He manuahi ahi kahi mea i nona ke kauoha Coleoptera (a i ʻole nā manu nūnū), suborder o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole, ka ʻohana o nā wahi ahi (lampirids) (Latin Lampyridae).
Ua loaʻa i nā mea puhi ahi ko lākou inoa ma muli o ka loaʻa o kā lākou hua, hua a me nā pākeke ke hiki ke hoʻomohu. ʻO ka ʻōlelo kahiko loa i kākau ʻia i nā mea puhi ahi i loko o ka hōʻiliʻili poina o Iapana i ka hopena o ke kenekulia VIII.
Pahu ahi - wehewehe a me ke kiʻi. He aha ke ʻano o ka pale ahi?
He mau iwi ʻūlū liʻiliʻi e kū ana i ka laulā mai 4 mm a 3 cm. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou he kino elatated i uhi ʻia, i uhi ʻia me nā lauoho, a he ʻano hiʻohiʻona o nā pīpī āpau a lākou e kū ai i waho:
- ʻO nā ʻēheu, nā luna ʻelua i huli i ke elytra, me nā punctures a i nā wā kekehi o nā iwi o nā lālani,
- ke poʻo ʻōpiopio, i hoʻonani ʻia me nā maka he nui, i piha a i ʻāpana paha e uhi ʻia i ka pronotum.
- filifiliorm, i ʻeha ʻole ai a i ʻole nā kelu manuahi, 11 ka nui o nā ʻāpana.
- ka waha ʻōpala o nā ʻano gnawing (ʻoi aku ka nānā ʻana i ke kō a me nā wahine, i nā kāne makua ʻo ia ka hōʻemi).
ʻO nā limalima o nā ʻano he nui, e like me nā pīpī maʻamau, ʻokoʻa loa i nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hoʻomanaʻo a me nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi a me nā wāwae. He kino ʻeleʻele nā hui like ʻole me 3 mau pōkole o nā wāwae pōkole, nā maka maka maʻalahi a ʻaʻohe ʻēheu a he elytra wale nō. Wahi a, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike i ka lele. Kuku ka liʻiliʻi o kā lākou antennae, kahi ʻekolu o nā ʻāpana, a na ke poʻo ʻāleʻa e ʻike ʻia a huna ʻia ma hope o ka pale o ka ʻāʻī. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka wahine, ʻoi aku ka nui o kāna mau ʻoli.
ʻAʻole ʻano ʻoniʻoni nā palahala: ua hui pinepine ʻia nā ʻelele brown brown, akā hiki nō i ko lākou uhi ke loaʻa i nā kala ʻeleʻele a me nā kala. He mau aʻalulu a palupalu kēia mau pepeke, maʻalahi ʻia. ʻAʻole like me nā pōpoki ʻē aʻe, he māmā iki ka elytra o nā mea ahi, no laila ua ʻōlelo mua ʻia nā pepeke me nā kino ʻalā (lat. Cantharidae), akā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o kahi ʻohana ʻokoʻa.
No ke aha ke kulu nei nā ahi ahi?
ʻIke ʻia ka hapa nui o ka ʻohana kamaliʻi i kā lākou hiki ke hoʻokuʻi i kahi kulu phosphorescent, ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia i ka ʻeleʻele. I kekahi mau holoholona, hiki i nā kāne wale ke aniani, i loko o nā mea'ē aʻe - nā wahine wale nō, i kekahi ʻē aʻe - ʻo lāua ʻelua (me ka laʻana, ʻo nā mea ahi ahi i loko o Italia). Mālama ke kukui i ka mālamalama uila i ka lele. He hana ʻole nā wahine a ʻālamalama aniani i ka ihu o ka lepo. Aia nō kekahi pū ahi e loaʻa ʻole i ia mau mana, ʻoiai ke ʻano he nui wale nō nā mea mai loko mai o nā ʻōpio a me nā hua.
Ma ke ala, he mau holoholona ʻāina ʻokoʻa ka maʻamau o ka bioluminescence (luminescence kemika). ʻIke ʻia nā ʻano o nā ʻalāʻau ʻeha, nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae (collembole), holo ahi ke ahi, spider lio a me nā ʻelele o nā pīpī, no ka laʻana, e like me nā mea pala ahi (pyrophorus) mai ke Komohana Komohana. Akā inā e helu ʻoe i ka poʻe noho moana, a laila aia ma kahi o 800 mau ʻāpana o nā holoholona luminous ma ka Honua.
ʻO nā mea ʻae e hoʻokuʻu i nā mea ahi e hoʻokau i nā ʻāpana he mau nā maʻi photogenic (nā lula), nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia e nā nerves a me nā tracheas (nā kahawai air). ʻO waho, ke nānā aku nā aniani me nā wahi melemele ma lalo o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, i uhi ʻia me ke kiʻi ʻala (cuticle). Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa ma nā ʻāpana hope o ka ʻōpū a iha like paha iā lākou ma luna o ke kino o ka pūpū. Ma lalo o kēia mau papa kekahi, ua hoʻopiha i nā kristal acid uric a hiki ke hōʻike i ke kukui. Hana pū, hana wale kēia mau sela inā he wahi neʻe mai ke aʻalolo o ka pūpū. Hoʻokomo ka trachea Oxygen i ka pūpū photogen a me ke kōkua o ka luciferase enzyme, e hoʻolako ana i ka hopena, hoʻokaʻawale i ka pūhui o luciferin (e pili ana i ka puaʻa biola) a me ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid). Ma muli o kēia, ua puka ke ahi, ke waiho i ke kukui o ka ʻulaʻula, ka melemele, ka ʻulaʻula a me ka uliuli paha.
ʻO nā meles a me nā wahine o nā ʻano like ʻole e hūnā i nā kukui o nā kala like, akā aia nā mea i koe. Hoʻomaʻa ʻia ka hopena o ka glow i ke aniani a me ka acidity (pH) o ke kaiapuni, a ma ke ʻano o ka luciferase.
Mālama nā Beetles iā lākou iho i ka lula, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoikaika a hoʻonāwaliwali iā lākou, e hoʻoneʻe a paʻa paha. Loaʻa kēlā me kēia ʻano ʻano pono o nā pūnaehana phosphoric. Kūlike i ka kumu, hiki ke hoʻomālamalama i ka ʻā o nā pīpī manuahi, blinking, pūlū, puʻupuʻu, ʻōwili a ʻōwili paha. Hoʻokumu wale ka wahine o kēlā me kēia ʻano i nā hōʻailona kāne me kekahi mau kikoo a me ka nui o ka māmā, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo kāna ʻano. Ma kahi mele kikoʻī o ka hoʻokuʻi māmā, ʻaʻole nā māka e hoʻopili i nā hoahana, akā e hoʻoweliweli hoʻi i nā mea kahakaha a mālama i nā palena o ko lākou mau wahi. ʻĀina:
- huli a kāhea aku i nā hōʻailona ma nā kāne,
- nā hōʻailona o ka ʻae, ka hōʻole ʻana a me nā hōʻailona post-copulative i nā wahine,
- nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻouka kaua, kūʻē a me ka mimicry māmā wale nō.
ʻO ka mahalo, ua lilo nā mea ahi i ka 98% o ko lākou ikehu ma ka hoʻoiho ʻana i ka mālamalama, ʻoiai he kukui kukui maʻamau (incandescent lamp) e hoʻohuli wale ʻia i ka 4% o ka ikehu i loko o ka mālamalama, ke koena ʻana o ka ikehu i ke ʻano o ka wela.
ʻO nā puhi ahi, ke alakaʻi nei i kahi nohona i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻaʻole pono nā pono e hoʻoiho i ka mālamalama, no ka mea ke nalo aku nei iā lākou. Akā ʻo kēlā mau lā o nā lā i noho ai i loko o nā lua a i nā kihi uliuli o ka ulu lāʻau e komo pū me kā lākou "mau mea uila." ʻO nā hua manu o nā ʻano ahi a pau i mea mua e aniani ai, akā ua pau koke. I ke ahiahi, hiki ke ʻike i ka mālamalama o kahi ahi ahi inā uhi ʻoe i ka iniseti me nā pā ʻelua ʻelua a hoʻoneʻe nei i kahi wahi pōʻeleʻele.
Ma ke ala, hāʻawi pū nā mea ahi i nā hōʻailona e hoʻohana ana i ke kuhikuhi o ka holo. Aia kekahi, lele nā ʻelele o hoʻokahi ʻano i ka laina kūpono, nā mākaukau o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e lele ana i kahi laina ʻoki.
Pahu uila kukui
ʻO nā hōʻailona māmā āpau o nā fireflies V.F. Buck i mahele i 4 mau ʻano:
ʻO kēia ka ʻōlelo o nā pīkoi makua na ke ʻano ʻo Phengodes, a me nā hua o nā mea ahi a pau, ʻaʻohe kaʻawale. ʻAʻole pili ke ʻona a me ke kukui ʻana i ka ʻōlamalama o nā kukui o kēia ʻano kīnā ʻole ʻole.
Aia i ke kumu o ke kaiapuni a me ke kūlana kūloko o ka inikona paha, he nawaliwali paha a ikaika paha. Hiki hiki iā ia ke maloʻo no kahi manawa iki. No laila, ʻo ka hapanui o nā poni heʻe.
ʻO kēia ʻano o ka luminescence, i nā manawa o ka hoʻokuʻu a me ka haʻalele ʻana o ka mālamani i hoʻāʻo ʻia i nā wā maʻamau, ʻo ia kahi ʻano o ka genera tropikal Luciola a me Pteroptix.
