Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o nā Dicynodonts e like me kēia: he beka o kahi kukuna, ke kino hippo a me nā ʻāpana walrus ʻelua.
Ua wehewehe nā ʻepekema ʻikepili iā Dicinodont ma kahi liʻiliʻi - ʻaʻole iʻoi aʻe ma mua o ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi. Wahi a Paleontologists e hiki iā ia ke noho i nā lua. Manaʻo kekahi ʻepekema ʻo Dicynodonts aia kekahi pūʻulu holoholona i hōʻike ʻia me kahi ʻano o ka mamt reptile, kahi i hānau ʻia ai nā momi.
Dicinodont (lat.Dicynodontia)
Ua manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi, ʻo nā hōʻike mua e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana o nā hōʻailona kūlike o ka dimorphism moeka i nā holoholona ʻāina ʻo nā manu nui o Dicinodont, e noho ana ma ka Honua ma mua o ka dinosaurs. ʻO nā holoholona e noho nei i ka wā Permian, ʻo Dicynodonts nā mea kūʻai lōʻihi loa. Wahi a ka poʻe noiʻi, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Dicynodonts ma ko mākou honua ma ka hope o ka manawa Permian o ka Paleozoic, ma kahi o 30 miliona mau makahiki ma mua o ka hiohiona o ka manawa dinosaur.
ʻO kekahi mau ʻano o Dicynodonts i mau aku a hiki i ka hopena o ka Triassic Holo a noho ma ka ʻāina ʻo Ausetalia ma waena o 105 miliona mau makahiki i hala. I kēia wā i loaʻa ai nā koena fossilized o kahi reptile kahiko - ʻo ka ʻāʻī, ka canine a me ka beak. ʻOiai ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia nei ua make ʻo ka Dicynodonts ma kahi o 220 miliona mau makahiki i hala. I ka manawa manawa, ʻo kēia mania fanged ka mea holoholona nui i ka Honua, e like me ka Australian paleontologist Talbourne.
Derninodont Placerias hesternus
ʻAʻole kūʻē ka poʻe noiʻi ʻē aʻe i ka ʻike o Talbourne a manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōpala fossilized hiki ke lilo i ka dinosaur o ka pepe. No ka laʻana, ʻo Fraser, kahi paleontologist ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o Virginia, e nīnau ana i ka koi o ka dicynodonts i ola i ka nui o nā holoholona he 200 miliona mau makahiki i hala (e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana a ka hoʻopulapula o ko mākou honua me kahi asteroid koʻikoʻi). Eia nō naʻe, ʻōlelo ʻo Talbourne e hiki ke huna ʻia ka poʻe Dicynodonts ma ka hikina o ka hoʻokalakupua o Gondwana, ma ka wahi i lilo i mau makahiki he mau makahiki ma Ausetalia.
Nā ʻano o ka dicynodonts.
ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili nui o nā koena fossil hoʻi i loaʻa ma Ditsinodontov i loaʻa kokoke i Kotelnich. Ke noi nei i ka loaʻa, ua ʻike nā ʻepekema i ka neʻe ʻana o nā reptile kahiko i ka loli nui o ka hoʻonā nui. nā poʻomanaʻo hope loa o kēia pangolin ka nui o ka elephant hou. ʻO ka Dicinodonts i kā lākou lā hānau e hoʻolalelale aku i nā ʻiʻo i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka Honua i Ausetalia, kahi i loaʻa ai ko lākou koenae.
Dicinodont listozavr.
No nā makahiki he iwakālua i hala aku nei, ua lawe ʻia nā hana huluhulu ma ʻAmelika Hema a me kahi loiloi kikoʻī i kahi o nā ʻūlau āpau i ʻike ʻia a Dicinodonts. Hāʻawi nā hualoaʻa i ʻimi ʻepekema i kahi manaʻo i ka wā o kēia mau reptile kahiko o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa paʻakikī. Ua ʻike ʻia no ka alakaʻi ʻana o nā Dicinodonts i kahi ola pipi, noho kokoke i ka wai wai a, ʻoi loa paha, he koina. Hiki i ka holoholona ke holo maikaʻi i ka lepo, akā ua alakaʻi i ke ʻano ʻano nui i loko o ka wai.
