Tuna - he genus o ke kula, carnivorous, mackerel iʻa. Ua hana ʻo ia i ke kuleana o ka mea make i nā manawa prehistoric: nā kaha kiʻi, i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻaoʻao o ka tuna.

No ka wā lōʻihi, ma ke ʻano he kumuwaiwai meaʻai, aia ʻo Tuna ma nā ʻaoʻao. I ka hiki ʻana mai o ka hiʻohiʻona no nā kīʻaha iʻa a Iapana, ua lilo ke kaila i nā ʻāina a pau. Ua ulu i ka wehe ʻana o ka tuna i nā manawa he nui, ua lilo i mea ʻoihana ikaika.

ʻO ka wehewehe a me nā hiʻohiʻona

Hoʻokomo ʻo Tuna i ka ʻohana mackerel. ʻO kā lākou helehelena ka mea like me ke ʻano maʻamau o ka mackerel. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona ākea o ke kino a me nā hoʻohālikelike e hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe o ka iʻa. Ua ʻōlelo nā kānaka ʻepekema he hiki i ka ʻuna ke neʻe i lalo o ka wai ma ka wikiwiki o 75 km mau hola a he 40.5 mau kākā. Akā ʻaʻole kēia ka palena. I ka holo ʻana o ka mea i ʻai ʻia, hiki i ka bluefin tuna ke wikiwiki i kahi mea kupaianaha ʻo 90 km i kēlā me kēia hola.

ʻO ke ʻano o ke kino e like me nā ellated, elongated, i kuhikuhi ʻia i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua. ʻO ka ʻāpana kea ke ʻano oval loloa. Ma ka ʻaoʻao aʻe, kau nā lua i kekahi ma hope. Nui ka mea mua me nā hihi e iho ana i ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka lua ke pōkole, lōʻihi, curved e like me ka lāʻau maʻi. He paʻakikī nā lua o nā ʻāpana.

ʻO ka moʻo nui o ka tuna ka lua caudal. He kaulike ia, me nā palahalaha ākea e like me nā ʻēheu o kahi mokulele holoʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe. Ma ke kua a me ke kino o nā kino uneveloped formations. ʻO ia kekahi mau līlū ʻē aʻe ʻole he mau ʻāpana a me nā membrane. Hiki iā lākou mai 7 a 10 mau ʻāpana.

ʻĀnō ka waiho ʻana o ke ʻano peluna. Paʻeleʻele ka ʻaoʻao, he māmā ke kapa, ʻokoʻa keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka gamut ākea ākea a me ka kala o nā pua i hilinaʻi i ka noho a me ke ʻano o ka iʻa. ʻO ka inoa maʻamau no ka hapanui o nā ʻano tuna ka pili me ke kala o ke kino, ka nui a me nā kala o nā pua.

ʻO ka hanu, pono ka neʻe ʻana o ka tuna. Ke huki nei e ka hope caudal, ka loiloi o ka ʻenekekua i mua o ka ʻōpū, hana a paʻa i nā uhi ʻo gill: ua wehe lākou. Holo ka wai ma ka waha hāmama. Ua holoi ʻo ia i nā hōʻola. Lawe ke kōpula Gill i ka oxygen mai ka wai a hāʻawi i nā capillaries. ʻO ka hopena, hanu ka tuna. Kū i kahi ka tuna i pani koke ai i ka hanu.

Tuna - iʻa iʻa koko. He hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa lākou. ʻAʻole e like me nā iʻa ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻokō i ke koko make koko, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻāla i ko lākou kino kino. Ma ka hohonu o 1 km, e piʻi nui ke kai a hiki i 5 ° C. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā io a me nā kino o loko o nā kaila bluefin ma kēia wahi - ma luna o 20 ° C.

Mālama i ka hoʻonaninani o nā mea mahana a hoʻāʻo ʻia ka homoyothermal hiki iā ia ke mālama i ka mahana o nā muso a me nā iwi a pau i kokoke pinepine, e like me ka mahana o ka honua o waho. Hoʻokomo kēia mau holoholona i nā momi a me nā manu āpau.

ʻO nā mea kuʻi maloʻo nā Pisces. Kahe ko lākou koko i nā kapilaries, ka mea e kahe ana i nā hōʻiliʻili a komo i nā mea i komo i ke kumukūʻai, e loaʻa ai ka hanu ʻana. Hāʻawi ke koko i ka ʻaila hoʻoneʻe pono ʻole a hoʻomomi ʻia me ka oxygen e pono ai ma o nā pā o nā capillaries. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomaha ke koko i ka mahana o ka wai.

ʻO ia, ʻaʻole mau ka iʻa i ka wela e hua ʻia e ka hana mus. Ua hoʻoponopono ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka tuna i ka nalowale wela ʻole. He ʻano hiʻohiʻona ka ʻōnaehana koko o kēia mau iʻa. ʻO ka mea mua, he nui nā moku liʻiliʻi ʻo tuna. ʻO ka lua, hiki i nā veins a me nā ʻili ke hoʻopili i kahi pūnaewele i hoʻopili ʻia, pili maoli ʻia kekahi me kekahi. Hoʻokumu lākou i kahi mea e like me ka heat exchanger.

ʻO ke koko Venous, hoʻomehana ʻia e nā hana hana, ke hoʻōla i nā mea wela e hoʻōla ai i ke koko e holo ana ma waena o nā huawai. Ka mea, e mālama i ka kino o ka iʻa me ka oxygen a me ka wela, e hoʻomaka ana e hana ʻoi aku ka ikaika. Ua kū ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ke kino. ʻO kēia ka hana o ka tuna i kahi mea lawela holomua a me ka mea hoʻoilo lanakila.

Ka mea paionia o ka hana e mālama i ke ʻano kino o nā kino (nā ʻenekine) i nā tuna, ua noi ka mea noiʻi Kapanihi ʻo Kisinuye e hana i kahi detachment hoʻokaʻawale no kēia mau iʻa. Ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka ka poʻe loea e kāohi i ka ʻōnaehana paʻa a waiho ʻia ʻo tuna i ka ʻohana mackerel.

ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wela ma waena o ke koko venous a me ka arterial ma muli o ke komo ʻana o nā capillaries. Loaʻa iā ia kahi hopena ʻaoʻao. Lawe mai ʻo ia i nā waiwai pono o nā iʻa iʻa a lilo i ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ʻula.

Nā ʻano o Tuna, kā lākou kauoha, nā pilikia o ka systematization i hoʻopaʻapaʻa i waena o nā ʻepekema. A hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia kenekulia, ua kālele ʻia nā ʻano kai like ʻole a me ka Pacific Pacific he subspecies o ka iʻa like. Aia wale nā ​​kolo he 7 i ka huaʻai Ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui, ua hāʻawi ʻia kēia mau huaʻōlelo i kahi o ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa. Hoʻomaka ka ʻano o nā ʻano he tuna no 8 mau ʻano.

• ʻO Thunnus thynnus kekahi ʻano inoa inoa inoa. Hoʻopili i ka epithet "maʻamau". ʻO nā manawa pinepine i kapa ʻia he uliuli uliuli, birufin tuna. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa kaulana loa. Ke hōʻike ʻia tuna i loko o ke kiʻi a i kamaʻilio paha lākou e pili ana i ka tuna i ka nui o kēia ʻano ʻano.

ʻOi paha ka momona ma mua o 650 kg, ka laina nui tuna ke hoʻokokoke nei i ka māka o 4.6 m. Inā mālama nā lawaiʻa e hopu i kahi ʻāpana he 3 mau manawa liʻiliʻi, ua manaʻo ʻia ka mea pōmaikaʻi nui kēia.

ʻO ke kai o ka ʻāpana polū ke kai nui i ka tuna bluefin. Ma ka Atlantika, mai ke Kaiwaena a hiki i ke Kaiāwa o Mexico, ʻo ka tuna iʻa no lākou iho, a hoʻāʻo nā lawaiʻa e hopu i kēia iʻa.

• Thunnus alalunga - ʻike pinepine ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa albacore a i ʻole ka tuna lōʻihi. ʻO ke kai Pakipika, ʻo India a me Atlantic, ʻo ke kai kūʻono o kēia mau moana ka mea i noho no ka mau tuna lōʻihi. ʻO nā ʻōmole o ka albacores e hana i nā neʻe transoceanic i ka huli ʻana i kahi meaʻai maikaʻi a me ka hoʻoulu.

ʻO ka paona nui loa o albacore ma kahi o 60 kg, ʻaʻole e lōʻihi ka loa o ke kino ma luna o ka 1.4 m.ʻohi loa ka lōʻihi o ka tuna i ka moana Atlantika a me ka Pākīpika. Ua hakaka ʻo kēia iʻa no ka ʻono ma waena o ka tuna.

• Thunnus maccoyii - ma kahi pili i ke pili ʻana i ke kai hema, e kapa ʻia ana ka inoa o ka sulu kahululu paha a he ʻulaʻula paha, a i ʻole ka tuna Australia. Ma ke paona a me ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona, noho ʻia ʻo ia ma waena o ka tuna. Hoʻoulu ia i 2.5 m a loaʻa i ke kaumaha a hiki i 260 kg.

Me kēia tuna ka loa i nā wahi mahana o ka moana hema o nā moana. Hoʻopau i nā ʻano o kēia mau iʻa i nā kahakai hema o ʻAmelika a me Aotearoa. ʻO ka papa wai nui, kahi e hoʻoili ai ka tuna i ka hema, he ʻokoʻa ka papa. Akā ʻo ka dives o kilomita lōʻihi, ʻaʻole hoʻi e makaʻu iā lākou. Ua loaʻa nā hihia o ka nui o ka Australia tuna e noho ana ma kahi hohonu o 2774 m.

• Thunnus obesus - loaʻa i kahi mau maka ākea ka nui o ka saucer maikaʻi. ʻO ka tuna ka maka nui ka inoa o kēia iʻa. ʻO ka iʻa me ka lōʻihi o 2.5 m a kaupaona ʻia ma mua o 200 kg he mau ʻāpana maikaʻi a hiki no ke tuna.

ʻAʻole e hele i loko o ke Kai Mediterranean. Ma ke koena o ka Pakipika i loaʻa mai ai, ua loaʻa ke kai moana a me ʻAmelika. Noho kokoke lākou i ka ihu, i kahi hohonu o 300m. ʻAʻole kaʻawale ʻia ka iʻa, ʻo ke kumuhana o ka lawaiʻa tuna.

• Thunnus orientalis - ʻo ka ʻoni a me ka noho i hāʻawi i kēia iʻa me ka inoa ʻo Pacific Bluefin. ʻAʻole wale kēia pili i kēia pili i ke kala ʻāpana piha, a laila hiki wale nō ke haunaele.

• Thunnus albacares - no ke kala o nā pua, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he yellow tuna. ʻO ka ʻōpū a me ke kahuhikahi o nā moana ākea ka laulā o kēia tuna. ʻAʻole e ae i ka tuna Yellowfin ka wai i ka anu ma kahi o 18 ° C. Hoʻololi ka helu i nā Nomads, pinepine ke kūpaʻa: mai ka hohonu hohonu i kahi anu mahana.

• Thunnus atlanticus - ʻUleʻeleʻele a me ʻAmelika i hāʻawi i kēia mau ʻano i ka inoa ʻo ʻAmelika, ʻeleʻele hulu a ʻeleʻele paha a he tuna ʻeleʻele hoʻi. Kūʻē kēia ʻano ma waena o ke koena ma o ka huina ʻana. I 2 mau makahiki, hiki iā ia ke hoʻohua i ka hua; ma 5 mau makahiki he ʻeleʻele ka tuna ʻeleʻele.

• Thunnus tonggol - no kahi mea hoʻoweliweli i kālai ʻia i kapa ʻia ʻoi ka lōʻihi. He kikoʻepa ʻo kēia. ʻO ka nui o ka laina laina ka nui ʻaʻole iʻoi aku i ka 1.45 m, ka nui o 36 kg ka palena.Ua hoʻomāne ka subtropical i ka wai o ke Kaiaulu a me ka Moana Pakipika - ka nui o nā kaila lōʻihi. Me ka lohi o kēia iʻa ma mua o nā ʻano tuna.

He mea kūpono e ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka ʻohana mackerel aia iʻa, tuna-like - He Atlito kēia a bonito paha. Aia pū ka ʻohana i nā ʻano pili, like ʻole me nā contours o ke kino, akā no ka inoa nō hoʻi. ʻO kekahi o lākou, no ka laʻana ka tuna, ka mea nui loa ka waiwai kūʻai.

Hoʻoikaika & Habitat

ʻO kā Tuna ke kula iʻa. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka manawa e hoʻopau ʻia ma nā wahi pelagic. ʻO ia, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻimi i ka meaʻai ma lalo a ʻaʻole e ʻohi iā ia mai ka wai o ka wai. I loko o ka kolana wai, e neʻe pinepine lākou i kahi mokulele kū. ʻO ke kuhikuhi o ka neʻe e hoʻoholo i ka mahana o ka wai. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka iʻa i ka wai i loko o ka wai hoʻoluʻu a hiki i ka 18-25 ° С.

ʻO ka hopu ʻana i nā kula, ua kūkulu nā ʻola i kahi ala maʻalahi a hoʻokō pono hoʻi. Ma kahi pahu āpau kahi e hele ai lākou ma kahi kula o nā iʻa liʻiliʻi e hele ai lākou. A laila lele wikiwiki. Ua kiʻekiʻe loa ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ke kī ʻole ʻana o ka iʻa. He wā pōkole wale, ʻai ʻo tuna i ke kula holoʻokoʻa āpau.

I nā kenekulia 19, ua ʻike nā lawaiʻa i ka hopena o ka tuna zhora. Loaʻa ka iʻa i kēia mau iʻa e like me kā lākou hoʻokūkū. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā ʻākau ʻAmelika hikina e waiwai i ka iʻa, ua loaʻa ka tuna i mea e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka iʻa. A hiki i ka waenakonu o nā kenekulia 20, ua mahalo nui ʻia ka ʻiʻo tuna a hele pinepine i ka hana ʻana o nā holoholona holoholona.

ʻO ka wehewehe Tuna

Tuna (kiʻi) pili i nā iʻa nui loa o ka ʻohana mackerel. Ke noi nui ʻia kēia iʻa no kona ʻiʻo maʻamau a me ke olakino. Hoʻopili, pohihihi loa nā parasit i ka tuna, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe e kuke mai ia ia he nui nā meaʻai momona i loko o ka lau. Loaʻa kekahi poʻe i ka 3-4 m i ka lōʻihi a me 500-600 kg o ka paona.

Loaʻa i ka 2012 e ka lawaiʻa iʻa lawaiʻa i waho o ke kahakai o Aotearoa, ʻo ka nui o ke kaila nui i ka honua ka paona he 335 kg.

Ma muli o nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical, ʻaʻole hiki i ke ola o kēia ʻano ʻāpana mackerel me ka ʻole o ka neʻe mau ʻana, kahi a lākou i pae pono ai. Aia ʻo Tuna kahi pūpiki lapuwale, me nā māla nunui ma hope o ke kaʻe. ʻO ka paena o ka huelo ua paʻa ʻia me ka keel leathery nui, ʻo ka hope o kahi ʻeke hope kahi ala ʻono maikaʻi loa no ka lawaiʻa wikiwiki a lōʻihi. Hoʻomaka ʻia ke koko me ka oxygen, a ʻoi aku ka mahana o ke kino ma mua o ka wai, e ʻoluʻolu iā lākou e hōʻoluʻolu i nā loko anuanu.

Nui ka iʻa ma nā ʻalā a me nā subtropical o ka Pākīpika, ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika kahikaha, akā loaʻa pū nō hoʻi ma nā leʻalulu kūlohelohe: e noho ana ʻo ia i ka ʻ Blackleʻele, Iapana, a me ke Kai o Azov. Loaʻa kahi ʻākana o nā tuna bluefinfin tuna ma ke Kai Barents.

He lawaiʻa maikaʻi nā Tuna no nā wikiwiki e hiki i ka 90 km / h. Ke ʻimi nei i ka meaʻai, ua hiki iā lākou ke lanakila koke i nā nui. Mālama ʻia ka tuna i nā māla nui. ʻO ka kala ʻulaʻula o ka ʻiʻo i wehewehe ʻia e ka hele ʻana o ka protein myoglobin protein-piha, ka mea i hana nui ʻia i nā musc i ka wā o ka "kiʻekiʻe-wikiwiki".

ʻO ka ʻai nui no ka tuna nā iʻa liʻiliʻi (sardine, mackerel, herring), nā mea kanu a me nā mollusks. Hiki i ke hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ma ka tuna i ka makahiki ʻekolu. Hiki i ka wahine wahine nui ke waiho aku i kahi mau miliona hua. Aia ka spawning i nā wai mahana o nā subtropics i Iune-Iulai.

