Ua ʻike nā poʻe ʻepekema i hiki i nā vertebrates i ka nahele ke hele i hoʻomāhuahua e nā parthenogenesis. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia ʻano peʻa ka nui o ka heluna kanaka i kahi kuhi koʻikoʻi.

ʻO kēia hopena ua hana ʻia e nā ʻepekema ʻAmelika mai ke Kulanui o Stony Brook, nāna i paʻi ʻia i kāna nūpepa i ka puke ʻo Bi Biology.

Ma ka kūlohelohe kūlohelohe, "hānai wahine" (parthenogenesis), inā haʻalele nā ​​wahine i ka hua me ke komo ʻana o ke kāne, ma lalo o kekahi ʻano, invertebrates, e like me aphids a me daphnia, pinepine e hoʻopili a me ke kāne.

I waena o nā vertebrates, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā ʻike maoli o kēlā "hoʻololi" i parthenogenesis. Hana ʻia nā hua liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e like me nā lizards whip-tailed, ʻaʻole loa nā kāne iki.

Eia nō naʻe, he mea ʻokoʻa i ka pio ʻana, i nānā ʻia ka parthenogenesis i nā vertebrates me ka hana o ke ʻano - no ka laʻana, i ka heʻe, nā nakahi a me nā hoka. Eia naʻe, ua manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema i kēia ʻano holomua. ʻO nā mea kākau o ka ʻatikala, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka laʻana o kahi sawfish liʻiliʻi-niho (Pristis pectinata), hōʻike i ko ʻole pela - inā i ka ulia pōpilikia, hiki i ka vertebrates ke hoʻomaka i ka "aloha hānai" i ka hihi.

ʻO ka ʻōpū Sawe luhi i ke kali ʻana no nā kāne

Ua ʻike ʻia ka mea i loaʻa e ka mea noiʻi ma ka wā a noiʻi ʻo nā mea noiʻi no ka lāhui o Pristis pectinata ma kahakai o Florida. ʻO ka ʻike liʻiliʻi-niho ka iʻa i hiki aku i ka lōʻihi o 7 mau mika he mau ʻāʻī he ʻāʻī ʻā ma kahi e pau ai i ka pau. E loiloi i kona ʻano ʻokoʻa, ua lawe ka poʻe ʻepekema i nā mea genetic mai kahi o 150 mau ʻelele o Pristis pectinata.

I ko lākou pīhoihoi, ʻike nā mea kākau i 7 mau wahine wahine o kēia ʻano he homozygous no 14 mau ʻano i ka manawa hoʻokahi (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻelua like nā kope o kēia mau ʻano). No laila, ua hānau ʻia kēia mau iʻa 7 mai nā wahine i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻole ʻia e ka kāne, ʻoiai ua hiki ke pili i kēia mau homozygosity ma ke ʻano o ka hānau ʻana mai. ʻO ka mea mahalo, ua nānā a pau nā wahine 7 a kino ʻole a hōʻike ʻole ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka luku.

Wahi a nā poʻe loea, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua emi ka nui o ka Pristis pectinata ma 95%. Ua hoʻoweliweli paha ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i kēia mau iʻa i ka "hana hānai" - inā ʻaʻole he wahine nui ke kali wale nei no kahi hālāwai me ke kāne. ʻO ka hopena, he kūlohelohe ka hele ʻana i ka parthenogenesis no ka liʻiliʻi o kekahi mau holoholona o nā holoholona vertebrate.

Eia nō naʻe, e like me nā poʻe loea, i ka wā lōʻihi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka iʻa liʻiliʻi-hiki ke hoʻihoʻi i kā lākou helu no ka parthenogenesis.

10. ʻO nā piʻu Cape

He 20,000 mau ʻano o ka piʻina ma ka honua, akā hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano mea e hiki ke hoʻohua a ʻole ke komo ʻana i nā kāne. Nā lōpiole ( lat ʻO Apis mellifera capensis ) He mau lālā pīhoihoi Hema no nā mea e hiki ke hāpai hou ma o kahi hana i kapa ʻia ʻo Telutuks ma Africa. ʻO Telotuki kahi ʻano o ka parthenogenesis e hiki ai i nā limahana hana ke waiho i nā hua wahine diploid. I ka hopena, ua hānau mau nā wahine mai nā hua like.

Akā he liʻiliʻi wale nō ʻo nā piula o Cape ka mea e hiki ai iā lākou ke mālama pono iā lākou iho, hiki iā lākou ke mālama i ka heterozygous heluna kanaka, ʻo ia ka mea ʻo nā hūkohu ua hūnā ʻole ʻia nā klones pololei o ka makua. Loaʻa iā lākou nā ʻano like o nā chromosome, kahi e hōʻuluʻulu iā lākou. Hoʻokomo pinepine nā kaho i kā lākou hua inā pono nā limahana hou a i ʻole ke koʻikoʻi o ka mōʻī hou.