ʻAʻohe manawa hilinaʻi ma waena o nā kikowaena o nā pākuʻi a me ko lākou haʻalele ʻana i kēia ʻano kī ʻO kēia ʻano o ka hōʻailona ka mea hoʻohālike o ka hapanui o nā firefies, maʻa mau i nā lekiō haʻahaʻa. I kēia kūlana, ʻo ka hiki i nā iniseti ke hoʻopili i ka malamalama ua hilinaʻi nui ia i nā mea kūlohelohe.
H.A. Ua hōʻike aku ʻo Lloyd i ka ʻano o ka pūlima 5
Kēia ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā e hōʻike i ke ʻano o nā pōkole pōkole (ka lōʻihi mai 5 a 30 Hz), e kū pololei ana me kekahi me kekahi. Loaʻa ia ma nā subfamili a pau, a ʻaʻole i hilinaʻi ʻia kona hele ʻana ma ka wahi a me ka noho ʻana.
Pūnaehana Pūnaewele Piha ʻAno Pūnaewele
I ka lampirid, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā ʻōnaehana like ʻole.
- Ma ka ʻōnaehana mua, hoʻopili kekahi kanaka o ka wahine like ʻole (maʻamau ʻo ia he wahine) i nā hōʻailona noi a hoʻowalewale ʻia ana i kahi kumupaʻa o ka wahine ʻē aʻe, no laila, ʻaʻole i koi ʻia ke ʻano o kā lākou mau kino ponoʻī. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka kamaʻilio e hōʻike nei i nā mea puhi ahi o nā genera Phengodes, Lampyris, Arachnocampa, Diplocadon, Dioptoma (Cantheroidae).
- Kahi i ka ʻōnaehana o ka lua, ʻae nā kānaka o ka wahine like ʻole (ʻoi aku ka lele ʻana o nā kāne) i nā hōʻailona hoʻokipa e hāʻawi ai nā wahine lele i ka wahine a me nā pane kikoʻī. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia kamaʻilio ka hoʻohālike o nā ʻano he nui mai nā subfamilies Lampyrinae (genus Photinus) a me Photurinae, e noho nei ma ʻAmelika.
ʻAʻole pololei kēia māhele i ka neʻe ʻana, no ka mea aia kekahi ʻano me ke ʻano kikowaena o ke kamaʻilio ʻana a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokūkū ʻoi aʻe o ka luminescence (ma nā ʻano Europa ʻo Luciola italica a me Luciola mingrelica).
Pahu kikowaena uila
I nā wahi mokulele, nui nā ʻano o nā pepeke mai ka ʻohana Lampyridae e ʻoluʻolu pū me ia. Hāʻawi lākou i kā lākou "mau kukui" a pela hoʻi e hoʻopau ai iā lākou. Ua kapa ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo kēia ʻano hanana kēia ka uila e pili ana i nā ahi ahi. ʻO ke ʻano o ke kala ʻana i nā mea ahi i pau ʻole i aʻo ʻia, a he nui nā mana e pili ana i ka holo ʻana o nā iniseti e ulana i ka manawa like. Wahi a kekahi o lākou, he alakaʻi i loko o kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻano like ʻole, a he lawelawe ʻo ia i alakaʻi o kēia "hīmeni". A no ka mea ua ʻike nā luna āpau i ke alapine (ka manawa kaʻoli a me ka manawa glow), hoʻokele lākou e hana i kēia me ke ʻano aloha. Hoʻopili uila ʻia, ʻo nā kāne o ke kukui. Eia kekahi, ke noi nei nā mea noiʻi a pau e pili ana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā hōʻailona ahi i ka pili o nā moe kolohe. I ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka iʻa o ka lehulehu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoa aloha. ʻIke pū kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i hiki ke uhaʻi ka hoʻopili hoʻohui ʻia ʻana i ka mālamalama manu inā e kau ʻoe i kahi kukui ma hope o lākou. Akā me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o kāna hana, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka hana.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo mua loa o kēia hanana i ka makahiki 1680 - he wehewehe kēia i hana ʻia e E. Kempfer ma hope o ka huakaʻi ʻana i Bangkok. Ma hope iho, nui nā ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana o kēia hanana ma Texas (USA), Iapana, Thailand, Malaysia a me nā wahi mauna o New Guinea. Noho ka nui o kēia mau ʻano lāʻau ahi i Malaysia: ma laila ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano e nā ʻōpala "kelip-kelip". Ma USA, ua ʻike ka poʻe malihini kipa i ka Elkomont National Park (Nui kaiāhi ʻia ʻo Smoky Mountains) i ka pūnāwai ʻikepili o nā ʻelele o nā inoa ʻo Photinus carolinus.
Kahele
He pālahalaha nā ahi i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻAsia a meʻEulopa. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma nā ulu lāʻau deciduous a me nā hau, i nā lau, nā me nā a me nā alapi. He kumuhana kēia o nā ʻohana nunui mai ke ʻano o nā pīpī, he mana maoli nō ia e hoʻokuʻi i ke kukui māmā.
Kapehu ahi - kahi pepeke pili no ka ʻohana o Fireflies (Lampyridae), kahi kauoha o nā pīpī. Aia ka ʻohana ma mua o ʻelua tausani mau ʻano. Hoʻolaha nui ʻia ia ma nā subtropics a me nā tropics a, he mea palena wale nō ma ka zone wai. Ma nā ʻāina o ka Soviet Union mua, ʻehiku mau genera a kokoke ma mua o 20 mau ʻano e ola. A ʻo ko mākou ʻāina, ʻike nui ka poʻe i ke ʻano o ke ahi ahi. Ma Lūkia, 15 ua kākau inoa ʻia nā ʻano 15.
Eia ka laʻana, ʻo nā pōpoki pōpilikia mai nā pōpilikia o Ivanovo, e hoʻopau ana i ka lā i loko o nā lau hāʻule a me ka mauʻu mauʻu, a i ka wā i ke kolo ai ke hele lākou hele hune. Ke noho nei kēia mau ahi i ka ulu lāʻau, kahi lākou eʻimi ai i nā ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi, nā pepeke liʻiliʻi a me nā mea ʻai. ʻAʻole hiki i ka wahine ke lele. ʻO ka keʻokeʻo wale nō i nā kala brown-brown, wale ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū o ke keʻokeʻo he ʻekolu ʻāpana keʻokeʻo. No laila lākou e'ō aku ai i ka mālamalama kukui.
Pā ahi ka poʻe e noho ana i ka Caucasus i lele i ka lele. Pākahi Sparks i loko o ka pouliʻeleʻele a hāʻawi i ka pō hema i hoʻonani kūikawā.
ʻAuhea e noho ai nā wahi ahi?
ʻO nā ahi ahi he mea maʻamau maʻamau, a me nā inikini aloha-nui e noho nei ma nā wahi āpau o ka honua.
- i Amerika
- i Afirika
- ma Australia a me Niihau,
- i ʻUulopa (me ka UK),
- i Asia (Malaysia, Kina, India, Iapana, Indonesia a me Filipina).
Loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā mea ahi i ka Honu Hemolele. Noho ka nui o lākou ma nā ʻāina mahana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma nā ʻāina a me nā subtropical o kā mākou honua. Loaʻa kekahi mau ʻano i nā latitu mahana. Ma Lūkia, 20 nā puʻu ahi kahi e ola ai, kahi e loaʻa ai a puni ka ʻāina: akā i ka ʻĀkau: i ka Far East, i ka ʻaoʻao ʻEulopa a me Siberia. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma nā ululāʻau maluhia, nā punawai, nā muliwai a me nā loko, i nā ʻike.
ʻAʻole makemake nā ahi i ka noho ʻana i nā hui, he mau minamina lākou, akā hana pinepine lākou i nā ʻūlū pōkole. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ahi he holoholona nocturnal, akā aia nō kēlā mau mea ikaika i ka wana i ke ao. I ke ao, hoʻomaha ka pepeke ma ka mauʻu, peʻe ma lalo o ka ʻili, nā pōhaku a i kahi silt, a ma ka pō ke hiki i ka poʻe e hiki ke lele maikaʻi me ka wikiwiki. I ke anuanu, ʻike pinepine ʻia lākou i ka honua o ka honua.
Ke noho maʻamau
ʻAʻole he mau pepeke ahi nā ʻōlima, akā naʻe, maʻa pinepine lākou i nā ʻōpū nui. ʻAʻole he nui o kā mākou poʻe heluhelu e like me ke ʻano o nā mea puhi ahi, no ka mea ua paʻakikī ke ʻike iā lākou i ka lā: hoʻomaha lākou, e noho ana ma ke kumu o nā mea kanu a i ʻole ka ʻāina, a alakaʻi i kahi ola kūlohelohe i ka pō.
Ma ke ʻano o kā lākou meaʻai, ʻokoʻa nā ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole. ʻAi maikaʻi ʻia nā kīlaha maikaʻi ʻole Herbivorous i ka nectar a me ka polī. Hoʻopilikia ka poʻe Predatory i ka spider, sems, snails a me millipedes. Aia he mau ʻanohele ʻole nā mākua o lākou; ʻaʻole ō kekahi waha.
No ke aha ke kulu nei nā ahi ahi?
Mahalo paha, ua nui nā mea i hana i ka wā kamaliʻi, e hoʻomaha pū ana me ko lākou kupunawahine a i kahi hoʻomoana ma ke kahakai ʻo ʻAleʻele, e ʻike pehea i ke ahiahi, ke kauʻeleʻele, mau mea ahi manu. Makemake nā keiki i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā mea ʻino kūʻokoʻa i loko o nā pahu, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ke ahi ʻana. ʻO ke kiko o ka luminescence o kēia mau manu. Aia ia ma ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻāpana ʻekolu. Ua kāloli ʻia ka palena haʻahaʻa o lākou. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻohālikelike. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao luna, he ʻāpana ʻokoʻa. Ma ka kikowaena waena e loaʻa nā rula photogen e hana ana i ka mālamalama. E like me kāu e ʻāʻī hewa ai, ma kāna ʻoihana ua like kēia ʻano pū me ka uila uila.
