He holoholona maikaʻi ʻole ʻo Horsefly a pōpilikia i hoʻokumu i nā pilikia he nui no ka poʻe a me ka holoholona. ʻAʻole wale hoʻi me kāna mau hana hoʻonāukiuki, haki maikaʻi, akā, me nā mea hōʻeha ʻeha. Pehea ʻoe e pale ai iā ʻoe i kēia mau rere koko. ʻO ka mea mua, pono ʻoe e aʻo hou e pili ana i kēia mau mea hihiu, lākou i kā lākou hana, nā wahi nāwaliwali, no ke aha e hoʻouka ai lākou i nā mea āpau, etc.
i ka pipi kiʻi kiʻi
ʻO ka wehewehe a me ka noho
Ke lele nei nā horsefl i nā pepeke arthropod mai ka ʻohana o ka dipterans. Belong i ka palena o ke kākela pokole. He laulā nui loa kēia mau hale. Noho ʻo Horseflies ma nā ʻāina āpau koe wale nō ʻo Antarctica. ʻAʻole lākou ma Iceland a me Greenland wale nō. Kūpono kēia mau lele.
- i Europa a me Asia,
- Na Amerika,
- i Siberia,
- i ʻApelika,
- i ke Kaukia
- ma Rūsia a me CIS.
He mea maʻamau lākou i nā wahi nahele, nā wahi ala, nā wahi wao, kokoke i nā kahe a me nā loko. Akā ʻo nā pā hale makemake nui loa ia i nā ʻūlulu ma nā ʻāina nūhou a me nā wahi i loaʻa i nā holoholona. Eia kahi kiʻekiʻe loa ka hana o kēia mau lele.
I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia ʻehā mau tausani o nā ʻano manuahi ʻepekema. Ma kahi o 200 e noho nei ma Rūsia a ma nā moku'āina e kokoke mai ana.
He aha ka ʻano o ka hulu puaʻa? I ka mea mua, nānā i ia, ʻike ʻia he lele nui kēia e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o 1,5-2 cm. Akā inā ʻoe e nānā i kēia pepeke ma kahi o lalo o ka microscope, ʻike ʻia kona mau hiʻohiʻona:
- ʻO ke poʻo semicircular, pili maoli a pili i ke kino me ka ʻāʻī "ʻāʻī".
- ʻO nā maka iridescent nui i nā kala ʻokoʻa.
- He ʻano ʻokiʻoki ka mea i waha ʻia, kahi 6 o nā papa manamana e kū pono i ka wāwae. He mea hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā nō hoʻi ʻo ia, me ke kōkua ʻana o ka puaʻi puaʻa e ʻā aʻe i nā wai ʻono wai ʻole a hoʻoinu ʻole paha i ka makewai.
- ʻO ka ʻōpū kino huna huna i nā stilettos koi.
- Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā antennae liʻiliʻi e like me nā pūlima (hoʻohana ʻia i honi).
- ʻO ka palahalaha ākea (ʻaʻole emi iki - mauʻu a mesh paha) nā ʻēheu me nā ʻelee ākea.
- Nānā ʻia i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻūhā "ka ʻihi" (maʻamau me nā wahi triangular).
- Ke kāpili ʻia ka elongated me kahi uhi chitinous anuanu. A ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā kāne ʻoi aku ka wili.
- ʻO nā pīpī lepo liʻiliʻi ma hope o nā ʻēheu. Mahalo iā lākou, ke kaupaona nei nā mea inika i ka wā o ka lele a hana i kahi kani koʻikoʻi.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻano kikoʻī nā hiʻohiʻona o nā hulu manu. I ka manawa like, ʻo ke kino o ke kino a me nā hiʻohiʻona maʻi e ʻae iā ia e ʻai i ke koko a me nā meaʻai kanu. ʻAʻohe mea ʻuʻuku kēia. Hāpai kēia lele i kāna proboscis a me nā ʻāʻī ikaika.
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā ʻano puaʻa i nā kala: nā kala kala o ka hina, ka ʻulaʻula, a me ka melemele i akea i loko. Pēlā, e hui pū ai kēia ʻano uahi wai pūlea koko me ke kaiapuni.
