Kukulu * Iniseti

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Kukulu - ʻO ia ka larva (keiki) o kahi pōpō me ka pulou. Ma hope o ka 2-3 mau pule, ua lilo ka uka i ka pipi, a huli i ka pupa ma hope o 2 mau pule hou. A laila aiai kahi peleki me nā ʻēheu overgrown. Kūkā ʻia ka ʻili i kahi pest, nui i ka ʻakano. Hoʻokahi kekahi ʻano o ka anuhe i ka ʻili i ka Far East, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i ka silkworm.

ʻO ka kumu o ke ʻano a me ka wehewehe

Aia kahi hapa o 20 nā pua i mua o ka honua, a ua manaʻo ʻia he nui nā mea ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia e like me nā ʻano huaʻai hou o ka ʻālewa a ua loaʻa pinepine i nā wahi kahi i liʻiliʻi iki, inā he kanaka, kū ka kanaka. Ma ke ʻano he laʻana, ʻo ka hapanui o nā kumuwaiwai he mau holoholona ʻoi mahiʻai, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hele ma waena o ka māla, ua haʻalele pinepine i nā lua nui e hōʻino ʻia ai nā mea kanu.

ʻIke maoli nō: Mea ʻona nui kekahi ʻano o nā anuʻu, ʻo ka poʻe nui e noho nei i nā kumu ʻauʻau. He mea ʻona wale nō nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i ke ʻano o ka ʻili, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka manawa i huli ai i loko o nā pōpoki a i ka pipi paha, ʻaʻohe a lākou ʻano ʻona.

Hoʻoikaika i ka ʻai

Hele mai kahi kime mai kahi hua maʻa ma hope o kāna "hatching". Ma hope o kēlā, hele ʻo ia i ke koena o ka meaʻai: nā lau o nā mea kanu, nā lāʻau, nā pua a i ʻole nā hua.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano ʻehā huaʻala:

Polyphages - ke ʻano o kēia mea nānā a "ka mea kūleʻa," kahi o nā ʻohe anu.
ʻAe nā Oligophagous i nā mea kanu o hoʻokahi ʻano.
Hoʻopau nā Monophages i ka pua lāʻau hoʻokahi a i ʻole kekahi lāʻau, no ka mea laʻana, ʻo ka ulia silkworm hoʻopau i nā lau mulberry.
Ua makemake ʻo Xylophages eʻai i nā lāʻau.

Eia kekahi, aia kekahi mau ʻano o nā kukuna e hoʻopau i ka, no ka laʻana, ʻūhā, ka meli, a he ʻāpana make wale nō o nā holoholona nui (nā pu, ka ʻili.

E makaʻala!

Laka loa nā kōpio Shaggy e ʻai i nā wai inu hua, nā mea kanu nectar a me nā mea inikua ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻolālā a me nā hiʻohiʻona

ʻO ka ʻōpū i loaʻa ka ʻōpala, ke poʻo, ka ʻōpū, nā maka, nā wāwae ʻelua a me nā mea hanu. Ma ke poʻo aia kahi pāpale waha me ka nui o nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka ʻina ʻana o ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai. Loaʻa i nā wāwae o nā kuʻekuʻe pili i nā kīpoki kūikawā e pili ana i ka ʻaoʻao o ka lau i kahi o ka ʻaoʻao.

Nui kahi pālahalaha o nā ʻāpana hāleʻa: no ka laʻana, nā ʻōpio uliuli, ka melemele, ke ʻano pink, ka beige a pēlā aku.

Pehea e hiki ai ai i nā ʻae

E kiʻi i kahi wai kūmole i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā maʻi (BTk). Ke makemake nui nei kēia ʻano microorganism i nā koena o nā holoholona make, a ʻo kā lākou hoʻohana i kā lākou māla i ka hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻana o ka ʻeha gastrointestinal o ka ʻōlelo hōʻeuʻeu.

ʻO ka mea nui ka palekana o nā kuʻuna no nā poʻe kolo a me nā holoholona. Hana ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻelua: ka hana mua ma ka hōʻike ʻana o nā hua, ka lua - i ka manawa ua hoʻomaka ka mea nānā i kā lākou ʻano. Hiki ke kūʻai aku i kēia mea hana i nā hale kūʻai loea ma ke ʻano o ka pauka i hoʻoheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai a laila pipiʻi me nā mea kanu.

E hoʻonoho i nā mea hānai i loko o ka māla e hoʻoili i nā manu e luku i nā pōpoki. Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi manawa kūpono a me ka makemake, e lilo ia i hopena maikaʻi e kiʻi i nā moa - e kōkua lākou i ke kolo ʻana i nā kumulāʻau makua e hoʻopuni ʻia nā mea kanu.

Pehea e hana ai me nā ʻaoʻao kāpala

E kōkua kā ke kupuna kāne i ka hakakā ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai i kāpeti: kāpī i hoʻokahi kīpē o ka 9% winika ma loko o ʻeka lita wai.

Hoʻohui me ka wīwī maʻa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ʻelua mau punetēmi o ka ʻoi i kēlā me kēia ʻumi mau wai. Me kēia ʻōmaʻomaʻo e pono ai e inu i ka kāpena mai kahi wai hoʻōla.

Hoʻohālikelike

He ʻōpuni waena nā huaʻai ʻole kahi ala i ka ʻōpala. Ma hope o kēia ʻano, hele a ka ineke i kahi mea nani e komo ana i ka koho ʻana i nā mea kanu.

Eia nō naʻe, kahi kokoke i ka larva i kā lākou pālima ʻāina maikaʻi ʻole, ʻoiai lākou e ʻai i nā mea kanu. ʻO ia ke kumu he mea nui e ʻike i nā lula kumu e pehea e kaʻawa ai i nā hīmeni ma kāu pūnaewele.

ʻŌpū a me ka ʻōpū

ʻO ke kino o ka ulenike, loaʻa iā ia ka ʻoi loa ka pōkole, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka uhi pale pelupane. ʻO nā wahi Sclerotized i kahi o ka prothorax a me ka māhele 10 ʻōpū. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēlā me kēia kukuna i loko o kekahi mau apo o ka lua i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā puʻupaʻu i waho e like ʻole i nā palena maoli o nā ʻāpana.

ʻO ka pronotum (pale anter-thoracic pale) nui ka noho ʻana o ka tergit i ka wā āpau, a ma ka hapa nui o nā kukuna he wahi ʻoka liʻiliʻi, aia ma mua o ka puʻupuʻu (stigma), i kapa ʻia ka pale kaua preigmal, ma luna o kahi e noho ai nā bristles IV, V a me VI. ʻAʻole i hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia ka waena waena a me ka metanotum, a ʻo ka mahele ʻāpana o kā lākou kikowaena mahele i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokaʻawale mau ʻia nā Tergites o nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū i kekahi mau sclerites i pili me ka setae mua a maʻamau i kā lākou helu.

ʻO ka anus ma ka māhele hope ua hoʻopuni ʻia e ka 4 lobes. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia kēia mau pale ʻaia i ka manawa like. ʻO ka mea kiʻekiʻe, ka pahu supraanal e paʻa ana ma luna o ka kuʻuna. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka pahu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa i lalo o ke ʻano o ka limu kaona conical mauʻu, he pahu o nā lihi lateral a i ʻole nā pahu - paraprocts - maʻamau i ulu pū ʻia i waena o nā mākiki a me nā mea i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka nui o nā pohō nui me ka setae i ka hopena.

Kokoke nā kime āpau i nā hui me hoʻokahi stigma i pani ʻia ma ka umauma. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe kekahi mau ʻano e alakaʻi i kahi ala wai. Ua pani ʻia kā lākou mau stigmas, a ua hoʻololi ʻia lākou e nā gache tracheal.

Ke lawe wale nei ka pahu i hoʻokahi stigma hāmeʻa e wehe ana. Aia ka lua o ka ʻōpū i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma waena o ka waena waena a me metothorax. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpū o ka umauma ma mua o nā ʻōpū. ʻO ka ʻōpū i loko o nā ʻāpana 1–8 e lawe ai i ʻewalu mau puʻupuʻu i loaʻa ma lalo o ka stigma thoracic a ʻoi aku paha a i ʻole ia i ka waena o ka māhele o kēia ʻaoʻao a kokoke i kona ʻaoʻao mua. Aia ka stigma o ka māhele 8 ma luna o ke koena o ka ʻōpū ma luna a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o lākou, aʻo ka stigma o ka papa 1st, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e waiho ka palena ma lalo o nā poʻe. Hiki i ke stigma a puni a oval paha i kona helehelena.

Nā Limbs

Kūkulu ʻia ka hapa nui o nā palu he ʻekolu mau wāwae o ka wāwae pectoral (kahi ʻelua ma kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka umauma) a ʻelima mau wāwae o ka ʻōpū wahaheʻe ma luna o ka III - VI a me X mau ʻāpana o ka ʻōpū. ʻO nā wāwae ʻōpū i lawe i nā kī liʻiliʻi ma nā pūʻulu o Lepidoptera ma nā ʻano like ʻole - i ke ʻano o kahi pōʻai, nā lāhuli lōʻihi a i ʻole hoʻi ke kahakaha. ʻElima mau māhele he ʻelima mau māhele: ka pelvis, ka pūʻali koa, ka ʻōpū, ka wāwae haʻahaʻa, a me ka tarsus.