Ua kāhea ka poʻe ʻepekema i kēia ʻano o ka bioluminescence luminescence ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ke kōleo oxygen me ka calcium, ka pigment luciferin, ka ATP molekina, a me ka luciferase enzyme.
He aha nā mea ahi e ʻai ai?
ʻOi aku nā hua ʻōpala a me nā pākeke ke koho pinepine nei, ʻoiai inā aia kekahi mau wahi ʻaʻa e hānai nei i ka nectar a me ka polū o nā pua, a me nā mea kanu manuahi. ʻO nā puaʻa Carnivorous i loaʻa i nā mea inikini ʻē aʻe, ma nā ʻōpua i nā māka ʻōpala, mollusks, millipedes, earthworms, a me ko lākou mau hoahānau. Hoʻokahi kekahi mau wahine e noho ana i nā wahi ulu (ʻo ka laʻana, mai nā ʻano Photuris), ma hope o ka moe ʻana, ke kapa ʻana i ke ʻano o ke mele ʻana o nā kāne o nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe i ʻai ai iā lākou a loaʻa i nā pōʻaiʻai no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kā lākou hua.
Pā ʻai pinepine nā kāne i loko o ka pākeke. ʻAʻole ʻai mau kāne a pau a make ma hope o ka moe ʻana, ʻoiai aia nō kekahi hōʻike ʻē aʻe e ʻai ana nā pākeke i nā mea ʻai.
Loaʻa ka ʻōiwi ahi i kahi lihi hou i ka ʻāpana hope o ka ʻōpū. Pono ia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke kihakihi e waiho ana ma kāna poʻo liʻiliʻi ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana a me ka slugs. ʻO nā wili āpau āpau he mau mea hana hoʻohemo. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻai lākou i ka ʻenu a noho pinepine lākou i ko lākou ʻano paʻakikī.
He aha ke ʻano o ke kukui e hoʻopiʻi ai?
ʻAʻole e like me nā kukui uila, kahi o ka hapa o ka ikehu i kahe ʻole i ka wela, ʻoiai ʻo ka hana ʻoi aku ma mua o 10%, ua unuhi i nā mea ahi i ka 98% o ka ikehu i ka radiation radiation. Ma ia, ua anu ia. Kahi ʻia ka nānā ʻana o kēia mau pū i ka ʻāpana i ʻike ʻia i ka meleka-ʻōmaʻomaʻu o nā ʻōpū e pili ana i nā wavelength a hiki i 600 nm.
ʻO ka mahalo, hiki i kekahi mau ano ahi ke hoʻonui a hoʻohena paha i ka ikaika māmā. A e hoʻopili i nā kukui intermittent. Ke hāʻawi nei ka ʻōnaehana o ka iniseti i kahi hōʻailona e "hoʻohuli" i ka mālamalama, komo ikaika ka oxygen i ka photophore, a ke kāpae ʻole ka hānai, "huli ke kukui".
Eia nō naʻe, no ke aha mai nei ke ahi ʻana? Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻaʻole pono e ʻoluʻolu i ka maka kanaka? ʻO ka meaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka bioluminescence no nā mea ahi i ke ala o ke kamaʻilio ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine. ʻAʻole maʻalahi nā ʻōlohelohe hōʻailona i ko lākou heleʻana, akā hōʻike pū lākou i ko lākou hoa i ke ʻano o ka flicker. Hoʻohana pinepine nā ʻākau a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i nā serenades kola no kā lākou mau hoa, e hoʻomā ana a me ka make ʻana i ka manawa like pū me ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻokahi hui o ka hui kūʻokoʻa me ka hōʻailona like.
ʻAno hānau
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā e moe ai, ua ʻimi ka mākaʻi kāne i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻa mai kāna hapa lua, mākaukau no ka hānai.I ka hiki ana iaia, iho aku la ia i ka mea i waeia. ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ahi i puka mai ai ka mālamalama me nā ʻano like ʻole, a me kēia, i ke ʻano o nā loiloi o nā ʻano like like ʻole me kekahi.
Koho koho
Noho aliʻi ʻo Matriarchy ma waena o kahi ahi - ua koho ke wahine i ka hoa. E hoʻoholo ana ia ma ka ikaika o ka uila. ʻOi aku ka mālamalama, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke alapine ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kāne i ka wahine. Ma nā honu mau, i ka wā o nā serenades kolamu, ua kālai ʻia nā lāʻau i loko o nā lei i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana ma mua o nā puka makani i nā megalopolises.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hihia o nā pāʻani mare me ka hopena hōʻeha. ʻO ka wahine, e hoʻohana ana i kahi hōʻailona māmā, e huki i nā kāne o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like. Ke kū ʻia nā mea kanu unsuspect, e ʻai ana ka sedider i kā lākou.
Ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, puka ʻia nā ʻōpū mai nā hua i kau ʻia e ka wahine. He aha nā lāle o ke kīpē? ʻAno nui, ʻōmaʻomaʻo hoʻi, nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele me nā ʻāpana lahilahi. ʻO ka mahalo, haʻaila lākou, e like me nā poʻe pākeke. ʻO ke kokoke i ka wā o ka ʻohi, e hūnā lākou i ka ʻili o nā lāʻau, kahi hoʻoilo lākou
Hoʻokūhū nā ʻōpio i nā ʻano mea i noho ma ka waena waena, i ka hibernate larvae, a ma ka nui o nā ʻano subtropical lākou e ulu ai no nā hebedoma. Hiki i ka papa kula kahi i 2.5 mau hebedoma. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, e hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻōpī palu a me nā pākeke makua hou mai lākou.
- Ke ahi ahi e hoʻopuka nei i ka mālamalama olakino e noho nei i nā ʻōpala o ʻAmelika. Aia i ka lōʻihi o ʻelima kenimita. A ʻo kona umauma hoʻi, ʻokoʻa ka ʻōpū, pū ana kekahi. ʻOi aku ka mālamalama o 150 mau manawa i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o kahi pili e pili ana i kahi Pākē.
- Ua hiki i nā kānakaʻepekema ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka gene e pili i ka glow. Ua hoʻopuka maikaʻi ʻia ka mea kanu i nā mea kanu, ma muli o ka hiki i ka mea kanu e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka pō.
- ʻO nā kamaʻāina o nā ʻāpana mālaila i hoʻohana i kēia mau momi e like me nā kukui mua. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pū me nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā mea uila maka mua e hoʻomālamalama i nā hale.
- ʻO kēlā me kēia makahiki, i ka hoʻomaka kauwela, hana nui kahi hanana ahi ma Iapana. Hele mai nā Spectators i ka māla ma kahi o ka luakini ma ke aniani a me ka leʻaleʻa i ka nānā ʻana i nā mokulele nani like ʻole o ka nui o nā pōpoki lau.
- I ʻEulopa, ʻo nā manu maʻamau ka inoa o ka umauma maʻamau, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻawaʻawa Ivanovo. Loaʻa i ka pōkole kēia inoa inoa ʻole ma muli o ka manaʻoʻiʻo e hāliʻi ana ia i ka pō o Ivan Kupala.
Lana ka manaʻo ua loaʻa iā ʻoe nā pane i nā nīnau o ke ʻano o ke ahi, kahi i noho ai a me ke ʻano o ke ola āna e alakaʻi ai. Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau mea maikaʻi hoihoi i ka manaʻo nui i nā kānaka a, e like me kāu e ʻike nei, ʻano maikaʻi.
I nā pō mahana i ke kakahiaka o Iune - kakahiaka mua, e hele ana ma ke kae o ka ululāʻau, ʻike ʻoe i nā kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ke kua ma ka mauʻu, me he mea lā ua hoʻomālamalama nā mea i nā kukui kukui liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā pōkole o ke kauwela he pōkole kēia, hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i kēia hoʻokalakupua no kekahi mau hola wale nō. Akā inā e hāhai ʻoe i ka ʻōpala a hoʻomohala i ke kukui ma kahi o ke kukui e ʻike ai, ʻike ʻoe i nā pepeke ua ʻōmaʻomaʻo nondescript, ma kahi o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻulaʻulaʻulaʻula. He ʻano wahine ahi ʻaʻā (Lampyris noctiluca ) Ua kāhea nā kānaka iā ia ʻO Ivanov ka wī , ʻOloʻo Ivanovo ma muli o ka manaʻo e kū mai ana ka manawa mua o ka makahiki ma ka pō o Ivan Kupala. ʻO nā wahine wale nō ke kali nei i nā kāne ma ka ʻāina a i ʻole nā mea kanu i hiki ke hoʻihoʻi i ka kukui mālamalama, aʻo nā kāne ʻaʻole hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka mālamalama. Ke nānā aku nei ke kāne pēpē i ka pīpī maʻamau maʻamau me ka elytra paʻakikī, aʻo ka wahine i ka wā pākeke ke noho mau nei me he larva, ʻaʻohe ona ʻēheu ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia ka māmā e huki i ke kāne. Aia kekahi ʻano kūikawā e hoʻopuka ana i kahi glow ma nā ʻāpana hope o ka ʻōpū a he hoihoi nui loa i ka hoʻolālā: aia ke ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā ʻopa. ka nui o nā mea urea crystals, a e hana ana me ka aniani e hōʻike ana i ka mālamalama. Hoʻopili ʻia ka papalina luminiferous pono ʻana e ka tracheas (no ka komo ʻana o ka oxygen) a me nā nerves. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka mālamalama i ka wā o ka hōʻemiʻana o kahi waiwai kūikawā - luciferin, me ke komo pū o ATP. No nā mea ahi, he hana kūpono kēia, e hele ana me kahi kokoke o 100%, ʻoi loa ka ikaika a pau i ka mālamalama, kokoke loa me ka wela ʻole. A i kēia manawa hou aku e pili ana i kēia mau mea a pau.
