenimika lōʻihi, līlū a lilia e hoʻopili ʻia i ka substrate me nā aʻa pōkole wale nō i loaʻa ma ka waihona o ka huaka. ʻO ke koena o ka huʻa, aia ma ka cirr.

Kuu kokoke loa i nā ʻano o nā ʻaoʻao mua ma Bathycrinus pacificus, loaʻa ma ke kūkulu hema o Iapana ma ka hohonu o 1650 m. ^ E Ha yM. He liʻiliʻi ka nui o kona mau ʻāpana, nā calyx a me nā ʻāpana nā melemele i ke kala (ʻula 22).

ʻO ka nui nā ʻōpiopio o North Atlantic ʻo Bathycrinus kākela. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kona laʻa he 27 cmlelo lima - 3 cm. ^ E Ha yM. Pau ka ʻōpala me nā hua liʻiliʻi ʻoi aʻe e hoʻopili i ka holoholona i ka substrate. Loaʻa ʻia kālai kiʻi lāʻau kokoke i Iceland, Greenland, Norway a me Svalbard i ka hohonu 1350-2800 m.

He laulā nui loa ʻo Rhizocrinus lofotensis i ka moana ʻo Atlantika. Ua pāla kona kaila mai Norewai a hiki i Bay of Biscay ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka ʻaoʻao ʻAkika ʻAi ʻole mai ka mokuahi Davis a hiki i Florida i ka ʻaoʻao komohana. Aniani, ʻoluʻolu lofoten rhizocrinuse halihali ana i kahi poʻo elima mau ʻelima (i kekahi manawa a me 7-beam) poʻo ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka 7-sentimeter kikoʻī, a he ʻāpana nui hoʻi kona mau ka hohonu mai ka 140 a 3 tausani. m. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻopili ia i ka substrate, e like me nā ʻano o mua, me nā aʻa mānoʻi, koʻikoʻi loa.

Kuhi. 132. Nā pua lili moana: 1 - Rhizocrinus lofotensis, 2 - Holopus rangii

Ke ʻano ʻokoʻa iki o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā ʻelele o nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe o ka millericrinids. No ka laʻana, ʻo Proisocrinusruberrimus, no ka ʻohana Apiocrinidae, paʻa i ka ʻāina me kahi waihona maʻalahi o ka laha. Hana ʻia kēia lilia ma ka hohonu o ka 1700 m kokoke i nā mokupuni ʻo Filipina. ʻO kāna hiʻohiʻona hiʻona o ka ʻulaʻula pihi hoʻonani. Aia kekahi manaʻo hoʻohiki i hiki i kēia mau lili ke kahaki a lele i ka papahele no kekahi manawa.

ʻO kahi ala e kū aʻe ana i ke kau ʻana i kahi ʻelele o ke kolu mokuleleLilia i nā lili - Cyrtocrinida. ʻO nā mea ola wale nō o kēia pā nui nui - Holopus rangi - ua ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1837 ma ke kai Caribbean ma kahi hohonu o 180 m. ^ E Ha yM. Mai ka wā mai, aia wale nō ma kahi o nā keneta he iwakālua. ohouloaʻa ma ia wahi like ma ka hohonu o 10 a 180 m. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēia ʻōlaʻi ola ka like me ka kūlike ma kahi lima kūloko o ke kaʻo (Fig. 132, 2). Hoʻopili ʻia ke kumu, a lawe ʻia mai ka pili i ka substrate e ke kumu o ke kīʻaha. Eia kekahi, nā papa āpau o ka calyx, i ʻole kekahi o nā papa o ka lāʻau, a me ka vertebrae mua a me ka lua o ka ʻohana e hui pū a hana i kahi ngongo, ka lalo lalo o ia mea e hoʻonui ana, ka hopu ʻana i ka ʻāpana o ka pōhaku a paʻa pū i ia. No laila, hoʻokomo nā ʻāpana o ke kino a me ka disk o ka lili i loko o ka calyx i ka pipa. E hāmama ka waha i waena o ka disc a hoʻopuni ʻia e nā ʻāpana nui ʻekolu. Pono nā ʻāpana ʻē a pau o nā lilia, ma ka lima hoʻokahi ua nunui lākou ma mua o kekahi, a no ka mea e hoʻopu ʻia ana lākou ma ke ʻano o ka hoka, ua loaʻa ka holoholona i kahi ʻaoʻao. Kicks ma nā lima, ʻaʻole like me nā lilia ʻē aʻe, huli i loko, hele i hope o kēlā me kēia, e hana ana i kahi kaila mau ma hope o kēlā me kēia hihi. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka holopus, e like me nā lili ʻē aʻe, ma nā mea ola planktonic, i hāʻawi ʻia i ka waha ma o nā ʻoni wai i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā pāpaʻi pinhole i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hana a ambulacra cilia.