Nā ʻano o Tuna

Aia ma kahi o 50 mau ʻano a me subspecies, akā nui ka mea kaulana o lākou:

• ʻO nā ʻānela a i ʻole ʻulaʻula paha ka mea maʻamau i ka wai kūaloko o ka moana ʻAkalakika, ma ka Caribbean and the Sea Seas, i nā ʻāina kahawai o ka Moana Inikua, a me ke Kaiwa o Mexico. Lā ʻili ʻa Red tuna i loaʻa i nā latnika ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi: ma ke kahakai ʻo Greenland a me ke Kaiʻula. ʻO ka nui o ka tuna ka nui o kēia ʻano, ua loaʻa ka paona o 684 kg, me ka lōʻihi o 4,58 m.
• ʻO ka ʻalani a me ka ʻeleʻele paha ka pua (aka ʻeleʻele tuna) ka mea liʻiliʻi loa i waena o nā tuna. Makahi nā specimens makua ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi mika a loaʻa ke kiʻekiʻe o 20 kg.ʻO ka nohona o ke ola o kēia ʻano ka mea pōkole loa i waena o tuna - ma kahi o 4-6 mau makahiki. He loko melemele ke kāʻei ʻeli a me kahi paʻu polē me ka lepa melemona. Ke makemake wale nei kēia holoholona i nā kai mahana i ke Komohana Atlantika (mai ke kahakai o Pasila a hiki i Cape Cod Cape).
• ʻO Bluefin tuna ka nui o ka nui. ʻO ka lōʻihi lōʻihi ka 4.6 m, ke kaumaha - 680 kg. ʻO kona kino hohonu i ka ʻāpana ʻāpana ke like o kahi pōʻai. ʻO nā kaulike nui ma ka laina o ka hope e like me ke ʻano o ka manamana. He laulā nui ka noho ʻana o ka tuna bluefin - mai ke kaiula a hiki i nā kahe wai o nā loko. ʻO ka Bluefin tuna ka waiwai nui loa.
• ʻO ka ʻenehana kōpaʻa (aka yellow-tailed) e noho nei i nā mauna a me ke anuanu, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o ke Kaiʻula. ʻO ka lōʻihi loa ka 2,4 m, ʻo ka paona kiʻekiʻe he 200 kg. ʻĀhinahina nā peʻa o hope o kēia mau iʻa. ʻO ka pākuʻu melemele huluhulu ma ka ʻāpana kālā he 20 mau kūhaka kūloko.
• ʻO Albacore, ka lōʻihi a i ʻole ka lau a me ka keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ka kaulana no ka ʻiʻo momona a me nā momona. Ke kaupaona nei ka lōʻihi-tuna e pili ana i 20 kg. Hoʻonui ʻia i ka pumehana a me nā puʻu o nā moana. ʻO ka iʻa keʻokeʻo ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka waiwai nui loa.

ʻTailnaka kūnaka

ʻO kēia ʻano o ka iʻa (kāhea ʻia lākou ka yellowfin tuna) kapa ʻia no laila no ka ʻili kūikawā o ka dorsal (ʻāʻī) a me nā pupu anal. ʻIke lākou i ka aʻe-melemele i loko o lākou.

Hiki i nā mea nui loa ke ulu i 2 mika a loaʻa ke kaumaha 130 kg. ʻO ke ʻano nui o ke ulu ʻana o ka tuna ʻoi aku ka ikaika, me ka piʻi o ka lōʻihi o 50-60 cm mau makahiki i kēlā me kēia makahiki 2 He mau makahiki he 2, ua hiki i ka iʻa ka paona o 13 kg, ma hope o 4 mau makahiki - 60 kg.

Noho wale nā ​​ʻuna manu i ka wai i loko o nā wai mahana, aia i nā kai āpau. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka māhele ʻāpana i kahi palena me kahi pānaʻi wai 20-degere. Ke hāʻule ka kuhikuhi i ka + 18 ° С, ua aneane hiki ʻole ke hālāwai me kēia ʻano iʻa ma ia wahi. Mīʻī lākou iā ia ma loko o nā wai o ke Kai Kūʻai, a manaʻo ko nā kamaʻāina nona ko lākou tuna Mediterranean a hoʻomākaukau i nā kīʻaha maikaʻi mai laila.

Noho ka poʻe ʻōpiopio ma ka loko wale nō, ma nā wahi ākea, i nā hohonu o hoʻokahi a me ka hapa haneli mau mika. Mālama a ʻōpiopio i nā ʻeke, e hoʻopili mau i ka ʻaoʻao a me ke kahakai. I nā mokulele, loaʻa nā tuna melemele i nā wahi āpau, akā pili ko lākou helu i ke ʻano o ka hāʻawi meaʻai. Nui nā iʻa i loko o ka wai e loaʻa ai ka nui o nā huahana ola a me nā meaʻai nui.

Ma ka pae like 'ana, hana pinepine nā tuna i nā nui o ka nui o nā kai. I waena o lākou aia kahi e hana lōʻihi ai. Aia kekahi poʻe e makemake i ka wai kūloko a noho i ke ola. ʻAʻole ʻoua ʻo Tulafinfin, e like me kekahi o ko lākou mau kaikuaʻana (bluefin tuna, albacore) neʻe ʻo ka Pākīpika.

ʻO ka tuna ka ʻeleʻele, me ka pili hoʻi o kona mauʻu, ka tuna, he ʻāpana o ka ʻai, ʻaʻohe ona makemake. Hanaʻa ka iʻa ma nā wahi āpau me nā meaola e hālāwai ai ma ke ala o ka neʻe. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia kēia e ka helu ʻana o nā ʻuʻina meaʻai i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka poʻe i hopu ʻia, a ma kahi o nā iʻa 50 o nā iʻa like ʻole i nā ʻohana like ʻole.

ʻO nā tuna liʻiliʻi, nona ke ola e kokoke ana i ka wai, e ʻimi hou i nā iʻa, kahi e waiho ai nā ʻona wai i ka wai. ʻOi aku ka makemake o ka mea nui e ʻai i ka gempil, ka iʻa mahina, nā ʻāpana moana, nona ka hale.

Hiki i ka hiki ke hānau i nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ka mea kāhea ʻia i ka poʻe lawaiʻa loio, ʻike ʻia nā tuna melemele i ka wā e ulu ana lākou i ka lōʻihi ma ke 50 ... 60 cm He ʻokoʻa nā helu hua i kēlā me kēia o nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Aia ka liʻiliʻi ma kahi o 1 miliona mau waihona, ka nui - 8.5 miliona mau kikowaena. ʻO nā wā lōkahi o ke kaila melemele i kā nā ʻōpala i nā wā āpau o ka makahiki, kahi kokoke i nā palena o ka noho i ke kauwela.

ʻO ka pilina a me ka lōʻihi

Ua koho nā iʻa tuna a pau i kahi hoʻolālā ola maʻalahi no ka hoʻopiha ʻia: ua nui lākou i ka caviar. Hiki i kekahi wahine makua ke hoʻopau iā 10 miliona hua.Hiki i ka tuna Australia ke piʻi mai i 15 miliona mau hua.

Seʻa Honu Tunae ulu ana he hiamoe. Loaʻa i kekahi mau ʻano hiki ke hana i nā keiki i 10 mau makahiki a keu paha. ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi kekahi mea ola i kēia iʻa, hiki i 35 makahiki. Ua ʻōlelo nā mea noiʻi, hiki i ka tuna lōʻihi ke ola a hiki i ka 50 makahiki.

ʻO ka iʻa maikaʻi ʻo Tuna. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kāna ʻiʻo i Iapana. Mai kēia ʻāina mai ka lono mai nā kiʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka lani i hiki ai kuai tuna ma nā hale kūʻai. Hōʻike hōʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo Media ma nā moʻolelo kumukūʻai e hiki mai ana. ʻAʻole like loa ka nui o ka 900-1000 US kālā no ka kg o ka tuna.

Ma nā hale kūʻai ika Lūkia, ua emi nā kumukūʻai tuna. No ka laʻana, hiki ke kūʻai ʻia kahi pā tuna no 150 mau rubles. ʻAʻole paʻakikī ke kumukūʻai mau haneli ʻelua haneli o ka tuna pāpaona no 250 rubles a keu paha, e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā tuna a me ka ʻāina hana.

Long fin tuna

Ua kapa ʻia kēlā ʻano iʻa ʻo albacores. ʻOkoʻa ka ʻokoʻa ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe me nā pua i loaʻa ma ka umauma, a he nui ko lākou nui.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokau i kekahi kanaka mai kēia ʻano liʻiliʻi i nā moana, i kā lākou manuahi. ʻO ka hoʻohiki nui ʻana no kēia wahi ma waena o nā latitu fortieth. I nā ʻāpana kahakai o nā wai wai he ʻilihune loa lākou. Ma waho o ke ākea, hiki wale i ka 2 ... nā iʻa 6 mau makahiki ke noho. A ma kahi o nā papa i luna wale nō, inā paʻa a lākou e ka lā. ʻAe ʻia ka iʻa wale nō i ka wai o ka wai i loko o nā wai. Kū lākou me ka hilinaʻi kūlohelohe kiʻekiʻe i ka pae + 12 ° С ... + 23 ° С). I ka manawa like, me kahi liʻiliʻi o ka paʻakai, ka wai hou ka wai i ka ʻike maoli ʻole i loaʻa i nā wahi a pau o ka honua.

I nā makahiki mua o ke ola ʻana, aia nā iʻa i ka ʻeke o ka wai. I ka hiki ʻana aku i ka ʻōpū, 150 ... 200 mauhele hohonu "e hele" i nā mokupuni o ka Honua.

ʻO ka iʻa "hoʻomamaʻa" hōʻoluʻolu i ka wai a noho ma laila, e hānai nui ana i ka poʻe noho (crustaceans, iʻa, squid) e noho nei i nā papa wai i ka ʻaoʻao o ka wai o ka wai. Aia i nā kai kūloko, aia nā kai hohonu i ke kai i loko o kāna meaʻai (bream kai, hempils, kekahi cephalopods).

ʻO ka tuna lōʻihi ka lōʻihi i ka wā ma hope o 4 ... 5 mau makahiki o ke ola. I ka manawa like, hōʻike kona kūlana i ka aneane hoʻokahi mita (90 cm) ka lōʻihi a he 45 kg o ke kaumaha. Hoʻopili ʻia nā kūlohelohe i nā ʻōpala i ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela, ma nā palena o ke kihi. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā wahine i ka 2.5 miliona hua.

Hōʻike ʻia ka iʻa e nā neʻe maʻamau, a ma kahi o nā lōʻihi. Ma kahi laʻana, ma ka Pākīpika, ʻike ʻia kēia ma waena o Iapana a me nā kahakai o ʻAmelika a puni kahi ala like.

I kēia lā, aia ka tuna lōʻihi i lalo o ka mālama o ka International Red Book.

ʻIli ʻili

ʻO kēia ʻano liʻiliʻi ka mea liʻiliʻi ma waena o ka mea i ʻike ʻia. ʻO ka maʻamau ka lōʻihi ʻaʻole iʻoi aku i ka hapalua mika a me 3 kg ka paona. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻike pinepine ʻia kekahi mau mika miki lōʻihi a ʻoi paha ka paona 21 kg.

Hoʻokahi ʻia ka noho ʻana o ke ʻano ʻeleʻele, kahi i kū ai ma waena o kona mau hoahānau. Loaʻa ia ma nā ʻaoʻao Atlantika, a ma kona ʻaoʻao komohana. ʻO kēia ka wai wai ma ka hema o Rio de Janeiro a me Massachusetts kūkulu ʻākau. No ke ola, makemake nui i nā wahi kokoke loa i kahi o ka wai a maʻemaʻe a me kaʻoluʻolu.

Kokoke ke kino o ka iʻa me kahi oval e like. ʻO ia, me ka huelo (loaʻa kahi ʻōlelo paʻa crescent), ʻae i ka ʻuna ʻeleʻele e neʻe i ka wikiwiki nui loa. Hoʻomoʻi ʻia ke kino o ka iʻa ma ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, ma nā ʻaoʻao ke kālā, hiki ke ʻeleʻele, ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka hoʻoluʻu i ka hue ke kino o ke kua. Ma nā ʻaoʻao kekahi ʻano kolo kahi e lahilulu ai nā palena a me kahi kala melemele gula. ʻO kona ākea i ke poʻo a ʻiliʻili i ka huelo. Ma lalo iho (ʻāpana hope o ka anal-anal) a ma luna (ʻāpana pauku dorsal ʻelua maʻa), ke protrusions liʻiliʻi o ke kino.

Ua lilo ʻoi loa kēia ʻano tuna maʻa i kona mau hoahānau a pau - ma 2 mau makahiki. Hoʻomoe nā spawning i nā ʻano hana like ʻole - ʻApelila-Nowemapa. Hōʻike koke ka moa a hoʻomaka koke i kahi ola kūʻokoʻa.Ke kaalo nei lākou e ka makemake o kēia manawa i ka kolamu wai, ma kahi o 50 mau mika hohonu. Kūleʻa koke ka iʻa a ma ka 5 mau makahiki ke manaʻo ʻia he ʻelemakule.

I loko o ka papaʻai o nā tuna ʻeleʻele, amphipods, kō, honu, squid, iʻa iʻa like ʻole. No ka nui o ko lākou liʻiliʻi, ʻuʻuku lākou i nā iʻa o nā iʻa e noho ana ma nā kai ʻalani: the tuna beled, coryfene nui, blue marlin.

Hāʻawi ʻia ka tuna ʻeleʻele e nā angler a ua manaʻo ʻia he kiʻi pōmaikaʻi.

Lawaiʻa Tuna

Nā iʻa Tuna hopu no ka hana kalepa. Eia kekahi, ʻo ia ke kumuhana o ka hākinakina, ka lawaiʻa trope. ʻO ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka lawaiʻa ʻōpua ua holomua ka holomua. I ka makahiki hope, ua hana ka hana o ke ʻano lawaiʻa tuna.

I nā makahiki 80, hoʻomaka e kūkulu ʻia nā mea kanu ikaika, e pili pono ana i nā lawaiʻa tuna. ʻO ka mea hana nui o kēia mau moku he mau ʻeke purse, e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka hohonu o nā ʻāpana haneli mau haneli a me ka hiki ke hāpai i kahi hipa liʻiliʻi o nā tuna i ka manawa hoʻokahi.

Loaʻa ka nui o nā kaila no ka lawaiʻa ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā palena lōʻihi. He kuʻi hao kēia, ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia. ʻAʻole i lōʻihi ka manawa, ua hoʻohana wale ʻia ka pā maʻa i nā ʻoihana lawaiʻa liʻiliʻi. Ke kūkulu nei nā moku kūikawā i kēia manawa - nā moku lōʻihi.

Tiers - kekahi mau kaula ākea kikoʻī (laina), kahi e loaʻa ai nā leaka me nā kaula. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana o ka iʻa ʻano manu ma ke ʻano heʻano maoli. Kūʻai pinepine i kahi ʻāpana o nā kaula a i ʻole nā ​​mea imitator o ke pio. Mālama ka ʻai ʻana i ka tuna i ka hana o nā lawaiʻa.

Aia kekahi pilikia koʻikoʻi ke kahe ʻia ka tuna - ulu kēia mau iʻa i ka pō ke hiki. Pono ke ola kekahi mau mea he 10 mau makahiki ma mua o ka manawa e loaʻa ai iā lākou nā hua no nā hua. Hoʻonohonoho ka ʻāpono honua ma ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻuna ʻōpio.

I nā'āina he nui, e hoʻāʻo ana e mālama i nā holoholona ʻo tuna a loaʻa ka loaʻa kālā, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia nā poʻe ʻōpio ma lalo o ke pahi. Hāʻawi lākou i nā mahiʻai iʻa kahakai, kahi i hānai ʻia ai nā iʻa i ka pākeke. Aia kekahi hui like o ka hana kūlohelohe a me ka ʻoihana e hoʻonui i ka hana iʻa.

Unuhi ʻapo

ʻO kēia ʻano (aka skipjack), like me kona mau hoahānau, he mau kaula ka lōʻihi i paʻa i ke kino. He ʻāpana kala kala ma ko lākou ʻōpū, ua kokoke hoʻi ke pele uliuli i hope o ko lākou kua. ʻO ka iʻa i waena o nā tuna e noho mau nei i ka moana ākea ka mea liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole hiki ke maʻalahi ka hopu i ka mita i ka nui a kaupaona 25 kg. “Kaʻalani” hiʻona me nā hopu o 5 ... 3 kg a 60 ... 50 cm.

ʻO nā tuna kēlā e ola wale ana ma nā papa wai wale a me ke kai wale. ʻO kekahi manawa hopu ʻia ia ma kahakai, akā pili wale kēia ma nā ʻēkuʻi. ʻO kēia wahi ka pono ʻana o ka Pakipika, i kona wahi kūloko. Noho pū kekahi i loko o ke kai me ka mahana (+ 17 ° С ... + 28 ° С) wai.

Makemake ʻo ia i loko o nā pūpū, ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i kekahi manawa ma nā kula he ʻumi a he mau tausani. Ma ke kula, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka iʻa o ka wā like a me ke ʻano kūlohelohe hiki i ka neʻe holo wikiwiki (wikiwiki ka 45 km / h). Ma kahi o nā hipa "maʻemaʻe", hui ʻia i ka hui ʻana o ka iʻa (yellowfin tuna, dolphins) he mea maʻamau.