Dicinodont Hundezahn.
Me nā hoʻololi o ka ʻōhule, e like me ka mea i hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻia e nā ʻepekema, ua loaʻa kahi o ka mea maʻamau o ka Dicynodonts i ke ʻano kino, loaʻa ke kao lauoho, a me ka viviparous.
Ma nā ʻano like o Dicynodonts, ua loaʻa ka ʻike o ka demorphism moʻoʻae, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā hiʻohiʻona kino like ʻole ma waena o nā kāne like ʻole (ma ka nui, ka nui a me ke kala), kahi i loaʻa i nā mea noiʻi ka hōʻoia. ʻO ka hōʻike mua o ka wahine demorphism ma Dicynodonts i loaʻa 252-260 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ke Dicinodont kāne, ʻaʻole e like me ka wahine, ʻelua mauʻu nui e ulu ana mai ka iwi mai luna.
Primitive dicinodont Australobarbar (lat. Australobarbarus) i loaʻa ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kirov.
ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia nā Paleontologists i kekahi mau hōʻailona kūpono i hoʻohana ʻia nā fangs e nā holoholona e ʻeli ai i nā lua. A ʻaʻole hiki i nā manu ke lawelawe i ka Dicinodonts i meaʻai, no ka mea, ua paʻa i ka wahine. Eia naʻe, ulu kēia mau manu i ka manawa o ke ola o ka holoholona. I ka hanana ʻana o ka mai, ʻaʻole ia i ulu hou. Wahi a kēia mau hōʻailona āpau, ua kuhi ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ke ʻano o nā fangs he ʻano o ka male demorphism. ʻO ka maʻa pinepine, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā manu ikaika e nā kāne no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka wahine ma ka wā o ka wā moe, ʻo ia nō hoʻi e pale iā lākou iho a me kā lākou poʻe mamo mai nā mea hōʻino.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
NA PALAPALA HOOPII
Ma ka ʻaoʻao puke
Palapala 9. Moscow, 2007, p. 112
Hoʻopili i ka pilina bibliographic:
ʻO DICYNODONTS (Dicynodontia), kahi hemo o nā reptile mauʻu o ka papa holoholona o ka holoholona. Kau. 40 genera, ʻoi aku ma mua o 150 mau ʻano. I loko o ka Middle Permian, puka maila ʻo D. ma ka ʻāina ʻo Gondwana, i loko o ka Triassic - ma nā ʻāina āpau, e komo pū ana me Antarctica, ma Australia ua noho lākou a hiki i ka Cretaceous. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 10 cm a 4 m. ʻO ka inoa (unuhi mai Latin "ʻelua-kanine") i hāʻawi ʻia e ʻelua mau pūpū ma ka iwi kuʻi. Kuhi ʻia nā niho e koe i ka uhi uhi. Keliʻi paha ʻo Herbivores i nā aʻa kanu palupalu mai ka lepo. I ka Late Permian a me ka Triassic - DOS. pua nui ʻōleʻa o nā holoholona.
Dicynodonts - Dicynodont
dicynodonts |
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Owen, 1859
Dicynodontia He wahi ʻauhau nō ia ma ka anomodont o ka therapside me ka hoʻomaka ʻana ma waena o ka Permian, ka mea i kāohi i ka Late Permian a hoʻomau aku a puni ka Triassic, me kekahi mau mea i mālama ʻia i ka Cretaceous Early. He mau lāʻau ʻōpio nā dicynodonts me nā pūliki ʻelua, no laila ko lākou inoa, i kapa ʻia "ʻelua ʻīlio o nā niho." ʻO lākou nō nā mea pōmaikaʻi a maikaʻi loa a me nā hōʻola ʻana mai ka non-mammals, me nā mea he 70 he kauaka i ʻike ʻia mai ka nui a ka elephant.