ʻO Holopus kekahi o nā līlia hou loa. ʻO ka lōʻihi loa o kāna kikoʻī loa e hiki ʻole i ka 6 cm.

ʻO nā 540 a pau nā lilia hiki ʻole ke lilo kūwilicomatulide (Comatulida). Ke alakaʻi nei nā Comatulides i kahi ola manuahi, ʻauʻau lākou a ʻaʻa paha, e mālama mau ana ka waha o ka waha. Inā ʻoe e huli i kekahi o nā comatulides e ka waha i ka substrate, a laila kiʻi koke i ka kūlana kūpono. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā comatulides (koe wale nō no nā ʻelele ohana ʻO Comasteridae) e haki mau i ke kākoʻo a ʻauʻau i kahi manawa pōkole, hōʻoluʻolu me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kekahi a i ʻole nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ka lehulehu o nā Multipath i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o nā ʻāpana a pau nā lima āpau i ka neʻe. E neʻe ana ʻo Comatulides ma kahi o 5 m mau minuke, ke hana nei ma kahi o 100 mau hōʻā, ʻaʻole naʻe lākou e ʻauʻau i ka manawa lōʻihi. ʻO ko lākou ʻauʻau he pulsating ʻano ʻano, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻono lākou me ka hoʻōki, me ka wikiwiki o ka luhi ʻana a hoʻomaha ʻana no kekahi manawa. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ʻaʻole ma mua o 3 mau comatulides ʻauʻau i ka mea hoʻokahi maka mahope iho o ka hoomaha ana e hele hou aku a hiki i ka wa e ike ai i kahi wahi kūpono e hoʻopili ʻia ai. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā Comatulides i ka māka me ke kōkua o nā pōpoki, ka helu, ka helehelena, ka loa, a me ke ʻano ka mea e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā noho o nā ʻano lilia. No ka mea, he komatulids e noho ana ma nā lau silika he lōʻihi, maupaʻa, kokoke nā cirres pololei a hiki ke uhi i nā pā pālahalaha nui o ka lepo a hāʻawi i kahi noho leʻa maikaʻi. Ma ka mea ʻē aʻe, nā līlia e noho ana ma luna o nā pōhaku i hoʻolako ʻia me nā cirres pōkole loa, ikaika paʻa loa e hoʻopuni ana a puni kekahi mau mea paʻa. I ka neʻe ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā lilia, ʻaʻole i komo nā cirres.

Hoʻokahi wale nō nā comatulides e ʻike ʻole i ka mālamalama, e like me Tropiometra carinata. ʻO kahi hapa nui o lākou e makemake i ka noho ʻana i nā wahi polū a pale i ka kū maka aniani.

Inā hoʻohuli ʻia ke ʻano i pili ai nā lilia i ka mālamalama, a laila huli koke lākou i lalo i kona ʻāpana.

ʻO ka ʻohana nui loa o kēia kau wahi ohanaanhedonide (Antedonidae) - huina 130 mau ʻano no 46 genera. Hui ʻia anhedonides mai nā wahi a pau mai littoral a 6,000 m, a he mea maʻamau loa i waho o nā wahi. I waena o lākou, loaʻa nā 10-ray pono nui, aʻo ka ʻōnaehana me ka nui o ka beam he mea maʻamau loa. ʻO ʻAzedon ʻano nui loa a kaulana loa i kēia wā aia ka 7 mau puaʻa ʻEulopa. A kokoke loa kēlā ʻano i kēia mau ʻano a pau kekahi i kekahi i kēlā me ke ʻano o nā hihi, ka lōʻihi a me ka mānoanoa o ka cirr a kiki ʻia.