Hoʻololi iki nā wāwae thoracic o nā lau i like me nā wāwae e hele wāwae ana, a ʻo nā wāwae ʻōpū i lawe pinepine i nā hana o ka neʻe. Ma ka hope o ka pectoral paw aia kahi māleka i hoʻoweliweli ʻole ʻia me ka like ʻole. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hope o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, ʻo ke ana, kahi i hoʻihoʻi ʻia a kūleʻa a lawe i kona hopena mamao o ka pā.

Aia kekahi ʻano ʻelua o ke ʻano hoʻokahi:

kona kaawale o kona kaila he wahi i oi a emi ʻole paha ke kaawale a puni me ke aniani o ke kaula, ua pili ka retractor i ke kumu o ke alaloa,
ua emi ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāpana, a ua kau wale nā kaula lā ma ka ʻaoʻao o loko, a kau nā ʻili ma ka ʻaoʻao o waho o ke kūwaho, ma kēia hihia, ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao o ke kūloko, e kūʻē ana i ke kihi e halihali ana i nā mākeke, i kekahi manawa ua sclerotized.

I nā hui like ʻole o nā palu pōkole, nā kuʻuna mai ka ʻaoʻao o ka wāwae i wehewehe ʻia. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o ka anuʻu o nā pīpī, ʻo ka hapa nui o ʻelua wale nō nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū (ma nā VI a me X ka māhele). ʻO ka hopena, neʻe ke kiaʻi o nā pōpoki me he mea lā "hele". ʻO ka inoa Lūkini, a me ka Kelemania (Kelemania Kūpono ) mai ka like o ke neʻe o ka uka me nā neʻe o ka lima o ke kanaka e ana ana i ka lōʻihi o kahi kiko. Ka inoa Latin no ka ʻohana honu Geometridae (mai ka Latinized Greek "surveyor") ua hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou e pili ana me kēia hiʻohiʻona. ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi ka ʻike i ka wāwae o ka pūhaka ma ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā ʻāpana III a me IV i loko o ke ala o kekahi mau scoops (Noctuidae).

Ua wehewehe ʻo kekahi mau ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelima mau wāwae o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. Nā ipo keleNā Micropterigidae) - ʻewalu, megalopygid (Megalopygidae) - ʻehiku (mai II a VII a me X mahelehele), kekahi o nā pua o ka mea minike manu lua (ʻO Stigmella mai ka ʻohana Nepticulidae) - ʻeono (mai ʻEli a hiki i nā māhele VII) ʻelua.

Eia kekahi, hiki i nā wāwae (ʻelua ventral a me ka pectoral) ke hoʻopau iki i ka mining Lepidoptera liʻiliʻi.

ʻO ka wehewehe, hiʻona

ʻO ka uka i ka larva o kekahi pepeke mai ke kauoha a Lepidoptera. ʻEnā ʻē aʻe nā nui o nā alaloa: hiki iā ia mai ka liʻiliʻi a i ka 15cm. ʻO ka pā ʻana i kekahi o lākou he mea hoʻoweliweli. He huahaʻi lākou.

He poʻo, nā umauma a me ka ʻōpū ke kino o ke kukuna. Nui kekahi mau paʻi kuʻekuʻe ma ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū. ʻO ke kino holoʻokoʻa he mau apo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā kiʻi ʻala. Ke huki nei i nā apo, neʻe ka uka a neʻe i nā wāwae

Hūlia ka uka ma kahi stigma. Nui nā mea ma ke kino. He kohu paʻakikī ka poʻo a me ka umauma. ʻO ke koena o ke kino he palupalu, maloʻo. Hoʻokumu ʻia ke poʻo i kekahi mau apo i hoʻohui pū ʻia. Hiki i ke ʻano o ke poʻo ka pōʻai, ʻākoakoa, kumu. Hiki i nā ʻāpana parietal ke alualu i mua a hiki i ke ʻano o nā "pū".

ʻO ke ʻano a me ke kiʻi o nā kuʻina - nā ʻano

ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka lolo, ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai i ke kenekulia a hiki i 12 cm. ʻO ia o ka ʻōpala, ke poʻo, nā maka, nā puʻupuʻu a me nā manamana. Ma ka pahu, ʻike pololei nā ʻāpana o ka thoracic a me ka ʻōpū, a ma luna o kekahi mau wāwae he mau wāwae.

ʻO ke kino o ka uka, kahi o nā ʻāpana i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā pua ʻāʻī. Aia ka anus ma ka ʻōpū, aia kekahi ʻōlaʻi ma ka umauma.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻōpū ma ka umauma he ʻekolu wāwae o nā wāwae, kēlā me kēia a kahi a kahi cawawe - e neʻe ana, e huki ana ka uka a hoʻokuʻu i nā kīkuʻi, a ʻelima pūpū o nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū wahaheʻe, a ma nā kihi o ia mau mākaʻu liʻiliʻi.

Kahu ʻia ke kino "i ka ʻahu a me ka uhi ʻia, hilinaʻi ʻia ma luna o nā ʻano like ʻole, me nā mea e ulu ai ka lauoho, nā lauoho a me nā hana hoʻōla - nā ʻokiʻoki i ke ʻano o nā hōkū, kīwī a kola paha, a me nā lauoho o ka anu i ka ulu a hoʻokahi a i ʻole i nā mea kanu. Nā molikua i mau ʻia i kekahi mau manawa i ko lākou ola.

ʻO ke poʻo he mau wahi ʻeono i hana ʻia i ka capsule. Ma lalo o ke poʻo he foramen occipital, ʻano like me ka puʻuwai, a ma kekahi ʻano o ka ʻohe i nā ʻāpana parietal i pale ʻole ʻia a hoʻokumu ʻia “nā pepeiaohao”. E ulu ana ʻo Antennae ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo.

ʻO ka maka o nā nāhelehe he mau pīpī ka 5-6 - he mau maka maʻalahi, ʻo kēlā me kēia hiʻona o ka lepa hoʻokahi, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kekahi ʻāpana ma kahi o a i ʻole e hoʻopili ʻia i hoʻokahi maka paʻakikī o ʻelima maʻalahi.

ʻO ka waha o ka ʻenehana he kakalā puʻupuʻu, ua ikaika ka iwi i luna - aia kekahi mau heiau kahi e hoʻoheheʻe ai ka ʻikepili a nā lāwau i nā meaʻai.

Aia i loko o ka hāmua waha nā kime kahi e hānai ai i ka ʻona, a ʻo nā ʻōhua lā e hua ai i ka lawena, he ʻano ʻano milo lākou - no laila ua haki ka pulu laumile.

Nā ʻatikala o ke kino a me nā waihona manuʻī

ʻAʻole aneane loa kahi kino o ke kino o ka ulana, ua uhi ʻia me nā ʻano like ʻole i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻokiʻoki, a me nā lauoho a me nā hiʻi o ke kino.

The outgrowths cutily are element sculptural and small cuticle outgrowths: spines, granules, stellate formations, aia paha ke ʻano o nā lauoho liʻiliʻi - hetoid.

ʻOkoʻa nā lauoho, bristles a me kā lākou derivatives i nā mea sculptural i loko o kā lākou kiʻi i ka cuticle a me ka hoʻomohala ma muli o nā cell kūikawā o ka hypodermis. ʻO ke kumu o ka lauoho e hoʻopuni ʻia e ka roller annular, a i ʻole i ka lau i ka lauoho. ʻO ka hui ʻana, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lauoho i loko o nā lauoho maoli a me nā bristles, ʻoi aku ka ikaika. ʻOkoʻa loa nā lauoho ʻokoʻa. I ka nui o nā manawa, hōʻike ʻia lākou e filiorm a i ʻole nā kiko palapala kākohu.

Ke kū i ka puka o ka ʻili o ke kino e hana i ka protrusions o ke ʻili a loaʻa ke ana i loko o ka mea e kamaʻilio pū ana me ke ana o ke kino. Hoʻopili kēia me nā tubercles - nā ʻano like ʻole i pili me ka setae mua. ʻO ka wart ka pukana i uhi ʻia me ka pūlima o nā bristles a i ʻole ka lauoho, he lei sptsical a hoʻonaninani paha, i pālahalaha a me ka oval, ka laulā nui loa, no ka laʻana Lymantriidae. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻolaha nā ʻano kikoʻī i nā spine.

I nā hihia pilikia, nā ʻōlaʻi e alakaʻi nei i kahi ola akuola e hoʻomohala i nā maʻi tracheal ma ke kino. Kuhi maʻa mau lākou ma nā ʻāpana āpau o ke kino (koe wale nō ka prothorax a me ka 10th o ka ʻōpū) i ke ʻano o nā pūliki lima me nā trachea e komo ana i loko o lākou. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Stigma i kēia mau hihia.

Mālima ʻia ka ʻōpala palupalu a kī ʻole ʻia i ka ʻili o ke kino, no laila hiki ke ulu lākou ma waena o nā molts, akā hiki wale nō ke kau ʻia nā ʻāpana cuticle a hoʻopiha i ke kino o ka laumela i ka nui holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻao o waho.

ʻAi ʻia ʻōpū

E hoʻokaʻawale i kahi kukuna makehewa mai kahi "maluhia" kahi e ʻae ai i kahi kala. Hoʻohālikelike ka kala. He ʻokoʻa ka make ʻana o ka uka.

ʻO ka pilina me ia no ke kanaka hiki ke hōʻeha i ka niho, ʻulaʻula o ka ʻili, pōkole o ka hanu, nā ʻeha like ʻole a me nā maʻi hoʻomohala.