ʻAno a me keʻano
Pono nui kēia mau manu liʻiliʻi, hiki ke hoʻololi pono i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. He pālahalaha kēia hale noho - hiki iā lākou ke ʻike ʻia i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka Honua me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o nā wahi neʻe me ke anuanu wela. Inā ma ka honua nei he nui aku ka 3.5 tausani o nā ʻano, a ma Rusia hoʻi ma kahi he 200 o lākou.
Hiki i ke kino o nā pepeke ke piʻi i 3 cm ka nui aʻe, i waho e like lākou i ka nui o ka lele nui ka nui. He mau ʻēheu poloka lākou, ma hope o kahi hummer.
ʻO ke poʻo kūʻokoʻa o ke kaina he poʻo nui me ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. Loaʻa i nā pepeke nā proboscis me nā pālule paʻakikī. Heʻike maikaʻi ko lākou, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka mea pōpilikia i kahi mamao loa.
He ʻokoʻa nā wahine a me nā kāne. Inā pālahalaha nā maka o nā wahine, a laila ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kāne ma waena o nā maka. He ʻōpū ʻāʻī ko Males, akā ʻo ka ʻōpū waha, ʻaʻole e like me nā wahine, ʻaʻohe mandibles.
Me nā mea e like me nā mea inikua like, alakaʻi ʻia nā lio i ka ola parasit. ʻAi lākou i ke koko o kā lākou poʻe i lawe mai - nā holoholona a me nā kānaka.
Ke hoʻohālikelike nei, ʻo nā gadflies, no ka liʻiliʻi loa, he ʻokoʻa ka nui o ke kala, he lei ʻulaʻulaʻula i ke kino lauoho. Inā hānai nā manu i nā holoholona i loaʻa ka meaʻai, a laila hoʻopili nā gadflies i nā hua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma lalo o ka ʻili.
ʻO nā kikoʻī o ke ola
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā pilikia e nā ʻīlio wahine e ʻai ana i ke koko o nā holoholona. Eia kekahi, hoʻouka lākou i ka poʻe ʻikepili ʻaʻole wale no ka mālama pono ʻana, akā no ka loaʻa ʻana o ke koko pono i ke kaʻina hana o ka ulu ʻana o ka hua.
Me ke kōkua o kahi proboscis, e ʻokiʻoki ana ka ʻohana i ka ʻili o ka mea pepehi, ma muli o ke ʻano i kū ʻia ai kahi pū, kahi e loaʻa ai i ke koko no ka pepeke. Hiki i kahi mea hoʻokumu ke alakaʻi i ke koko hāʻule a hiki i ka 200 mg. Akā hānai nā holoholona huaʻai i ka pua nectar, nā mea huna o nā pūpū a me nā aphids.
Makemake ʻo Horseflies e kaua i kahi mea i make. Akā i ka manawa like ua hiki iā lākou ke mālama i ka ʻeleʻele o ka silhouette o ka holoholona, ka ʻono o ka honu a i ʻole ka ʻōpū o kahi holoholona e neʻe ana.
Ma hope o ka hoʻopauʻana i ke koko, hoʻomaka koke ka wahine e hoʻoweliweli. I loko o nā ʻōpū o ka wahine i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻike i nā ʻāpana o ka meaʻai overcooked 2 mau lā ma hope o ke kuʻikā. Ma hope o nā lā 3-4, ua mākaukau ʻo ia e waiho hua. Hiki i ka nui o ka masonry ke hele i 100-1000 pcs. i kahi wā. I ka manawa like, hiki ʻoi i ka hālei meaʻai a hiki i ka 6 mau manawa i kēlā me kēia kau. A ʻo, no laila, ʻo ka helu helu o nā hua i kau ʻia ma kahi o 3,500 pcs.
No nā pala pepeke, lepo lepo a wai ʻole paha ka wai. No laila, noho lākou kokoke i nā wai wai, a he ikaika loa lākou i ka lā wela i ke kauwela.
ʻO ka kumu o ke ʻano a me ka wehewehe
He ʻōponoʻo Horsefly ʻo ka ʻohana ʻohana nā pepeke manu manu (ʻo ke kauoha he diptera), a i ʻole, he mākaʻi i nā ʻano ʻōlima ʻōiwi. ʻO nā lehu piha piha, ka nui o ka home a i ʻole ka nui o ka bumblebee, i kapa ʻia i kēia mau lā he nui o nā manu monamona. Loaʻa ʻia nā maka kala a lākou hoʻi i ke aniani i loko o ke kāne a kūʻokoʻa i ka wahine.