Ma ke kahakai Atlantika ma kahakai o ʻEnelani, ʻInelani, Farani, Portugal, pololei a hiki i Azores ma ka hohonu o 5 a 450 m Hiki ke loaʻa iā Antedon bifida. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia kēia lilia me nā cirres pōkole loa i nā ʻauamo o nā hīnaʻi, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia no nā hopu kīwī, a ma waho kai ʻo Farani i nā helu he nui i noho ma ka rhizomes a me nā kumu o nā mea i loaʻa i ka wahi iʻa. ʻ varieswili ʻia kona waihoʻoluʻu: me ka hui pū ʻia nā ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula, ka melemele a me ka ʻulaʻula paha, a i kekahi manawa helehelena. Kāpīpī, māmā a hiki ke piʻi i ka 12.5 cm. ^ E Ha yM. He hapa nui lākou a uhaʻi loa i ka pale liʻiliʻi. E like me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui, maʻalahi ka hōʻiliʻili o Antedon bifida i kona mau hihi i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki a i ʻole kahi pilikia. ʻAʻole lawa loa ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi tauira e loaʻa nā lima āpau he 10 i ka palekana holoʻokoʻa, aneane hoʻokahi a hoʻokahi nō paha nā hihi i mea e ola hou ai. Nui ka nui o ka mana o ka anhedon inā e ʻoki ʻia i loko o 2 mau ʻāpana, hoʻonui ʻia kēlā me kēia hapalua i kahi kīwī holoʻokoʻa, a hoʻowalewale ʻia ke kāpili waha ʻia mai ka calyx i kahi hou, me ka waha, ka hamama anal, a me nā alakaʻi alaka. ʻAʻole hele wale ka hoʻoponopono i ka wā ʻoki ʻia nā lima āpau mai ka lilia. I kēia hihia, nalowale ka holoholona i ka hiki ke ʻai a make.

Kuhi. 133. Lilia kai kūhai ʻole Antedon bifida

I ka hānai, hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia ka anhedon e ka cirres i ka substrate a hoʻonui i kona mau lima me nā pinnules e pālahalaha ana i nā kihi ʻākau i nā ʻaoʻao, e hana ana i kahi ʻano o ka pūnaewele. Ua hōʻike ʻia ke ala o ka ʻai ʻana i kēia lili. Gislenom (Gislen T.).

ʻIke ʻia ʻo Gislen ma ka aquarium i nā holoholona Atlantona o North Antedon petasus. Noho ana nā anhedones pōloli me nā ʻūhā kaʻawale, nā pinnulas paʻa a paʻa loa nā wāwae ambulacral pololei. I ka wā i hele aku ai ka meaʻai i loko o ka hale aku, ua lilo ka lilia i lalo: ua maʻamau nā kime ambulacral paʻa, ua hāpū ka waha paʻa, ua kūlou nā wāwae ambulacral i ka ʻala a hoʻolei i ka meaʻai i hāʻule iā lākou. I ka wā i komo a nā pōpiki meaʻai a me nā meaʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi i ka pua, ua hoʻomaka koke lākou i ka hoʻopuni ʻana iā lākou iho me ka limu ʻala e hūnā ʻia e nā puna kelima o ka hē, a me ia, e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka neʻe o ka cilia, ua hoʻouna ʻia lākou ma nā pua i loko o ka waha. Ua manaʻo ʻo Gislen ma ka anhedon disk oral ʻoi aku kekahi neʻe o ka cilia i ka interambulacra, i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao o ka pā. Hāpai kēia ʻano ciliary i nā koena o ka meaʻai i ka palena o ka pā, kahi maiʻa lākou i nalo ai a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i ka pā o nā poke. Ke hōʻike nei i kahi ʻano ʻai e pili ana i ka hui ʻana o ka detritus, plankton a me nā mea ola benthic liʻiliʻi. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Antedon petasus ma kahakai o Noremona, ʻIkana, ʻEnelani ma ka hohonu o 20-325 m. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole e like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe, e waiho pololei ana i nā hua i loko o ka wai, me ka hoʻopono ʻole ʻia iā lākou i nā apo o nā lima, e like me kā lākou, Hikina (Antedon mediterranea) a anhedon adriatic (Antedon adriatica). I loko o nā ʻano ʻelua, ʻo ka hoʻohuli o ka mea i hoʻomaka i ka pūnāwai a i kauwela paha, ma muli o ka mea maʻamau, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā hua i kālai ʻia me ke kōkua ʻana o ka ʻūhā mai nā wahine pinnulas, kahi lākou e pili ana i nā lā 5. ʻO kahi larva i hoʻomohala piha me nā kaula lima ciliary e hoka mai i nā hua.