Kāleka kāpili. Noho ia ma Mekiko. Wahi a like me kahi hamster. Palapala keʻokeʻo Fluffy 2-3cm lōʻihi. ʻO ka pilina paha e hoʻokā i ka ʻeha o ka umauma, ka pōkole o ka hanu.
ʻO ka ʻōmole hana. He ʻōmole ʻulaʻula: he ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka tua a loaʻa i kahi wahi nui i ka waenakonu. ʻO ke poʻo a me ka hope o ka ʻōpū he brown me nā puʻu ikaika. Aia nā lauoho paʻakikī ma ke kino. I ka pau ʻana o kēia mau lauoho loaʻa i ka ʻā anuʻu ikaika.
Wehe clealea. Noho ia ma Uruguay a me Mozambique. ʻO kahi kukū liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi lōʻihi o 3-4 cm. He ʻano ʻeleʻele a ʻulaʻula hoʻi me nā keʻokeʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā lauoho paʻakikī o ka wai ʻala waiū. Hiki i kāna meaʻala ke hōʻoki i ka wahī, e hōʻeha i nā ʻōpū o nā kino o loko.
Ala a ke kuni. He melemele ke kala nui, he ʻulaʻula a me ke uliuli. ʻO nā pūnaka koʻikoʻi i loaʻa i nā pona. I ka hoʻopili ʻana, ua heʻā nā pōpoki, a i ka uha ka ʻike ma ka ʻili.

ʻO ka hoʻomohala lāʻau

Hiki i ke kūkulu hou ʻana i kona wikiwiki, a hiki ke lele i nā makahiki he mau makahiki. Hāʻoki ʻia mai kahi hua hua, ka mea kanu ma lalo o nā ʻano he nui. ʻO kekahi o lākou e hele pū ana me nā loli nui, molting a me nā metamorphose ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokumu ʻo ka caterp a hiki i nā nui pākeke.

Hoʻopili kekahi mau ʻōiwi i kekahi mau loulou a hoʻololi i ke kala. He mea maʻamau kēia no nā mea i ka silkworm. I ka pau ʻana o kā lākou manawa i ke ola, ke ʻimi nei lākou i kahi e hoʻopaʻa ai a hoʻomākaukau i ko lākou home.

ʻO nā caterpillars molt; molting kekahi o lākou. Wahi a ke ʻano o ka caterpillar, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia 2 a 40 mau manawa. ʻO ka pinepine, i ka wā o kona ola ʻana, ka moliki i ka wā 4-5 mau manawa. ʻO ka moʻo paʻa palapala no ka nui o nā loulou. Hiki iā ia ke kāpili a hiki i ka 40 mau manawa, a hana mau nā wahine i nā manawa pinepine pinepine.

Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona

Kuhi: He aha ke ʻano o ka kukuna?

ʻO nā ʻōpala maʻamau maʻamau:

kahi ʻōmū keʻokeʻo nui (Pieris brassicae), nona nā pākeke i kapa ʻia i nā ʻūpī keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo. Hoʻākoakoa nā ʻōpala i nā mea nui o ka ʻaila mustard i loko o ka meaʻai, a ʻo ko lākou mālamalama, ʻano kino hoʻi e lūlū i nā mea kikoʻī o ko lākou ʻono maikaʻi,
ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi ʻoi aku (Aglais urticae). Loaʻa ka noho pū ʻana me nā ʻōpala, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohui pū i ko lākou mau kino, ka hana ʻana e like me ka nui o nā mea nui nui, e hoʻowalewale ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana. I ka hopena, ua hāhai pono nā pōpoki pilikino i ka pupate. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻike mākaʻi mai Mei a Iune, me nā pākeke ʻoi ʻia ka nui o kēia makahiki.
ka uka honu (Polygonia c-album). Hoʻololi pinepine nā ʻili lāʻau i nā kala i loko o kā lākou papa hulina, akā ʻo ka mea maʻamau ka punahele ʻo nā puna maoli. ʻO ka ʻōpū ʻālei ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele he kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo, hoʻomanaʻo ʻia i ka hāʻule ʻana o kahi manu
He Kila Huki Paʻala (Tyria jacobaeae).Ke ulu aʻe nei a hiki i 28 mm, he mau hiʻohiʻona ʻeleʻele a me nā melemele ke ʻano maʻalahi, a maʻalahi ke hoʻomaopopo, no ka mea, he like ko lākou me nā huʻahu pālule ma luna o lākou,
kaheka kala kālā (Phalera bucephala). ʻO ka hāpī ʻeleʻele a me ka melemele ke lōʻihi i ka 70 mm ka lōʻihi a loaʻa nā lauoho e hoʻonāukiuki i nā kānaka a hana maikaʻi hoʻi i ka pale ʻana i nā mea wīwī.
ka uka o ka pua tuberous pale (Calliteara pudibunda). Hiki i nā kōhiwa ke ulu a hiki i ka 45 mm a hiki i ka piha piha i loko o ʻelua mahina. Kahi ʻia nā bristles ma ke kino o ka pūpū i ʻike ke hōʻeha i ka ʻili o nā kānaka. He huluhulu hina hina nā pākeke me nā comb-like antennae,
Hāpai maple lancet (Acronicta aceris). He hiʻohiʻona o kēia kūlanakauhale, i hiʻohiʻona ʻia e ka hulu ʻulaʻula a me ke koʻi a me ka ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo a me ke keʻokeʻo ma ke kua.
kaheka-laniet-psi (Acronicta psi). Ma hope o ka pau ʻana i ka hua, e lawe ai i hoʻokahi hebedoma e hatch wale nō, ulu ka mea nānā i 40 mm ma kahi o ke kanakolu lā. Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻōleʻa hina mai Iulai a hiki i ʻOkakopa. E hele a ikaika ka pākeke Whitish mai waena o Mei-ʻAukake. Hāʻawi ʻia kā lākou kaila melemele ma ke ʻano he camouflage ma luna o nā mea kanu

E ʻike ʻoe i ke ʻano o ka uka. E ʻike mākou i kahi i loaʻa ai kēia pepeke.

ʻAuhea e noho ai ka uka?

ʻO ke kiʻi: Kūkākūkā i ke ʻano

ʻO 45 mm ka lōʻihi o ka ʻōpū nui a mālama i ka kāpeti, ka lettu a me nā nasturtium no nā hebedoma ʻehā - ʻo ia ke kumu e manaʻo ai ka poʻe mahiʻai a me nā māla lāʻau iā lākou he mea pōpoki. Hoʻopili ʻia nā hua ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā kukuna liʻiliʻi ma nā pūʻulu i nā lāʻau ʻōpala, a ua noho pū kekahi nā kukui uliuli ʻeleʻele a noho i kahi pūnaewele ʻākena maʻamau a ʻai i nā lau kokoke e ulu a hiki i 30 mm ka lōʻihi. Ke ulu nei lākou, huli lākou i nā mea kanu hou a kūkulu i nā ʻupena hou, waiho ka ʻūluna kahiko, nā ʻōpū piha piha.

Nui ka ʻōmua o ka honu i 35 mm a ola i nā hops a me nā ʻupena. Hiki ke loaʻa kēia mau lemi i ka hopena o ʻApelila a hiki i ka hapalua o Kepakemapa, akā ʻo ka pīpī mau mea ikaika i ka makahiki a pau. I nā makahiki 1800, ua ʻike lākou i ka emi ʻana i mea ʻike ʻia, ma muli o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka kanu ʻana i kā lākou punahele punahele, ka hops, akā ua ulu ʻia he ola hou. Kohi ʻia nā pua o ke kaila koko i lalo o ke kahe, ʻaʻole i loko o kahi crysalis ma kahi lāʻau, e like me nā mea ʻai ʻē aʻe. Lele nā makua mai Mei a hiki i ʻAukake. Aia nā hakahaka o nā kānaka o ka "boom a me ka hāʻule" i ka pae kūloko.

Kūleʻa nā kukuna silvery i nā lā 30 a me ka haumana i lalo o ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻōpua molī me kahi hāmeʻa cone mai Iulai a hiki i ʻOkakopa. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā pākeke mai ka hopena o Mei a hiki i Iulai, a e hoʻolālā ʻia ana kā lākou mau hōʻailona me he mea ua wāwahi ʻia ko lākou ʻēheu. Loaʻa nā kōoū o nā māla pale umauma i loaʻa ma nā ʻano lāʻau ākea pākihi a me nā māla, me nā birch a me nā hops. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia lākou mai ka Pōʻakahi a hiki i ka mahina mua o ʻOkakopa, akā i ka hoʻoilo ke ʻike pinepine ʻia lākou i ka wā e holo ana lākou i ka huli ʻana i kahi no ka pupule. Lele mai nā makua mai Iulai a ʻAukake.

Noho ka honu o ka lancet maple ma luna o kahi kumu mokulele, ka nīnū puaʻa, a me nā ʻano kai a me nā papa ʻāina. Loaʻa nā kōmū lāʻau mai Iulai a Setekemapa. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻohiki lākou ma ka ʻāina, i loko o nā ʻōpala e like me ka ʻili a me nā lau hāʻule. Hoʻohana nā poʻeʻelemakule mai ka waena o Iune a hiki i ka mua o ʻAukake.

He aha kahi mea i ulana ai?