9. Kaʻa wai

ʻO nā ʻano mea ʻona wai ākea ākea a puni ka honua ʻo Daphnia ( lat Daphnia pulex ) ʻO kēia subspecies ka mea mua o nā crustaceans, i loaʻa iā ia genome. Hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā keiki i loko o kahi kaʻina i kapa ʻia ʻo parthenogenesis. Ke hiki nei i kēia kaʻina hana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka kōmū kuʻuna a me ka hānai o nā hua hua.

Nā nānā no Daphnia pulex hōʻike i ka mea e komo i ka pili i ka parthenogenesis cyclic, ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono i ka wai. ʻO ka ʻōpala wai ka mea i hoʻoholo ai e hana i nā hua e hoʻohua i nā hua like genetically, kahi piha o nā wahine. Ua mau ka moʻolelo genetic i ka like me ka makua, ka mea i hāʻawi i ka nui o nā poʻe wahine no ke kaʻe ʻana i kā lākou mau hua. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i kahi ulu o ka lehulehu.

8.Goblin Spiders

Inā ʻaʻole weliweli loa kāu ʻano ʻike makaʻāina no laila, ʻike wale aia he subspecies o spider hiki ke hoʻoulu pono. Akā, mai wikiwiki e kūʻai i ka mea flamethrower, onopid spider, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi me nā mea goblin spider, loaʻa ka nui o 1 a 3 milimita. He mau subspecies ʻo Parthenogenesis, me kahi subspecies i kapa ʻia Triaeris stenaspis , aia e noho nei ma Iran, akā ua pālahalaha kēia ʻano ma loko o ʻEulopa. Loaʻa lākou i 2 mm wale ka lōʻihi a ʻaʻole i hoʻoweliweli ʻia i nā kānaka. I waena o lākou, ʻaʻole loa e ʻike i nā kāne, no laila ke manaʻo nei nā kānaka ʻepekema e hānai hou lākou ma o parthenogenesis wale nō.

Wahine wahine Triaeris stenaspis hana hou ma ke ʻano like me nā piʻu Cape. Hāʻawi lākou i kahi hua moa, kahi mea hou i hāpai i ka wahine. Hōʻike kēlā i kēlā me kēia hanauna i ka helu o ka hānau haʻahaʻa, akā e hoʻomau ka mālama a kēia ʻano me kahi ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka nui o kona lahui.

7. Snails Melania

Pono nā lālā o ka hale kula me kahi ʻeke liʻiliʻi Tarebia granifera ʻo ia ka mea kaulana e melania. Noho ko kēia mau wai liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i ka ʻUulika Hema, akā ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia a puni ka honua. Loaʻa ʻia nā mea maʻamau i loko o nā wai mahana, i nā wahi e like me Hawaii, Cuba, ka Dominican Republic, South Africa, Texas, Idaho, Florida a me nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe o Caribbean.

Hiki i kēia mau mea ke hoʻohuli i ka hua ma ʻelua ʻaoʻao: parthenogenetic a mevoid. ʻO ke ʻano kēia, ʻaʻole lākou i haʻalele i ka wahine a hiki i ka mākaukau e hatch. ʻO ka hopena ka mahele ʻona e hoʻopuʻi i ka clone pua. Hoʻopuka kēia i nā pahū ʻana o ka lehulehu i nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka wai, e like me nā mea kanu aku. Loaʻa nā males i nā papalaha, akā he nui o lākou i ʻōhua ʻole. Ua hōʻike kēia i ka parthenogenesis ke kumu nui o ka hoʻopiʻi.

6. ʻO ka pahu ʻaukā

ʻO ka mea like loa ma ka crayfish marmer, ʻaʻole lākou i hiki ke hoʻōla pono iā lākou iho, akā ʻaʻole naʻe kēia ʻano a hiki i 1990. ʻIke ʻia ka momi lau ma ka male o nā ʻano makua. Kuhi ʻia kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi ma ka mākeke Kelemania i ka makahiki 90, ʻoiai aia kekahi pilikia me lākou, hoʻopili lākou iā lākou iho i nā haneli!

Hiki i hoʻokahi ʻano mea lawaiʻa wahine hoʻopiha i nā haneli o ka hua i ka manawa, no laila ma hope o ka manawa pōkole, waiho ʻia i loko o ka aquarium, kākāʻoki manu piha. A no laila, lilo ke ʻano o ka manu i ka nui o ka mokupuni o Hawaiʻi, kahi e hoʻoweliweli aku nei nā miliona o ke ʻano a me ka ʻūhā i loko o ka holoholona hihiu.