Ua like ko lākou waha me kahi mea hana hana minike like-male. ʻO nā inoa ʻē aʻe no ka pepeke ka pā a me ka pepeiao. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano mea maʻamau (Tabanus lineola) he mau ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he poʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ka huaʻili o ka lacewing, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka lele a ka manu, he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā kīhini, a he mau hōʻailona ʻeleʻele ma luna o ka eheu.
ʻO nā hua nui o nā ʻaia lehulehu o kēia mau lele e hiki ke hōʻemi i ka hana o ka waiū i ka wai momona a me ka hana ʻana i nā pipi a me nā lio, ʻoiai e hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā holoholona i lele ʻia. Hiki i nā holoholona ke hōʻeha a ʻo ka holo ʻana o kēia mau lele. I kēia hihia, hiki ke loaʻa i ke koko i ka mea nui loa.
Wikiō: Horsefly
ʻO kēia mau nā mākeke nui a ikaika ka lele a me ka dexterous, hoʻopuni a alualu paha i kā lākou pahuhopu me ka hoʻohaʻaha maikaʻi ʻana i hana ai i nā hōʻeha ʻeha i loko o ka ʻili a hānai i ke koko. Noho ka lele a hoʻopili me ka mea hoʻokipa no kekahi mau minuke wale nō, a laila haʻalele lākou a laila pono hou lākou e ʻai, e kū ana i nā lā 3-4 mau lā.
ʻAʻole maʻamau nā alerine nui i nā pōpoki puaʻa maʻamau, akā hiki ke hōʻailona ʻia e nā hōʻailona hou aʻe.
- ka palupalu a me ka nawaliwali,
- luana,
- no ka ʻāʻī ʻana i nā ʻili i loko o ke kino, no ka laʻana, e puni ai ka maka a me nā lehelehe.
ʻOi aku kahi maʻi pāpaʻi iʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, akā ʻo ka wikiwiki.
Pono ʻoe e kāhea i kahi ambulance no kekahi mau hōʻailona o ka anaphylaxis, kahi i loaʻa:
- ka ʻala ʻana, huʻu, a i ʻole
- ka ʻāʻī o ka maka, mau lehelehe, mau lima a me nā wāwae
- ka ʻāʻā o ka ʻāʻī a me ka elelo he hōʻailona weliweli loa,
- kikala, holo maikaʻi ʻole, a i ʻole ka maʻi ʻana
- pilikia ka ʻā ʻana a i ka hanu.
No ke aha e kapa ʻia ai ʻo ka mea lio?
Aia a hiki i kēia manawa, nui ka poʻe e kūʻē ana i kahi i kū mai ai ka hua'ōlelo "lio." Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ua loaʻa ka mea ʻona i kahi inoa ma muli o ka mea maoli e hoʻāʻo i ka mea e puki i kahi kanaka a holoholona paha i ka maka. Me he mea lā e makemake ana e hoʻopiha i kāna mea e make ai.
Ua manaʻo pālahalaha ʻia kēia e kapa ʻia nā lio no muli o kāna mau hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano. I ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana a ke kāʻili ʻia nei, ʻike nui ʻia kēia pepeke me ke kahe koko ʻaʻole he mea i ʻike ʻole i kekahi mea. Pēlā ke ʻano, he mea paʻakikī ke ʻike - ma ka hopena, hiki iā ia ke maʻalahi maʻalahi a hōʻoki ʻia paha ma ka lima o ka holoholona kahi i hānai ai kēia maʻi.
Akā ʻo ka mea maoli, he mau maka maikaʻi nā maka manu, i kōkua iā ia e loaʻa ka ʻai a me ka hopu. Manaʻo kekahi o nā entomologist e ʻike ʻia ana ka mea nāna e lele nei ka mea nāna i lele i kahi mea mamao ma kahi mamao o 1000 mika. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻike maoli nā ʻano lio i nā kahe o nā mea a pane i ko lākou neʻe ʻana. No kēia kumu, pinepine ke kuhihewa ʻana i nā pōloli me ka mea pio, ke hele nei au i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi kaʻa, moku a i ʻole kaʻaahi kaʻa.
Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona
ʻO ke kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka hulu puaʻa?
He manu lele ʻo Horsefly i nā waihoʻoluʻu hina poʻomanaʻo, me nā ʻēheu ʻelima-ʻulaʻula a me nā maka iridescent freakish. He brownish nā lauoho lele, lauoho, ikaika, ma kahi o 1,7 cm ka lōʻihi, like me ka meli meli, koe wale nō hoʻokahi wale nō ʻēheu ʻēheu. Aia nā ʻuʻalohi pōpō i ka ʻēheu o nā hulu.
Kūpono ka lōʻihi o nā ʻōpio holomua i ka lōʻihi he 0.6 a i 1.27 cm a loaʻa iā ʻōpihi ka melemele keʻokeʻo-keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula paha. Hoʻopili lākou i kekahi ma hope (hope) a me ka līlani i kekahi ʻaoʻao (mua), ma ke ʻano he pūpiki mākoki paʻa. Hoʻokomo ʻia kēlā me kēia māhele kino e nā kaha ikaika. ʻElima mau koina ʻōlima o Horsefly a mānoanoa hoʻi i ke kumu, e lilo ana i nā ʻāpana me nā māhele āpau. ʻO kēia mau mea antennae a lōʻihi a keu ʻole. ʻEleʻele ʻole a ʻokoʻa paha nā ʻēheu ʻona.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻO ke ala maʻalahi loa e ʻike i ka hulu puaʻa ke nānā aku i kona nui. Hōʻailona ka nui o ka inisike i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā lele ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā kāne nā maka ʻula nui a pili lākou i ka lei o ke poʻo.
ʻAʻole hilinaʻi nā honu lio i ka wai, akā nui ka nui o nā ʻano manu i nā mea kanu e ulu ana ma kahi o nā loko, nā kahawai, a me nā kahawai. Loaʻa i kekahi mau ʻano lāʻau laru, aʻo kekahi e noho ana i ka lepo lepo. Pau nā meaʻai āpau i nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe a mākaukau lākou e haumana a lilo i pākeke. ʻO kēia ka mea e ʻoi aku ke kiʻi i ka ʻōpala a puni nā loko wai. ʻO nā wahi mahiʻai he wahi wela loa ia mau lele, no ka mea i huki lākou i nā holoholona a me nā lio.
I kēia manawa ke ʻike nei ʻoe i ka mea e hoʻokau ʻia ana e ka popo puaʻa. E ʻike i kahi i loaʻa ai kēia pepeke.
Lāiau a me kaʻai kino
ʻAʻole ia e like me kahi gadget, ʻo nā ʻōhulu manu ʻole i ka mea palu. No kēia ʻolua nā holoholona i ʻai ʻo ia, me ka mea e hānai ai i ke koko o nā momi. Hoʻomaka ka lele mokulele no ka hoʻomehana ʻana o ka ea ma +15 ° C. Ma waena o Rusia, kahi o ka iwakālua o Mei. Ma ke kūkulu hema - kahi manawa ma mua.
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ai ma luna, ua maikaʻi nā ʻano lio i ka nahele, nā mahina ʻai, nā ʻihiʻu, a me nā wao nahele a me nā ʻāina mauna. Pēlā kēia kahe koko koko e ʻimi e ʻimi i nā loko, no ka mea, ʻo ka māla e pono no ko lākou ola. Ma ke ala, nā mea hoʻomohala o nā ʻano manu o ka nui o nā ʻano nui i ka wai. Hoʻokele nā pākeke i ko lākou holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa.
Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia mau mea like ʻole, ʻaʻole like me nā kao me nā midge, e like me ka lā a me ka wela wela, no laila e hoʻohana pinepine lākou i ke ao i ke kauwela a me nā lā mahana. E hoʻopili ikaika kēia mau mea i ka ola ma mua o ka ua, akā me ka ʻino maikaʻi ʻole a me ka makani ʻaʻole lākou e lele a holo ʻole. ʻO kahi hoʻonaninani he mau pua wai kūlohelohe, hiki iā ia ke lele kūʻē me ka ua pākela.