Kuhi: Red Caterpillar

ʻO ka hile ka puaʻa, akā kahi ʻē o nā anuʻu a me ka ʻōpala. Hoʻohana ka kukupu i nā ʻenemi e like me nā ʻōpala e inu i nā nectar mai nā pua, he mea ia e hāhai ana i loko o ke kaʻina o ka uka i lilo i pōpō. Pā hānai nui ʻia nā kumulāʻau ma nā lau, nā mea kanu, a me nā mea kanu pua, a me nā lua nui e loaʻa i nā lau nui i ʻike ʻia i ka ʻike ʻana o ka nahe.

ʻIke maoli nō: He kīpeke ʻai maoli ka hua lāʻau - he ʻeke cylindrical no ka lawe ʻana i nā mea kanu. Iloko o nā lā he mau lā a he mau paha i ka wa e neʻe ai ka pipi, e hoʻokipa ʻo ia i kāna momona pono i nā manawa he nui, ʻo ka mea āu e koho ai.

Eia kekahi, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ke kōla kime i kona wā ʻōpio i ka lalo o nā lau, akā e hoʻomaka i ka hānai ma ka ʻaoʻao aʻe e ulu ana. ʻO ke ʻano ʻai o ke kahe puaʻa ʻokoʻa ka mea ʻokoʻa, e hāʻawi ana i kahi hiʻohiʻona i ka pua o nā pua ʻala a lākou e hānai ai. Mālama kēia mau kōpela i nā hui, ka mea nui i ke ao, mai Iulai a hiki i ke kakahiaka ʻo Kepakemapa. Ke nalowale nei nā lau o kahi mea kanu, aia lākou i kekahi manawa i ka cannibalism.

ʻAi ka honu o ka lua silvery i nā lau oak. Ma hope o ka huki ʻana mai ka hua huaʻai, hānai pū nā palule, a waiho wale ʻana i ka wā e ulu ai lākou i nā nui nui. ʻO nā ʻōmole holomua Maple a hiki i 40 mm kona lōʻihi, e hāʻule ana i kekahi manawa mai nā kumulāʻau a lākou e hānai ai. ʻAi ʻia ka nā anuʻu psi i nā ʻano lāʻau ākea me nā kumulāʻau e like me ka hawthorn, ka ʻuala, a me ka pala.

Ua ʻike ʻia he nui nā ʻano o nā kōmona a mālama ʻia i nā mea iniseti like ʻole. ʻO ka hapanui o nā kumulāʻau nā mea kanu a ʻai nui hoʻi i nā lau, ʻoiai e ʻai ana kekahi mau mea kanu ma nā wahi āpau o ka mea kanu, nā ʻuhū a me nā holoholona make, me nā ʻili ʻē aʻe.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me nā ʻano hana

Kuhi: Kiʻi ʻEleʻele

Hiki i nā kōmua ke hoʻohuli mua i ka launa o ka papa, ʻoiai lākou e hoʻololi maoli ana mai nā wavy wavy i loko o nā palu nani, akā ʻaʻole kēia wale nō ke ʻano i hoʻohuli iā lākou. Kūleʻa pinepine ʻia nā ʻōpua i waena o nā mea kanu no ko lākou waihoʻoluʻu, a ʻo ke ʻano ākea like ʻole nā ʻōpala ākea i kahi lālā. E kōkua kēia hiki i nā māka i nā pūpū ke ola a hiki i ka wā piha a hoʻomaka i ka metamorphosis - huli lākou mai kahi pupa i loko o ka lolo.

Hoʻomaka ka ʻano papa me kahi pūlū makua e pā ana i ka ʻili o kahi lāʻau a i ʻole kekahi mea paʻakikī ʻē aʻe, a laila e hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻula e hōʻike i kahi pupa. Hōʻike ka hoʻololi i loko o ka chrysalis i ka manawa hoʻomaka ka laumū i ka wai i loko o ka wai, a he wahi helu wale nō ke hoʻololi i loko o ka pākōkeke pākeke.

Ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hua lāʻau i ka metamorphosis i loko o kahi pōpō, e wehe a kū mai kahi pōpō. ʻAʻole kēia e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa moe a me ka waiho ʻana i nā huaʻai, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kīkī he ola pōkole o kekahi mau pule. Hoʻopau nā hua pipi i ka huaʻai o ka uka, a hoʻomaka hou ke alikoa.

ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻeono nā hoʻololi o ka metamorphic i ke ala o ka ulu o nā pōpoki, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea e hoʻoulu ʻia e ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka hormone molt ecdysone mai ka umauma. ʻO ka hē nui o ka wēne e hūnā ʻia e ka nīhaka endocrine e lohi nei i ka holomua ma o ka wā ʻelemakule: ʻoiai he kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka hormone, mālama ʻo ia i ka hua lāʻau i ka larva.

Eia naʻe, ke emi iho ka mea huna o ka hormone juvenile i ke ʻano o ka wā. Aia wale nō e hāʻule ai ma lalo o kahi pae koʻikoʻi e alakaʻi ana ka molting i ka pupa a me ka pupation. I kēia manawa, hiki i kahi hōʻiliʻili nui o nā meaʻaiʻai, a hiki i nā pākeke, hiki paha ke loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona. Me kahi hāʻule i ka pae o ka hormone juvenile i aneane like ʻole, ua hele ka molt hope i loko o kahi pākeke.

ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻenehana a me ka hana hou

Nā kiʻi: kahi pālua

Ua mākaukau nā Caterpillars e lilo i mau palupele mai ka hānau ʻana. ʻOiai ma ka ʻili liʻiliʻi ʻoi aku ka lula i nā hua liʻiliʻi loa, nā ʻupena o nā pūpū no nā mea maʻi e like me ka antennae, nā pāheu, nā wāwae a me nā maʻi nui. Kāhea ʻia nā discs noʻonoʻo (he kamaʻāina a puni a puni), ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ulu a ulu a no ka ulu ʻana o ka hormone juvenile.

Ke hoʻomau nei ka larva, ka ʻōpala, nā ʻalā a me nā kino ʻē aʻe i loko o ke kino a hoʻomohala, akā paʻa ka ʻala i nā haka. He ʻano ola ka mea ʻoihana a me ka mea hānai, ʻai, hoʻoulu, akā hōʻeha ʻia i ka embryo hoʻomohala ʻana.

I ka hiki ʻana aku i ka nui koʻikoʻi, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka hormone molting, ecdysone. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i kona ʻili i mau manawa i ka pane ʻana i ka ecdysone, i kēlā me kēia manawa i ka wā hou (ʻano), akā mālama ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka juvenile i loko o ka lāʻau, ʻoi aku ka pale o ka holomua hou aʻe a hiki i kona neʻe ʻana i kona piha piha a hoʻomau ʻia ka manaʻo o ka mea hope.

I ka makahiki ʻelima a me ka hope o ka uka, ke hoʻomaka nei nā ʻōpala noʻonoʻo i nā puka mai ka hoʻomaha ikaika a ulu. Ua iho i kēia manawa o ka hormone Juvenile ma lalo o ka paepae, a me ka piʻi aʻe ma hope o ka ecdysone e hoʻoulu i ka hoʻololi i kahi chrysalis. Hoʻomaka ka ʻike kiʻi ʻia ʻana o nā discat i ulu ʻole ʻia. ʻO kēlā me kēia pā i kahi dome concave, a laila lawe i ke ʻano o ke kaila. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke kikowaena o kēlā me kēia pānaʻu e lilo i wāwae - ka ʻāpana o kahi wāwae a i ʻole ka welau o kahi ʻēheu.

ʻO ka hapanui o ka honu puʻu o ka mea i hoʻomohala ʻia i loko o nā ʻano makua i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka pupa. I kēia hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻo ka ʻōpū i loko o ka nui o ka wai momona e hānai i nā disc o ka embryonic i ka wā e hoʻopau ai i ko lākou hoʻomanau ʻana. ʻO ka hāhaʻi hope loa o ka ecdysone e hele ana i waena o kahiʻenehana holomika zero - a hoʻoulu i ka helehelena o nā pākōkeke pākeke no ka hoʻomoe ʻana, ka pālahalaha a me ka waiho ʻana i nā hua manu.

ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā kumulāʻau

Kuhi: He aha ke ʻano o ka kukuna?

Ma muli o ko lākou ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻano kime, ua nui nā ʻano nui o nā holoholona i ʻai i nā lau, akā, ʻo nā manu a me nā mea inikua, ʻo ia nā ʻuna nui o ka ʻōpua. ʻO nā mammals liʻiliʻi a me nā reptile e ʻimi pinepine i nā māka.

ʻAʻole hiki i nā kōlepela ke pakele i nā mea e neʻe ai no ka mea neʻe lohi lākou a ʻaʻohe ʻēheu. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia mea e hilinaʻi nei lākou i ka camouflage i ʻike ʻole ka poʻe preditor iā lākou (ka mea e hāʻawi iā mākou i nā ʻōpala e like me nā lau, nā mea kanu, a me nā mea āpau) a i ʻole lākou e ulu a nani a ʻā, ʻo ia nō ia, ʻo wai ka mea makemake e ʻai paha iā lākou e ʻike he manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole kēia.

Loaʻa nā kōkika i kahi kokoke i nā kūlana ʻino a puni ka honua, e aloha ana i ka nui o kā lākou mea e ʻike ai.