E like me ka hapanui o nā poʻe nui, neoa ka ʻuna tuna i neʻe i ka lele he nui. E ʻike pono ʻia lākou kokoke i ke kahakai o Iapana. I ke kauwela, he mau maʻa i kekahi mau manawa a hiki i nā ʻāpana o Kuril, ma ke kūkulu hema o ia manawa, i kēia manawa, ʻike nō kekahi nui tuna nui, e noho ana ma ka nui (ma luna o 200 m) ka hohonu a hiki i ka 2.36 m ka lōʻihi.

Hiki i ka iʻa ke pua ma hope o 2 ... 3 mau makahiki, i ka wā o ko lākou kino e lilo i 40 cm lōʻihi. ʻO ka pili o nā iʻa i pili pololei me ka hope. No ka laʻana, ʻo nā wahine ma ka 40 cm ka lōʻihi e piʻi a hiki i 200 tausani mau ʻāpana. hua manu, 75 cm - a hiki i 2 miliona mau ʻneki. Noho nā wahi i hoʻolilo ʻia me nā wahi i lawe ʻia i nā tuna a loaʻa wale i nā ʻōpala.

ʻAi kēia holoholona i ka poʻe o nā huaʻōlelo huaʻōlelo koʻikoʻi. ʻO kā lākou papa ʻai ʻana ke ʻano o nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, nā mea kanu, ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Loaʻa ma mua o 180 mau holoholona ʻokoʻa.Hoʻokahi ʻano kikoʻī i kēlā me kēia hale.

Nā leo ʻo Mackerel

ʻO ka iʻa o kēia mau ʻano ʻuʻuku loa o ka poʻe e noho kokoke ana i ke kahakai. He iʻa epipelagic, noho ma ke kai kūlohelohe o ka Pākīpika, Inikua, Atlantik moana.

Ke kala ʻulaʻula ma ke kua he uliuli ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele hoʻi i ke poʻo. Hoʻopili nā ʻaoʻao me ka kīwī wīʻeleʻele. Keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpū. ʻO nā ʻōpū ma ka ventral a me nā pectoral ʻokoʻa like ʻokoʻa: ʻeleʻele ma ka loko a me ka poni ma waho. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ka lōʻihi o ka pōkole o nā peni pectoral a me ka waiho ʻole ʻana o kahi pua ʻauʻau.

Hoʻoulu ia i 40 ... 30 cm a loaʻa wale 5 ... 2.5 kg o ke paona. I kekahi manawa 58 cm ka lōʻihi e hele mai ma kēlā ʻaoʻao.

ʻO ka ʻai o kēia mau iʻa i ka plankton a me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi (iwakālua, atherins, etc.). Ua lilo ʻo Tuna i lilo i waiwai pio o ko lākou mau hoa nui.

Aia ka Puberty i ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 35 ... 30 cm. ʻO ka palupalu o nā wahine he 200 tausani ... 1,4 miliona hua, e like me ka lōʻihi o 30 ... 44.2 cm. , ʻAukake-ʻApelila ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke Kaiāiwa (ʻāpana ʻaoʻao hema).

ʻO ka ʻuna o Mackerel he mea ākea ka neʻe ʻana i ka lele i loko o nā wai o nā kai.

ʻĀnipiko Tuna

ʻO ke kāʻā kahakai o nā iʻa māmā, wikiwiki a me ka nui. Ua hoʻohuihui ʻia ke ʻano, he mea maʻamau ʻole i waena o nā iʻa. Noho nā wai wai o Iceland, ke Kaiwa o Mexico. ʻIke ʻia i nā wai kai o ke Kai Hikina, kahi e pihi ai. Noho mua kēia ʻano ma mua o ke Kaiʻula, akā i kēia manawa ua noho kēia lehulehu ma ka mōʻaukala.

ʻO ka iʻa he streamlines, torpedo-kino kino ʻano kūpono i kahi aerodynamic kūpono a hiki i ka iʻa ke holo wikiwiki a lōʻihi. ʻO ke kala o ke kua he metallic uliuli ma luna, ʻo ka ʻōpū he kālā-keʻokeʻo, me kahi tint shimmering.

Nā meaʻai tuna Atlantik: zooplankton, crustaceans, eels, squids. ʻAi ʻole ka ʻono o ka iʻa, no laila e ulu ʻelua mau mika a loaʻa ka hapaha paona. Aia kekahi kanaka me ka hiʻohiʻona hoihoi. ʻO ka hana hoʻohālikelike, ua manaʻo ʻia ua hopu ʻia ka nui o ka tuna Atlantika i loko o nā wai kokoke i Nova Scotia. Ua huki iā ia "i 680 kg.

Loaʻa nā pono o ka ʻi

ʻO Tuna kahi huahana kūponoʻole, kahi e hui pū ai i nā ʻano maikaʻi o ka iʻa me ka meaʻai a me nā ʻona maikaʻi o ka ʻai. Nui ka nui o nā huaora a me ka phosphorus i kēia iʻa moana kahi i lawe ʻia ai ke alakaʻi o nā kulanui ʻAmelika i nā kaila tuna i ka papaʻa o nā lumi ʻai, e mālama ai i ka hana noʻonoʻo o nā haumāna a me nā kumu. Hoʻohālikelike ka mea hānai French i ka ʻai o kēia iʻa me ka veal opio i ka pae hemoglobin a me ka ʻike o ka protein. Akā ʻaʻole e like me ka pipi, ʻo nā protein e waiwai nui ana ka tuna i loko koke ke kaomi a kokoke ka piha (e 95%) e ke kino. Ua hōʻoia ka poʻe ʻepekema Holani i ka mea e ʻai wale ana i ka 30 mauʻa o kēia iʻa i kēlā me kēia lā i hiki ke pale i ka nui o nā maʻi cardiovascular, ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻike kūlohelohe o nā kumu omega-3 a me nā momona 6. I hui pū ʻia me nā huaora ʻē aʻe, aia ka pūnaehana i ka waikawa folic e waiwai nui, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa maikaʻi ʻana i ka pae o ka waikawa amino "sinister" - homocysteine, i hōʻiliʻili me ka makahiki i loko o ke kino a me ka poino i nā paia o nā kīʻaha koko.

ʻO ka Kepani - nā mea kūʻai nui o kēia iʻa, ʻo ka mea maopopo loa ka hiki ʻana o ka tuna e mālama i ka ʻōpio a hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola.

ʻO ka helu kumu kaiʻai a me ka ʻike calorie

ʻOiai ka moʻo momona momona, ʻo ka tuna ka iʻa ʻai. Aia ma muli o nā ʻano, ʻano mālama kālā mai ka 110 a 150 kcal.

• Pūnaewele - 23.3-24.4 g,
• ʻOi - 4.6-4.8 g,
• ʻO nā kalapona - 0 g,
• Ash - 1.2-1.7 g.

ʻO ka haʻalulu haʻahaʻa loa loa ka melemele (110 kcal). ʻOiai e kau i ka lau, ʻo ka ikehu ikehu ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 140 kcal. Hoʻonui ka ʻike o ke kaluna o nā tuna kēne i ka aila i 198 kcal.

Nā meaʻai ʻona Tuna

ʻO ka hoʻolālā waiwai a me nā ʻono maikaʻi loa me nā haʻahaʻa kaloli haʻahaʻa e waiho ai i ka tuna e lilo i "aliʻi" na nā papa meaʻai he nui i ka ho'ōla a me ka pohō.Ua hui maikaʻi ʻia nā iʻa a me nā meaʻai: nā kukama, ka letele, nā ʻokato, nā kiniki, nā ʻāpana ʻo Peking, ka pepa aila. Ma kahi o ke kaona, ʻōlelo ʻia e nā mea kanu me nā mea a pau i ka tuna No ka uala meaʻai meaʻai ʻaʻī, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i Tuna i loko o kou wai ponoʻī.

Pehea e kuke ai i nā kumuwaiwai

Ua kuhi nā kīleʻa Kepani e hiki iā ʻoe ke kuke i kēia iʻa me ka aneane ʻole. Lā ʻia nā ʻuala a ʻono mau i ka ulu, mai loko mai o ke poʻo, kekahi mau ʻono a me nā ʻono, nā ʻona nunui iʻa maikaʻi ʻia i loko o ka pā palaoa a me ka palaoa i hoʻopili ʻia.

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, he ʻulaʻawa ka tuna hou, no laila, he kaila no ka hapa nui o ko mākou mau makaainana kahi koho kūpono no ke komo ʻana i kēia iʻa maikaʻi loa a me ka momona i loko o ka meaʻai. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua pau ʻole nā ​​ʻōpala paʻaleʻa i nā waiwai waiwai o ka iʻa kūlohelohe, a he nui nā ʻano loea mai nā kaila paʻale e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hauʻoli i kahi ʻano kīʻaha i kēlā me kēia manawa. Hōʻī ʻia nā paʻi, nā ʻuala, nā ʻokiʻoki, nā kīkā, a me nā mea hana ʻai i loko o kahi mau minuke.

Nunaise salad me ke ʻano

ʻIke maoli ʻia kēia kuke ma Farani. He mea like, e like me kahi "Mīkini kalapona", kahi ʻāina e hoʻopiʻi nei a mahalo i nā huahana kūlohelohe hou, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia kahi huehue, nā ʻāpana nui o ka pauna i nā kūmole a me nā kolo? Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka huakaʻi ʻo Nicoise ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka hapa nui o nā hale ʻaina Farani.

Lawe i kahi papa ʻaina. E hoʻomoe i kona lalo me nā lau lettuce i ʻoki i nā ʻāpana. A laila, ma ke kauoha pilikino, e kau i nā ʻāpana nui o ka ʻala hua ma (ʻoki ʻāpana), ka holopoli (6-8 mau ʻauʻa), nā ʻona ʻona, basil (5-7 mau lau), hua manu, ʻoki ʻia i ʻāpana 4 mau ʻāpana (3 ʻāpana), ka tuna kēkē disassembled i loko o nā fibers nui (1 ipu). No ka huakai: hui i 40 ml o ka aila ʻoliva, hoʻokahi ʻoki o ka kāleka ʻala, paʻakai, 1,5 tsp. waina waina.

Nā ʻokiʻoki

No ka hoʻomākaukau i 10 mau ʻōpala, kāwili i ka ʻōpala o ka iʻa i loko o kāu wai ponoʻī (pono e hoʻokahe ʻia ka wai), 1 kīʻaha o ka palaoa i hoʻolapalapa ʻia, ka hapalua o ke aniani o ka palaoa, kahi kīpī o ke kīwī, hoʻokahi hua manu, kahi paʻakai, 50 g o ke kao pāpaʻa, kahi puna iʻa aʻa, hoʻokahi ʻīmala nui, nā kākela o ke kāleka ʻala. Pono ke kāwili ʻia e kāwili maikaʻi a pae i 10 mau ʻokiʻoki.

Hoʻopili i nā kāpala a i ʻole ʻōpala hana hōʻono ʻia i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua.

Biology

Ma muli o ka endothermia, hiki i nā ʻano tuna ke mālama i ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ke kino e pili ana i ke kaiāulu. Hāʻawi ʻia ka hopena e ka paʻakikī o nā moku koko i kapa ʻia he lat. Rete mirabile - "ʻoihana maikaʻi." ʻO kēia mea paʻa paʻa o nā veins a me nā hāmeʻa e holo ana ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino o ka iʻa. Hāʻawi ia iā ʻoe e mālama i ka wela ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ke koko arterial maloo ma muli o ka venous, nā hana hoʻoluʻu o nā ʻū a me ke koko. Mālama kēia i ke kiʻekiʻe ʻana o nā ʻuhane, nā ʻuhane, nā ʻuhane kūloko a me nā maka, kahi e hiki ai i ka tuna keʻauʻau i kahi wikiwiki, e hōʻemi ana i ka ikehu me ka hiki iā lākou ke ola i loko o kahi ākea o nā kūlana kūlohelohe e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā iʻa ʻē aʻe. No ka manawa mua i hōʻike ʻia kēia hiʻohiʻona o ka hana tuna o ka tuna e ka mea Kepani ʻomaʻi ʻo K. Kisinuye. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i kahi manaʻo e hoʻokaʻawale i nā tuna i kahi ʻāpana ʻokoʻa ma kahi morphology.

ʻAʻole e like me ka hapa nui o ka iʻa i loaʻa i ka ʻiʻo ke keʻokeʻo, a hōʻike ʻia ke io o ke kiko o ke tuna i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻulaʻula mai ka ʻulaʻula i ka uliuli. Hoʻopili kēia kala i nā muso myotomal e ka protein myoglobin hāmeʻa-oxygen i loaʻa, aia i loaʻa i nā ʻiʻo tuna i ka nui he nui aku ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā iʻa o nā iʻa ʻē aʻe. Hāʻawi ka nui o ka momona loa o ka momona o ka momona o ka pūima. ʻO ka maka o nā kumu i loko o ke kaila he 7-9 mau manawa ma mua o ka ua anuʻu.

Ke neʻe mau nei ʻo Tuna. Ke kū nei lākou, he paʻakikī ka hanu, no ka mea ua uhi ke kuʻi e like me nā kaʻe o ke kino i ka hema a me ka ʻākau. Hele ka wai ma ka waha hāmama i loko o kahi ana gill wale nō i ka neʻe. ʻO kēia mau poʻe lawaiʻa hanohano (e like me mackerel, bonito, swordfish, a me marlin) loaʻa i ka hana nui lokomotor e like me ka caudal fin, ʻoiai ke kino pōkole ka mea i hoʻomāneʻe kolo ʻole.

No nā poʻe lawaiʻa ikaika, e like me nā dolphins a me nā tuna, hiki ke hoʻopōʻino ka cavitation no ka mea e kaupalena i ko lākou wikiwiki. ʻOiai ke hiki e holo wikiwiki, ʻoi aku ka lohi no ka mauhu ʻana i ka ua ka cavitation e hoʻomau ai i ka ʻeha. A no nā tuna, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka cavitation i ka wikiwiki, akā no nā kumu'ē aʻe. ʻAʻole e like me nā dolphins, ʻaʻohe mau iʻa nā ʻeke, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe o ka hope o kā lākou palaʻai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻōhumu ka pūpū lahilahi a puni kā lākou mau pua i kahi kiʻi ʻana o ka wai o ka wai, a ua hoʻolilo ʻia kekahi nui o ka ikehu i ka hoʻoluhi cavitation - ua kuhi kēia mau mea i ka wikiwiki loa. I ka tuna ua loaʻa nā ʻano hiʻona o ka hōʻino kino.

Kāhea iʻa mauʻaila

I mea e ʻike ai i ka ʻono ʻokoʻa o ka tuna, koʻikoʻi nui ʻole ia e hoʻomaloʻo ia i ka wā e pīpī ai, inā ʻaʻole ma kahi ohea a hiki i ʻoe ke kiʻi i ka iʻa a me ka paʻakikī ʻoi aku ka hopena. Kūpono maikaʻi no ka launa ʻana, nā ʻāpana i kālai ʻia i paʻa i ka pono ma luna o ka moku a huʻi ʻia ma mua o ka kuke ʻana.

Hoʻohui i loko o kahi kīʻaha ma nā māhele like i ka paʻakai, ʻeleʻele a me ka ʻulaʻula. E kāwili maikaʻi i nā ʻāpana i ka ʻala maikaʻi, a laila e ʻohi i ka palaoa maikaʻi, a laila i ka semolina. Mālama ʻo ia i ka wai momona ka tunyatina. Lā kāla ʻia ʻo Fry i ka ʻaila no ka ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 mau minuke i kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka waena o ka steak e waiho iki i kahi'ōmaʻomaʻo iki a ʻulaʻula. Mālama i nā tuna iʻa i loko o ka salsa kīkī a i ʻole tartar me kahi pānaʻi ʻaoʻao o kekahi mea ʻala a me ke aniani o ka waina maikaʻi.

Pili kanaka

Ua lōʻihi ʻo Tuna a e waiho i ka waiwai lawaiʻa nui. Ua kuhi ka lawaiʻa Kepani i ka tuna kahikole ma ka Pale he hapa iʻoi aku ma mua o 5,000 mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā iwi i loaʻa i ka wā e ʻimi ʻia ai nā mokupuni ʻAmelika a me ke kahakai ma ka ʻĀkau o ka Pākīpika Hikina, ua loaʻa ka poʻe i nā ʻano like like i ka wā kahiko. ʻO nā kālai pōhaku o kēia mau iʻa i loaʻa ma nā ana i Sicilian. ʻO Tuna, i kēlā me kēia makahiki i hele aku ma waena o ka Strait o Gibraltar, i hopu ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kai. Ma ka Bosphorus ua hoʻohana 30 mau ʻōlelo like ʻole e hōʻike i kēia iʻa. Ua hoʻākāka ʻia lākou ma nā moni Helene a me Celtic.