Kūahi ahi maʻamau (Lampyris noctiluca ) he mākaʻi o ka ʻohana ʻōpiopio (Lampyridae ) kauoha a nā pōpoki (Coleoptera). ʻO ke kāne kāne o kēia mau pīpī he kino kino ʻoki a hiki i ka 15 mm ka lōʻihi, a he poʻo nui ke poʻomanaʻo me nā maka hemispherical nui. Lele lele lākou. ʻO nā wahine me ko lākou helehelena ka like me ka lālani, he kino ʻano ʻōpū a hiki i 18 mm ka lōʻihi, a he manu ʻole. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo Svetlyakov ma nā kihi o nā ululāʻau, nā ʻāpana maloʻo, ma nā kahawai o nā loko wai lāʻau a me nā kahawai.
ʻO ka mea nui i nā nānā āpau loa o ka huaʻōlelo nā umauma manamana. Ma ka hapanui o nā ahi, aia ma hope o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, e like me ka nui o ke kukui uila. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia mau kino ma ke kumu o kahi hale kukui. He ʻano 'kukui "kā lākou - kahi hui o nā cell photocyte i kālai ʻia e nā tracheas a me nā nuna. Hoʻopiha ʻia kēlā me kēia pālolo i ka "wahie", i ka hana o ia mea ka waiwai. Ke kū nei ke ahi, puka ka lewa i ka trachea i ka organin luminous, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka luciferin ma lalo o ka mana o ka oxygen. Hoʻopuka i kahi kinikini kahi ikehu i ke ʻano o ke kukui. Hoʻāla mau ka hale kukui i ka mālamalama i ka ʻaoʻao kūpono - i ke kai. ʻO kahi puhi ahi i kēia ʻike ʻaʻole mamao loa i hope. Ua hoʻopuni ʻia ko lākou mau kiʻi i nā sela e hoʻopiha ʻia me nā crystals uric. Hana lākou i ka hana o ka mea nana (me ka maka helehelena) a ʻae ʻoe iā ʻoe e lilo i ka waiwai nui i ka lapuwale. Eia no naʻe, ʻaʻole i hopohopo kēia mau inika no ka mālama ʻana, no ka mea, ʻo ke ʻano o kā lākou nāila manawaleʻa e ʻike ʻia e kekahi ʻenehana. Loaʻa i nā ahi ahi he 98% hana maikaʻi loa! Hoʻolaha kēia me 2% wale nō o ka ikehu, a me nā hana ʻana i nā lima o nā lima kanaka (nā kaʻa, nā mea pono uila), mai 60 a 96% o nā kumu e hoʻopau ʻia.
Hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi mau pūhui kemika i ka hopena glow. Hoʻokahi kekahi o lākou i ka wela a ke kau nei ma kahi liʻiliʻi - luciferin. ʻO kekahi mea ʻē aʻe ʻo ia ka luciferase enzyme. Pēlā pū kekahi pono adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) no ka hoʻonā ʻana o ka glow. ʻO Luciferase kahi protein e waiwai nui i nā hui sulfhydryl.
Hoʻoulu ʻia ka mālamalama e ka maʻi o ka luciferin. Ma waho o ka luciferase, he haʻahaʻa loa ka hopena o ka hopena ma waena o ka luciferin a me ka oxygen; hoʻonui nui ka catifersis me ka wikiwiki. Ke koi ʻia ka ATP e like me ka cofactor.
Hōʻike ka mālamalama i ka wā o ke kahe o ka oxyluciferin mai kahi kūlana hoihoi i ka honua. Ma kēia hihia, pili ka oxyluciferin me ka molekui o ka huina a me ka mea, i ka ʻano o ka hydrophobicity o ka microenuwi o ka oxyluciferin hauʻoli, ʻokoʻa ka ʻōmulu hoʻāla ʻia i nā ʻano manu like ʻole i ka melemele-green (me kahi hydrenobic microenuwi) a ʻulaʻula (me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hydrophobic). ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo me kahi polen microenvironment, ʻokoʻa kekahi o ka ikehu. ʻO Luciferases mai nā ʻano ahi ʻē aʻe e hana ai i ka bioluminescence me ka maxima mai 548 a 620 nm. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi loa ka ikaika o ka hopena o ka hopena: aneane ua hoʻololi ʻia ka ikaika o ka hopena i loko o ke kukui me ka ʻole e hoʻopu i ka wela.
Loaʻa nā pīpī āpau i ka luciferin like ʻole. ʻO nā ʻoniʻoni, ʻokoʻa kekahi ʻokoʻa like ʻole. Ke hali ia nei e pili ana ka hoʻololi o ka kala i ka ʻano o ke kaomi. Ua hōʻike nā noiʻi i ka mahana a me ka pH o ka medium e loaʻa i ka hopena koʻikoʻi ma ke kala o ka glow. I ka pae o ka mikroscopic, ʻo ka luminescence wale nō ka ʻokoʻa o ka cytoplasm o nā pūna, ʻo ka ʻaina naʻe e uliuli mau. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka glow e nā granules photogenic i loaʻa i ka cytoplasm. I ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻāpana hou o nā pūlani photogenic i nā ʻāpana ultraviolet, ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea kola i kā lākou mau waiwai, ʻokoʻa, e pili ana i ka noho ʻana o ka luciferin.
ʻO ka nui o ke kuʻina o ka hopena ka mea nui i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona papa o ka luminescence, kokoke i ka hui like. I nā huaʻōlelo, no kēlā me kēia molekula luciferin e komo ana i ka hopena, hoʻopili ʻia kahi nui o ka kukui.
ʻO nā mea puhi ahi he mau mea kai e hānai ana i nā mea make a me nā mollusks. Hiki i kahi ʻōleʻa ahi ke ola i kahi ola ʻē aʻe, e like me ka ʻōpala ʻōiwi i ka ʻāina. ʻAi ʻai ka ʻōpala i nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā palahalaha terestrial, i loko o nā ʻuʻuku kahi a lākou e hūnā ai iā lākou iho.
ʻAʻole hānai nā pīpoki makua, a ma hope o ka moe ʻana a hoʻomoe ʻia nā hua. Mālama ka wahine i nā hua ma nā lau a ma luna o ka ʻāina. ʻAʻole liuliu, ʻike ʻia ana nā palaka lime me nā ʻenehana melemele. ʻAi nui lākou a ulu wikiwiki a, ma ke ala, ʻōlehu pū kekahi. I ka hoʻomaka o ka wā o ka ngahulu, ke mahana mau nei lākou, piʻi lākou ma lalo o ka ʻili o nā kumulāʻau, kahi e pau ai lākou i ka hoʻoilo. I ka pūnāwai, hele lākou i waho o kahi malu, momona i mau lā, a laila pupate. ʻElua mau pule ma hope aku, kū ʻia nā kapu ahi ʻōpio.
Ke nānā nei i ke kala ʻana o nā ahi ahi, mai ka wā kahiko, ua noʻonoʻo ka poʻe no ke kumu ʻole e hoʻohana ai iā lākou no nā kumu kūpono. Hoʻokiki ʻo nā ʻāne iā lākou i nā moccasins e hōʻailona i nā ala a hoʻoweliweli i nā nahesa. ʻO nā mea noho mua ma ʻAmelika Hema e hoʻohana i kēia mau ʻōlima e like me ke kukui no ka pu. Ma kekahi o nā kauaka, hiki i kēia kuʻuna i kēia manawa.
I kekahi pō kauwela, he mea kupaianaha a he nani nā keʻena ahi i ka wā, e like me ka moʻo moʻolelo, nā kukui ʻulaʻula e like me nā hōkū liʻiliʻi o ka pōʻeleʻele.
ʻO kā lākou mālamalama he'ōmaʻomaʻo-ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma nā aniani o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka lōʻihi a me nā kukui. Puhi manuahi e pili ana i ka ʻōpiopio o ka mauʻu, he ʻohana he pili i ʻelua mau ʻano heʻehā kau, māhele ʻia i nā ʻāpana āpau o ka honua.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻelele ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā iniseti i nā subtropics a me nā tropics. Ma ko mākou ʻāina, aia ma kahi o 20 mau ʻano. Kaomi ʻaʻala i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka Latin: Lampyridae.
I kekahi manawa ke kuhi nei nā ahi ahi i ka mālamalama i ka holo ʻana, e like me nā hōkū pana, lele ana a me nā kukui a ʻani kūleʻa i ka pō hema. Aia nā mea iʻike i ka moʻolelo o ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā ahi i kā lākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā.
No ka laʻana, hōʻike nā kuhi i nā makenahi keokeo mua, holo nā moku e holo ana i Brazil. ma hea puei loa ola ke ahi ʻana , kukui i ko lākou mau home me ko lākou mālamalama maoli.
A ʻo ka poʻe India, ke hele pū nei, ua nakinaki nei i kēia mau kukui maoli i ko lākou mau manamana wāwae. A ʻaʻole nā mea a maikaʻi o nā pepeke nani e kōkua i ka ʻike i ka moʻo, akā weliweli hoʻi i nā nahesa ʻawaʻawa. E like me hiʻona ʻaʻano ahi he mea maʻamau ke hoʻohālikelike i nā waiwai me ke kukui fluorescent.
Akā, ʻoi aku ka mea kūpono o kēia mau ʻili kūlohelohe, no ka mea ma o ke kaiho ʻana i ko lākou mau kukui pono iho, ʻaʻole i hoʻomoʻe nā pepeke a hoʻomāhuahua i ka mālama kino. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ka mālama ʻana o ka hana i kēia, inā ʻaʻole hiki ke alakaʻi iā ia i ka make o nā mea ahi.