NA PALAPALA HUA
NA PALAPALA HUA (Dicynodontia), kahi palapala hoʻomau o nā reptile i pau o ka mākā terapsid. ʻO ka hui nui loa i ke kī. Kahi ʻia mai ka Late Permian a i ka Late Triassic o nā konohana (ʻo ka mea nui i ʻike ʻia ma Aferika Hema). Lāhū mai 20 cm a 4 mm. He nui ka ʻūhā, me ka mana nui o nā iwi iwi. ʻO ka palate ʻāpana ʻelua he rudimentary. Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā niho e kahi beak a horny, ma ka hapanui o ka nui o nā alanuʻu maxillary i mālama ʻia, i loko o nā kuʻikahi archaic - nā niho usab posterior. He nui nā mākala o nā ʻōpū'ōwili lima lima lima pākahi me nā wāwae mākelika nui. 6 mau ʻohana, ʻoi aku ka 100 o nā ʻano. Hydro a me amphibionts, a me nā mea eli pū ʻana. ʻO ka hapanui o nā dicynodonts he mau mea kanu, a he mau ʻenemi nā hua liʻiliʻi.
E nānā i nā mea a Dicinodonts i loko o nā ʻatikala ʻē aʻe:
NA PALAPALA HUA - (Dicynodontia), kahi palapala hoʻomau o nā reptile piha o nā detatsment terapsid. ʻO nā nui loa. hui i loko o ka pahu. Kahi ʻia mai ka Late Perm a i ka Late Triassic o nā ʻāina a pau (ʻike nui ma Africa ʻAmelika). No ka mai 20 cm a 4 mm. He nui ka ʻōpiopio, me ka ikaika ... ... Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary
NA PALAPALA HUA - (Dicynodontia) suborder o nā mea like-holoholona like. Noho ʻo Herbivores i nā māla. ʻO ka maʻamau, ua ulu ʻia nā kuia ʻelua ma ka ʻāʻī o luna, a i ʻole kaawale. Ua ʻike ʻia mai ka Permian a me ka Triassic o ʻApelika, ka Permian o Europe, ka Triassic o Asia, S. a me Yu. ... ... Geological Encyclopedia
Dicynodonts - (Dicynodontia) suborder (a i ʻole superfamily) o nā reptile fossilized. Ua pālahalaha lākou i ka hopena o ka Permian a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā manawa Triassic. Hōʻike ʻia mai ka rat ki a rhino. He nui ka ʻōpala, ua hōʻemi ʻia nā niho, no ... ... Big Soviet Encyclopedia
dicynodonts - (kime di (s) ʻelua + kycn (kynos) ʻīlio + odus (odontos) niho) ka hui o nā romorphic (ʻike i ka theomorphs) nā kahe o ka hopena o ka Paleozoic hoʻomaka o ka wā Mesozoic, i hiʻohiʻona e ka nānā ʻana (aia wale ma ka iwi ʻākau) ʻelua o nā niho nunui ka ʻōpū ma mua. remotely ... ... Kumuhana o nā ʻōlelo haole o ka ʻōlelo Lūkini
Dicinodont -? † Dicynodonts Scientification Classical Kingdom: Nā Mīkini Nā Mīkini: Chordates Class ... Wikipedia
Canneymerides -? † Cannadiamerid Wadiazavr (Wadiasau ... Wikipedia
Paukū -? † Lysrosaurs Lystrosaurus murray Kahuna puke ʻepekema ... Wikipedia
Cannemeria -? † Cannemémeria ... Wikipedia
Placerias -? † Placerias ... Wikipedia
Cannemémeria -? † Cannemémeria Hoʻolaʻa ola o Kannemeyeria Scientific classification Kingdom: Nā huaʻala olaiwi ... Wikipedia
Kāne hiʻohiʻona
Kūpono nui nā dicinodonts o ka ʻuʻuku, māmā a ikaika akā, me ka synapsid o nā pihi nanea i hope o ke kaʻe a nui i hoʻonui ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana nui o ka iwi. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka ʻihi a me ke ʻīwī i lalo ua kīwī a ʻili ʻole nā niho i nā mea a pau akā he helu maoli. ʻO ka noho ʻana, ʻo ka mua o ka waha e hoʻolako i kahi beak horny, e like me ka mau loko o nā holika a me nā dinosaurs ceratops. Ua hōʻemi ʻia ka meaʻai ma ka huki ʻana i ka mākeke haʻalulu a pani ʻia kona waha, e hana ana i ka hana ʻokiʻaka ikaika e hiki ai i nā dicynodonts ke hoʻopō i ka paena ikaika o ka mea kanu. Loaʻa i nā genera lehulehu kekahi mau huluhulu, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia i kumu hoʻohālike o ka moeʻuhane.