Mai ka ʻumikūmāiwa ʻumikūmāiwa, a ʻoiai mai nā wā kahiko, ua ʻimi ʻia ka lawaiʻa tuna ma nā ʻāina he nui a puni ka honua. ʻO ke ʻano ka lawaiʻa, kūloko a me ke kahakai nui. No ka laʻana, ma ka moana ʻAmelika i Norewani, ua loaʻa nā tuna e nā kai ʻeke, i hopu ʻia ma ka lanaʻo Biscay me nā mea hao, a ua ʻike ʻia nā pahele ma ka Strait o Gibraltar a ma ke kahakai o ʻApelika ʻAmelika.

Lawaiʻa lawaiʻa

Ua ulu ikaika ka lawaiʻa ʻana o Tuna i kahi ʻoihana hana ʻana mai ka waenakonu o nā kenekulia 20. I nā makahiki 1980, ka hana o nā kai lawenae nui a me nā moku lōʻihi i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi impetus hou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka lawaiʻa. Nā mānoi mau kahe a me nā mea ʻona mākaʻi a hohonu o ka 200 m me nā koena peke, a me nā waʻa lōʻihi e hana ana i nā kahe kai hohonu. Me kahi kuʻemena kapu, ʻo ka nui o ka melemele a me ka tuna kaila i mined. Hoʻolelele ka hopu i nā pā o ka brine i loko o nā pahu i kahi mahana o −25 ... −30 ° C. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa i ke kāʻei.

ʻO ka nui tuna - ka maʻamau, albacore a me nā maka he nui i kālai ʻia i ka māka. Kuhi ʻia ka hopu i ka pīhoihoi haʻawina i ka mahana o −60 ° C. Hoʻohana ʻia nā poli kākele a me ka maloʻo i loko o ka ʻoihana hale kūʻai a me ka hana o nā meaʻai ʻoluʻolu.

Loaʻa ka hapa nui i ka ʻeke purse. ʻO ka hopu ʻana i nā mea tuna ma loko o nā moana e ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 miliona mau mea. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā miliona tuna o ka tuna e hoʻopiha nui ʻia e nā kai hanen tonse nui.

Kālele ka lawaiʻa tuna Longline i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20. He wahi lawaiʻa haʻahaʻa loa kēia e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke kūʻai aku i ka iʻa ma ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka nui o nā moku eli ka nui ma Iapana, Taiwan, Kina, Indonesia a me Sepania.

Hoʻolaha kālā no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ʻike ʻana i ke kumuwaiwai hoʻomehana moana ru en I ka makahiki 2009, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo ia i kahi hōʻikeʻepekema hōʻikeʻike e pili ana i ka mokuʻāina o nā kumu waiwai o ka honua, kahi e hoʻonui pinepine ʻia. Wahi a ka moʻolelo, ʻo nā mea nui nui no nā lawaiʻa a me nā lawaiʻa punahele he melemele, nā maka nunui, ka mea maʻamau, pacific blue, Australian a me ka beluna tuna.

Ua haʻi ka hōʻike:

Ma waena o nā makahiki 1940 a me waena waena o 1960, ua hopu nui ʻia ka hopu makahiki ʻana o nā ʻano nui tuna nui mai ka 300,000 mau a 1 miliona mau mea, ua paʻa ʻia ka lawaiʻa. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pou ʻeke, ʻo kēia ke kumu hana lawaiʻa i kēia manawa i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ulu ka nui o nā waihona i 4 miliona mau makahiki i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka 68% o nā tuna i ka moana ma ka Pakipika, 22% ma loko o ke Kaiʻula ʻo India a ʻo ke koena 10% i loko o ka Atlantika a me ke Kai Hikina. Hana ʻia nā tuna e pili ana i ka 60% o ka nui o ka hopu, a ukali ʻia e yellowfin (24%), mau maka nui (10%), lōʻihi ka lōʻihi (5%) a me nā kaila. Huli ʻia ka 62% o nā tuna me nā ʻeke ʻeke, 14% me nā palena lōʻihi, 11% me nā lawaiʻa lawaiʻa hao me ke koena o 3% ma nā ʻano like ʻole.

Huli i nā hua tuna e nā ʻāina a pau ma ka Moana Inia (ʻumi mau tausani, e like me Na Komisina Komohana Kai TunaDekemaba 2011)

Nā ʻano o Tuna	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
Hulu melemele	338	362	464	530	497	417	316	325	276	299
Nā maka nui	121	141	130	138	123	118	124	107	103	71
Unuhi ʻia	456	526	515	483	543	625	477	459	456	428
Hulu lōʻihi	44	35	26	32	32	30	44	47	40	44

ʻO nā ʻano nui haneli o ka tuna (e ʻike i ka papa ma lalo) he hana koʻikoʻi nui i waena o nā ʻano tuna a me nā ʻano like ʻole mai ke ʻano o ka hoʻokele waiwai. Ke lawe ʻia nei ke kālepa a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka honua. Ma 2010, ʻo kā lākou hopu ka nui ma kahi o 4 miliona mau mile, e hōʻike ana ma kahi o 66% o ka nui hopu i nā tuna a me nā ʻano like ʻole i ka tuna. Ma ka makahiki 2010, 70.5% o ka nui loa o ka hopu i ka nui o ka nui o ka tuna i loaʻa ma ka Pakipika o ka Pakipika, 19.5% ma loko o ke Kaiʻula ʻo India a me 10,0% i ka moana Atlantika a me ke Kaiʻāina.

Kuhi ʻia nā kōkua o nā ʻano mea nui i koho ʻia i ka nui o kā lākou hopu ʻana i ka makahiki 2010

See o nā tuna	Kahele hapa ma ka hopu waiwai ma 2010
Long fin tuna	5,9
ʻO nā ʻuna maʻamau	emi ma mua o 1%
ʻO ka nui ka maka nui	8,2 %
ʻO ke kaila kaiahi kai	emi ma mua o 1%
Australia	emi ma mua o 1%
Unuhi ʻapo	58,1 %
ʻĀpana Heiau	26,8 %

Ma 2006, ua ʻōlelo ke aupuni o Ausetalia e lawaiʻa ʻo Iapana no nā ʻuna Australia, ke hopu nei iā ia i kēlā me kēia makahiki mai 12,000 a 20,000 tons no ka mea i ʻae ʻia ka 6,000 mau lilo, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai o ka hana ma mua o nā palena paʻa i ʻōlelo ʻia he $ 2 biliona. kēlā mau mea? ]. ʻO ka hoʻoluhi nui i ka hoʻoilo ʻia ʻana o ka lehulehu. Wahi a ka World Wildlife Fund "Ma muli o ka makemake o Iapana e hoʻopili ʻia nei i kahi kumuwaiwai e makemake ʻia ma ka lohi o ka hoʻopau ʻana inā ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia ka lawaiʻa i nā huaʻōlelo ikaika loa."

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ma kahi mākia wehe ʻia i paʻa i ka mākeke ʻo Tsukiji Tokyo, ua hōʻea nā kumukūʻai tuna i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻike ana i ka manaʻo o ka mākeke. Ma Dekemaba 30, 2012, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kumukūʻai palapala no nā iʻa hoʻokahi ma Iapana. I ka huakaʻi, ua kūʻai aku ʻo 222 kg Pacific Bluefin tuna no 155.4 miliona yen (1 miliona 760 tausani US kālā), aʻo ka uku no ka kilogram he 6243 USD.

I Nowemapa 2011, ua loaʻa ka lawaiʻa ma Massachusetts i kahi ʻupena o ka tuna e kaupaona ana ma kahi o 400 kg. Ma muli o nā loina a me nā kaupalena pili i ka lawaiʻa tuna ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hoʻokuke nā luna o ka federal i ka iʻa no ka mea ʻaʻole i kiʻi ʻia me ka lāʻau.I ka wā hopu, loaʻa iā ia kahi pōʻino nui a ua kūʻai ʻia aku ma lalo o $ 5,000.

Ua hoʻomaka ka lawaiʻa Lūkini i ka lawaiʻa no tuna i ka makahiki 1980 a hopu i nā tuna i nā moana āpau a hiki i ka waena o nā 1990s. ʻO ka mea hope mai i ka hana o ka wai ʻana o ka lawaiʻa ʻana o ka mokupuni o Lūkini, ua emi iho ka nui o nā waʻa kahila mai 30 a 7 mau pūʻulu. I nā makahiki 1990, ua kūʻai ʻia nā mea kūʻai mākelē kākela nui a Lūkini i nā hui haole. ʻEhiku mau lālā pahu ʻalani ʻo Rūsia e hoʻomau i ka iʻa i ka moana ʻo Atlantika. Ma Lūkia, ʻaʻole waiwai nui ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka tuna i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā USA a me nā ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa, akā aia kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe. Ua hoʻohana nā ʻūnū waiwai ʻo Russian i nā mea waiwai mai nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā huahana paʻakai i hoʻopau ʻia ma Rūsia ma Asia Hema.

Akuʻāina

Hoʻoulu nui ʻia ka nui o nā kaila kiʻekiʻe e ulu a momona i nā pā. Ma ke Kuamoʻo, ua ulu ia ke tuna ma Kroasia, Helene, Turkey, Italia, Libya, Malta, Spain a me Cyprus. ʻO ke anawaena o nā kahakai ma kahakai he 50-90 mika, ka nui o ka huina he 230,000 m 3. No ka laʻana, ma Turkey, mai ka waena o Mei a hiki i ka waena o Iune, ua loaʻa nā moku kūikawā i nā ʻohana o ka tuna me ka ʻimi iʻa, e hoʻopuni iā ​​lākou i kahi ʻupena a neʻe iā lākou i loko o kahi pāla i Karaburun Bay, Izmir. ʻO ka hana a nā mea kanu hoʻomehana tuna ma lalo o ka kālai'āina. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Tuna me nā squids, sardines, herring a mackerel. Ka nānā ʻia ko lākou kūlana me nā mea ʻē aʻe I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope iho, ua emi iho ma mua o 2 mau makahiki, ua hoʻōhoʻa ʻia ka iʻa, hoʻokele a hoʻouna ʻia no ke hoʻokuʻu ʻana.

E alakaʻi ana ʻo Iapana i ka noiʻi ʻaleʻaleʻa. I ka makahiki 1979, no ka manawa mua i hoʻomoe ai i ka tuna i ka noho pio ʻana. I ka 2002, ua pau ka hānai hoʻohāʻau piha, a ma 2007 ua loaʻa ka hanauna ʻekolu. Kūʻai ʻia ka pīpī pipi no ka mahiʻai ʻana i nā mahiʻai iʻa. ʻO ke kumu kūʻai o ka palaoa kahi he kanalima kālā.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pāhana e hana i ka hoʻomoʻa kūloko a me nā kumu kūʻai aku o nā ʻano kai maʻamau TRANSDOTT. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kekahi o nā pahuhopu o ka papahana ka hoʻouluulu ʻana i ka tuna i ka noho pio ʻana. Hiki iā ia ke loaʻa ka pōkole kūpono me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana o nā hopena hormonal i nā pākeke. No ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpio i nā ʻoihana holomua, pono ka lāʻau e kanu i ka lāʻau no ka ulu ʻana o ka nui. ʻOleʻa ʻohana Tunatech hoʻomohala i kahi meaʻai makana kūikawā, akā i kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka paʻila tuna ka maikaʻi ke kāwili ʻia me ka ʻai a me ka iʻa make. Hōʻalo ka Cannibalism i ka ulu ʻana o ka tuna i ka pio - nui ka poʻe i ʻai i ka pala, ʻo ka pū kekahi, nā motile a me nā iʻa wikiwiki ka hana ʻino iā lākou iho me ka hū ana i nā paia o nā kahe. Pono e mālama ʻia ka mana o Parasite me ka ʻike ʻole i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i ka nui o ka lāhui, a no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia o ka mālama ʻana i ka maluhia o ka iʻa.

Ka ʻai

I ka nui o nā'āina, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka iʻa tuna he mea ʻai maikaʻi. Pēkau ʻia ʻo ia ma kahi ʻano ʻē loa, ʻai maka a paʻima. Hoʻopili ʻo ka tuna i ka ʻiʻo māmā a me kaʻeleʻele. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻiʻo māmā i lawe ʻia mai i ka iʻa like, he nui ka palaʻa, haʻahaʻa a keu ka wai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ke ʻano he kino a ʻoi ka maikaʻi o ka māmā, akā e loaʻa pū ana ka hao (a hiki i ka 11 mg no 1 kg).

ʻO nā mea lapaʻau, nā pono a me nā pōʻino

18-20%). ʻAʻohe kahi momona i kāna ʻai (

0,5%) a me ka kolamu. ʻO ka huaora A, D a me E, omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid, selenium, sodium and potassium. ʻO ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana o kēia iʻa hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā triglycerides i ke koko. ʻO ka ʻōlelo o ka kaloli o nā tuna kēla kahi ma 198 kcal, a me ka ʻike o ka protein i ka 29.13%.

Hiki i ka mercury ke hōʻiliʻili i loko o nā ʻāpana o ka iʻa nui predatory me kahi lōʻihi lōʻihi. ʻAi ʻole ka Tuna. He nui aku ka mercury i ka ʻiʻo pōʻeleʻele; nui ke alo o ka nui o ka tuna e ʻohi i ka mercury i ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka ʻenehana.He oi aku ka mercury ma nā steak ma mua o nā meaʻai aia. ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia nā wahine o nā keiki keiki hānai a me nā keiki e ʻai i ka iʻa me kahi haʻuki mercury kiʻekiʻe, nona kekahi mau ʻano o ka tuna, ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi mahina.

Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻano noiʻi i ka makahiki 2008 me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka mercury i ka ʻai o ka tuna artiflique i pili me ka lipid kūloko - ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka lipid kūloko i nā kiko o nā mea e ʻai ai, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia nā kumulā.

Hiki i ka metamine ke hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻai o ka tuna i ka manawa o ke kaʻi ʻana i ka manuahi, ʻoi aku ka mea e mālama ʻole ai e hoʻolalelale, me ke kīkē ʻana o ka mālama a me nā ʻenehana. I nā pōkoki o nā makeneke mauʻele, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka histamine hiki i 1,500 mau manawa ma mua o kona nānā ʻana i ka ʻai māmā. Wahi a SanPiN 2.3.2.1078-01 o ka Lūkini Lūkini, ʻaʻole pono nā mea i loko o ka iʻa ma mua o 100 mg / kg. ʻO ka iʻa maikaʻi maikaʻi aia ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 10 mg / kg o ka histamine. Hoʻoponopono ʻia nā mana kūpono no nā tuna kēkē i ka Lūkini Lūkini e GOST 7452-97.

Nā meaʻai momona

He mea waiwai nui ʻo Tuna no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā meaʻai a pau. ʻO nā lau ʻuna o ke kūleʻa i ka helehelena a me ka hoʻokō like me ka nui o ka moa moa. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia nā meaʻai i loko o ka nui o ka yellowfin, longfin, beled, ka mālamā nui a me ka ʻapo.

A hiki i ka makahiki 1905, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo tuna he iʻa ulaula ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ua ʻānai pinepine ʻia. No ka mea mua, ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā meaʻai i loko o nā kaila tuna ma Australia i 1903. Loaʻa koke nā meaʻai ʻaina i ka kaulana. I ka makahiki 1950, ua hiki i ka tuna keʻa ke kaha me ka kaulana i ʻAmelika. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Tuna i ka aila, i loko o kona wai ponoʻī, i nā ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole, ma ka ʻāpana a i ʻole ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e hana i nā sandwiches, salads a me nā kīʻaha ʻē aʻe.

Lawe ʻia ʻo Tuna ma kahi o ke kaʻina. Hiki i ke kūlana mālama hoʻopihapiha maikaʻi ke alakaʻi i ka nāmo. Ma mua o ka hoʻoili ʻana, pono e mālama i nā tuna i nā mahana ma waena o 0 a me −18 ° C. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻāʻī ka tuna ma ka lima a laila a laila a maloʻo a i ʻālaʻi. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka iʻa ma ka ʻili a me nā iwi, ʻoki ʻia i loko o nā ʻano mea i hoʻopiha ʻia, waiho ʻia i loko o nā ipu a hoʻopili ʻia. ʻO ka ʻioleʻeleʻele i lawe ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua e hānai i nā holoholona holoholona hānai. Hoʻopili ʻia ka ipu a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka hoʻomehana ma lalo o ke kaomi.

Hoʻokomo ʻia "fillet" mai nā kua i loko o nā iʻa keʻokeʻo o ka iʻa. ʻO ke koena o ka ʻiʻo keʻokeʻo a me ka ʻiʻo hina ka hele i ka meaʻai paʻakai ʻole. Hana ʻia nā meaʻai paʻakai wale nō mai ka iʻa ʻaʻa, no laila ʻike ʻia lākou e ka aniani opaque. Hoʻokomo nā poʻe hana ʻole i nā iʻa i loko o nā paʻakai. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kaʻawale - ka ʻiʻo tuna he ʻōnaehana pāpale ʻole, ʻaʻohe ona iwi.

ʻO ka wehewehe

He kamaʻāina ʻo Tuna no ka ʻohana mackerel. Mai ka unuhi Helene tuna unuhi i ka "hoʻolauna", "hoʻolei". Ke kino ob Toro ka kino, ke ʻāpana i ka caudal. Kūpono ke poʻo i kona helehelena. Aia iā 2 mau maka liʻiliʻi ma nā ʻaoʻao, me ka waha nui me ka lālani o nā liʻiliʻi, akā ʻoi aku ka niho heʻe. Ma kahi ʻāpana helehelena, ʻano like ke kino.