Mea ʻai
Noho ke ahi i ka mauʻu, ma ka mauʻu, i ka moss, a i lalo paha o ka lau i hāʻule. A i ka pō hele lākou e hānai. ʻAi nā ahi , nā liʻiliʻi, nā hua liʻiliʻi o nā mea inikini, nā holoholona liʻiliʻi, nā ʻalā a me nā mea kanu pala.
ʻAʻole hānai nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā pā ahi i ke ahi, akā e noho wale nō no ka hua lahilahi, make ma hope o ka moʻo ʻana a me ke kaʻina o ka waiho ʻana i nā hua. Pōʻane, ke hele nei nā pāʻani o kēia mau manu i ka cannibalism.
Nawai i manao e i ka wahine o keia mau iniseti kupaianaha, ka mea i hoʻonani i ka po o ke kauwela hanaliki, pinepine lakou i ka mana insidious insidious.
ʻO nā wahine o nā ʻano Photuris, e hāʻawi ana i nā hōʻailona hoʻopunipuni i nā kāne o nā ʻanoʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe, aia wale nō, eʻae wale nō, e like me ka pīhoihoi, a ma kahi o nā moʻo i makemake ʻia, e ʻai iā lākou. Kahi ʻano ʻano i kapa ʻia e nā ʻepekema ʻoihana mimicry.
Akā he mea maikaʻi loa nā mea puhi ahi, maikaʻi loa no nā kānaka, ma ka ʻai ʻana a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā pōpilikia pōpilikia i nā lau hāʻule o nā lāʻau a ma nā māla lāʻau. Kūahi ahi ma ka māla - He hōʻailona maikaʻi kēia no ka mea mālama lāʻau.
Ma kahi e noho ai nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻamau a heʻeono hoʻi o kēia mau mea hihiu, hoʻopiʻi nā kahu ahi i ka noho ʻana i nā māla lae, kahi e ʻai ai lākou, luku ʻana i nā nui, nā ʻōpua wai, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā māla o nā kauhale pluttonous makemake ʻole, lawe mai i nā pono waiwai nui.
Nā hiʻohiʻona a me ka noho maʻamau
I kēia lā, aia ma kahi o 2,000 mau mea kuni ahi i ka ʻike. ʻO kā lākou ʻano nondescript i ke ao ʻaʻole pilina me ka nani e hoʻopili ʻia mai nā ahi ahi i ka pō.
Loaʻa kēlā me kēia sela ke ʻano waiwai, ʻo ia kahi wahie i kapa ʻia ʻo luciferin. Hana ʻia kēia ʻōpiopio ahi piha ma ka hanu ʻana i kahi pepeke. Ke hoʻoluhi ʻia, ka neʻe ʻana ka lewa ma ka trachea i loko o ke koena luminescence.
Ma laila, hana ka oxidation o luciferin, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka ikehu a hāʻawi i ka māmā. He nui noonoo a maikaʻi ʻole nā phytocides i mea ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopau i ka ikehu. ʻOiai ʻaʻole lākou e hopohopo i kēia mea no ka mea ʻo kēia papa hana me kahi hana nui a me ka hopena.
ʻO QCD o kēia mau pepeke he kūlike me ka 98%. ʻO kēia ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia 2% wale nō. No ka hoʻohālikelike, nā loea loea i nā kānaka he QCD mai 60 a 90%.
Ma luna o ka pouli. ʻAʻole kēia o kā lākou hope a koʻikoʻi. Hiki iā lākou ke hōʻalo i kā lākou "mau uila" me ka paʻakikī nui. ʻO kekahi wale nō o lākou ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻia i ka mana e hoʻoponopono i ka kahe o ka mālamalama.
Hiki ke koena a pau e loli i ke kūao o ka papaha, a laila e kukui ana, a laila e hoʻopau ana i kā lākou "mau kukui". ʻAʻole kēia he pāʻani manuahi wale ʻia. Me ke kōkua o kēia mau hana e hoʻokaʻawale ai lākou iā lākou iho i nā malihini. ʻO nā puhi ahi e noho nei ma Malaysia he mea kūʻokoʻa kūpono kēia.
Hoʻopili lākou ke nānā ʻana a me kahi hiʻona i ka manawa like. I ka pō ʻoihana, he hoʻopunipuni kēlā. Me he mea lā ua kau ka mea i hoʻōla i kahi ʻoliʻoli.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he ʻano kupaianaha maoli nō e hoʻomālamalama i ka pō i ʻike ʻole ʻia i nā ahi ahi a pau. I waena o lākou ʻoi aku ka poʻe makemake e alakaʻi i kahi nohona o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻAʻole lākou e aniani, a e ʻike ʻia aʻe ana ka wīwī palupalu i loko o ka nahele ulu a me nā lua.
Hoʻomaʻa ʻia nā ʻōlaʻi ma ka ʻākau ʻākau o ka honua. ʻO ka'āina ʻo ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me Eurasia kā lākou punahele punahele. ʻAeʻoluʻolu lākou i nā ululāʻau deciduous, me nā ʻano a me nā palapu.
ʻActerlelo ola a me ke ʻano
ʻAʻole e hōʻiliʻili pinepine ʻia kēia pepeke kolamu nui i loko o nā pūʻulu lehulehu. I ke ao, ua ʻike ʻia ko lākou noho i ka ʻōpala. ʻO ka hōʻea ʻana o nā mea twilight e hoʻonani i nā mea ahi e neʻe ai a lele.
Holo maikaʻi lākou a lele, ana me ka wikiwiki a ma ka manawa like. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke kāhea i nā pili o nā mea kuni i hoʻonoho ʻia. ʻOi aku ka makemake e alakaʻi i ke ʻano hele ʻole. ʻOluʻolu lākou ʻaʻole i ka ʻāina wale nō, akā i ka wai.
E aloha ana ke ahi i ka wela. I ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo, hūnā nā mea ʻino ma lalo o ka ʻili o kahi lāʻau. A me ka hiki ʻana o ka pūnāwai a ma hope o ka meaʻai maikaʻi, hoʻomaʻamaʻa lākou. ʻOluʻolu loa ia kekahi mau wahine, i ka hoʻohui i nā pono āpau o luna, he puʻu nō hoʻi.
ʻIke lākou pehea e ʻike pū ai kekahi ʻano o ke kukui. E hoʻomaka i ka ʻala pū kekahi. ʻO ka mea kūlohelohe, ʻike nā kāne o kēlā ʻano ʻano i kahi mālamalama maʻamau a pili i kahi moe.
Akā ʻaʻole ka mākaʻikaʻi male kāne i ʻike i ka hopu i kēia manawa no ka peʻe. Ua ʻai ʻia ka wahine iā ia, ʻoiai e loaʻa ana i ka lawa kūpono o nā mea kūpono no kona ola a no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōpū. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole maopopo loa nā mea puhi ahi. Aia nō naʻe he nui nā ʻike ʻepekema i mua o kēia.
Kāleka
ʻO waho, ke nānā aku nei nā mea ʻona maikaʻi me ke kūleʻa maikaʻi loa, a i ʻole nondescript. Hoʻopili ke kino a ʻāʻiki, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke poʻo, he pokole ka antennae. Kahi liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā mea ʻeke pepeke - ma ka awelika mai 1 a 2 mau kenimika. ʻAno ke kala a ʻeleʻele paha ka polū o ke kino.
Nui nā ʻano o nā ʻiole he hoʻopiʻi ʻole ʻia ma waena o ke kāne a me ka wahine. ʻO nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo manu kāne i ke helehelena like me nā kūlohelohe, hiki ke lele, akā ʻaʻole naʻe e kahe.
He like a like ka wahine i kahi larva a i ʻole ʻiʻo paha, ʻaʻohe ona ʻēheu, no laila e alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka hana maʻalahi. Akā ʻike ka wahine i ke ʻano o ka uila, ka mea e huki ai i nā ʻelele o nā kāne ʻē aʻe.
No ke aha e pena ai
Aia ka lamenous sverorgan ma ke ahi o ka manuahi ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā pūpū māmā - nā kiʻi a nā mea he nui nā tracheas a me nā nāhelehele.
Aia kēlā me kēia nīpona i ka waiwai luciferin. I ka wā o ka hanu ma o ka maʻi ʻōlima, komo ka oxygen i ke kaila luminous, ma lalo o ke ʻano o ka mea i hoʻohā ʻia ai ka luciferin, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka ikehu i ke ano o ka māmā.
Ma muli o ke kau ʻana o nā aʻa ma ke ʻano o nā kukui māmā, hiki i ka pūpū ahi ke kūʻokoʻa kūlohelohe i ka nui a me ke ʻano o ka uila. Hiki iā ia ke lilo i mau kukui, blink, ripple a i ʻole nā uila. No laila, ʻo nā pōkā e hoʻomālamalama ana i ka lepa like ia me ka paʻakai Kalikimaka
Nā ʻano ahi, nā kiʻi a me nā inoa.
Ka helu kanaka, helu helu entomologists he 2000 mau hae o nā mea ahi. E kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka mea kaulana loa o lākou.
- Konaneiho ia nui lapalapa) (lat.Lampyris noctiluca) Loaʻa i nā inoa o ka lāʻau o Ivan ka wī a i ʻole ʻo ʻIloʻolua. Ua pili pū ka hiʻohiʻona o ka iniseti me ka hoʻomaha o Ivan Kupala, no ka mea me ka hiki ʻana o ke kauwela ua hoʻomaka ka hakila i nā mea puhi ahi. Mai aneʻi mai kahi inoa kaulana kaulana, i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi wahine i like me kekahi koʻi.