Nui ka manaʻo ʻole e ʻai wale ka honu puaʻa i ke koko. ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo nā kāne o kēia mau manu lele e lele "nā mea kanu". ʻAi lākou i ka pollen mea kanu, pua nectar, ʻōpala, aphids, etc. Aʻai a inu i ke koko wale nō ka pipi wahine. Pono kēia wai wai no lākou e hoʻomau i ka genus, a i ʻole, no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua.
I ka manawa like, no hoʻokahi pāʻina, hiki i kēlā me kēia wahine wahine ke hānai aku i ka 200 mg. Na wahine wahine i kala ole, e ʻoluʻolu lākou i ka haʻalele ʻana i nā meaʻai o ka protein a ua kū i ka papa mea kanu.
ʻAuhea e noho ai ka huluhulu?
Kuhi: kahi puaʻa manuahi
ʻO Horseflies, ma muli o ke ʻano, noho i nā nahele. Kuhi pinepine nā ʻano ʻehā i nā lā a mālama ʻia i nā lā ʻoluʻolu, wela a me ka lā. Kūkā pinepine ʻia lākou ma nā kaū a me nā kaona i kokoke i nā loko wai i mālama ʻia e like me nā kahua hoʻomana, a me ka nui o ka lehulehu o nā mea mammalian.
Hoʻokūkū ʻia nā hua lāʻau i loko o ka gastrointestinal tract o nā kahu holoholona ma ka hoʻoilo. I ka hopena o ka hoʻoilo a me nā mahina ma mua o nā mahina, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻōpio pākeke i nā feces o ka malihini. Mai laila, ʻeli lākou i loko o ka lepo a kūkulu i kahi haumāna no ka ʻili o kā lākou pili o ka hope o ka hope. E hoʻohuli lākou i mau lele lele i loko o ka puparia a puka ma hope o 3-10 pule.
Hoʻohana nā pākeke mai ke waena waena o ke kauwela a i ka hopena. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā wahine ʻelemakule i nā hulu o nā lio, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka lauoho ma nā mua, a ʻo ka ʻōpū hoʻi, nā poʻohiwi a me nā wāwae hind. Hāpai ka hua manu ma hope o nā lā 10-140 me ka huhū kūpono (ka ihu, ka wela a me ke kūlohelohe) i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka lio a ʻaī paha i ka lauoho i maʻi ʻia me ka hua manu.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua liʻiliʻi o nā wahi mua o ka pae mua (ka makahiki) i loko o ka waha a ʻeli i loko o ka alelo no kahi o 28 mau lā ma mua o ko lākou kele ʻana a neʻe i loko o ka ʻōpū, kahi e noho ai lākou no 9-10 mau mahina, e ulu ana i loko o ke kolu o ka lā ma hope o 5 mau pule. Hoʻokele ka hanauna o nā ʻano holo pua i hoʻokahi makahiki.
ʻAno hānau
Ke mālama nei no ka hoʻouluulu a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā heihei i ka wā mahana. Hoʻoholo ka manawa kūpono a me ka lōʻihi o ka wā hānau e nā ʻano o nā pepeke a me nā kūlana kime o ka noho.
ʻO ke mau ola no ka holo ʻana o nā ʻōlima he ʻehā mau kūlana:
- ʻGpihi. Hoʻokahi wahine wahine mai 400 a 1000 mau puʻupuʻu.
- Larva. ^ E Ha yM. He wahi fusiform kona. Ke kū ʻole ʻole o nā lima.
- Kaumaka. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻomaopopo i kahi lei o nā pōpō maʻamau.
- Imago (makua) He pokole ko lakou la ola. ʻO ka manawa maʻamau kēia malama hoʻokahi. I nā hanana lohi, ke kauwela.
ʻO ia, ʻo ia ka ʻōlima o nā pepeke me kahi loli piha. ʻO ka uku holoʻokoʻa o ke ola mai ka wā e waiho ai i ka hua i ka make o ka imago he 4 mau makahiki. Nui ka nui. Nui nā mea inikini ke noho ʻana i kahi o nā mea nui.
ʻO ke ʻano like o kā lākou hana hānai me ke ʻano o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā dipterans ʻē aʻe. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, hoʻohālikelike ka poʻe heterosexual, a ma hope o kahi manawa ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia e kahi wahine. I ka manawa like, pono e hānai i nā huluhulu wahine hou i ke koko kanaka a me nā holoholona mahana.