ʻO ka hoʻolako mua, aia ma hope o ke kaʻa, he concave a oblong. Ua like ka lua me kahi ʻōiwi ʻae. I nā hiʻohiʻona o waho, ka mea like me ke kūlohelohe. Mai ia huakaʻi i ka hiʻu he nui nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Hiki iā lākou ke pili i 9-12 mau ʻāpana, a mai ke anal ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 8-9.

Nui! I mea e hiki ai i nā tuna ke hanu, pono ia e neʻe mau, inā ʻaʻole e wehe ka uhi ʻana a hoʻomaʻi i ke koko me ka oxygen.

Ma muli o kona ʻano, paʻa ke kino no ka hapa nui. ʻO ka huelo a me nā manu hoʻolima e ʻae i ka iʻa e neʻe ikaika. ʻO ka wikiwiki ʻo kēlā hiki i nā iʻa ʻōpio ke hoʻomohala ma kahi he 85 km / h. E like me ka makika, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana olakino, aia nō ia i ke ʻano kino kino he 36.6 mau degere. ʻAʻole hiki ʻole ke haʻi pololei i ka nui o ka iʻa o ka iʻa. ʻO ka hapa maʻamau o nā iʻa tuna nui he 35 mau makahiki, a no nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi he liʻiliʻi mai ka 10.

ʻO ka paona a me nā ana

ʻO ka nui o ka tuna ka mea kahaha a mahalo. ʻO nā specimens liʻiliʻi he 30-40 cm, a ʻo ke kaumaha ola wale nō he 2 kg. ʻO ka nui ka kaila ākea nui, bluefin ka lōʻihi e ulu ana i ka lōʻihi e 4-4.5 mika. ʻO ka paona o ia ʻano nui i kekahi manawa ma mua o 600 kg. ʻO ka poʻe a pau e hele paha e lawaiʻa i kēia lawaiʻa kai e moe ana i ka hopu ʻana i ka iʻa me ke kiʻekiʻe kanaka. ʻAʻole hiki i nā ʻano āpau ke hoʻokō i nā nui hoihoi. Pili ka mea nui i ka noho a me ka ʻano.

Iʻa ʻāpana ʻulaʻula paha a i ʻole

He kala nani nā ʻiʻo: mai ka pink pink i ka ʻulaʻula hohonu. ʻO ka heleʻana o ka protein-kaohi a ka oxygen i loko o ka kaʻai kahe e pili ana i ka kala o ka hua tuna i hana ʻia. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano mea e ola ana i kapa ʻia ʻo myoglobin a loaʻa i ka nui o nā hao, a loaʻa ka hana i ka manawa o ka neʻe ʻana.

Nui! ʻOkoʻa nā kukui a me ka ʻulaʻula ʻaʻa tuna. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei iā lākou, ʻike ʻoe i ka saturated a i ʻole palaka i hōʻike ʻia e ka friability, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā ʻike wai nui loa. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke keʻokeʻo, akā ua hiki ke kumu o kāna hao i ka 11 mg no 1 kg.

Aia kekahi mau unahi

ʻO nā mea kaupaona e uhi ana i ke kino o kēia ʻano kai ma ke alo o ke kino a ma nā ʻaoʻao he ʻokoʻa ka mānoanoa mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ke kino. He mānoanoa nui lākou a he nui ka nui a like like me ka pale pale. ʻOkoʻa ka kala o nā unahi no kēlā me kēia ʻano. Hiki iā lākou ke kala a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana ʻē aʻe no nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, akā heʻeleʻele hou a he ʻōpū māmā hoʻi nā mea āpau no nā poʻe āpau.

ʻO Predator a i ʻole

ʻO ka ʻai no ka tuna he iʻa a me ka ola o ke kai liʻiliʻi. Hoʻomaʻa ka mea predator i nā mākeke, capelin, sardines, pili ka mackerel a me nā hoahānau. ʻAi kekahi i nā crustaceans liʻiliʻi a me nā cephalopods. ʻO ka iʻa iʻa mau ʻia i ka wā i ke ao, e iho ana i ka hohonu, akā me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pō e holo ka ʻulu.

Hoʻohui kūlohelohe

Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻiʻo i nā mea kaiʻai a me nā mea hoʻokūkū. He waiwai i loko o nā poli a me monounsaturated i nā momona a me nā protein, akā loaʻa nā mea waiwai loa i loko. Pono nui ka ʻiʻo o ka iʻa no ke kino kanaka a ua kau ʻia nā mea a pau e 95%.

ʻOiai i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka pāʻai i loko o kahi ʻona holoʻokoʻa o kēlā me kēia lā.

• cobalt,
• kromium,
• niacin
• pridoxin
• ʻūkū,
• iodine,
• ka thiamine
• huaʻala,
• pāhau
• hao,
• kalaiula
• seng,
• konekena
• keleawe
• selenium,
• mau mea momona o nā hui A a me B,
• omega-3, nā waikawa omega-6.

Nui! No ka mālama i ka pale kaulike o nā macro- a me nā micronutrients, ʻoi ʻia ke ʻai ʻana i kēlā me ke ʻole o ka manawa manawa i loko o 1-2 mau pule. ʻAʻole pono e lawelawe i ka nui o ka lawelawe ʻana i ka 100-150 grika no ka pākeke.

He pono a hōʻino i ke kino

Momona ka nui o Tuna. Hoʻomaka lākou a hānai i ke kino, ʻae aku iā ʻoe e mālama i ke kaupaona maʻamau, akā ke loaʻa mau nei ka hopena maikaʻi aʻe ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa, i ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā maʻi kino he nui.

• hōʻemi iki i ka maʻi kanesa
• ka mālama ʻana i nā hana maʻamau o ka ʻōnaehana cardiovascular,
• ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā paia o ka ʻōnaehana kaila,
• stabilization o ke koko, puʻuwai, ʻalofia o ka arrhythmia,
• ka pale ʻana i ka hanana ʻana o ka pūpū a me ka hana ʻana o ka pēpē,
• nāwaliwali o ke kaʻina hana a me nā loli arthritic,
• ka pale ʻana o ka maʻi a Alzheimer,
• kōkua i ka mālamaʻana i nā maʻi dermatological, a me nā mālamalama,
• hoʻoikaika i ka cerebral, hana pilikino, hoʻonui i ka pono
• hoʻolaʻa kolala
• Iʻa ʻia ʻo iʻa e hoʻonaninani i nā poʻe i ke kaumaha,
• hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke ake o nā mea i hōʻiliʻili ʻia a wehe iā lākou,
• hoʻōla maʻamau o ka hana kaʻina,
• e hoʻonui i ka pale ʻana a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino holoʻokoʻa, ka ʻili, nā kui a me ka lauoho.

ʻO nā purines, kahi o nā ʻāpana nui, hiki iā ia ke hōʻeha i ka gout a me urolithiasis. No laila, he mea nui ia e kiaʻi i ka nui o kāu iʻa e ʻai ai.

Hoʻohana ʻia nō hoʻi e kaupalena i kāuʻai no ka hoʻomake ʻole ʻana a me nā maʻi kūlohelohe.

Nui! ʻO ka moʻa holomua o kēia mea hana kai he mea maikaʻi.Hoʻohana ʻia ia mau maka, ma hope o ka mālama wela (frying, kuke, stewing, etc.) a i ʻole kēne.

Aia ma hea Rū

ʻO ka wahi noho o ka tuna ka ʻāina a me ka subtropical wai o ka Pākīpika, ʻAkana, ʻAkana. Ma Lusia, ua ʻike ʻia kokoke i ke kahakai ʻo ʻEleʻele, ma ke Kai o Azov, ke Kai Barents, a me ka Iapana. Hōʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia wahi wai i kona ʻano ʻano ponoʻī. ʻO nā tuna maʻamau, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kona nui nui, ʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa i loko o ke Kai Barents. Ma ka ʻeleʻele, ʻo Azov a me Iapana e noho i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi.

Ma nā pale ma nā hale kūʻai, nā huahana hoʻouluulu mai Kina a ʻo Vietnam paha e kūʻai pinepine aku ai, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka nui o nā ʻelele o nā genus tuna i loko o ke kai. I nā wā Soviet, ʻo nā lawaiʻa i kēlā me kēia makahiki e hana ana he 15-20 mau haneli o kēia mea momona a waiwai nui o ka mea momona. I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hana ʻana. ʻO kēia no ka nele o nā kahiki ponoʻole, e hāʻawi ai i ka ʻoihana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi loa o ka lawaiʻa lawena. Ua hala mua nā moku o mua, a ʻaʻole hiki i kā lākou hana no nā kumu loea.

Ma ka huina, he ʻoi aku ma mua o ka 60 mau ʻano o nā tuna, akā ʻaʻole lākou āpau he kaulana loa. E noʻonoʻo i nā holoholona mai ke kiʻi, ʻo ka mea nui i ke kanaka a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, ko lākou kaiāulu.

Nui! Ua lilo ʻo Tuna i kahi waiwai lawaiʻa koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka ʻōlelo mua a kēia iʻa, ʻo ia nā kiʻi ma nā paia o nā ana a me nā iwi, i loaʻa i ka wā o nā kiʻi kāheka. ʻO kēia mau mea ʻike i ʻoi aku ma mua o 5 tausani mau makahiki. Ua hopu ʻia ka nui o ka noho ʻana ma nā wahi moana i ka kenekulia 19, a ʻo ke kaʻe nui loa a me ka hoihoi nui ʻia i hōʻike ʻia i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20.

ʻAmelika

Kāhea ʻia ʻo Atlantic tuna ʻo blackfin, ʻeleʻele. ʻO kēia ʻaoʻao ke komohana o ka Kaiā kahakai, kokoke ma ke kapakai ʻo Pasila. I waena o nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona kaulana, ʻaʻole kū i ka nui. Hoʻoulu wale ka makua i ka 1 mika, a ola ka paona - 20 kg wale nō. ʻO ke ola o kahi pale - ʻaʻoleʻoi aku ma mua o 5-6 mau makahiki. ʻĀnō nā palahele me ka paukū dorsal. ʻEleʻele ke kua.

Mackerel

Ma ke kūlohelohe kūlohelohe, ʻike ʻia ka mackerel i loko o nā wai o nā kaona holoʻokoʻa, ma nā muliwai Iapana. Aia nō ke kū i ka Tuna kai laʻa. Ke ulu nei lākou i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 65 cm. Akā, ʻo ka hopu ʻana i ka iʻa o kēia nui kahi mea pōmaikaʻi. Loaʻa pinepine nā spekimens i nā lōʻihi lōʻihi ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 15-35 cm.

Paʻi ʻia ko lākou kua i loko o kahi kala uliuli maikaʻi, a ʻo ka ʻōpū ma ke kālā. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā wahi lihilihi ma kēia kua. ʻO ke ʻano o ke kupapaʻu he ʻano like me ka mackerel, no laila ke kiʻi ia i kona inoa.

ʻŌpiopio

ʻO nā ʻuna tuna maʻamau kekahi i kapa ʻia kekahi ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka redfin. He wīwī maoli kēia - i kekahi manawa ke hiki i ka nui o 6 mau mika, a me ke paona - 600 kg. Loaʻa ia ma ka hapa nui ma ka Atlantika a ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke Kaiwaena. Aloha nui kona aloha i ke Kai Kūwelika, Caribbean a me ka wai Mediterranean, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāina ʻo Barents a me ʻeleʻele. ʻO ke kua o ke kaila ʻulaʻula he saturated uliuli, he ʻāpana keʻokeʻo ma lalo. Aia nā paleke i kahi kukuna brownish-ʻula.

ʻO ka lilo ʻana o kekahi o nā mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia o kahi ʻano he nui loa i nā kuke. Pāʻili ka ʻiʻo a me ka pono.

Nui! Hāpai ka hopu ʻana i kēia ʻano o ka tuna ma lalo o ka mālama paʻa ʻana ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe nui o ka luku ʻana. No laila ʻoi aku ke nui o nā ʻāina e hana i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kauwila i ka ʻakena.

Blufin

ʻO ka lālā kaiapuni ʻĀpelika ka lua o ka ʻohana. ʻO ka nui ka nui o nā kaila ukiuki ka nui he 3 m. Ma muli o ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia ai ka bluefin tuna, mālama ia a loaʻa iā ia ke kūlana o "Vulnerable".

Aia e noho nei i ka wai o ka Pākīpika. No ka hahai holoholona, ​​hiki i ka hohonu a hiki i 550 m, akā ʻike pinepine ʻia ma ka papahele.

ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka ʻenehana kikowaena ka ʻeleʻele a me ka uliuli ʻulaʻula, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻaoʻao a loaʻa i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo nui kaila me nā wahi pale. Pau ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka pulu nui ma ke kua.Hoʻopili iki i ka melemele. He ʻulaʻula ka lua a me ke anal o nā ʻano o ka Pākīpika. Mai iā lākou, ma ke kuhikuhi o ka huelo, aia nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka pili melemele i ke kapa ʻeleʻele.

ʻO ka kumu o ke ʻano a me ka wehewehe

He inoa kahiko ʻo Tuna mai ka ʻohana mackerel o ka moʻomeheu Thunnus, kahi i ola ai a hiki i kēia lā i kokoke loa i loli ʻole. Ma loko o Thunnus mau ʻano ʻehiku;

Wikiō: Tuna

ʻO nā kaila a pau nā iʻa ʻenehana, ka papa maʻamau o ka loko. Ua loaʻa kēia inoa ma muli o ke ʻano kūikawā o nā loina. ʻIke ʻia kahi ʻano o ka hulu manu-hihiu i ka wā lōʻihi o ka hoʻokolohua, ma lalo o ka mana o ka radiation adaptive. ʻO ka loaʻa mua o ka iʻa hihi-fin fossil e pili ana i ka hopena o ka manawa Silurian - 420 miliona mau makahiki. Loaʻa nā koena o kēia mea makee ma Rūsia, Estonia, Sweden.

ʻO nā ʻano kaila i ka genus Thunnus:

• lōʻihi ʻāʻī tuna
• Kahiki,
• tuna nui
• ʻApelika
• hulu melemele a me ka huelo lōʻihi.

Loaʻa lākou a pau i nā ola ola, kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaumaha o ke kino, a me ke ʻano o ka ʻano o nā ʻano.

ʻOiaʻiʻo: Hiki i ka tuna Bluefin ke mālama i kona mahana kino i kahi pae o 27 degere, kahi hohonu o kahi kilomita, kahi e hoʻomehana ai ka wai a hiki i ʻelima mau degere. Hoʻonui lākou i ka mahana o ke kino me ke kōkua o kahi exchanger wela wela e kū ana ma waena o nā gills a me nā kikoo.

Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona

Kiʻi: ʻO Tuna iʻa

ʻO nā ʻano āpana āpau kekahi elongated o kahi ʻano fusiform, ka ʻoi i ka pili i ka huʻu. ʻO ka fin dorsal nui he concave a elongated, ʻo ka lua he helehelena e like me ka ili, ʻilihune. Aia a hiki i 9 mau pua liʻiliʻi i loaʻa iā ia ma ka huelo, a ʻo ka huelo ka mea like o ka mahina lahilahi a ʻoi ka hiki ke hoʻokō i ka wikiwiki i ka wai wai, ʻoiai ka kino o nā ʻano tuna ka neʻe o ka neʻe a ka wā ka neʻe. He mau kupanaha ikaika iki e hiki ke neʻe i ka wikiwiki nui a hiki i 90 km i kēlā me kēia hola.

Kūpono ka nui o ke ʻano he tuna ma ke ʻano o kahi cone, liʻiliʻi nā maka, me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o hoʻokahi ʻano ʻano tuna. He ākea ka waha o ka iʻa, ke hāmama mau mau ʻia, ʻo ka ʻāʻī kahi hoʻokahi o nā niho o nā niho liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā pāpaʻi ma mua o ke kino a ma nā ʻaoʻao a ʻoi aku ka nunui a ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa ma mua o nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ke kino, ma muli o kēia ʻano ʻano pale o ka pale ʻana.

ʻAno ke kala o ka tuna i kona ʻano, akā i ka manawa pinepine i loaʻa iā lākou ka ʻulaʻī ʻula a me kahi pōʻeleʻele hoʻi me kahi hina hina a i ʻole uliuli paha. Loaʻa i kekahi mau ʻano koʻi laha ma kona mau ʻaoʻao; he ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe a i ʻole ka lōʻihi o nā pua. Hiki i kekahi poʻe ke loaʻa ka paona a hiki i ka hapalua o ke kino ka lōʻihi o ka 3 a me ka 4 mika - he mau kānaka maoli maoli lākou, a kapa ʻia lākou i "nā aliʻi o nā iʻa a pau." ʻO ka manawa pinepine loa, hiki i nā ʻāpana ke haʻaheo i nā uliuli a ʻulaʻula paha. ʻO ka paona Mackerel ka nui o ka paona ma mua o ʻelua mau kilikina me ka lōʻihi a hiki i ka hapalua mika.