ʻO nā ʻelele o nā ʻano comatulides e ʻike pinepine ʻia i ka moana Atlantika. No laila, ma ka lepo lepo ma kahi hohonu o kahi o 50 m Ma waho o ke kapakai o ʻEnelani e noho ana ʻo Leptometra celtica, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e kona ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka ʻulaʻula hoʻi a me kona "lōʻihi" aʻi "- nā cirms. ʻO kēlā mau cirres lōʻihi, elongated ma ke apo, e hāʻawi leptometer ka hiki ke noho ma nā ʻāina palupalu, a maloʻo me ka ʻole o ka hāʻule i loko o lākou.

Ma ko mākou kai, he wai maʻamau-wai heliometer (Heliometra glacialis). ʻO kēia līlī melemele lahilahi meleli ke kahe ʻia ʻana i ka hohonu mai 10 a 1300 m ma na kai āpau ma Arctic, ma ke ao Komohana Hikina, a ma ka Moana o Iapana a me Okhotk. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā specimens Far Eastern, ʻo ka lōʻihi o kā lākou hihiu hiki i 35 cm, ma nā wahi e haku ai lākou i nā makika maoli i nā hohonu mai 150 a 600 m.

ʻO nā līlī nui like loa, kokoke loa i kahi heliomika wai-kahi maloʻo, noho i ka Antarctic, no ka laʻana o Florometra antarctica.

Ma waena o nā līlā Antartika he mau hiʻohiʻona e mālama ana i kā lākou hua. Lilia ʻoluʻolu Hoʻokomo nā embryos Phrixometra i nā keʻena brood, a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā embryo i ʻano like ʻole no nā ʻano like ʻole. No laila, aia i nā wahine wahine Phrixometra longipinna, aia nā keʻena brood ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā kiki a ua waiho ʻia nā embryos he nui i loko o lākou, aia a pau kahi ʻano hana hoʻomohala ʻano. Aia ke puka ʻana i nā kaula ciliary, haʻalele lākou i ke kino o ka makuahine a ʻauʻau i ka wai ma mua o ka hala ʻana pentacrine kahua hana. Ma kahi hoʻohālikelike, kahi ʻano Antarctic o ka ʻohana Bathymetridae - ʻo viviparous papahaumaha (Phrixometra nutrix) - nā embryo i loko o ka pou brood a nā makuahine e hele i nā pae āpau a pau, e komo pū ana i ka pentacrine. I nā wahine o kēia ʻano, hiki ke ʻike i ka liʻiliʻi pentacrinushoʻopili ʻia e ka pahu i nā ʻeke a ka pahu i ka pahu. Haʻalele ka ʻōpio i kahi huaʻehā kūkaʻi o kahi komatulidkoi liʻiliʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia.

Palapala 17. echinoderms hou. Nā lilia kai: 1 - Metacrinus nobilis. Holothuria: 3 - Cucumaria japonica, 4 - Trochostoma arcticum. Starfish: 2 - Ceramaster patagonicus, 7 - Asterias forbesi. Nā kiʻina moana: 5 - orbiculus Rotula, 9 - Stylocidaris affinis. Ofiura: 6 - Gorgonocephalus caryt, 8 - Ophiura sarsi

ʻO ke alakaʻi ʻana o ka waiʻauʻai e alakaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ka wahine dimorphism. Lunamakaainana ohana E noho ana ʻo Isometridae i loko o ka wai o Antartika, ʻo ka pinata wahine o ka wahine e lawe ana i nā ʻōpū e hoʻonui i ke ʻano o kahi pahu, ʻoiai ʻo nā kāne ke noho mau lākou. Ma kēia mau ʻōuli e hiki maopopo iā ʻoe ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka wahine, no ka laʻana, kekahi ʻano ʻano ʻano like me Isometra vivipara. I nā pinnulas vaulted nui isometina hua ulu nā hua i hua a hoʻomohala a hiki i nā larva ciliary o nā kaula ciliary. A laila ua haʻalele ka larva i ka lumi brood, akā he pōkole loa ka manawa o kāna ʻauʻau ʻana. Noho koke ʻo ia i ka cirrus o kekahi pākeke, kahi e hele ai i kahi pae hope, pentacrine kahi e hoʻomohala ai.