ʻO kahi pū kahi ahi nui kahi kīpili me kahi helehelena e like me ka helehelena. ʻO ka nui o nā kāne i hiki i ka 11-15 mm, wahine - 11-18 mm. He kino villous hale hōʻaiʻe nā pōpoki āpau a me nā hōʻailona āpau o ka ʻohana a me ka ʻono. ʻOkoʻa nā kāne male ka wahine o kēia ʻano. Pēlā ka wahine e like me ka larva a alakaʻi i kahi noho ʻano lepo. Loaʻa i nā kāne āpau nā bioluminescence. Akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wahine, ma ke awakea ia ia e hoʻomālamalama ana i kahi kukakiko. Pale mālie ke kāne, akā ʻōloʻomaʻo a nawaliwali loa, kokoke kokoke hiki i nā poʻe nānā. ʻIke aku, ʻo ia ka wahine i hāʻawi i ka hōʻailona ma ka hoa.
- - He kanaka noho maʻamau kahi ma Iapana. Noho wale ma loko o ka ʻūhū māhu a pololei paha i ka wai. Hōʻalo i nā mollusks i ka pō, kahi o nā kikowaena waena o nā flukes i waena pū kekahi. I ka wā o ka huli, he mea ia e nani loa.
- noho i ka palena o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. Mālama wale nā pua mai ka Photinus genus i kahi a lawe a lele aku ma kahi ala zigzag, a hoʻohana nā wahine i ka hana mimetic e ʻai i nā kāne o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. No nā mea i koho ʻia o kēia ʻano, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka ʻepekema ʻAmelika i ka luciferase ene e hoʻohana ai i ka hana ola. ʻO kahi hana ʻōlima maʻamau ʻoi loa ka maʻamau o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.
He ʻiole manu nocturnal kēia i ke kino ʻeleʻele a 11-14 mm ka lōʻihi. Mahalo i ke kukui kukui, ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka lepo. ʻO nā wahine o kēia ʻano ʻano like me nā kolo. Noho ke kiaʻi o nā photinus ahi mai 1 a 2 mau makahiki a hūnā ma nā wahi haʻalulu - kokoke i nā kahawai, ma lalo o ka ʻili a me ka lepo. Hoʻolilo lākou i ka hoʻoilo ma ka kanu ʻana iā lākou iho i ka lepo.
ʻO nā mea inikua pālua a me kā lākou nāhoima he mau poʻe makehewa, ʻai i ka ʻōpala a me nā kua.
- ola wale nō ma Kanada a me USA. Loaʻa ka pīpī makua i ka nui o 2 cm. He pihi ʻeleʻele nui ia, ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele. Ma nā ʻāpana hope loa o kona ʻōpū e pili ana i nā ʻōpiopio photogenic.
ʻO ka larva o kēia iniseti ua kapa ʻia ʻo "thein lamousous worm" no kona hiki ke bioluminescence. ʻO ka wahine wahine like like ʻole o kēia ʻanoʻano i hiki i ka hoʻopalike i ke kukui; hoʻākoakoa lākou i nā hōʻailona o nā holoholona ahi i nā kiʻi ahi o Photinus i mea e hopu ai a ʻai i kā lākou kāne.
- Cyphonocerus ruficollis - nā ʻano loiloi mua a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā loina. Noho ia ma ʻAmelika Hema a me Eurasia. Ma Lūkia, aia ka ʻikepili ma Primorye, kahi e kohu ikaika ai nā kāne a me nā kāne i ʻAukake. Aia kau ʻia ka pīpī ma ka Red Book o Lūkia.
- Pahuʻula ahi (Pobocelia Pahu) (lat.Pyrocaelia rufa) - nā iwi ʻano ʻilihune a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi e noho nei ma ka Hikina Leka o Lūkia. ʻO kona lōʻihi hiki i 15 mm. Ua kapa lākou iā ia ke ahi ulaula no ka mea ua loaʻa ka scutellum a me ka pōlepa hālepa i ka ʻona ʻalani. Elytra o pīpīʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, ʻike-niho antennae a liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka papa wanana o kēia pepeke paʻa 2 mau makahiki. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i ka larva i ka mauʻu, ma lalo o nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā nahele lāʻau lāʻau. Piʻi nā kāne makua a nānā mālamalama.
- - kahi pīpī liʻiliʻi ʻeleʻele me ke poʻo melemele a me kahi tendril-e ʻike ʻia. Holo a kaulana nā wahine o kēia ʻano.
Noho ka poʻe pīpī ahi ma nā ulu lāʻau o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.
- - he kanaka noho o ke kikowaena o Europa. Ma ka pronotum o ka pīnoi kāne, aia nā palahalaha nā anuanu, a ʻo ka koena o kona kino i hoʻokaʻina ʻia i kahi ʻāpana ʻulaʻula māmā. ʻO ke kino o ka pūhaka e like me 10 a 15 mm.
Piʻi nā kāne i ke lele. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā wahine a hiki pū ke hoʻokuʻi i ka mālamalama kukui. Aia nā ʻōnaehana o nā kukui māmā i loko o nā ʻōpū o ʻEulopa, ʻaʻole wale ma ka hopena o ka ʻōpū, akā, ma ka māhele lua o ka umauma. E ʻōleʻa paha nā ʻōuli o kēia ʻano. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi kino fleecy ʻeleʻele me nā kukui'ōmaʻomaʻo-uliuli ma nā ʻaoʻao.
Kapehu ahi - he mālamalama kukui o ke ʻano
Flying, flickering nā ahi ahi - he mea hoʻonaninani maoli i ke kauwela. Akā pehea mākou ʻike ʻike e pili ana i nā mea ahi. Eia kekahi mau ʻike pili e pili ana iā lākou.
1. ʻO nā mea pīkī ahi
Nā kue ahi manu i ka pō - alakaʻi lākou i kahi ola ma ka pō. ʻO kēia nā lālā o ka ʻohana nālehele ʻalepihi Lampyridae (ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka "kukui" i ka ʻōlelo Helene). ʻO ka inoa "firefly" he mea hoʻopunipuni iki, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā 2000 mau loina o ke ahi ahi, wale nō kekahi o kēia mau ʻano i hiki ke hoʻomālamalama.
2. I ka manawa i nā mea puhi ahi, aia kekahi mauʻano luminous
ʻO nā kahuhina kekahi o nā mea i kaulana loa ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke hoʻomālamalama. Noho ka hapanui o nā meaola bioluminescent ma loko o ke kai - he liʻiliʻi iki ka poʻe me lākou. Kūkulu ʻia ko lākou mālamalama e ka huehue a ke ʻano hui pū ʻana me ka calcium, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) a me luciferin me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka luciferase enzyme. Hoʻohana ka puhi ahi i kā lākou bioluminescence, malia paha e hoʻowalewale i nā poʻe predator.
3. ʻAʻole he "ahi" āpau a pau.
Nā puhi ahi, ka hapanui o kā lākou ʻano, ʻaʻole ʻā ʻia. ʻO nā mea ahi ʻole bioluminescent ʻaʻole e hana i ka mālamalama, ʻaʻole pinepine nā mau nocturnal mau kino - ikaika loa lākou i ka lā.
4. Ua loaʻa i nā kānakaʻepekema ka luciferase ma muli o nā mea puhi ahi
ʻO ke ala wale nō e loaʻa ai ka luciferase kemo, ʻo ia ke kāpae ʻia mai ke ahi mai. I ka hopena, ua kuhi ka ʻepekema a pehea e hana ai i ka luciferase synthetic. Akā ke hōʻiliʻili hou kekahi o nā mea i ka enzyme mai "mau mālamalama lele." Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Luciferase i ka ʻimi ʻepekema e hoʻāʻo ai i ka palekana o ka meaʻai a me kekahi mau hana forensic.
5. Kūleʻa ka puhi ahi
ʻO nā kukui ahi nā mea ikaika maikaʻi loa o ka honua. Hoʻokahi haneri haneli o ka ikehu a lākou e hana ai ma o ka māmā. No ka hoʻohālikelike, hoʻopuka wale kahi kukui incandescent i 10 wale nō ka nui o kona ikaika i ke ʻano o ke kukui, a hoʻoiho nā kukui fluorescent ma ka 90 pakeneka o kona ikehu i ke ano o ke kukui.
6. ʻO kā lākou mālamalama māmā ke hana hana
ʻO ka hapanui o nā kāne lele manuahi e ʻimi i ka hoa. Hoʻokahi kiʻi o kēlā me kēia ʻano i ke kukui a lākou e hoʻohana ai e kamaʻilio me kekahi me kekahi. Ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana o ka wahine i ke kāne a pane aku i kāna aloha, ua hana hou ʻo ia iā ia me ke kumu māmā like ʻole. ʻO ka maʻamau, e noho ana nā wahine ma nā mea kanu, ke kali nei i ke kāne.
7. Hiki i kekahi mau ʻano ke hoʻopili i ko lākou uila
ʻAʻole maopopo ka ʻepekema i ke kumu no ke hana ʻana i nā mea ahiahi, akā ke hōʻike nei kekahi mau ʻepekema i hana nā ahi i kēia hana i mea e ʻike nui ai. Inā hui pū ka hui o nā pū ahi ahi i loko o kahi kiʻi hoʻokahi, a laila makemake paha lākou e hana ia e hoʻowalewale i ka manaʻo o nā wahine. ʻO nā ʻano wale nō o nā mea ahi i ʻAmelika e hoʻomālamalama uila ʻo Photin carolinus. Noho lākou i ka Pōhaku Nui Nui ʻAmelika, USA, kahi e hoʻokau ai i ka lawelawe ma ke kahua ʻoi aku ka manawa no ka poʻe kipa i kahi hōʻike kukui ʻole.
8. ʻAʻole like nā ahi a pau
Ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻano me kona ʻano kikoʻī ʻokoʻa o ka mālamalama. Hoʻopuka kekahi i kahi kikowaena uliuli a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha, aʻo kekahi e hāhai i ka ʻoni a i ka melemele paha.