Ua ʻōlelo ka nui o nā ichthyologists e like kēia iʻa me ka ʻake loa loa o nā mea āpau o ke kai.

• he maikaʻi ko lākou hope ʻoi,
• Mahalo i nā gills ākea, hiki i ka tuna ke kiʻi i ka 50 pakeneka o ka oxygen i loko o ka wai, ʻoi kahi hapakolu ma mua o nā iʻa,
• kahi papahana kūikawā o ka hoʻoponopono wela, i ka wā e hoʻohuli pono ʻia ka wela i nā lolo, nā ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū.
• hemoglobin kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa kūloko wikiwiki,
• ʻōnaehana piha loa o ka moku a me ka puʻuwai, ka physiology.

Wahi e noho ai ka tuna?

Kuhi: Tuna i ka wai

Noho ʻo Tuna ma kahi o nā kai, me ka ʻike ʻole wale i nā wai polar. Ua hui mua nā ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻuna mua i ka moana Atlantika mai nā Mokupuni ʻo Canary a hiki i ke Kai Akau, i kekahi manawa ua swam ia iā Norewai, ke Kai ʻeleʻele, nā wai o ʻAmelika, ʻAmelika ua like me ka haku ma ke Kaiwaena.I kēia lā, ua hōʻiliʻili nui kāna wahi noho. E koho kona mau hoahānau i nā wai kūlohelohe a me ka subtropical o ke kai Atlantika, Pākīpika a me India Ocean. Hiki iā Tuna ke noho i loko o nā wai anuanu, akā e hele mai ana i ia manawa wale nō, ʻoi aku i nā mea ʻoluʻolu.

ʻO nā ʻano āpau āpau, koe wale nō no Australia, aneane ʻole e hele kokoke i kahakai a hiki wale i ka wā lele, hele pinepine lākou ma kahi mamao ma kahi lōʻihi. ʻO ke ʻākena, ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe, kokoke mau loa i ka honua, ʻaʻole i hele i ka wai ākea.

Hele mau ʻo Tuna ma hope o nā kula o ka iʻa a lākou e hānai ai. I ka pūnāwai, e hoʻokokoke lākou i nā kahakai o Caucasus, Crimea, hele i ke kai o Iapana, kahi e waiho ai lākou a hiki i Okakopa, a hoʻi hou i ka Lūkini aiʻole Marmara. I ka hoʻoilo, mālama ʻo Tuna i ka nui a kū hou i ke ʻano o ka wai. I ka wā e hele ai nā hānai manuʻai hiki ke kokoke loa i nā kahakai ma hope o nā kula o ka iʻa e hana ai i kā lākou papa.

He aha nā kai tuna?

ʻAkau: Tuna ma ke kai

ʻO nā mea āpau āpau, he mea kai ʻai lākou i ka mea āpau i ke kai a i lalo paha o ka moana, no ka nui o nā ʻano nui. Holo mau ʻo Tuna i kahi pūʻulu, hiki iā ia ke hahai i kahi kula o ka iʻa no ka manawa lōʻihi, e uhi ana i nā wahi mamao, i kekahi manawa ke komo i ka wai anuanu. ʻOi ka kaila tuna Bluefin e hānai i ka pā kai hohonu no ka nui o nā pōpoki, ʻo ia hoʻi nā heihei liʻiliʻi, aʻo nā mea liʻiliʻi e noho kokoke ana i ka lumu, nā kikoʻī me nā mea āpau a pau.

ʻO ka papa nui o ka mea kaiamo.

• nui nā ʻano o nā iʻa kula, e pili ana me ka puaʻa, hake, pollock,
• piu
• octopuses
• flound,
• nā mollusks
• nā puʻupuʻu like ʻole a me nā ʻōpū.

Ua ʻoi aku ke koʻikoʻi o Tuna ma mua o nā kai a pau o ke kai i ka ʻohi ʻana i ka ʻai i kāna ʻai, akā ke kumu nui o ke ʻano o kēia hanana ʻana, ʻaʻole ia he meaʻai, akā, ʻo ka hana a ke kanaka, ma muli o ke ʻano o kēia mea pōpilikia i loko o ka wai. Aia kekahi o ka mercury i ke kai i ka wā o ka hū ʻana o ka lua pele, ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka pali.

ʻOiaʻiʻo: Hoʻokahi kekahi o nā mākaʻi moana i ka manawa i hopu ʻia ai kahi nui o kahi ka nui o ke kahe a ka wai ʻana i loko o ka wai me ka wai ʻana i kahi ʻāpana o ke kai, akā ma hope o ka lawaiʻa ʻana, e ʻike ana i kona hewa.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me nā ʻano hana

Kiʻi: ʻO Tuna iʻa

ʻO Tuna kahi ʻāpana o ka iʻa e pono ai ka neʻe mau, no ka mea i ka wā e neʻe ai ka loaʻa o ke kahe o ka oxygen ma o kāna mau gills. He mau poʻe holo ʻino a wikiwiki hoʻi, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomōhala i ka wikiwiki o lalo o ka wai, ka maneuvering, a me nā huakaʻi lōʻihi. ʻOiai ka neʻe mau ʻana, hoʻihoʻi pinepine ʻo tuna i kēlā wai like.

ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi ʻo Tuna e ʻai i ka meaʻai mai lalo a i ʻole ka wai o ka wai. I ke ao, ʻimi lākou i ka hohonu, a i ka pō ke ala e ala lākou. Hiki i kēia iʻa i ka neʻe wale wale nō i ka hōʻike kuʻekuʻe, akā ke kū aʻe nō hoʻi i luna. Hoʻoholo ka mahana o ka wai i ke ʻano o ka holo. Kuhi mau ʻo Tuna i loko o nā papawai o ka wai, e hōʻoluʻolu a 20-25 kiʻekiʻe - ʻo ia ka hōʻailona ʻoluʻolu no ia.

I ka wā hānai holoholona, ​​hoʻomānehe ka tuna i ke kula o ka iʻa i loko o ka pahu haki a ʻoi ka wikiwiki ʻana. Ma kahi pōkole pōkole, luku ʻia kahi pūʻulu nui iʻa a no kēia kumu i ka kenekulia i hala, ua manaʻo ka lawaiʻa ʻo tuna e ko lākou hoa hoʻokūkū a me ka kumu i luku ʻole ʻia i ʻole e waiho ʻia me ka hopu ʻole ʻia.

ʻIke maoli nō: Aia a hiki i ka waena waena o ke kenekulia 20, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka ʻiʻo i ka hoʻonaʻauao maka no ka hana ʻana o nā holoholona holoholona.

ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻenehana a me ka hana hou

Kuhi: Tuna ma lalo o ka wai

Ma ke kaolu o ʻekolu wale nō ka makahiki o Tuna, akā ʻaʻole lākou i kamaʻilio ma mua o 10-12 mau makahiki i loko o nā wai mahana i loko o ka wai mahana mua. ʻO ko lākou manawa maʻamau he 35 mau makahiki, a hiki i ka hapalua o hoʻokahi kenekulia.No ka mokulele, lele ka iʻa i ka wai mahana o ke Kaiwa ʻo Mekiko a me ke kai Hikina, ʻo kēlā me kēia pākiki i loaʻa kona manawa kikoʻī, i ka wā e hele ai ka mahana wai ma 23-27 mau degere.

Kūpono nā hua āpau - i hoʻokahi manawa hua a ka wahine i nā miliona he 10 miliona e pili ana i 1 milimita ka nui a hamu nā kānaka a pau e ke kāne. I loko o kekahi mau lā, ʻikea mai ka palaoa mai ia lākou, e hōʻuluʻulu i nā nui ma ka wai o ka wai. ʻO kekahi o lākou e ʻai ʻia e nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, a ʻoi ke koena e hoʻonui i ka nui, ka ʻai plankton a me nā crustaceans liʻiliʻi. Ke neʻe nei nā holoholona'ōpiopio i ka meaʻai maʻamau i ka wā e ulu ai lākou, e hōʻiliʻili i nā mea pākeke i ka wā o kā lākou kahu holoholona.

Aia mau ʻo Tuna i nā ʻohana o kona mau ʻohana, he ʻolua hoʻokahi wale nō, inā he ʻumi ia i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka waiwai kūpono. Kahi like nā lālā a pau o ka ʻeke, ʻaʻohe ʻano hierarchy, akā e pili mau ana ma waena o lākou, he ʻoluʻolu a pololei hoʻi nā ʻano o kā lākou hana.

ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka tuna

He liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻo Tuna ma muli o kona nānā waiwai a hiki i ka wikiwiki ke wikiwiki. Ua loaʻa ka hihia o ka hoʻouka ʻana o kekahi mau puaʻa nui, nā iʻa, ma muli o ke kumu i make ai nā tuna, akā ʻo kēia pinepine ke hana me nā subspecies liʻiliʻi.

ʻO ka pōʻino o ka lehulehu ka mea i ka poʻe, ʻoiai ka tuna he iʻa iʻa, he mea kūʻai nui ʻia ka ʻiʻo ʻulaʻula ma muli o ke ʻano nui o ka protein a me ka hao, ʻono maikaʻi, a me ka hoʻēmi ʻole ʻana i ka maʻi parasit. Mai ka wā o nā kanawalukūmālua o ka kenekulia 20 ua loaʻa ana i nā lako hana piha o ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa, a ua loaʻa i ka hopu kūloko o kēia iʻa i ka hapa like ʻole.

ʻOiaʻiʻo: Mahalo nui ʻia ka ʻiʻo tuna e ka Kepani, ua hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia nā paʻi kumukūʻai ma nā hale kūʻaiʻai ma Iāpana - ke kumukūʻai o hoʻokahi kilogram o nā tuna hou i hiki mai i $ 1000.

ʻO ka ʻano i ka tuna me ke iʻa iʻa ka lawaiʻa ua loli nui. Inā he mau tausani kaukani mau makahiki i paʻa ʻia ka iʻa nui e kēia lawaiʻa, ua kiʻi ʻia kona kiʻi i nā moni Helene a me Celtic, a laila ua ʻike ʻole ʻia ka lau tuna i ka makahiki 20 - ua hopu ʻia ia no nā kumu haʻuki e kiʻi ai i kahi kākela kupaianaha, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka waiwai metala. i ka hana ʻana o nā hui ʻai.

Ka pae o nā kānaka a me nā kūlana

Kiʻi: ʻO Big Tuna

ʻOiai ʻaʻole i pau loa i ka ʻenemi kūlohelohe, ka momona kiʻekiʻe, ke kū ka nui o ka tuna no ka nui o ka lawaiʻa. ʻO nā mea kua a i ʻole ka bluefin tuna i hōʻike ʻia no ka hopohopo. Ke nānā aku nei ke nānā aku no nā Australian. ʻO nā helu subspecies wale nō paha ʻaʻole i kumu i ka poʻe ʻepekema a paʻa kā lākou kūlana.

Mai ka manawa nui o ka tuna e hōʻea i ka wā ʻōpiopio, aia kekahi pāpā i ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻōpiopio. I ka hihia o ka launa ʻole ʻana me ka moku lawaiʻa, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia lākou ma lalo o ke kuʻi ʻana, akā hoʻokuʻu ʻia a lawe ʻia paha i loko o nā māla kūikawā no ka hana ʻana. Mai nā makahiki he kanawalu o ka makahiki hope, ua ulu nui ke ʻano o ke tuna i nā kūlana kūlohelohe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā peni kūikawā. Ua pōmaikaʻi nui ʻo Iapana i kēia. ʻO kahi lehulehu o nā mahiʻai iʻa ma Greece, Kroasia, Kipani, Italia.

Ma Tureke, mai wa waena o Mei a Iune, ua hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​moku kūikawā i nā ʻohana o ka tuna a puni lākou iā lākou me nā ʻupena, e hoʻoneʻe iā lākou i ka māka iʻa i Karaburun Bay. ʻO ka lawaiʻa a pau, mālama a hoʻomaʻa i nā hana o kēia iʻa ma lalo o ke kāʻei o ka mokuahi. Nānā nā poʻe manuahi i ke kūlana o ka tuna, hānai lākou i ka iʻa no 1-2 mau makahiki a laila e oona iā ia no ka hoʻōla a hoʻokaʻawale paha iā ia no ke kiʻi hou aku.

Mālama ʻo Tuna

Hoʻi kiʻi: Tuna mai ka Puke ʻaha

ʻO nā tuna maʻamau, ka mea i ʻike ʻia e kona nani kupaianaha, aia ma ka palena o kahi i hoʻopau ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka Red Book i ke ʻano o nā mea make pau.ʻO ke kumu nui ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka iʻa o kēia iʻa i ka gastronomy a me ka lawaiʻa ʻole ʻole i paʻa i nā makahiki he mau makahiki. Wahi a nā helu kumuhana i kēlā mau makahiki he 50 i hala iho nei, ua hōʻemi ʻia ka nui o kekahi mau ʻano tuna ma ka 40-60 pakeneka, a ʻaʻole lawa ka nui o nā kanaka o nā tuna maʻamau i vivo.

Mai ka makahiki 2015, ua paʻa ka ʻikepili ma waena o 26 mau ʻāina e kaohi i ka hopu ʻana o nā ʻano pua i ka Pākīpika. Hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia ka hana ma luna o nā kanu kūlohelohe o nā kānaka. I ka manawa like, ʻo kekahi mau ʻāina i ʻole i loko o ka papa inoa o nā ʻāina i kākoʻo i ka ʻae ʻana e hōʻemi i ka hopu nui e hoʻonui i nā kī lawaiʻa.

ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻAʻole nui ke koʻikoʻi o ka iʻa Tuna e like me kēia i kēia manawa, i kekahi manawa ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e like me he iʻa, a makaʻu nā mea kūʻai aku i ke ʻano ʻulaʻula like ʻole o ka ʻiʻo, ka mea i loaʻa iā ia no ka kiʻekiʻe o ka myoglobin. Kuhi ʻia kēia waiwai i nā ʻōpū o ke tuna i hiki ai ke kū i nā ukana kiʻekiʻe. Mai ka neʻe ikaika ʻana o kēia iʻa, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka myoglobin me ka nui.

Tuna - he kamaaina piha o nā moana a me nā kaʻe, hana ʻole me nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe, pale ʻia e ka kūlohelohe ʻo ia iho mai ka hemo ʻana e ka fecundity nui a me nā lōʻihi lōʻihi, aia nō ia i ka wā i pau ʻole ma muli o nā ʻiʻo kanaka kino ʻole. Hiki paha iā ia ke pale i nā mea tuna maʻamau mai ka hoʻopau piha ʻana?

Ka noho ʻana a me ke ʻano

ʻIke ʻia ʻo Tuna he holoholona olakino e ʻohiʻohi i ka ʻano - ʻākoakoa lākou i loko o nā kaiāulu nui a me ka hopu ʻana i nā pūʻulu. I ka huli ʻana o ka meaʻai, ua mākaukau kēia mau iʻa pelagic e hoʻolei i nā mamao ma kahi mamao loa, ʻoiaʻiʻo loa, no ka mea hiki ke manaʻo mau ʻia i kā lākou mau mea noho.

He hoihoi! ʻO ka ʻuna (kaʻaʻā) nuna ka ʻaoʻao o ke leona o nā moʻolelo wikiwiki o ka Honua. I ka pōkole pōkole, ka wikiwiki o ka tuna bluefin me ka aneane 90 km / h.

Ke hele nei i ka hopu, ʻo ka laina o ka tuna i ka laina lihi (e like me ke kakaka o ke kakaka paʻa) a hoʻomaka i ka neʻe ʻana i ka mea pio ma ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe. Ma ke ala, kūlohelohe mau loa i ka biology o nā genus Thunnus iho. Ua hoʻoweliweli ka pani iā ​​lākou me ka make, ʻoiai ua hoʻomaka ʻia ke kaʻina o ka hanu ma o ke kaʻi kū ʻana o ke kino, ka mea e hele mai ana i ka hope caudal. Ke hoʻomau nei ka neʻe i ka neʻe o ka kahe o ka wai ma o ka waha hāmama i loko o nā hakahaka.

ʻĀnō ke ola

Loaʻa ke ola o kēia mau kānaka kupaianaha o ke kai e pili ana i nā ʻano - ʻoi aku ka nui o kāna mau ʻelele, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola. ^ E Ha yM. Kēia papa inoa o nā kenenarians he mau ʻuna maʻamau (35-50 mau makahiki), nā Australian tuna (20-25) a me ke kaila kaiāulu ʻo Pacific Pacific (15-26 makahiki). ʻO ka melemele (5-9) a me ka tuna mackerel (5 mau makahiki) ka liʻiliʻi paha e lohi ʻia ma kēia ao.

ʻO Habitat, noho

Ua hoʻoneʻeneʻe iki ʻo Tuna iā lākou iho mai nā ʻano ʻē aʻe he 40 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua noho ʻoi ʻo ia ma waena o ke kai (me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o nā kai polar).

He hoihoi! Aia ma ka Age Stone, ʻike ʻia nā kiʻi kikoʻī i nā iʻa ma nā ana o ʻElima, a ma ka Bronze a me ka Iron Ages, nā lawaiʻa o ke Mediterranean (Helene, Phoenician, Roma, Turks a me Moroccans) helu ʻia nā lā ma mua o ka hele ʻana o tuna e kīhai.

ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu i ka manawa lōʻihi, ua pālahalaha loa ka laulā o nā tuna maʻamau a uhi i ka moana holoʻokoʻa o Atlantika, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka Canary Islands a hoʻopau hoʻi i ke Kai Akau, a me Norewai (kahi e kolo nei i ke kauwela). He noho paʻa ʻo Bluefin tuna ma ke Kaiʻula, e hele ana i ke Kai ʻeleʻele. ʻIke ʻia ʻo ia ma ke kapakai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a me nā wai o East Africa, Australia, Chile, New Zealand a me Peru. I kēia manawa, uaʻokoʻa iki ka nui o ka tuna bluefin. Kuhi ʻia nā hale liʻiliʻi tuna liʻiliʻi penei:

• kaona tuna - kūmole wai ʻauʻau o ka hemisie (ʻo New Zealand, South Africa, Tasmania a me Uruguay),
• Maʻākena tuna - nā kahakai o ke kai wela,
• Lake Tuna
• atlantic tuna - ʻApelika, ʻAmelika a me ke Kaiʻula,
• skipjack (ʻeli tuna) - nā ʻāpana a me nā subtropical o ka Moana Pakipika.

Kauʻai

ʻO Tuna, ka nui (ka ʻulaʻula) nui loa nā mea āpau o ka mānoanoa o ke kai - heleʻe a moe paha ma lalo.

ʻO nā mea ʻai ʻuna kūpono:

• ke kula iʻa kula, me ke komo pū ʻana, ka makakiole, hake a me nā mea poke,
• flound,
• sitoa a me nā kiki,
• Sardine a me ke kauka,
• mau puka liʻiliʻi o nā hiu,
• nā mea kanu, me ke komo ʻole,
• cephalopods
• ʻōpū kikipōpō.

ʻIke maopopo nā poʻe kālepa a me nā ichthyologists i nā wahi e hoʻopaka ai ka tuna i kāna neʻe - nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻalohilohi e kolo ana i nā leʻaleʻa e emi iki ka wikiwiki a palupalu lohi. A hoʻokahi wale nō kalima, ʻaʻole ona ka manawa e lau ai i lalo, e hoʻomanaʻo iā mākou uaʻai ʻo Tuna ma kēia manawa.

Tuna pua

Ma mua, uaʻike ʻia nā ʻatikala i ka hohonu o ka ʻĀkau ʻAmelika i noho ʻia e ʻelua mau pūʻali maʻamau - hoʻokahi e noho nei ma ke Komohana Komohana a me nā hami i loko o ke Kaiwa ʻo Mexico, a ʻo ke ola lua ma ka Hikina Hikina, ʻūleʻe i ke Kai Hikina.

Nui! Mai loko mai o kēia hoʻokūkū i hoʻomau ʻia ke Kōmike Nui o ka ʻUleʻa o Atlanta Tuna, e kiʻi ana i nā kuʻuna no kāna hopu. Ua pale ʻia ka hana iʻa ma ke Komohana Komohana, akā ua ʻae ʻia (ma nā ʻāpana nui) i ka Hikina.

I ka wā ʻoi aku, ua ʻike hewa ʻia ka tessis no 2 mau holoholona Atlantika, i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia e ke kāpili ʻana o ka iʻa (kahi i hoʻomaka ai mai ka waenakonu o ke kenekulia hope) a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā hana molīlea. Ma mua o 60 mau makahiki, ua hiki ke ʻike i ka hila maoli o nā tuna i loko o ʻelua ʻāpana (ke Kīpiko o Mekiko a me ke kai Hikina) akā, ʻo ka manu ʻē aʻe ke neʻe mai kahi a kekahi i kekahi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻokahi o ka lehulehu.

Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pākēlē. I ke awāwa o Mexico, hoʻomaka nā hua me ka waena o ʻApelila a Iune, i ka wā e hoʻomohu ai ka wai i ka +22.6 +27.5 ° C. Ma ka hapa nui o ka tuna, ʻo ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o ka pua mua ma mua o 12 mau makahiki, ʻoiai ʻoiai ʻo ka wīwī i ka makahiki he 8-10 makahiki, i ka wā e ulu ai ka iʻa ma 2 m. Ke kūlohelohe aku nei ia i ke kauwela, i Iune - Iulai.

Hoʻohālike ʻia ʻo Tuna e ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka momona.. ^ E Ha yM. Hāpai ka poʻe nui i kahi o 10 miliona mau hua (1.0-1,1 cm ka nui). Ma hope o kekahi manawa, ʻo kahi hulva 1-1.5 cm kiʻekiʻe mai nā hua a pau me ka hāʻule momona. ʻO nā honu āpau i nā hipa i ka nui o ka wai.

Hōʻike Botanical

ʻO ka tuna ka nui loa i hopu ʻia ma kahakai o Aotearoa i ka makahiki 2012 a kaupaona 335 kg. He iʻa nui kēia iʻa, ʻo nā keiki ʻuʻuku ka ʻuʻuku. Mahalo i kēia, ua helu nui kahi mea ʻai maikaʻi mai nā lau āna. ʻAʻole hiki ke ola ʻo Tuna me ka neʻe ʻole ka neʻe. Pākuʻi ʻia nā ʻiʻo nunui ākea, kahi kino i make i ke kaʻo, he hope dorsal palupalu, a me ka paʻu pelu ma ka lāʻau caudal e hoʻolako wikiwiki ai a lōʻihi hoʻi o ka ʻauʻau i nā kānaka ma Azov, Japanese, Black, Barents Seas a me ka Pākīpika, ʻAmelika, a me India. ʻIʻa ʻia ka iʻa i nā kula nui.

Tuna - nā lawaiʻa maikaʻi, hoʻomohala i nā wikiwiki a hiki i 77 km / h i ke alualu ʻana i ka meaʻai. ʻO ka meaʻai nui nā crustaceans, mollusks a me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi (herring, mackerel, sardine).

ʻO ka ʻiʻo tuna ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻulaʻula ma o ka neʻe ʻana o ka protein myoglobin e loaʻa ana i ka protein i ka wā o ka neʻe o ka "wikiwiki" ma o nā ʻiʻo. Hiki i ka hiki ke waiho hua i nā hua wahine ma nā makahiki he ʻekolu. Ke kūlohelohe nei ka mahina i Iune-Iulai i ka wai mahana o ka subtropics. He nui koʻikoʻi ka iʻa a hiki ke waiho i ka 10 miliona huaʻai ma kēlā me kēia makahiki.

ʻO ka waiwai lawaiʻa

Ua ʻike pono ke kanaka i ka tuna i kekahi manawa lōʻihi - no laila, ua kamaʻilio nā kānaka o Iapana i nā tuna bluefin ma mua o 5 tausani mau makahiki. Uaʻike ʻo Barbara Block, he mea kaukio ma ke Kulanui ʻo Stanford, ua kōkua ʻo ia ka ʻohana Thunnus i kōkua i ke kuʻuna o ke Komohana.Ua hōʻoia ʻo Barbara i kona hopena me ka ʻike maoli: ʻike ʻia ʻo tuna ma mua o nā kālā Helene a me Celtic, a ua hoʻohana ʻia nā lawaiʻa o ka Bosphorus he 30 (!) ʻOkoʻa ka ʻāʻī like ʻole e hoʻohewa.

"I loko o ke kai Hikina, ua kūkulu ʻia nā ʻupena no nā kaila nui i hele i ke Kīwaha o Gibraltar i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a maopopo kēlā me nā lawaiʻa kahakai e hoʻomaka ana ʻo Putin. Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke pio, no ka mea ua pālahalaha koke aku nā huahana ola, ”wahi a ke kumu ʻepekema.

A laila ua loli ka ʻano o ka iʻa: hoʻomaka lākou me ka hoʻowahāwahā i kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "lio mackerel" a hopu iā ia i ka pīhoihoi haʻuki, a laila e ʻae iā ia i loko o ka mahiʻai a e hoʻolei paha i nā pōpoki. Eia nō naʻe, a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia hope, ua ʻoihana ʻoihana ʻoihana e lawaiʻa no Bluefin ma New Jersey a me Nova Scotia (ʻo ia ka mea hoʻokūkū nui ma ka lawaiʻa). Akā hoʻomaka kahi laina ʻeleʻele ikaika no tuna 50-60 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka wā i hana ai ʻo sushi / sashimi mai kāna ʻiʻo i loko o ke ʻano gastronomic.

He hoihoi! Ke koi nui nei ka Bluefin tuna ma ka ʻāina o ka Rising Sun, kahi 1 kg o ka iʻa e loaʻa ana ma kahi o 900 US kālā. Ma ka Wāwili iā lākou iho, lawelawe ʻia nā kaila tihi bluefin i loko o nā haleʻaina hoʻokalakupua, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka tuna yellowfin a i ʻole nā ​​kaona maka nui i loko o nā hale hoʻonanea.

Ke nānā ʻia nei he ʻano hanohano no ka lawaiʻa ʻulaʻula. No nā ʻano lawaiʻa, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā mea a pau loa. ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku i nā iʻa no nā kūloko Iapana ua loli lōʻihi i nā tuna maʻamau i pau i ka ʻĀkau ʻAmelika, no ka mea ua ʻoi aku lākou i ka momona ma mua o ko lākou mau ʻāpana Kepani.

ʻO Bluefin tuna

ʻO ia ka nui loa. ʻO kona kino kino kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka pōʻai ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻāpana. ʻO ka paona loa ka lōʻihi o 690 kg a ʻo ka lōʻihi o 4.6 m. Ua like ka nui o nā lau nui i kahi ʻāpana ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka Bluefin tuna ka waiwai nui loa. He ākea ka hale a kahi ākea mai ka polar a i ka wai kai moana.

Keokeo (Albacore) Tuna

He mea kaulana ia no ka momona momona, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka waiwai nui loa ma waena o nā mea ʻelele o ka mackerel. Noho ʻo ia i ka lūlū i ke ʻano o ka moana. ʻO kēia iʻa liʻiliʻi, ke kaupaona nei ma kahi o 20 kg.

ʻO ka mahalo, i nā hua ʻōlelo kaulana i waena o nā kai, ʻo tuna ka lua o ka noho kūlana, e hāʻawi ana i ke kaena o ka hoʻokūkū kūloko. ʻO ka mea kūʻai nui loa o ka iʻa iʻa ʻalani ʻo Iapana. ʻO kēlā me kēia makahiki ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka poʻe i ka ʻāina o ka lā i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka 43 tausani ʻona mau tuna. I Farani, ua like ke ʻano o nā iʻa me ka veal hou.

Ua manaʻo ʻia ua palekana maoli ka iʻa tuna a ʻai i kona ʻano maka, no ka mea ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i ka lāʻauʻaʻai.

I ka hopena maikaʻi ma ke kino

E pili ana i nā pono o ka tuna:

1. Kahe nui mau maka. ʻO ka hoʻonohonohoʻana o nā iʻa o ka iʻa i ke olakino omega-3 mau momona. Pale lākou i ka degularation macular, ʻo ia ke kumu maʻamau ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka ʻike ma nā ʻelemakule.
2. Maikaʻi olakino. Mālama i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā māka koko i nā kahe koko, hoʻonui i ke koʻo o ka kolamu "maikaʻi", pale i ka arrhythmia, a hakakā ka maʻi huhū o nā ʻano hanana.

ʻO nā momona momona o polyunsaturated i loaʻa i nā iʻa tuna e kākoʻo i ke olakino naʻau.

1. Ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaila o ka ʻiʻo, ka puʻu waha, ka ʻōpū, esophagus, ovaries, umauma.
2. Me ka hu ole o ka maʻi maʻi, maʻi maʻi maʻi. Hoʻonui kēia i ka metabolism, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻonāʻana o ka insulin, a mālama i ka paona kino.
3. ʻO ka lolo olakino. Kāohi i kona hoʻokahe koko, kākoʻo i nā impulses o nā nerve, hoʻēmi i nā hōʻeha maʻi, a pale i nā maʻi o Alzheimer.
4. Kōkua i ka detoxification. E waiwai ka ola o ke kai i ka selenium, ka mea e pili ana i ka hana o nā antioxidants glutathione e pale ana i ke kino o ke kanaka mai nā neoplasms malignant a me nā maʻi puʻuwai. Hoʻopili kēia mau mea hoʻohui i nā mea ʻino maikaʻi i loko o ka ate.
5. Kūpono maikaʻi. Me ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana o ka iʻa moana, ua emi ke kaumaha, nalowale ke kaumaha, hoʻihoʻi ka kaila, a hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka hana serotonin.

Hoʻohana pinepine ka ʻiʻo Tuna i nā mea laʻa. Loaʻa iā 1/3 haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā kumuwaiwai protein holoholona (umauma moa). He mea kupaianaha ia he 25 mau meaʻai o ka pā meaʻai e mālama ʻia ana i ka 100 g o ka iʻa, e uhi ana i kēlā me kēia lā o ke kino no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea e ka 50%. Hōʻaʻa ʻia ka protein e hana ai i nā tuna. 95% o ke kino kanaka. He alakaʻi ia ma waena o nā iʻa i ka ʻikepili asam amino. Mahalo i kēia, ua loaʻa nui ka tuna i waena o nā mea pili i ka meaʻai haʻuki, e hoʻoikaika ana e kūkulu i ka io.

ʻO ke koena o ka pōmaikaʻi o ka iʻa ʻulaʻula e pili pū me ia o ka waiora a me ka hoʻohuihui minuke:

• hānai i ka puʻuwai naʻau, mālama i nā ʻikepili, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ke nerve (potassium),
• hoʻolako i ka hāʻawi oxygen hāmeʻe i nā io a me nā kino o loko (hao),
• hānai i ka keli thyid (iodine),
• hoʻoikaika i ka ʻōnaehana pale, pale i ka wā kahiko (retinol acetate),
• loaʻa kahi hopena vasodilating (niacin),
• kaohi ʻana i ka pauna o nā kaohi aʻe, nā momona (thiamine),
• hoʻoikaika i nā follicle lauoho, nā kui (riboflavin),
• pale aku i ka osteoporosis a me nā rickets (ergocalciferol),
• Kākoʻo i nā pae hormonal (zinc),
• paipai i ka mālama kūmole o ka iwi (keleawe),
• hōʻike i nā waiwai antioxidant (selenium).

He huahana kūlike ʻo Tuna e hoʻohui i nā ʻano ʻai maikaʻi o ka ʻai a me nā waiwai pono ʻole o ka iʻa. Ua hele mai nā kānaka ʻepekema Dutch, ʻAmelika, Iapana e me ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana o 30 mau māla i kēlā me kēia lā, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pilikia o ka ulu ʻana i ka ischemic stroke, hoʻonui ʻia ka hana noʻonoʻo, ua "hoʻi hou ʻia ke ʻano o nā makahiki," a hoʻomaikaʻi ka hoʻomohala ʻana.

Eia kekahi, ʻo ka tuna he kumu o ka hapa o ka huela o ka protein e mālama nei i kahi mea pono no ka ʻoi ʻana o ka ʻiʻo.

Hoʻoweliweli kūpono

Hiki i kahi lālā o ka ʻohana mackerel ke mālama i ke mercury i nā ʻāpana o ke kino. Ma muli o kēia, ʻaʻole pono e ʻai i nā pēpē nui, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā wahine hāpai, me ka maʻi o ka maʻi, ka lactating wahine a me nā ʻōpio. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o kēia mau māhele i nā hopenaʻino o ka hoʻoili. Eia kekahi, contagicated ka tuna i ka poʻe me ka dysfunction a me nā pakanā. Hiki i nā keiki ke ʻai i ka iʻa e hoʻomaka ana mai ka makahiki 12 mau makahiki, ʻoiai e kaupalena ana i ka maʻamau ka 100 g i ka pule.

E hoʻomanaʻo, i ka wā mua o ka make ʻole o ka mercury, he maʻi asymptomatic a ma muli o kahi hopena hiki ke hōʻeha i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā neʻe, ka hana o ke ʻano o ke kamaʻilio, ka lohe ʻana, e hoʻolā i ka nāwaliwali o ka naʻau a me nā pilikia neurological. ʻO kahi pūpū e ulu ana i loko o ka ʻōpū, e like me ke keiki hānai, ua pāhuahua loa ia i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka metala kaumaha.

ʻO Tuna kahi kumu o nā hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ʻo kā lākou keu ma ke kino e hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻomohalaʻana i ka gout, urolithiasis. Hiki i ka iʻa ke hōʻeha i nā meaʻai ʻokoʻa, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia penei: dizziness, nausea, congestion nasal, lacrimation o nā maka, holo, ʻōpū o ka larynx, pilikia pilikia.

Uila tuna

E kau i ka ipu ma ka pala, e ninini i kāila aila (3 punetēpela), wela. E holoi i ka tuna i ka lalo i lalo o ka wai, ʻūpī, holoi me kahi kāwele. Fry ma luna o ka wela wela no ke 12 mau minuke, inā ʻaʻole e maloʻo lākou. Pono nā ʻāpana o ka iʻa i hoʻopau ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi ʻulaʻula. E hoʻomaikaʻi i ka momona, ʻā ʻia ka iʻa i loko o kahi hua ʻoki ʻia, a laila i ka sesame keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele.