Hoʻopili i nā manu, hoʻopau i ka nā hua lāʻau:

kanaka - ka ʻōpio i ka ʻahaʻaina no ka poʻe ma nā wahi o ka honua e like me Botswana ma Africa hema, a me nā ʻāina o East Asia e like me Kina. I ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, hōʻiliʻili nā uka i kēlā me kēia lā i kēia mau wahi no ka mea o ko lākou waiwai momona nui. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pipi, nā līlī a me nā iʻa, loaʻa i ka mea i loaʻa ka momona a me ka momona,
K kaulana ʻia ʻo Wasps no ka lawe ʻana i nā kumulāʻau i kā lākou mauu e lilo ai i meaʻai na kā lākou keiki. Loaʻa ia nā punpona no ka māla, ʻoiai e huki pinepine lākou i nā kumulāʻau o kēlā me kēia nui o ka nui, e mālama ai iā lākou. Eia nō naʻe, hānai nā kahu manu i ka ʻili i ka puna ma ka manawa mua a me ke kauwela. Ke ulu nei ka manawa, lilo ka nui o ko lākou heluna, a e loli ana kā lākou papaʻai i nā mea ʻē aʻe i nui me ke kō.
He liʻiliʻi nā ladybugs, akā hoʻopuni, ʻōleʻoniʻoni ʻia a ʻalani ʻia hoʻi nā palahalaha e hānai nui ʻia i nā aphids. Hiki i nā Ladybugs ke ʻai i nā mea inikua, keu nā anuhe. No ka mea hoʻopōʻino nā aphids a me nā mea i nā mea kanu, ua hoʻohana nā māla lāʻau i nā ladybugs e hoʻomalu iā lākou. Loaʻa i nā kōmili nā mau a palupalu a me nā ladybugs i loaʻa maikaʻi iā lākou, ʻoiai loa hoʻi i nā mea liʻiliʻi.

Ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana a me nā ʻano

Ma kahi o 10 mau makahiki he kahi e huehue ai ka nui o nā anuʻi i ka nahele. ʻO nā hua lāʻau i ʻike ʻia i ka hopena o Iune a i ka mua o Iulai e ʻai i ka nui o nā hua manu i ka wā e ulu ana. Makemake nā mea ulu lāʻau i ka lau mai ka lāʻau paʻakikī, ʻoi loa mai ka maple gula. Ua hoʻomaka ka laha i kēia manawa i ke kauwela hope loa, i ka manawa i noho ai nā holi pōloli ma waena o nā ululāʻau. Inā ʻoe e hahai i nā kau o mua, pono i kēia hōʻaha ke hala i hoʻokahi makahiki a i ʻelua paha, ʻaʻole ia ma mua o ka ulu ʻana o ka nui.

Ke noi ʻia nei nā hua lāʻau i ka nahele ma kekahi ʻano o nā lele, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo "fly fly," a e ulu ana kona lahui i ka pane ʻana o ka ulu lāʻau lāʻau ma hope o ka wā pōkole. Lawe ʻia nō hoʻi ka nui o ka hua lāʻau ʻōiwi ma ke kino a me ka ʻalā. Hele mai kēia mau maʻi i ke ʻano o nā crystals protein e kū maoli ana i ka lepo a ma ka lau o nā lau. Hoʻopilikia wale lākou i nā kukuna a hiki ke make i ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā kumulāʻau e nā kukuna hoʻokahi o nā ʻano lāʻau maʻamau o ke ʻano. Aia nō he manaʻo no ka nui o nā pecet fecal i hana ʻia e ka pūpiki hāʻawi i nā lāʻau i kahi ʻano o nā kumu o ka nitrogen nitika e ulu nui a me ka nui o kēlā me kēia makahiki ma hope o ka defoliation i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā makahiki ʻole o ka defoliation. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe ʻike ʻike ʻepekema a he data lōʻihi paha i loaʻa ma o ka sampling makahiki, ʻike ʻia nei i kēia lā ka nui o ka anuhe i ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā makahiki i hala.

Kukulu - He holoholona liʻiliʻi kēia ʻaneaua e kūkulu i kahi pulupulu a huli lākou i loko o kahi pōpō a me ka pipi. He ʻumikumamākolu o nā pūmukū he mau pūʻulu kino, me ʻekolu mau pupu pōkole pōkole ma ka umauma a he mau pūʻulu ʻelua ma ka ʻōpū, ʻeono mau maka ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo a me ka antennae pōkole. Mālama ka hānai ʻana i nā lau a i ʻole nā kala ʻulaʻula.

Kāpio

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ʻO kahi ʻano o ka ʻohe i ka mea maʻamau. ʻIke ʻia lākou ma ka ʻāina ʻEulopa o Rūsia. Hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana e ke kino ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o 3-4 centimeters. Loaʻa nā lauohoʻeleʻele a me nā tubclles ma ka ili o ke kino. ʻO kēia inoa no ka mea hiki ke hoʻokuʻi i kēia ʻōpū i loko o ka tī. Eia nō naʻe, hiki iā lākou ke hānai i nā ʻōpala, nā ʻolima, nā ʻōlima a me nā moʻomeheu ʻē aʻe. No kēia kumu, lele nā pīpī i nā pōpilikia Loaʻa ka manawa māla ma kēia mau ʻano he 2-5 mau pule. I hoʻoholo ʻia e nā kūlana o ka wā.

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ʻLelo

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I kekahi ala ʻē aʻe, ua kapa ʻia nā ʻoi ʻo nā mea nūle. ʻO kēia inoa no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā wāwae waha i mua, no laila ke neʻe nei lākou i kahi ʻano kikoʻī. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mākaʻikaʻi e ka ʻulaʻula ʻaha o ke kino, mahalo i ka mea āna e hoʻokele ai e hūnā ma waena o nā mea kanu. Eia nō kekahi, aia ka pūnaehana i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka ʻōnaehana ma o ka mea hiki iā ia i loko o kahi kūlana ākea no kahi manawa lōʻihi. Hoʻohui ka ʻai a nā pōpoki i nā conifers, hazels a me nā foliage currant. Nui loa ke kino o kēia ʻano a ua pena ʻia i nā aniani nani.

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Kahaka’ike

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Loaʻa ia ma ka nahele-steppe zone. Hoʻopau nui loa ʻo Redtail i nā lau o nā mea kanu pua. Hoʻopili ʻia ke kino o kēia ʻelele i nā lauoho hina-hina. I ka pau ʻana o ke kino aia kahi wahi i paʻi ʻia i ka ʻulaʻula ulaula. Hōʻike kēia hōʻailona i ka mea make i ka uka, no laila e hoʻopili ʻia me ka hiki ke alakaʻi i ka pakanika. He pūpū hoʻi ia, no ka mea e luku i nā hua lāʻau. E hoʻomaka ana ke kauwela o Redtail mai Mei a Iune.

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Laulau

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Nui nā ʻano i loko o ka ʻuluʻulu pua. Lala aʻe lākou ma ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me ʻAsia. Loaʻa hoʻi i ʻApelika. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka uka ma kona ʻula maikaʻi, hiki ke hoʻololi. No kēia kumu, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻoi aku ka nani o ka pōpō. I ka mua, ua uhi ʻia ka hunowhou me nā palahala ulaula pōkole, a ma hope o ka manawa e huli i ke kīleʻele me nā kīwī ʻeleʻele a me nā wahi brownish. ʻO ka papaʻai nui, nā kāreti, pāhala, celery a me ka lāʻauʻala.

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Nā makapō Hog

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Loaʻa iā ia ma waena o Rūsia, ma ka palena o Siberia a me ka Far East. Mālama nui ia ma ka birch, poplar a willow leaf. Maʻa ka melemelu ke kino, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā lau. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino kekahi pūnaka nā diagonal manawaleʻa o ke kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ke kala, a i kekahi hana liʻiliʻi i protrudes ma ka huelo.

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Pīlaka puʻe

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Loaʻa ka lāʻau nui o kēia ʻano i kahi lōʻihi o ke kino he 10 kenimika. I ka huina holoʻokoʻa ʻelua ʻano o kēia mau ʻelele: ke ao a me ka pō. Hoʻohana nui ia i nā kumulāʻau hua e like me nā pears, walnuts, plums, apple a me nā cherries.

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I'ōmaʻomaʻo

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Ua pālahalaha aku ia ma nā wahi āpau o Lūkia.ʻO kā lākou helehelena ka like me nā pōpō. Hoʻomaʻewaʻi ʻia ke kino o ka pelepele me ke kīleʻele ʻulaʻula me nā pupu ʻulaʻula ma nā ʻaoʻao. ʻIke pinepine ʻia lākou ma Mei. Hoʻokomo ka mea hoʻonani i kahi pā o nā lau a puni iā ia, kahi e waiho ai ʻo ia i ka hapa nui o ka manawa a hiki i ka hopena o ke kauwela, a laila e waiho a lilo i ʻōpū pōpoki.

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Ma kahi o nā kumulāhi i luna aʻe, he mea ʻole ka weliweli, aia kekahi mau ʻano nui o nā mea ʻona. ʻO nā mea nui:

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Ka ua anuhe moka

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He ʻano like like ʻole ʻo kēia pepeke me kahi holoholona i uhi ʻia ka hulu manu. ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea pono nui. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hui aku iā ia i Mekiko. Aia ma lalo o kahi ʻano o nā hulu manu, i nā mea ʻono a me nā pupu koi, hiki ke aniani a ʻulaʻula paha i ke kala. ʻAʻole lōʻihi ka uka i ka 2 kenimika ma ka lōʻihi. ʻO ka hoʻopili me kēia loiloi e hopena paha i ka hoʻoliihue ʻana o ka ʻili, nā hoʻonui lymph node, ka ʻeha ʻeha, a me ka pōkole o ka hanu.