I ka pilina me ka mālama ʻana i nā hua, ua hoʻohiki loa ʻia ka nui o nā hua i hoʻopiʻi ʻia, no laila, ma nā lāʻau Antarctic Notocrinus virilis, ʻelua a ʻekolu paha nā embryo i hoʻokahi manawa o ka hoʻolālā e loaʻa i nā peke brood. ʻO nā pēpē Brood o kēia ʻano ka ʻano o ke kāʻei e pili ana i ke kumu o ke kolohe. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua i loko o lākou, me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka paia ma waena o ka ovary a me ka pou pou, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo ke ʻano o ka hoʻomaʻū ʻana i nā hua.

Hōʻike pū ʻia nā ʻelele o nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe o ka comatulids no ka mālama like ʻana i nā hua, akā eia naʻe makemake mākou e nānā wale aku i nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa mai ka manaʻo o ko lākou biology a ʻo ka hoʻoiho ʻana.

He nani loa nā lilia ma ko lākou helehelena. ohana Comasteridae. Loaʻa i kēia ʻohana ākea he 100 mau mea pili i 19 genera. I waena o lākou, lanakila nā pepa ākea me nā lima a hiki i ka 20-25 cme noho ana ma na kai o ke kahawai. ʻO kā lākou kāhiko a i ʻole paha e kala i nā ʻano like like o kēia mau holoholona me ka pua (tab. 18-19). ʻOkoʻa nā ʻokoʻa o kēia ʻohana mai nā lilia ola ʻē aʻe ma ka waha o ka disk, a noho ʻo ka ʻumi i kahi kūlana. ʻO kā lāua hiʻohiʻona ʻano ʻē aʻe kekahi o nā kūlohelohe waha. ʻO ka lōʻihi, ka lōʻihi o nā ʻāpana puʻupuʻu, a ma hope, aia i nā ʻaoʻao he mau niho e hāʻawi i nā hakahaka kihi. He maopopo kēia he mea e hopu ai a ʻokiʻoki ana i nā mea liʻiliʻi, akā he nui loa nā nānā o nā hoʻohana ʻana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Ghislen nā mea hoʻonaninani Mahalo i kēlā mau pinnulas, he ala hou lākou e hānai ai. ʻAʻole lākou wale i ka meaʻai e komo wale ana i ka waha ma o lākou mau puʻuwai, akā, ʻaʻole like me nā comatulides ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hopu kino i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi me nā pinnulas serrated a hoʻoneʻe iā lākou i nā kumu alakaʻi. Ua kūpono kēia manaʻo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka ambulacral system i loko o ka comasterids e hoʻemi iki ʻia, a ʻoi aku ka mau manawa o nā ʻōpū ma mua o nā lili tumuhā.

Palapala 18. Echinoderms o nā wai hemo. Mau lilia kai: 1 - Gomatella stelligera, 2 - Pterometra pulcherrima. Holothuria: 4 - Brandtothuria arenicola, 7 - Stichopus chloronotus, 10 - Ludwigothuria atra. Starfish: 5 - Linckia laevigata, 11 - Oreaster nodosus. Kūʻai lau o ke kai: 6 - Heterocentrotus mammillatus, 8 - Colobocentrotus atratus. Ofiuri: 3 - ʻO ka opio ophiotrix, 9 - Ophiomastix annulosa

Loaʻa pinepine nā waena o nā comasterids, nā līlia me nā ʻāʻī lima ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēlā mau lima ma mua (trap) a me hope (pōkole), e hali ana i nā huahana hua. ʻO nā līlia e like, e like me Comatula pectinata, paʻa mau i ka ʻaoʻao i lalo a pākiki i nā mea hoʻopunipuni lōʻihi me nā kime o nā ambulacral i hoʻomohala maikaʻi i ka pae.