9. He mea hoʻowahāwahā lākou.
ʻAʻole e like me cicadas, ʻaʻole hiki ke kuke ʻia nā mea ahi i nā ʻikeke i hoʻomohala ʻia. Inā hoʻāʻo e ʻai i kahi palaahi, loaʻa i ka ʻai ʻawaʻawa. Hiki i nā mea pīpī ke loaʻa i nā mea oona. I ka wā e kū ʻia ai nā mea ahi, hoʻokahe lākou i nā kahe koko. Aia i ke koko nā mea kanu i mea e hoʻāla ai a me nā mea ʻala. ʻO ka hapanui o nā holoholona ke ʻike i kēia a pale ʻole i ka humu ʻana i nā ahi.
10. ʻO nā ahi kahi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā cannibalism
Ke hele nei nō ka poʻe puhiahi i ke ʻano ʻōpiopio, ua mākaukau lākou e ʻai i nā snails. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, i ka wā e ʻai ai, lilo lākou i mea kanu - ua haʻalele lākou mai ka ʻiʻo. Manaʻo nā ʻepekema mai nā ahi ola he ola i ka nectar a me ka polū, a ʻaʻole i ʻai iki. Akā ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe, kahi ahi, e like me Photuris, hiki iā lākou ke leʻaleʻa i kā lākou iho. ʻAi pinepine nā kiʻi Photuris i nā kāne o nā ʻano genera ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohiki lākou i nā pīpī unsuspecting ma o ka hoʻopalike ʻana i ko lākou ʻano māmā.
11. Ke emi nei ko lākou helu
Nui nā kumu e hoʻoneʻe ai ka lehulehu o nā mea puhi ahi, me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke aniani a me ka luku ʻana i ka noho. I ka manawa, ma muli o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alanui a i ʻole ia kūkulu ʻana, e heʻe ʻia ka hale o ke ahi, ʻaʻole lākou e neʻe i kahi wahi hou, akā nalowale wale.
12. E leʻaleʻa i ka hōʻikeʻike ahiahi ke kīloi i ka manawa loaʻa iā ʻoe ka manawa
ʻIke liʻiliʻi nā mea noiʻi e pili ana i nā mea puhi ahi a ʻaʻole hāʻawi i kahi pane maopopo no ke aha lākou e nalowale nei. Eʻoluʻolu i ka hōʻike māmā a ke noho nei kēia inikua i ke kūlohelohe. Malia paha e loaʻa ʻole i nā hanauna o ka poʻe i hiki mai ma hope o mākou i kēia manawa e ʻike i kēia mau pepelu a me kā lākou mea ʻike kupaianaha kupaianaha.
Nā huahana hou i kēia ʻāpana:
ʻO Ferns kekahi o nā ʻelele kahiko o ka pua i ka honua. I kēia lā ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike pinepine i ka hihiu. A kēia lihi.
No kahi mea hoʻomaka, he mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopo pono i ka mea e kanu ai ka cactus i loko. ʻO ka ʻike pinepine ʻana i kēia ʻike ma hope o nā hoʻohuli ʻana a me nā hemahema. ʻAʻole ia he kumu.
ʻO Fuchsia kahi mea kanu mau makahiki e ulu nui ana ma ke ʻano ma Central a me South America a me Aotearoa. Pālaʻi ka fuchsia i loko.
ʻĀnō ke ola
Hoʻokomo ʻo ka wahine wahine i ka hua ma luna o kahi moena. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, ʻike ʻia nā palakaʻulaʻula-ʻula mai nā hua. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou e ka makemake ʻoluʻolu loa, ʻo ka ʻoi aku, ua holo ka pū kamela ahiahi inā hoʻopilikia ʻia.
Palapala pua ʻōlule ma ke ʻano o nā kumulāʻau. I ka pūnāwai, waiho lākou i ka pale, ʻai nui, a laila pupate. Ma hope o 2 a 3 hebedoma, ʻike ʻia nā kīpoki kahiko mai ka niu.
- Loaʻa ka pīpī pīpīwī lahilahi i nā ʻāinaʻAmelika.
- I ka lōʻihi, ua hiki iā 4 - 5 centimeter, a ʻaʻole wale ka ʻōpū, akā e nihi ana hoʻi ka umauma i loko.
- I ka hiʻohiʻona o ka kukui i hoʻihoʻi ʻia, ua 150 kēia manawa i ʻoi aku ma mua o kona kauā Europa - kahi ahi maʻamau.
- Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ahi ahi e nā kamaʻāina o nā kaiāulu e like me ka hoʻomālamalama māmā. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia lākou i loko o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi me ke kōkua o kēlā mau kukui uila i hoʻomālamalama lākou i ko lākou mau home.
- Ke hana ʻia nei ka Firefly Festival i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ke kauwela i Iapana. I ke awakea, hoʻākoakoa nā mea nānā i loko o ka māla ma kahi o ka luakini a nānā i ka holo nani nani o nā puʻupuʻu lahilahi.
- ʻO nā ʻōiwi maʻamau o ʻEulopa ke ahi ahi maʻamau, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻōpala Ivanovo. Ua loaʻa kēia inoa no ka manaʻo o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā loio ahi i ka pō ma ka pō o Ivan Kupala.
I kekahi pō kauwela, he mea kupaianaha a he nani nā keʻena ahi i ka wā, e like me ka moʻo moʻolelo, nā kukui ʻulaʻula e like me nā hōkū liʻiliʻi o ka pōʻeleʻele.
ʻO kā lākou mālamalama he'ōmaʻomaʻo-ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma nā aniani o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka lōʻihi a me nā kukui. Puhi manuahi e pili ana i ka ʻōpiopio o ka mauʻu, he ʻohana he pili i ʻelua mau ʻano heʻehā kau, māhele ʻia i nā ʻāpana āpau o ka honua.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻelele ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā iniseti i nā subtropics a me nā tropics. Ma ko mākou ʻāina, aia ma kahi o 20 mau ʻano. Kaomi ʻaʻala i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka Latin: Lampyridae.
I kekahi manawa ke kuhi nei nā ahi ahi i ka mālamalama i ka holo ʻana, e like me nā hōkū pana, lele ana a me nā kukui a ʻani kūleʻa i ka pō hema. Aia nā mea iʻike i ka moʻolelo o ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā ahi i kā lākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā.
No ka laʻana, hōʻike nā kuhi i nā makenahi keokeo mua, holo nā moku e holo ana i Brazil. ma hea puei loa ola ke ahi ʻana , kukui i ko lākou mau home me ko lākou mālamalama maoli.
A ʻo ka poʻe India, ke hele pū nei, ua nakinaki nei i kēia mau kukui maoli i ko lākou mau manamana wāwae. A ʻaʻole nā mea a maikaʻi o nā pepeke nani e kōkua i ka ʻike i ka moʻo, akā weliweli hoʻi i nā nahesa ʻawaʻawa. E like me hiʻona ʻaʻano ahi he mea maʻamau ke hoʻohālikelike i nā waiwai me ke kukui fluorescent.
Akā, ʻoi aku ka mea kūpono o kēia mau ʻili kūlohelohe, no ka mea ma o ke kaiho ʻana i ko lākou mau kukui pono iho, ʻaʻole i hoʻomoʻe nā pepeke a hoʻomāhuahua i ka mālama kino. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ka mālama ʻana o ka hana i kēia, inā ʻaʻole hiki ke alakaʻi iā ia i ka make o nā mea ahi.
No ke aha e launa ai nā ahi?
Inā hoʻokumu nā poʻe ʻepekema i nā kumu o ka pīā o nā mea ahi i kahi manawa i hala aku nei, ʻo ka nīnau no ke aha e makemake ai nā mea hihiu ke ʻano o kekahi waiwai kūʻokoʻa no ka manawa lōʻihi. I kēia lā, manaʻo nui ka poʻe noiʻi i kēlā i kahi ʻano ʻē like ʻole, ka pīhoihoi i nā pīpī i nā kānaka o ka wahine like ʻole . ^ E Ha yM. Eia kekahi, ua ʻoluʻolu nā ʻano o nā mea ahi pono ʻole o nā alaloa like ʻole. Pono kēia i hiki i kēlā me kēia kāne, ka mea huki wahine, e hoʻolohe wale i nā ʻelele o kāna ʻano ʻano. I ka huakaʻi, ua ʻike ʻia i hoʻokahi mau tausani o nā ʻano heʻumi ma ke ao nei, a ua hoʻihoʻi kēlā me kēia ʻano pono i kona mālamalama kūikawā. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, no ka maka o ke kanaka, hiki ke hoʻāʻo ʻia kēia ʻokoʻa, akā no ka mau pīni liʻiliʻi luminous he mea nui loa ia.
Heʻuʻuku kekahi e ʻike i ka mālamalama i hoʻopuka ʻia e kēia mau ʻina like ʻole he wela, akā anuanu. ʻAʻole i like, no ka laʻana, ʻano o ka lā, ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu kēia o nā mālamalama. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kēia inā pōmaikaʻi ʻoe e hopu i kahi o ke ahi. Waiho i loko o kahi pahu a nānā i ka pīpī. ʻOiai inā e kanu ʻoe i hoʻokahi mau mea kanu haneli ma laila, ʻaʻole e hoʻomehana ʻia ka ʻuhala i nā mea āpau. A no nā kumu āpau ʻole hiki ke hoʻokuʻi i ka mālamalama mahana. E pili ana i kēlā mau ʻano a lākou i ʻōlelo mai ai: hoʻomālamalama, akā ʻaʻole e mahana.
ʻO wai ke ʻoli i ke ʻano?
Ma ke ala. ʻaʻole nā mea ahi wale nō i kēlā makana kūlohelohe like ʻole . ^ E Ha yM. ʻIke ʻia nō hoʻi nā ʻano holoholona ʻē aʻe i ākea i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka ikehu māmā. Hoʻopili kekahi o kēia, no kekahi mau ʻano lau.