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ʻApana iʻa

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Kuhi ʻia ke kino o kēia ʻano ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ʻōmaʻomaʻo me nā brown brown i nā kumu. Ma ka waenakonu he wahi kūmole wahi, i hoʻoponopono ʻia me ka keʻokeʻo. Holo aku lākou i ʻAmelika. Ma ke kino he ʻelua mau pūliki ʻelua i lako ʻia me kahi hopena ʻona. Mai kahi inikua me kēia mau pepeiaohao hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa ka ʻehaʻeha koʻikoʻi, nausea a me ka hāmū paha. E mau ana kēia mau maʻi i kekahi mau lā.

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Malau kaole

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ʻO ka hapa pinepine, ʻike ʻia kēia ʻikepili i Mozambique a me Uruguay. Noho nui ia ma ka malu ma lalo o nā kumulāʻau lāʻau. Nui kaulana kēia kōkipili i nā mea i hoʻopono kino ʻia e hōʻuluʻulu ana i kāna kaʻina hana ʻōhua. Aia nā ʻelele o kēia ʻano i ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 7 mau kenimika me kahi ʻāpana ʻala-brown. Ka poʻokūkū o ka maʻi manuahi hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hemorrhage ma ke kahua o kahi aʻalā, nā maʻi o ka ʻalā o ka gastrointestinal, a me ka edema pulmonary a me nā pilikia o ka wahī.

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Kahi helu

He kukulu kēlā me kēia kukū, a ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā lau i like me ke ʻano o nā pōpō. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo nā anuʻi nā mea kanu hakanui, akā hiki ke ʻike i nā mea kaukau. Wahi a ka meaʻai, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea lapaʻau i nā papa papa aʻe.

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Nā Polyphages. ʻAi ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻano anu i ka koina lāʻau. Hōʻike lākou i nā ʻano ʻano like o nā ʻalāha e like me ka barragen waina, ka ʻūke makapō, ka mea like me ka dipper, a me ka ʻona.

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Monopala. ^ E Ha yM. Ua makemake kēia mau anuile i ka lāʻau o nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi, kahi e puka mai ai ko lākou inoa. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā monophages he ʻōpala, nā ʻōpū o ka apu, nā silkworms a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

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Oligophagous. Hoʻokahi wale ʻia ka meaʻai o kēia mau mea hihiu i hoʻokahi ʻano lāʻau e pili ana i kekahi ʻohana a i ʻole kekahi. E like me ke kānāwai, he pōpō paila kēia, ka ʻulu ʻana, polyxena.

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Nā Xylophages. ʻO nā meaʻai o kēia papa he ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano lāʻau lāʻau. He mau ʻōpōpō kēlā mau kumulāʻau, lāʻau, a pēlā aku.

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Kūlike nā ʻili lāʻau i kahi mahele. Noho ka lehulehu o nā ʻano i ka subtropics, a me kekahi - nā ʻāpana ʻākau. I loko o kahi lehulehu o nā kukuna, aia pū kekahi mau ʻelele waiwai nui, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka silkworms. Loaʻa nā kaula siliki mai kā lākou niu.

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Hoʻaiho

ʻO ka pinepine, hiki i ka ʻenekia ke loaʻa ma ka honua, akā he nui nā mākuhi i hoʻomaka e ulu ma lalo o ka wai. No ka laʻana, ua kaʻe ka mea kuʻi Hawaiʻi i ka ʻāina a me ka wai.

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻōpua i ʻelua mau ʻano lāʻau, e like me ke ʻano he mana huna a i ʻole ke ola kūʻokoʻa. Hiki ke ola nā mea kanu anu i kahi ola manuahi ma nā lau o nā mea kanu a nui ka nui. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea lapaʻau i nā ʻano he nui:

Hoʻoloka. Ua hūnā lākou i nā lau lau nahele i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole.
Hoʻopuka. Hoʻokomo ʻia kā lākou wahi noho i nā hua o nā lāʻau,
Na Kihi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa iā lākou wale ma loko o nā kumulāʻau a me nā hua pua,
Hoʻopiʻi. Hoʻokumu kēia mau ʻano i nā neʻe kūikawā i ka naʻau, nā lau a me nā petioles,
Nā ʻāpana Gall. He kaulana lākou no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā māla i ka ulu o nā wahi i hoʻopau ʻia o nā mea kanu.

ʻAuhea e noho ai nā anu?

ʻAʻole ʻae ka kaea hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka uka i ka holo wikiwiki a hoʻololi i ko lākou wahi noho. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, ka mea kanu i noho i ka papa, nā lau, nā mea kanu. Noho kekahi mau holoholona ma lalo o ke kai.

Hoʻokū ʻia nā ʻili ʻino a me nā neʻe hūnā me ke ʻano. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea huna i ka poʻe e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole ma ka papa o ka honua, akā aia i loko o ka ʻōpala, kahi i lalo.

Ua māhele ʻia lākou i nā ʻelele penei:

Hoʻoloka. Noho lākou i ka lau o nā kumulāʻau, e hana ana i ka hale tubular.
Karpofagi. Noho lākou i ka hua o nā mea kanu, nā huaʻai.
Nā Xylophages. Noho lākou i loko o nā kahi lāʻau, ma lalo o ka ʻili.
Noho ka lalo ʻōlohelohe
Noho nā kukuna wai i nā kino wai.
Hoʻopiʻi. Noho lākou i nā aʻa, lau, nā ʻōpū.
E alakaʻi ana nā pōpō kahiki i kahi ola wehe. Noho lākou i ka mea a lākou e ʻai ai: ma nā lau o nā pua, nā mea kanu.

He aha nā mea kanu ʻaʻai?

ʻO ka hānai lāʻau he nui. Makemake lākou i nā lau kanu, nā aʻa, nā pua. Aia kekahi i kā lākou hana i kā lākou mālama a hoʻopaʻa i ka hua ma laila. Kūkulu ʻia kēlā mau pōpilikia. Makemake ia i ka meli. I ka pō, e komo nā ʻiole i ka hive a waiho i nā hua i loko o ka comb. ʻAi ʻia ka palaʻai me ka pala a me ka meli.

Ka laulā ākea, pili loa ka anuhe. I lilo i mea leʻaleʻa, pono ia e loaʻa ka nui. Hiki i ka kahe o ka ʻōpū maʻa ke lau i nā lau a pau i ka hua āpau a ʻaʻole "ʻai ʻia". ʻAʻohe o nā kumu ʻē aʻe e kokoke kokoke ana, komo ʻo ia i ka wā ʻo ia e "pōloli."

Aia pū kekahi hale ʻai exotic na i ka ʻano:

ʻAi ʻia ʻo ka pēpē i ka algae a me nā ʻalā i loko o nā pahu waina a me nā pahu pia.
Noho nā ʻōpū o ka ognevka ma ke kino o kahi makana a ʻai i kona ʻĀlō, e ulu ana ma ka hulu hipa,
ʻAi ʻo Ognevki i ka hale o nā popo o ka popo - pepa,
ʻO nā ʻōpio o nā ʻōpala a me Lycaenidae e ʻai ana i nā ʻalā, aʻo nā ʻōpala e aloha ana i ka wai e hua ai ia, a noho pū.
ʻAi ʻia nā anuʻu mua i nā pūlima liʻiliʻi a me nā mea ʻike ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka hakakā ʻana i nā mea lapaʻau: nā ʻano a me nā ʻano

Hiki i nā kōmala ke hōʻeha i ka hua a kekahi kanaka a ʻai i kāna ʻāina. E mālama i ka hōʻiliʻili, ua hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau ala o ka hakakā.

I kekahi manawa e hoʻohana i nā mea āpau:

ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili o nā ʻaoʻao. I kēlā me kēia lā, ʻohi i ka kolone o nā kukuna, luku i ka pupae a me nā hua.
Nāiila Hoʻokumu ka ʻoihana a me nā botani i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu a hōʻea i nā malihini kipa i makemake ʻole ʻia. Maikaʻi ʻia kēia ʻano ma ka hoʻomaka. Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka uka i ka hoʻomākaukau.
I nā māla a me nā wahi nui, hana nā manu i ka hana. Makemake maoli lākou e ʻai i ka nahe. Ma ke kūkulu ʻana i nā manu manu, hiki iā ʻoe ke hemo a me nā ʻaina ʻole.
Hoʻopilikia i nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu. ʻO nā ʻōpala he tōmato, tabako, chamomile, wormwood, spaces herbs, pateta.