Hoʻopili ke kino, ikaika a paʻa i nā barela, me nā lima ikaika. I nā genera nui (e.g. dinodontosaurus ) hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā wāwae kuʻekuʻe, akā ua kūlou nā mea kuʻekuʻe ma ka pūliki paʻa. ʻO ka pectoralis a me ka ileum he nui a ikaika. Hoʻopili ke ʻili.
Endothermia a me ka lauoho
Kuhi lōʻihi nā Dicinodonts i nā holoholona wela. Hōʻailona nui ko lākou mau iwi, a loaʻa nā kahawai Haversian, a hāʻawi ka maikaʻi o ko lākou kino i ka mālama ʻana i ka wela. I ka poʻe ʻōpiopio, ua ikaika nui ʻia nā iwi i ko lākou ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā kahawai ma mua o nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka terapsids. Eia nō naʻe, nā noiʻi ma nā Lyn-Triassic dicynodonts o nā kākoi coprolite coprolite e hōʻike nei i nā hana digestive e hoʻohua hou aku i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā holoholona me ka metabolism lohi.
ʻO ka mea hou aʻe nei, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ke koena o ka lauoho ma Permian coprolites e hōʻoia i ke kūlana o nā dicynodonts e like me nā holoholona endothermic. Mai ka hele ʻana mai o kēia mau nā ʻōpala a me nā mea i hoʻohuihui ʻia ka iwi me ka nui o nā iwi i manaʻo ʻia, ua manaʻo ʻia no ke koena o ka mau o nā lauoho o ka ʻai.
Pentasauropus ua hōʻike ʻia nā kahe a me nā kīleʻa i nā wāwae he mau ʻai i ko lākou mau wāwae.