Kuhi. 134. Ke kai lile Comatula pectinata (nānā mai ka ʻaoʻao aboral)

ʻAʻole ʻike pinepine ka Comasteride i ka holo ʻana, he luhua nā holoholona. Ua nānā ʻia ko lākou ola e Clark (Clark, H.) ma ka Torres Strait. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka wā e hele mai ana nā comasterids i ka mākeke, ke holo mālie lākou a ikaika i ka ʻōkuʻi ʻana i kekahi mau lima lima a hopu i kahi mea kūpono me nā kihi o nā puʻupuʻu, e hōʻike ʻana i ka mea huna.A laila, ua huki nā lima paʻa lima a kau i ka lily, me ka huki i ka manawa like mai ka substrate me nā lima ʻē aʻe. Hiki i kēia mea pīpī ke hoʻomau mau hola no ka wikiwiki o 40 m i hoʻokahi hola, a hiki i ka lili ke loaʻa kahi wahi kūpono no ka hoʻopiliʻana. Inā hala nā lili i nā lōʻihi o ka lily, ka mea i ʻike ʻia i ka Comatula purpurea, a laila hoʻohana ʻia nā lima lōʻihi i ke kaula a hoʻopili i ka mea, a pōkole - e kinai aku i ka substrate i ka huki ʻana i ke kino -

ʻO ka hapanui, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka hapa nui o nā comasterids i ka lepo e hoʻohana ana i nā cirrhages, akā ma kekahi mau mea e noho ana ma ka one coral, hōʻemi ʻia nā cirrhuse, ka lilo ʻana o ka cone o ke kīʻaha i kahi pentagon flat e waiho kokoke ana i ka mokulele hoʻokahi me nā hihi. ʻO nā līlani e like me, no ka laʻana, Comatula rotolaria, ua māhele ʻia ma nā ʻōpua coral i loko o ka mokupuni ʻo Indo-Malayan e waiho wale ma luna o ke one.

Hiki ke nānā ʻia ka hōʻemi piha ʻana i ka cirr ma ka 190-ray Comathina schlegelli, e noho kokoke ana i nā Mokupuni o Pilipino.

ʻO ka nui o nā hihi i ka multipath comasterids hiki i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka Comatella stelligera i waiho ʻia (Palapala 18), ka mea maʻamau o ka littoral o ka Indo-Malayan Archipelago, mai 12 a 43 mau lā.

ʻAʻole ia he mea kūpono inā ma kekahi mau kai mokulele, ʻo ke kau ʻana o nā huahana hana pili me nā phases o ka mahina. Ua nānā ʻia aia i ka noho ʻana o ka littoral o ke Kepani Hema ʻuslelo komani (Comanthus japonicus) e hānai hua manu i ka makahiki i hoʻokahi hapa ma ka hapa mua o ʻOkakopa, aia ka mahina ma ke kolu mua a i ʻole ka hopena hope. ʻO ka holoi ʻana i nā huahana a nā ahiahi, ʻo nā kāne mua ka mea e hoʻokuʻu i ka sperm, nā mea e hōʻeuʻeu i nā wahine e waiho i nā hua. Huli ʻia nā hua ma ka ʻāʻī ʻana i nā wahi i hoʻokiʻoki ʻia ai nā kīkī, a me nā ʻāpana a pau o ka multipath lilia e hoʻokuʻu i nā huahana huahana i ka manawa like. Hoʻopili ʻia nā hua wai i hoʻopiha ʻia i loko o kahi kinikona, pinepine ʻia me nā ʻano kī he nui, nā pono, a me nā mea hou.

Hiki i nā līlia nani maikaʻi i noho i nā ʻōpala a loaʻa i waena o nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe o nā lilia kākela. He nani maikaʻi loa ka Amphimetra discoidea, mai ka Iapana a hiki i Australia i kahi hohonu o 5-35 m. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēia mea ʻelima o kahi nui ohana ʻO Himerometridae, he helu ma nā ʻano he 50, he 10 mau kulu nunui i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā ʻoniʻoni-melemele, a me Stephanometra spicata (Pepa 19) mai ka ʻohana Marimetridae he 20 mau kuli i ʻala ʻia i nā ʻulaʻula ulaula.

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