5. Kaiola mai New Mexico

I loko o ke ao nei aia ma kahi o 1,500 mau mea i ʻike ʻia e hiki ai ke hānau hou e nā parthenogenesis, ʻo ka nui ka nui o nā mea kanu, nā pepeke, a me nā ʻāpana. Loaʻa i ka hiki ke hoʻopuka pono iā ia iho i loaʻa i nā vertebrates, akā he mau ʻano manuahi ka mea i loaʻa i kēia makana.

Papa mai New Mexico Whippeel ( PelekaniaWhiptail ), he hiʻohiʻona hoihoi loa, no ka mea nā ʻano āpau āpau ke hana nei nā manu āpau o nā mania. ʻO kēia ʻano he ʻano lepili o ʻelua mau ʻalima puaʻa ʻapoʻī, he mau kāne kāne i ka heluna. ʻAʻole ʻae ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana i kēia mau ʻano kīhāpai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua kāne maikaʻi, akā ʻaʻole kēia e pale i ka mea hou mai ka haʻalele ʻana i ka hanauna hou.

I ka wā hōʻiliʻili, hoʻomaka nā wahine wahine e kope kope, a lawe kekahi i kekahi i nā hana o ke kāne. Ma kēia ala, hiki i nā mea vizila ke waiho i kahi no 4 mau hua. A ʻelua mahina ma hope mai, ua hānau ʻia kahi hanauna hou o kēia wahine.

4. Hiki i nā Palaka

ʻO ka inoa maoli o nā baki Pelophylax esculentus , he nāhelehele ka Pākīpika maʻamau o ka wai a me nā baki ʻōmaʻomaʻo.

ʻO kēia nā ʻano nui o nā baki e hoʻohana ʻia kona mau wāwae e ʻai ma Farani. ʻO kēia mau ʻōpala e hoʻoulu ʻia e ka hybridogenesis, kahi hana like me ka parthenogenesis. Hoʻokumu nā wahine i ka hua hybridogenetic, kahi o ka hapalua o nā hua makua, a ʻo ka hapa ʻelua o nā huaʻehā, ʻo ia nā clonal.

Ma kēia kaʻina hana o ka hana hou, ua lawe ʻia ka ʻano genetic mai ka makuakāne a hoʻopaʻa hou ʻia i kahi mea hou loa. ʻOiai kēia kaʻina ʻaʻole piha parthenogenesis a iʻole e hoʻohua nei i ka hua, ʻo ia ka papa inoa ma muli o kēia ʻano o ka hua. E lawe ana kēlā me kēia hanauna i ka DNA o ka makuahine a me ka ira o ka makua kāne. Hiki i ka hanauna hou ke hoʻomau i nā kāne, akā ʻo kā lākou DNA, ma ke ʻano iki, he clone o ko lākou makuahine.

3.Varanas - Nā Komodo Dragona

ʻO nā komodo ke nānā aku i nā mea kilokilo i ka poʻe me ka nui o lākou a me nā mea like me nā reptile kahiko i lilo i hala.

ʻO lākou ka nui loa a me ka ulu a hiki i ka 3 mika ka lōʻihi a loaʻa i 70 kg ka paona. ʻO kēia mau ʻai kolohe i nā holoholona nui, e like me ke kāʻei, nā puaʻa, a i nā hihia ʻē aʻe hiki ke hoʻouka i nā kānaka. ʻO ka huʻihuʻi maikaʻi loa lākou e ʻona.

ʻO kēia mau mau reptile, e like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻaʻole i hoʻohaumaha i ka parthenogenetically a hiki i ka makahiki 2005, ʻoiai ma kahi London zoo, he wahine ʻaʻole i kamaʻilio pū me kahi kāne no 2 mau makahiki i hoʻomaka e waiho hua hua. Hana pū ʻia ka mea like me nā kahu ʻē aʻe i hopu ʻia i ka noho pio ʻana. ʻO ka mea kupanaha loa, ʻo nā hua i hui ʻia, ʻaʻole nā ​​wahine wale nō, akā ʻo nā kāne.

2. Turkey

Hiki i nā Turkey ke hoʻonui i ka parthenogenesis, i ka wā i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā wahine mai nā kāne. ʻO ka mahalo loa, ʻo kahi turiki wahine i waiho ʻia i loko o nā pepeiao o nā kāne, e hoʻopili pinepine pinepine ia i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai iā lākou. ʻOi aku ka hana o nā hana ʻoi ma nā ʻano ʻoi puaʻa ma mua o nā pīnū hihiu.

ʻO ka mea mahalo, ma ka parthenogenesis, hānau mau ka male kāne. ʻO kēia mau moa ʻelele mau pipi pipi o ko lākou makuahine, me ka ʻokoʻa o ka moena. Ua hana ka mea hana o Turkey i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka wā e hoʻoulu nei i kēia ʻano, a hoʻopuka i kahi ʻano o ka turkey hou me nā umauma nui.