Eia naʻe, he mau mea ahi ia i loaʻa i ke kaulana ākea no ko lākou hiki ke hoʻomālamalama i ka pouli. ʻO ka mahalo, hiki i nā ʻano ahi ahi ke lulu wale i ka pilikino hoʻokahi wale nō, akā, i nā ʻili nui. I ka manawa pinepine, ʻike ʻia nā lūlū e pili ana i nā ʻāina wela i nā palena hema. Ke ʻike nei i kēlā nani maikaʻi. I kēia mau manawa, ʻike ʻia nā mea a pau e puni me ka mālamalama o nā kukui kukui, kahi e ʻele aku nei, a laila e hoʻomālamohi hou. ʻO kekahi mau'āina, kani nui nā ʻōpala o nā mea ahi i nā wā a he nui loa a hoʻohana pū ʻia kēia mau manu ʻoi like me ka hoʻomālamalama manuahi i ka pouli.
ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha he nui nā poʻe ʻepekema hou e makemake nei i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea ahi. He nui nā mea noiʻi he nīnau: hiki nō paha iā ia ke hoʻohana i ka ikaika o kēia mau mea make? Malia paha, i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, e ʻike nā ʻepekema i ka pane i kēia nīnau hoihoi. I kahiʻano, hiki iā mākou ke hauʻoli wale i ka nani o kēia mau holoholona kupaianaha a me ko lākou ʻano maikaʻi.
ʻO nā kumu no ka bioluminescence
Hoʻomaʻa ka hele a hele ke ʻano o nā mea pili i ke kino o nā pepeke. Ua like ia penei:
- ke kūpaʻa kūka
- lana i ka lewa he nui tracheas i loko o nā maʻi photogenic,
- hoʻohui nā molekui o ka oxygen me ka calcium a me ka adenosine triphosphate.
Aia nā ʻōhua kukui o nā inikini (lanterns) ma ke kihi o ka ʻōpū. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia lākou me ka cuticle mālamalama. ʻO ka Lanterns ka nui o nā pūpū photogenic nui i hoʻopili ʻia e nā filamen o nā trachea a me nā nerves. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻūpepa ke ʻole he mea hoʻomālamalama māmā. ʻO lākou a me nā kikowaena uric acid.
ʻO kekahi manawa i hōʻike ʻia ka hiki ke hoʻomālamalama i ka pōʻeleʻele ʻaʻole wale i nā pīpoki makua, akā pū kekahi i kā lākou hua a me ka lolo. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka nui o ka luciferase enzyme.
E hoʻopuka ka mea inikini i ke anuanu. Aia ia ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻike-uliuli-ʻihi o ka kikoʻī i ka lahilahi o ka lōʻihi 500-600 nm. ʻO ka maikaʻi o kahi kukui kukuiahi maʻamau mai 5 a 10%, ʻoiai ka huapalapala e unuhi i ka māmā māmā a hiki i ka 98% o ka ikehu i lilo. Hiki i kekahi mau ʻano o ke ahi ke hoʻokele i ka nui o ka uila a me ke alapine ʻana o ka puhi ʻana.
ʻO Bioluminescence kahi ala i kamaʻilio ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine. Kūlealea, kahi pepeke māmā e hoʻolaha nei i kona wahi. ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻā ʻana o nā pīpī, e like me ka wahine i ʻike maopopo i kā lākou hoa. I ka wā mālama, e lele kahikaha nā kāne o kekahi a me ʻōiwi o ʻAmelika Hui Pūʻā, e pane like ana nā ʻohana o nā wahine me kahi hōʻike like ʻole.
No ke aha e huhū nei nā pōpoki i ka manawa like?
Ma kahi o 2,000 mau ʻano o nā mea ahi i ʻike ʻia e ka ʻepekema, akā ʻo nā mea inikini, ka mea i hoʻomohala i ka hiki ke hoʻonohonoho i nā mea ahi i ka wā o ka hoʻokupu, e noho nei ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka honua, ʻo ia hoʻi:
- i loko o ka Hale Pule Mokulele Haleakala ma USA,
- i Malaysia
- i Thailand
- i Philippines.
Ua hana ʻia nā ʻepekema ʻepekema o ke Kulanui o Connecticut i nā hoʻokolohua me nā pepeke o nā ʻano ʻo Photinus carolinus e ʻike ai i ke kumu o ka puhi ʻana i nā mea ʻalaʻehā. ʻO ka maʻamau ka ʻōnaehana o nā leha uila me kahi manawa lōʻihi, a pau ka hana. I ka wā hoʻomaha, hāʻawi ka wahine i kahi hōʻailona pane. He mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia he 1% wale nō o ka papa holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻano pā ahi i like me ia.
I ka hoʻokolohua ʻana i nā entomologists, ua komo ka wahine ʻo Photinus carolinus. Koho ʻia nā kāne i nā kukui LED, i hoʻihoʻi i ka hau kani i kēia ʻanoʻano ahi.
I ka hoʻokolohua mua, ua pui ka ʻāʻī o nā dioda ma ka like o ka manawa like, ma ka lua, ua ʻāhā ʻole ka hulahula, a ma ia hope iho, kū maila nā uila a lele i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. I ka hopena, ua ʻike nā ʻepekema i nā hanana ʻelua ʻelua, ua pane nā wahine i nā hōʻailona ma ka 80% o nā hihia. I ka hoʻokolohua o ke kolu, ua hele wale ka hopena ma hope o 10%.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā kānaka noiʻi ʻaʻole i ʻike ka wahine i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā kāne poʻokela i kona hoa, ʻoiai ke kamaʻilio pū ʻana me kekahi kanaka o ka wahine ʻē aʻe i kekahi, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka paʻakikī iā ia. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o nā nūnū e hōʻemi i ke kani a kōkua i nā pepeke e loaʻa kekahi i kekahi.
He manuahi ahi kahi mea i nona ke kauoha Coleoptera (a i ʻole nā manu nūnū), suborder o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole, ka ʻohana o nā wahi ahi (lampirids) (Latin Lampyridae).
Ua loaʻa i nā mea puhi ahi ko lākou inoa ma muli o ka loaʻa o kā lākou hua, hua a me nā pākeke ke hiki ke hoʻomohu. ʻO ka ʻōlelo kahiko loa i kākau ʻia i nā mea puhi ahi i loko o ka hōʻiliʻili poina o Iapana i ka hopena o ke kenekulia VIII.
Hoʻomaka ahi
ʻO ka nīnau no ke kumu o nā pīkī i loaʻa ai ke maopopo ʻole. ʻAʻohe kahi manaʻo o kēia kumuhana. ʻAʻole nā kukui ahi a pau, aia wale nō i nā ʻano o ko lākou mau wahine. Akā, ʻo ka wahine, ʻaʻole e like me ke kāne, ʻaʻole hiki ke lele. Manaʻo nui kekahi poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka "mālamalama anuanu" o nā pīpī ahiahi e hoʻokumu ana i ke kaʻina biochemical o bioluminescence.
ʻElua mau kaʻina hana i mea e ola ai i loko o ke kino o ka inika, ma muli o kēia mau hua ʻelua ua hua - luciferin a me luciferisis. ʻO Luciferin, ka hui pū me ka oxygen, hāʻawi i kēia kukui kālā ʻoluʻolu, a ʻo ka lua e lawelawe ma ke ʻano o kēia hopena. ʻO kēia kukui he ikaika kēia e hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu me ia. Ua ʻōlelo kekahi mau kākau ʻōlelo hōʻiliʻili i nā ahi i loko o nā moku i hoʻomālamalama i nā lumi noho.
Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei ʻoe i ka ʻōlelo huluhulu Lūkini: ua mālamalama, akā ʻaʻole e mahana. ʻO ia ka mea kūpono i kēia kūlana. ʻOkoʻa ia, ʻokoʻa ka make i ke ahi. Aia kekahi mau mea kupanaha maikaʻi loa i kahi ʻāpana kūikawā e mālama i ka hiki ke pehu.
E like me nā iniseti āpau, ʻaʻohe o nā ʻōpū o nā mea hoʻopiʻi, akā he hoʻopuni piha piha wale nō o nā kolo - ka tracheol, na mea i hāʻawi ʻia ka oxygen. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana kekahi mea hana nui i ka hiki ke hoʻomālamalama inā pono. ʻO ka nīnau no ke kumu o ka wahine puhi ʻōpiopio e hoʻokuʻi nei i kēia mālamalama kupanaha kupanaha e wehe mau.
Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei kekahi me ke kōkua o ka mālamalama, palekana kahi pū ahi iā ia iho mai nā mea hoʻopuka a me nā manu nocturnal hiki i ka hopu iā lākou. ʻO kekahi mau inikua he ʻāpana a ʻami paha pungent, aʻo nā pale ahi e pale ʻia e ka mālamalama. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe he mākaʻikaʻi kēia mālamalama i kahi hōʻailona no kahi wahine ua mākaukau no ka ho'ōla.
Aia aia kahi ʻike o ka wahine a me nā kāne o ka mea puhi ahi i kūwili pū, a ke koho pono ʻana o nā hoapili no ka hoʻomohala i hana wale ʻia e like me ka ikaika nui o ka ʻili ʻana o ke kāne. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia ʻaʻa wahine e lawelawe nei no ka mea hoʻomaka i ka mākele, a ʻo ia nō ke hiʻohiʻona flickering a me ka ikaika o ka māmā māmā e hiki ai i ke kāne ke hoʻonani i ka hoa. I ka wā mua, ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia kēia ʻaha'ōlelo, hiki iā mākou ke mahalo i ka pau ʻana o nā kukui liʻiliʻi i ka ʻūlū o ka pō o Iulai.