ʻIli tuna

E ʻoki i ka fillet i nā ʻāpana, 2 cm mānoanoa, waiho i loko o kahi pahu aniani. E hoʻomākaukau i ka marinade mai nā ʻāpana ʻāpana a me ka 1 ʻāpana sesame oil, ka wai lemon, ka paʻakai - e hoʻāʻo. E ninini i ka iʻa me ka ʻano i kāwili ʻia, waiho no 12 mau hola. Ma hope o ka manawa i koho ʻia, hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai moana, hoʻomaloʻo i nā ʻāpana. E lawelawe me nā aniani nāʻaila ʻoliva.

ʻO ka Tuna ka iʻa maʻamau e hele maikaʻi me ka laiki, nā lau ʻai, ka uala a me ka ʻala kano. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi pepeiao maikaʻi mai kāna ʻiʻo a me kahi ʻāina. ʻO ka ʻalani a i ʻole ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha, nā māmato wai, ke kō, nā hua, nā ʻōpala a me nā ʻoliva i hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻono ʻono o nā tuna pā.

Ma hope o ke kūʻai a hopu paha, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka kuke ʻana i ka iʻa ma ka lā like. Hoʻopiʻi nui 1 lā i loko o ka friji. No ka hoʻonuiʻana i ke ola o ka noho, ua hoʻopuni ʻia ka tuna hou i loko o ka cellophane a i ʻōlehu. I ka manawa like, mālama ʻia nā iʻa o ke paʻapae no ʻelua mau makahiki.

Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Tuna no ke kūʻai ʻana ma nā papa o nā hale kūʻai i kēlā me kēia makahiki holoʻokoʻa. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka manawa maikaʻi loa e kūʻai iā ia-May-Kepakemapa. He ʻono momona maikaʻi ka iʻa iʻa, kahi kīpika ʻulaʻula ulaula. Hōʻike ka pailaʻai i loko o nā iwi i nā mea i waiho ʻia i ke kupapau i loko o ka hale kūʻai nui no mua o hoʻokahi lā.

"Tuna me nā mea kanu Provencal"

• ʻeleʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, paʻakai - ¼ tsp,
• 4 tuna kūlohelohe
• aila oliva - 1 tsp,
• Kūʻai huakaʻi - 2 tsp,
• wai lemon - 15 ml.

Ke ʻano o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana: kāwili i nā mea kanu āpau, ʻāpala me ke kōpaʻa ʻono uʻu, hoʻokomo i loko o ka pā wela. Kukeki i nā minuke 3-4 i kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao a hiki i ke kala ʻana. Hoʻopiliʻia me ka lettuce.

Cannila kūʻa

He huahana maikaʻi loa kēia, hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā ʻai, nā ʻai, nā kīʻaha ʻaoʻao. Hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā tuna i ʻaihue kahi ʻāpana kūʻokoʻa. Eia nō naʻe, e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia he momona momona kēia, nā kalaka (230 kcal no 100 g) o kahi pākuʻi, no laila, ʻo ka poʻe e loaʻa ana i ka huʻu e pono ai e hoʻohana. Ua hoʻokaʻawale loa ka ʻiʻo tuna mai nā iwi. Mālama kekahi ʻona o ka ʻenehana manu kai (ma ke kaha kēpana) mālama i nā waiwai pono āpau o ka iʻa ʻē aʻe a hōʻike ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana e nā poʻe me nā maʻi o ka ʻeha gastrointestinal, CVS, nā mea ʻike o ka ʻike, ʻāʻī, ka hana koko, a me ka ʻōnaehana thyroid.

Noi ʻia ke Tuna e hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ka papa ʻai o nā maʻi me nā pilikia olakino penei:

• arrhythmia
• cholecystitis
• thrombophlebitis
• nawaliwali loa nawaliwali,
• nā wahī o ke ʻōnaehana
• haʻahaʻa hemoglobin
• ALOHA
• nā hana hoʻopā.

ʻO nā tuna Canned i loaʻa kahi paʻakikī o nā omega-3s, kahi hui o nā huaora, macro- a me nā microelements, 8 pono amino acid. Ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole lākou i ka cholesterol, nā kākeka a me nā momona momona. Ma muli o kāna kumu waiwai nui, hoʻonui ʻia ka mea noho o ka moana i ka hana hana, hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kaʻina metabola, hoʻāla i ka hana lolo, pale i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka glaucoma, pale i ka retina i ka maloʻo ʻana, a pale i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pae macular. Contraindicated ma ka momona, no ka mea e hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka paona, mea hoʻonāukiuki i ka naʻau, nā pilikia ʻeha.

Kāʻaeʻa

Hiki i ka Tuna ke "tins." E nānā i ka ʻili o ka ipu, ʻaʻole pono ia he pala, ʻokiʻoki, hoʻowalewale, keleawe a hoʻomālamalama paha. E hoʻomanaʻo, ʻo kekahi hana hoʻopihapiha o ke kūpaʻa o ka lawena hiki ke alakaʻi i ka nalowale o ka paʻa a me ka hōʻino ʻana i ka iʻa. I ka hopena, hoʻomāpaʻa ʻia ka tuna me nā metala, pau ia i ka hou a lilo i mea ʻole. Eia kekahi, inā ua poha ka ʻū o lalo o ka meaʻai maʻa, a laila ua emi ka huahana.

Ke nānā ʻana

Hāʻawi i kahi leʻaleʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi kīʻaha o kahi kumu hou. Ma nā meaʻai lole ʻē aʻe, ua nānā ʻia ka mākaʻikaʻi a ʻū ʻia paha i loko. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ia mau huahana me ka hoʻopunipuni, ʻaʻole like me ka mea a ka huahana huaʻōlelo e hōʻike ai ma kahi kāpili pepa, ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke kau hou. Inā peʻa ka ʻikepili, e nānā pono i nā helu a me nā hōʻailona. Pono ke ʻike ʻia. E hoʻomanaʻo, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia nā mea paʻi hewa!

ʻO ka hōʻailona kumu o ka maikaʻi o ka huahana ke kaupaona. E hōʻike ka hōʻailona i ka nui o ka paona a me ke kaumaha o ka iʻa pono, e pili ana i nā kahua GOST 7452-97 "Iʻa iʻa, kūlohelohe. ʻO nā ʻano loea. " Eia kekahi, ʻōkuhi o ka huahana huahana - "OTH" i ka hōʻailona. Inā ʻaʻole, he mea leʻaleʻa kāu ʻono o ka meaʻai ʻaʻai.

ʻO ke ola

Ma ke kānāwai, kākau nā kāpena i ka hōʻailona i ka hiki ke mālama i nā huahana no nā makahiki 3. Eia nō naʻe, he mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopo me kēlā me kēia mahina i hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o nā meaʻai i loko.ʻO ia ke kumu e koi aku ai nā mea mālama meaʻai no ke kūʻai aku i nā huahana stale, akā e hāʻawi i ka makemake i kahi pāpaʻi, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma mua o 1-2 mau mahina i hala. Mai ka hoʻohana ʻana o ia ʻano huahana, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa ka pōmaikaʻi loa a hauʻoli i ka ʻono.

E hoʻomanaʻo, pono wale 3 wae e lilo i hapa o ka meaʻai paʻala: tuna, paʻakai, ka wai. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi huahana maikaʻi ma Sepania a i Italia paha.

Hoʻohālikelike

He ika nui ʻo Tuna me ka ʻiʻo elongated, fusiform. ʻO ka wahi hona ka wai mehana o ke kai, subtropical moana. Loaʻa ia ma nā ʻĀina, Inikua a me nā Moʻāina o Hawaiʻi. Eʻa ana ka iʻa i ka hohonu hohonu, e mālama ʻia i nā kula. Mahalo i ka ʻenehana kino kūpono a me ka ʻōnaehana uila ikaika, holo wikiwiki (ʻoihue a hiki i ka 77 km / h), e mālama ana i ke ʻano koko o 2-3 ke kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka wai a puni. I kēia mau lā, aia nā 15 o nā mea tuna, nā mea kaulana loa i maʻamau, ʻAmelika, ʻulaʻula, melemele, keʻokeʻo. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa o nā ʻelele mackerel kahi momona protein piha o ka 22%. ʻO ka momona momona o ka momona he 19%. He ika waiwai waiwai nui kēia i ʻike ʻole ʻia e nā parasit. Aia ia i nā waikona amino pono nui, nā momona momona o 3-Omega, mau huaora A, B, D, E, chlorine, sodium, calcium, potassium, fosfor, sulfur, magnesium, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, manganese, keleawe, fluorine, hao, zinc, cobalt, iodine, chromium. ʻO nā mea pono o ka tuna: he hopena anti-inflammatory, ka hoʻoponopono i ke koko koko, e hōʻemi ana i ka hōʻeha o ka maʻi ʻōpū, paipai i ka hōʻola hou ʻana o nā membrane mucous, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana lolo, kākoʻo i ka olakino.

Aū ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoili ʻia.

ʻO nā kaila kai i loko o ka aila ʻaila a me kona wai iho paha i kaulana loa i ka mākeke honua. ʻO ka mea kūʻai nui loa o ka iʻa ʻo Iapana. No ka mālama i kahi olakino olakino, e pono ʻia e ʻai i ka 100 g tuna o kēlā me kēia pule. Ua makemake ʻia nā holoholona ʻōpio, ʻo ka mea hiki i nā mea nui ke hōʻiliʻili i ka mercury, ʻoi loa ka pilikia no ke olakino o nā keiki, hapai a me nā wahine lactating. Ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka iʻa a me nā ʻili, hoʻōla, lawelawe ʻia me nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu hou / paʻakai.

Nā maka nui

ʻO ka nui o nā kaila nui ka wai nui. Hoʻoulu ia i ka lōʻihi e pili ana i 200 cm, a ʻo kona kau kaumaha ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 180 kg. Loaʻa iā ia kona inoa e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i nā maka nui, hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. Ua nui hoʻi ke poʻo, a ua kū mālie ka ʻaha haʻahaʻa.

ʻO ke kua ke waihoʻoluʻu ʻeleʻele uliuli, a ʻo ka ʻōpū, e like me ka hapa nui, he keʻokeʻo kālā-keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka lei mua ma ke kua he melemele i ka waihoʻoluʻu. Ma hope o kahi mea māmā. ʻO ka kala o ke anal a me nā mea hou he melemele. ʻEleʻele kekahi mau maka.

Loaʻa kēia ʻano holoholona i ka wai kai wela. ʻO ka ʻiʻo kahi mea hina hina, ka mea e pono ʻole ai i ka meaʻai kai. I ka kuke ʻai, ka ʻā ʻana o ka hana sashimi. ʻO nā kaila kai nui a ʻoi loa ka mea i hōʻiliʻili i nā metala kaumaha koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻiʻo.

ʻĀina

Ua loaʻa i ka inoa ʻo Yellowfin Mediterranean ka inoa i kona inoa i nā ʻeke ʻono. I ka yellowfin, he mālamalamaʻulaʻula lākou, aneane ʻalani. Ma luna o ka ʻōpū kālā he 20 mau aniani transversely i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā pihi uliuli. Kūleʻa kahi pākeke ma kahi o 2 mau mika a kaupaona paha ma kahi o 130 kg. Me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o ka Hikina, hopu ka ʻuna i nā wahi a pau.

ʻO ka ʻai a Ellofin ka lole ʻulaʻula nui. Ma hope o ka mālama wela, lilo ia creamy.

Kahiki

ʻO kēia kahi ʻelele koʻikoʻi. Hiki i ka mea hoʻolaha i ka ulu a 2.5 mau mika. Kauka - kokoke 250 kg. Habitat - wai wela i ka Hema Hema, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ʻAmelika, Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, Hawaiʻi. Makemake ka iʻa i ke basm maluna o ka honua, a iho i kahi hohonu hohonu e hopu ai i ka meaʻai. I ka hele ʻana o ka manawa holo mua, makemake ʻo ia e noho mai i kahakai o ka ʻāina. ʻO nā ʻohana pili pili maoli he mau tuna a me nā blufin.

No nā makahiki he 40 i hala iho nei, ua emi nui ka heluna o nā ʻano o ke ʻano - ma ka 85%.Ua hopohopo ʻo tuna no Australia i ka pau ʻole.

ʻAwa lōʻihi

ʻIke pinepine kēia mau ʻano ma ka Mokupuni o ʻIkia a me ka Pakipika. Hiki i nā pākeke ka lōʻihi o 145 cm, a ʻo ke kaupaona pinepine ʻaʻole iʻoi aku i ka 35-40 kg. Kuhi ʻia ka lōʻihi o ka tuna lōʻihi i ke poʻo nui me ka ʻāʻī liʻiliʻi ʻōpiopio. E like me ka hapa o ka tuna, ʻeleʻele loa ka ʻili o ke kua i mua o ka ʻōpū. Ma luna ua poni ʻia ʻole i ka uliuli, a ʻo nā ʻaoʻao a me ka ʻōpū i keʻokeʻo ke kālā. ʻEleʻele nā ​​pualalule, pectoral, a me nā hala ventral. Kāpīpili ka meli hou me nā kihi hina. ʻO ka ʻalani o ka lōʻihi i ʻōlelo mau ʻia e ʻulaʻula a me ka hōʻoluʻolu maikaʻi, akā ma hope o ka mālama wela, lilo i keʻokeʻo, ʻāpana o ka iʻa. Hāʻawi ikaika ka caudal fin ma ke ʻano o hoʻokahi mahina.

Albacore

He ʻula keʻokeʻo ka Albacore. ʻO kekahi mea ʻimi ka makemake nui o ka tuna. ʻO kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo ia i nā tuna lōʻihi lōʻihi. Hiki ke loaʻa iā ia ma nā wai āpau o nā kai. ʻO nā mea ʻokoʻa kahi kūloko polar. ʻOkoʻa ka nui o Albacore. E ulu ana ka pākeke i 1,5 mika ka lōʻihi. ʻAʻoleʻoi aku ke kaupaona ma mua o 25 kg. ʻO ka ʻiʻo o kēia ʻano he ʻano leʻaleʻa a he waiwai no ka kuke ʻana mai ka honua a puni. ʻAi ʻia ia i ka ʻai a pau i ka mālama ʻia. Aia nā hihia i kūʻai ʻia ma ka mākeke no nā kālā nani - $ 100 tausani. ʻO ka ʻiʻo o ka tuna keʻokeʻo lōʻihi i loaʻa i ke kaulana i USA, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo "tuna" wale nō.

Paʻi ʻia ke kua i ka uliuli ʻeleʻele a nona nā ʻano hein metallic o ke ʻanoʻano. ʻŌpū ka ʻōpū. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino ka mea e waiho ai i ke ʻano kaila polū. ʻO kāna inoa lua - hulu hulu hulu - loaʻa iā ia ma muli o ka mea hoʻonaninani, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka nui o nā loina pectoral. Hele lākou i kahi mamao aku ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lua dorsal hope, a i kekahi manawa hiki i ka hopena o kona waihona. He pala melemele nā ​​fins, ʻo ka lua o ka dorsal a me nā anal ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka mua.

ʻOliva

Hiki i kahi luna liʻiliʻi o ka ʻohana tuna ke ulu a hiki i ka 85 cm, a ʻo kona paona he 9 kg wale nō. ʻO ka home kahi i kū ai ke kahakai hikina i ka wai o nā ʻaoʻao o ka Pakipika. ʻOi aku kona makemake e noho i loko o kahi ʻohana me nā mea kipa like ʻole.

Paʻi ʻia ke kua i ke uliuli ʻeleʻele, aneane ʻeleʻele. Ua hoʻohuihui ʻia me nā kāʻeiʻeleʻele 3-5 i kuhikuhi ʻia i ke kahe ikaika. Hele i lalo i ka ʻōpū, lilo a nā māmā i ka māmā. Ma ka ʻōpū, loaʻa ana kahi pale pale metala. E like me ke kua, hiki i ke koʻi ʻeleʻele ke hele i ka ʻōpū, akā ʻike iki kēia. Ma lalo o ka paupa pectoral, he nui nā wahi ʻeleʻele saturated.

Ma muli o kona liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia holoholona i kahi ʻanoʻai e hopu ai i nā tuna nui a me nā poʻe noho nui moana e ʻai nui ana i nā poʻe liʻiliʻi.

Hoʻohālikelike

He ika waiwai kālepa ʻo Tuna. ʻAno kāna ʻiʻo i kekahi ʻano: ʻano maka, pāpaʻi, ʻū ʻia a ʻami paha. Mai haʻalele i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o ka tuna inā ʻaʻole ʻoe makemake i kekahi ʻano ʻano like ʻole. Ke hoʻāʻo nei i nā ʻano ʻano nui a kaulana loa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoholo i nā makemake. ʻAʻole he mea kupanaha ʻia kekahi o lākou e manaʻo ʻia nā mea maikaʻi ʻole a kūʻai ʻia no nā kālā he nui.