ʻO nā Palapala Pūnaewele Huila

ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, ka hānai huaʻai i ka meaʻai kanu, nā lau, nā pua a me nā hua. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe, nā kōmua, ke makemake i ka papaʻaina o ka pala, ka lole hipa a i ʻole nā mea horny.
Ke kūlohelohe nei, aia nā ʻenehana manuahi e hānai ana i nā hua manu like ʻole, nā aphids, nā hua hulina a me ka pupae o nā popo.
ʻAi koke ka ʻōpala i ka ʻōpū o kāna huaʻehā ma hope o ka hū ʻana, a laila, me nā mamo ʻē a pau e hākē ana i luna.
Ma ka awelika, e pili ana i ka 4000 mau māla e loaʻa ana i ke kino o ka uka, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi o 7 mau manawa hou aku i ke kino o ke kanaka.
ʻO nā mea kanu, e like me nā mea spider, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ke kaula silika. Mai loko mai lākou i ulana ai i ka popo (ʻo nā mea iʻike i nā spider).
Pupilizing, ka uka laukana e ulana i ka popo, ʻo ka pūpuna o ka ʻāpana he siliki kaʻa a hiki i 1,500 mau lōʻihi ka lōʻihi i nā pupu lau nui. ʻO kēia mau wai niu ke ʻoki ʻia e hana ai i ka siliki kūlohelohe.
ʻAʻole ola ka poʻe kīhāpai o nā pōpoki e noho ana i ka mauna ʻākau i kahi manawa e huli ai i loko o kahi chrysalis i hoʻokahi kauwela, ʻo ia ke kumu e koi ʻia ai lākou a hiki i ka hoʻoilo ma hope.
Ma Kanada a me Greenland, aia nā pūnana e ola a hiki i ka huli ʻana i loko o kahi pōpō ma mua o ka makahiki 14, no ka mea ʻaʻohe lākou manawa e hoʻomōla ai i ke kauwela pōkole, pono lākou e hānai no ka hoʻoilo. Eia nō naʻe, he kū i ka mahana a hiki i -70 degere.
Noho nā kōlepa o kekahi mau ʻano i nā anthills, ke hele nei i kahi pilina simbiotic me nā popo. ʻO lākou e hoʻohālikelike i kahi ʻākala olakino, e hūnā ana i ka enzyme kūikawā a kani paha me nā cilia sonic. ʻAlaola ʻoi a pale aku i kēlā ʻohe
Loaʻa i kekahi mau kukuna no ka mea ʻai a lākou e ʻai ai. No laila, ʻaʻole i ʻai nā manu iā lākou, me ka ʻike he mea ʻawaʻawa lākou.
Ma hope koke iho o ka huki ʻana mai kahi hua huaʻai, hoʻomaka ka uka i ka lilo ʻana i ka paona ma o ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea āpau i kūpono no ia no ka ʻai, a i kekahi mau lā lā hoʻonui ka nui o kona mau manawa.
Ma Peru, loaʻa nā kohi ʻokoʻa, nā hana hoʻihoʻi i ka umauma hermit. ʻIke lākou i nā mea kūpono, e like me ka ʻaoʻao maloʻo i kāwili ʻia i loko o kahi pālākiō, a hoʻohana lākou iā lākou me he pūpū no ko lākou pale.
ʻO ka nui o nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o 2 mm, a no ka nui ka hiki ʻana o 12 cm.
Ke ulu nui nā māla, ua milo lākou i kekahi mau manawa, e hoʻokolo ana i ka mea kahiko, ua lilo i mea paʻa i ka ulu a ulu hou.
He 6 mau maka nā mea kanu, a i ka hapa nui o nā ʻano, he ʻelima o kēia e hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma kahi lālani, a ʻeono ke ono e kū aʻe ma luna o lākou, i ke kikowaena.
I nā ʻōlima a pau, i piha keono o nā ʻāpana, hui ʻia.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo i ka foramen occipital, aia i ka hapa nui i ke ʻano o ka hōʻailona naʻau.
ʻO nā ʻano kukuna a pau ka hele ʻana ma ke ʻano o ka pupule ma mua o ka huli ʻana i loko o ka lolo.
ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā ʻōmole i ka ʻūmū, kahi a lākou e huli ai.
Hana nā ʻanā o nā lau, i like me nā poʻe like ʻole, e hana i ka hana ma kahi ʻālio no ko lākou kino. Ke nānā nei lākou me nā pōpeku liʻiliʻi me ka ea, ma o ke kahe o ke koko ma o ke kū ʻana o nā musc.

ʻKini mīkini

ʻO ka ʻili hoʻoilo e loaʻa ai kahi papilla a me nā ʻihi. ʻO ka paila kapila he tube, ʻo ka pā o luna e ʻike pinepine ai ma mua o ka ʻaoʻao o lalo, ʻaʻole i kūpono ka nihi o ka hopena. ʻO nā kihi o ka papila kūleʻa i ʻōkuhi ʻia i kekahi manawa e kahi poli. The silk excretory duct e kahe ana i ka papilla spinning e wehe ana ma kona hopena mamao. I nā hihia ʻaʻole loa, e like Nā Microplerygidae a me kekahi mau poʻe miniona, ua maopopo ka nūhou ʻole.

Kahi ʻia ka ʻōiwi ʻehā a me ka lōʻihi i nā ʻelele o nā hui like ʻole. Aia kahi pilina ma waena o ka hoʻolālā o ka papila i ka ʻoi a me ka hana silk i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻenemi. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā Caterpillars i ko lākou neʻe ʻana, no ka laʻana Hepialidae a nui loa Nā Microfrenatahe ipiliki ka lōʻihi, ka manamana a me ka cylindrical papila. Ma kahi ʻē aʻe, loaʻa ka papila pōkole pōkole a me ka ʻūlū wale nō i loaʻa i nā lau i ʻike ʻole i ka ulana i nā niu a i ʻole ka pau ʻana o ka hana silika, he mea hoʻohālike no ka brazhnik, he nui nā mākela a me nā miners.

I ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā siliki silk, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona. I nā lā 4 hope loa o ke ola o ka anuhe, ʻoiai e hānai ana ana, ke ulu koke nei ke kīpē a hiki i kona paona nui i ka manawa pōkole. I kahi lā ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ulana popo, hoʻemi nui ke kaumaha o ka umauma, a laila hoʻomau mau i lalo, a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka lau niu i ka lau. ʻO nā ʻili e hana ai i nā siliki i synthesize ia, ʻike ʻia ma muli o nā mea i hōʻiliʻili ʻia. I loko o nā silkworms oak, ʻo ka ulana ʻaila ka mea hilinaʻi i ka humuhū o nā ea e hoʻopuni ana - no laila i kahi lewa me ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole i ulana nā uka i ka popo.

ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona a me ka hoʻonohonohoʻana o ka siliki

Kūkulu ʻia ka siliki e nā protein - fibroin (75%) a me sericin, ka mea e hoʻopihapiha ai i ka papakū o ka pae siliki. Ua huna ʻia ʻo Fibroin e ka hope, a me sericin e ka waena waena o ka pūpū. He ʻokoʻa loa kēia mau ʻōmaʻomaʻo mai kekahi i kekahi i kā lākou hoʻohui amino acid. ʻOkoʻa ka Sericin i ka fibroin ma ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka glycocol, alanine a me tyrosine i loko o kāna hana a me ka nui o nā makana o ka serine a me nā diamino acid. ʻO ka silk i ka silika ma luna e uhi ʻia me kahi pellicle o ke aila, i loko o nā mea hoʻohui like me ka cuticulin.

Nā kinikona silk i hūnā ʻia e nā lāhui ʻano like ʻole o ka silkworm e like me ka ʻano like ʻole o ke ʻano kemika. Nā kinipiki silika Antheraea mylitta a Samia cynthia waiho i ka glycocol liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā lau silkworm silkworm. ʻAʻole e loaʻa nā pulu silk o nā Oeceticus platensis mussel i ka tyrosine.

Ka waikawa loea (40%) kahi mahele o ke kahehi ʻana o nā kelepona manuahi harpy nuimai kahi a lākou i ulana ai i ka popo ikaika.

Hōʻailona kākā

Haʻalele ka ʻili siliki i ka wehe o kekahi o nā kalima o ka limu o ka uka, hele ma ka maʻamau excretory maʻamau o kēia kaomi. Ma hope o kēlā, hele ʻo ia ma ka "paahana kīwaha", e hoʻomoʻa nei iā ia a hāʻawi i ke ʻano o kahi lipine. ʻOiai e hūnā ʻia nā ʻōhua ʻelua e nā kelepa ʻelua e hele i ka punawai maʻamau o ka excretory, ʻo nā mea hou aʻe e kuhi nei i kahi pūlehu e hoʻokūkū mau iā lāua. ʻAkahi ke ʻano o ka hana paʻa ʻana o ka siliki. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole lawe ʻia kēia kaʻina e ka holoi ʻana, ʻoiai ke kū nei ke kaʻina paʻa ʻana ma ka wai. I loko o ka lihilana o ka uka, ua uhi ʻia ke kilika me ka wai a hana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa colloidal. ʻO ka loli i loko o nā kaʻe me nā molekuhi oriented e hele ana ma o ke kaʻe ʻana i ke ala o nā koina longitudinal a me ka hoʻokaumaha i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka loulou.

Ke noho maʻamau

ʻO ke kai ʻoi ka nui o nā ʻōmua he ala ākea o ke ola, akā he mau ʻōpū ākea o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻohana.Pyraustidae) ola ma lalo o ka wai, a ma kahi o ke ahi kai i lalo ʻO ka epenterella Acentria noho ka wahine hona manu ʻole ma lalo o ka wai. Nui mau ʻano anuu o nā moʻi mokupuni ʻo Hawaiʻi Hyposmocoma he wahine lākou i hiki ai ke noho i lalo o ka wai a ma ka ʻāina. Wahi a ke ʻano o ke ola, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea lapaʻau i ʻelua ʻāpana nui.