ʻO ka hopena, ke puhi ʻana i ke koko, ʻo ka wahine ma hope o kekahi manawa e hoʻomaka e waiho i nā hua i nā puʻu:
- ma ka lalo o nā lau,
- ma nā kumu lāʻau
- i ka wai,
- i ka honua lepo
- ma nā kapa o nā kahawai e kahe ana, nā kahawai, nā loko a me nā loko paha.
Hatch honu ʻōkuhi hulahuman ma hope o 3-8 a mau lā. A laila e alakaʻi i kahi kaola aku a i ʻole semi-akuatic kaʻai ʻana, e ʻai ana i ka ʻupena liʻiliʻi, nā pepeke, nā kohu, a me ka ʻūhā o nā mea kanu. ʻO kekahi larva hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka cannibalism.
I ka manawa like, makemake wau e kāpae i kekahi "moʻo kaulana" i waena o ka poʻe. Ua pili i ka mea ʻoi a ka poʻe pōloli i manaʻo ʻia e waiho i kā lākou hua a me nā ʻōlepe ma lalo o ka ʻili o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. ʻAʻole paha kēia ka hihia. Hiki wale kahi mea hana wale ke hana i kēia. Hoʻokomo kahi puaʻa i nā huaʻai i ka wai, mauʻu, ka ʻāina hoʻopuni piha a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe i mālama ʻia mai ka lā pololei.
Aia no ke kahua o ka larva, e mau ana ia ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻōpala ke hoʻokele i ka hoʻoilo. I ka pūnāwai, hoʻomaka ka pupation. Puhi lākou i nā wahi i lalo, kahi i huli ai i ke pupae. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka ʻōʻio mai ka lā mai a ʻelima mau lā i kekahi mau pule. A laila, ʻike ʻia kekahi pepeke ʻelemakule.
He aha nā mea e ai ai ka pua?
Kuhi: kahi puaʻa nui
Pā pinepine ka mau pua ʻōiwi ma ka nectar, akā koi ka wahine i ke koko ma mua o hiki iā lākou ke hoʻonui maikaʻi. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pōpili wahine, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kānaka nui loa, no ka mea, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻaoʻao o ka waha no ka ʻalā a wīwī, like ʻole me nā kao, e hāwaʻi wale ana i ka ʻili a kaʻi ʻana i ke koko.Kūkulu lākou, ʻike ʻia nā niho like ʻole e ʻokiʻoki i ka ʻili, a laila hoʻokuʻu lākou i kahi anticoagulant e hooki i ka hōʻili ʻana i ke koko a ʻoliʻoli lākou i ka meaʻai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: Pono nā lio wahine i ka 0.5 ml o ke koko no ka hoʻomaikaʻi, he nui ka nui ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ko lākou nui. Hiki iā lākou ke lawe e pili ana i 200 mg o ke koko i kekahi mau minuke.
Hiki i nā kao puaʻa ke ulu i loko o nā popo he nui, ʻulaʻula, ʻeha, a meama paha i loko o nā minuke. Hoʻomaopopo kekahi mau kānaka me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻi, nāwaliwali, a me ka pupule. ʻO ka hapanui, ʻaʻole kūpono lākou e make, akā hikiʻole. I nā hihia kūʻokoʻa keu, loaʻa paha kekahi i kahi ʻano maʻi me nā hōʻailona e like me ka dizziness, wheezing, shortness o ka hanu, ʻāwili ka helehelena, a me ka ʻōpū nui e ʻike ʻia ma nā lehelehe a he alelo.
He poʻe kime kai ʻaina ʻohana. ʻO kā lākou mau huki hōʻeha e hoʻonā pinepine i ka mea i hoʻopihapiha, no laila ke koi ʻia ka lele i kahi e hoʻopio ai. No laila, hiki iā lākou ke lilo i mea lawe i nā maʻi o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka. ʻO ka mau heiau wahine he mau nō hoʻi a, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ke ʻano he mana e hoʻomau ai i ka mea hoʻokipa a hiki i ka manawa e lanakila ai lākou i ka loaʻa ʻana o kā lākou ʻai koko a pepehi ʻia. Iʻa ʻia paha, ke alualu nei lākou i kā lākou mau pahuhopu i manaʻo ʻia no nā manawa pōkole. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano mea lawe i nā pathogens, akā ma ka nui o nā maʻi e lawe ʻia e nā lele, ua pili wale lākou me nā holoholona.