Moʻolelo
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Dicinodonts mai ka waena o nā makahiki 1800. ʻO Geologist ʻūlika Hema o Andrew Geddes Bain i ka wehewehe mua ʻana o nā dicynodonts i ka makahiki 1845. I kēlā manawa, ʻo Bane ka mea kiaʻi ma ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ala koa i lalo o ka hale aliʻi mokuahi a loaʻa i nā reptil fossil he nui i ka wā o kāna kiʻi ʻana ma ʻApelika Hema. Ua wehewehe ʻo Bane i kēia mau paʻi i kahi leka 1845 i paʻi ʻia ma Nā hana ʻana a ka Hui Hoʻoilina o Lākana ke kapa nei iā lākou i nā "bidentals" no kā lāua kauka kaulana ʻelua. Ma ka makahiki hoʻokahi, hōʻike ʻo English paleontologist Richard Owen i ʻelua mau ʻano dicynodonts mai ʻApelika Hema. Lacerticeps Dicynodon a Dicynodon bainii . ^ E Ha yM. I ka lilo ʻana o Bane e ka Royal Engineers Corps, makemake ʻo ia iā Owen e wehewehe hou aku i kāna pono. ʻAʻole nō i hoʻopuka ʻo Owen i ka wehewehe a hiki i ka makahiki 1876 ma kāna ka huaʻōlelo a me ka hōʻike kumu kiʻi o Fossil Reptilia ʻAmelika Hema i ka hōʻiliʻili o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Beritania . ^ E Ha yM. I kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ʻia he nui o nā dicynodonts. I ka makahiki 1859, ua kapa ʻia kekahi ʻano nui ʻē aʻe Pivchognathus déivis i kapa ʻia mai ʻAmelika Hema. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, i ka 1860, ua kapa aku ʻo Owen i ka pūʻulu Dicynodontia. AT ka ho'ākāka a me ka hōʻike hoʻohālike , Hoʻohanohano ʻo Owen iā Bain e kūkulu nei iā Bidentalia ma kahi o kahi inoa i lilo i inoa no kāna Dicynodontia. Ua puka koke aku ka inoa ʻo Bidentalia me ka hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā makahiki i hala aku nei, i hoʻololi ʻia e ke kaulana kaulana o Dicynodontia Owen.
He ʻauhau
Ua kapa mua ʻia ʻo Dicynodontia e ka English paleontologist ʻo Richard Owen. Ua kūkulu ʻia ia i loko o kahi ʻohana o Anomodontia kauoha a ua komo i ka hānau keiki Dicynodon a Ptychognathus . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā hui ʻē aʻe o Anomodontia iā Gnathodontia, i hoʻohui pū ʻia Rhynchosaurus (ʻike ʻia nei ʻo ia he archosaurus) a me Cryptodontia, i hoʻopili ʻia oudenodon . ^ E Ha yM. ʻOkoʻa nā Cryptodonts mai nā dicynodonts mai ko lākou nele i nā pala. ʻOiai ka nele o nā fangs, oudenodon inā ʻaʻole kākau hou ʻia he dicynodonts, a ʻaʻohe hana hou ke inoa Cryptodontia. Ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻo Huxley i kahi Dicynodontia o Owen i kauoha e komo ai Dicynodon a oudenodon . ^ E Ha yM. Ua helu ʻia ʻo Dicynodontia ma ke ʻano he suborder a i ʻole ka infraorder me ka hui nui ʻo Anomodontia, i helu ʻia i kahi kauoha. Ua loli ka pae o Dicynodontia i nā haʻawina i hala aku nei, me Ivakhnenko (2008) helu ana i kāna suborder, ʻo Ivanchnenko (2008) helu ana i kāna infraorder, a me Kurkin (2010) e noʻonoʻo ana i kāna kauoha.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia he nui o nā kaxa nui, me nā infraorders a me nā ʻohana, i ʻano no ka helu ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻano dicynodont. Ua hōʻike ʻo Cluver a me King (1983) i kekahi mau hui nui ma Dicynodontia, ʻo Diictodontia, Endothiodontia, Eodicynodontia, Kingoriamorpha, Pristerodontia, a me Venyukoviamorpha. Ua koho ʻia nā ʻohana he nui, ʻo Cistecephalidae, Diictodontidae, Dicynodontae, Emydopidae, Endothiodontidae, Kannemeyeriidae, Kingoriidae, Listosaurus, Myosauridae, Oudenodontidae, Pristerodontidae a me Robertiidae. Eia naʻe, me ka ulu ʻana o phylogenetics, ʻo ka hapa nui o kēia mau taxa ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia he kūpono. Hoʻopau ʻo Kammerer a me Angielczyk (2009) i kuhi ʻia nā pilikia ʻōnaehana pilikia a me ka inoa hou ʻana o Dicynodontia a me nā hui ʻē aʻe o nā hualoaʻa mai ka nui o nā noiʻi kū'ē a me nā haki i nā inoa maikaʻi ʻole i kuhi hewa ʻia.