Kau nā ʻōlaʻi i ke ola manuahi, e hūmū mau ana i nā mea kanu hānai.
nā māka e alakaʻi nei i kahi ʻano huna.

ʻO nā ʻāhā o ka diurnal, a i ʻole ʻulu ka hui i ka pulu, nā ʻula manu, a me nā ʻoni nui ʻē aʻe ʻo Lepidoptera e noho malū nei i nā mea kanu fodder. Hāpai ʻia nā anuʻu o nā ʻohana he mau Lepidoptera Lepidoptera i ke ʻano huna huna: ma ka lepo, ke ʻū, a me nā ʻano honi (pinepine i nā pili silken), i loko o nā mea kanu kīkē, nā lau o nā kihi, nā hua a me nā hua, e hana ana i nā ʻano like ʻole e pili ana i nā ʻōpala puaʻa. luan i kēiaPsychidae), akā, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā uhi i kēlā me kēia mea. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua kanu ʻoiai he nui nā mea kanu i ka wai, e hānai ana i nā mea kanu aku.

Hiki i nā māla āpau ke hana i ka siliki. Hoʻohana ka hapanui iā ia e hoʻopili i ka substrate i ka neʻe ʻana. Kolo kahi anuhele ma ka mea kanu a lepo paha e waiho i kahi ala siliki maʻa ma hope o ia. Inā hāʻule ʻo ia mai kahi lālā, e noho mau ia ma ke kaula siliki. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā lua ʻohana o nā pōkoki a me nā mea māmā i nā ʻoneki (nā ʻāpana silk) mai nā siliki. ʻO nā poʻe a pau i ʻike i ka pōʻino i loaʻa i ka pūliki o nā molika maoli i ka hulu manu a i ʻole nā huahana hulu hipa, ʻike ʻia nā neʻe siliki i loko o ka undercoat a i ʻole ma ka papa o nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Hoʻohana nā Bagger a me kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe i ke kaula siliki ma ke kumu no ka hana ʻana i kahi hihia kelepona. Hoʻokumu nā ʻōpala i nā ʻōpala ermine a me kekahi corydalis i nā makika silk i nā mea kanu fodder. I kekahi mau ʻohana, no ka laʻana, i nā ʻuā, nā ʻukukū a me nā silky maoli maoli, e hana ʻia kahi kōpona i kahi kulu siliki ma mua o ka hoʻoheʻe ʻana i kahi pupa.

Nā Moho

Hōʻailona ka ʻano o nā anuʻu i ka ʻili o nā pōpoki, a loaʻa ia inā loaʻa kahi helu nui, ka nele o ka ʻai, a me nā mea momona. Ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻelele keiki ʻōpiopio i ke ola ʻana o kekahi hapa o ka heluna a hiki i ka hopena maikaʻiʻole o ka abiotic a me nā mea biotic. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa, e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana, nā mākiki i nā silkwormsThaumetopoeidae), ka loaʻa ʻana o ka manawa o ka neʻe i nā wahi hānai hou, ka ʻohi ʻana i nā kaiāulu ma ke ʻano o nā kolamu lōʻihi a i ʻole nā kaʻina hana, ʻo ia ke kumu i loaʻa ai kēia inoa.

Parasites a me nā parasitoids

I waena o kēia mau lolo, he pono ke nānā i kekahi mau ʻano o nā fungi, no ka laʻana, nā Cordyceps sinensis a me nā poʻe luna o nā ʻano geny Cordyceps, ʻo ia hoʻi he unicellular, no ka laʻana, ka microsporidia o ka genera Thelohania a me Plistophora. Nui ka nui o nā meaolaola e ulu ana ma ka ʻohi o nā kōpili, akā, ʻaʻole ia he mau palaka maoli, ʻoiai, ma muli o kā lākou hana koʻikoʻi e hana i ka mea hoʻokalakupua a lilo paha ka mea hiki ke hānau hou. Ua kālai ʻia ka inoa i ka ʻepekema no nā ʻelele o kahi hui i loaʻa i ke ʻano o ka pilina pili ola me nā parasitoids. Hoʻolāʻau ʻia nā kōpili i ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana e nā parasito, larval-pupal parasito.

Nui nā ʻelemaka o nā pulima (Braconidae), kekahi o nā ʻohana o ka holo lio, ʻo ka parasitize i nā ʻuʻā. E like me ka hapa nui o nā mea holo ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā braconids i hoʻomoe i kā lākou hua ma ka lawe manuahi i nā ʻili, aia kekahi i mua i ka hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻia o ka mea pepehi, ʻokoʻa a ʻokoʻa paha. ʻO kēia ka mea i hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole e hūnā i ka mea hoʻokūkū, a koi ʻia e kiʻi a loaʻa i nā ʻōpua me kā lākou ovipositor lōʻihi, no ka laʻana, ma lalo o nā kumulāʻau lāʻau. Pale ka lōʻihi a i ʻole hiki ke loli, e like me ke kānāwai, mai ka nui o nā toxin i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka kai holo kino i loko o ka puʻukaua.

ʻO nā mea braconid ka mea nui loa ma Rūsia Apanteles glomeratus - ke kanaka nui o nā kīʻaha, Habrobracon juglandis - kahi palaʻa o ka palaoa palaoa, Apanteles solitarius a Meteorus versicolor - nā lolo o ka weevil wili. Hoʻokomo nā pulima o ke ʻano Nā Microgaster pipiha lākou i nā pua ʻo kāpeti (Pieris brassicae), kahi ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ka ʻōpala, ua pā ʻia e nā lālā o kekahi ʻohana ʻē aʻe - pteromalidae (Pteromalidae) - Pteromalus puparum.

ʻO ka ichneumonids wahine (Ichneumonidae) mai ke kauoha hymenopteran, nā mea pili i ka larval a me nā hua manu-larval, e waiho ana i kā lākou hua ma lalo o nā ʻala o nā lau a i ʻole pololei. I ka hopena hope loa, komo lākou i ka huluhulu. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio i ka hemolymph, a ma ka hana hope o kā lākou hoʻomohala ʻana, huli lākou i ka hānai i nā ʻili a me nā kino o loko o ka honu. Hana ka pupili i ke kino o ka uka a i ʻole.

ʻO Diptera, kaʻo tachins, a ʻo nā hedgehog (Tachinidae) ka mea huʻipiʻi pū kekahi. Hoʻokomo ʻo ka wahine i nā hua a i ʻole nā ulia, inā ka hānau hānau, pololei ma ka uka. Hiki i nā ʻano manu hedgehog ke waiho i nā hua i nā lau o nā mea kanu ʻai i nā uka. I loko o nā kumuwaiwai i ʻai pū me lākou i nā hua manu, puka ke aniani i ka digestive tract o ke kaʻi, mai kahi ʻino lākou i hōʻea ai i ka lua o ke kino. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka pupule i loko o ka chrysalide, a i ʻole heʻe ua make ka ʻōpū, i ka lepo.

Nā hōʻailona hōʻailona

I kekahi mau ʻano he nui, ola nā uka i loko o kahi anthills, aia i kahi pilina simbiotic me nā ʻiʻoma, no ka hoʻohālike ʻana Myrmica .

Kūpono kokoke i ka hapalua o nā ʻano āpau o Lycaenidae (Lycaenidae) kekahi mea pili i ka pōloli o kā lākou ulu ʻana me nā popo.

ʻO nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻolua a me nā kukuna a Lycaenidae i ko lākou ʻano pae mai ke koho ʻana e koi i ke kuleana, a mai ke kūkaʻi like a parasitism. He mea paʻakikī o nā kukuna ʻo Lycaenidae e hoʻohua ai i nā hōʻailona me ka hōʻailona a me nā acoustic e pale ai i ke ʻano o nā popo. Mālama lākou i ka wai wai mai ka dorsal nectariferous gland e huki ana i nā ʻolā. ʻO ka ʻōpala, me ka manaʻo ʻana i kēia okana me ko lākou antennae, e hoʻolilo i ka anuhe i mea e hoʻokuʻu hou ai i nā kahe, ka mea e loaʻa ai nā pheromones, lichnevmona, ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano o nā ʻokala. ʻO kekahi mau anuhe o ka lycaenidae a me nā rhyodinides he mau ʻoniʻoni pū maikaʻi e hoʻopili ʻia i ke ʻano o nā ʻōpio - aia wale nō nā mea ulu wale nō i ke kino o ka uka, ʻo kekahi - me kahi cilium sonic, me ka pupule ʻole o kahi nectariferous gland. ʻO nā ʻano āpau o myrmecophilic lycaenidae kahi paʻa i ka anthills meadow. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau ʻano, ʻo Lycaenidae alcone (Nā ʻōlelo Maculinea), nā wahine o ka lālani e kau hua i nā pua o nā mea kanu o ka ʻohana male.Gentiana) Hoʻokumu ka hapanui o nā lycaenidae i loko o nā nu o nā mea ʻehā wale nō, akā loaʻa nā uka o ka Lycaenidae alcidae i loko o nā nu o nā ʻoka o nā ʻano like ʻole, ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o kā lākou manamana.

Hoʻokapu ʻia nā hua lāʻau o nā miners ʻO ka phyllonorycter blancardella noho i ka simbiosis me nā huakini e huna huna i nā cytokines, ua hoʻoulu kēia mau hormones i ka hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea kanu sel, e hoʻolōʻihi ana i ka photosynthesis, a me ka hopena "nā mokupuni" i hoʻihoʻi e ola i ka hoʻoilo.

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