I ka wā o nā hana o waho, e hoʻohana i nā lole hoʻonaninani māmā a me nā mea inikinipiki e pale aku ai i ka ʻoi manu. Inā hoʻokomo lākou i nā hana, ʻo ke ala maikaʻi o ke kaohi, ke kāpae nei i nā puka a me nā puka āpau.
No ke aha ka mea e pōʻino ai nā lio?
ʻO ka mea mua, ma ke kumu i hilo ʻole ʻia ai lākou i ka wā o kahi hue e hiki ai i kahi hopena maikaʻiʻole o ke kino.
- nā pepeke
- huu
- mumū
- hoʻonāukiuki
- ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, etc.
I nā keiki ʻōpio a me nā poʻe koʻikoʻi, edema, ʻoi aku ka nui a me ka ʻulaʻula nui hoʻi, ke hele pū ʻia e ka ʻano o ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻonui i nā nū līlima kūloko. Ma ka manawa like, ma kahi kokoke i nā pae a me ka ʻū. I kekahi manawa ma kona wahi kahi ʻano nodule hōʻeha e haki ʻia, ma ke ʻano he ʻelua pule wale nō.
Akā ʻo nā hili a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole mai ia mau mea, ʻaʻole ia mai loko mai o ka pilikia wale nō, no ka mea e pono ai ka huluhulu puaʻa. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau inana he mea lawe i nā maʻi a me nā maʻi. I waena o lākou:
- anhix,
- tularemia,
- polio
- filariasis,
- trypanosomiasis, etc.
No laila, inā ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā ʻano kīlila, loaʻa ʻoe i kahi maʻi a i ʻole nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe, pono ʻoe e ʻōlelo aku i kauka.
ʻO ka pōʻino e hōʻeuʻeu ana i nā mea e pili ana i ka lele ʻana i nā māla me ka mālama holoholona. Hoʻopilikia ka pōpilikia i kā lākou hana, ka hoʻouka ʻana a me nā kakili. Ma muli o kēia, ua emi iho ka hoʻomanawanui i nā lio, hoʻopuka ka waiū i ka pipi ʻana, a hiki hoʻi i nā puaʻa ke hoʻomaka i ka nalo paona a loaʻa ʻole ka loaʻa ʻana.
He pōmaikaʻi paha ko nā hulu manu? E like me ʻoe e ʻike ai, ʻaʻohe mea nui o ke ʻano. He mau meaʻai kēia mea manu no nā manu a me nā iʻa. No laila, ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana i kā lākou mau helu ke alakaʻi i kahi nānā ʻole ʻana ma ka honua a puni.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me nā ʻano hana
Kiʻi ʻ Bulllelo
Ua holo wikiwiki nā holo lio ʻōpiopio, nā mākaʻi ikaika hiki ke lele ma mua o 48 km, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e pālahalaha ākea. ʻO ka pinepine ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā mea i neʻe ʻia a me nāʻeleʻele. Hoʻomaha pinepine ka mauna i nā ala a me nā alanui, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā wahi nahele kahi e kali ai nā mea nona nā mea e pono ai. E hoihoi ana nā leahi i ka mālamalama a i kekahi manawa e ʻohi ai i nā puka makani. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā lewa i ke ʻano wela o ka lā me ka makani māmā, no ka laʻana, i ka wā nui i ke awakea. Hiki iā lākou ke lilo i nā pōpoki inā hele ka hekili me ke ʻano wela.
ʻO ka holo lio he mau pōʻai i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻokoʻa lākou a i ka lā. ʻOkoʻa lākou e hānai i nā koko o nā holoholona pēpē e like me nā bipi a me nā lio. Hiki i kēia ke pilikia no ka mea ʻo ka hulu puaʻa i lawe i nā pathogens e hiki ai ke hana i nā maʻi ma kekahi mau holoholona holoholona, hiki iā ia ke hana i ka pio waiwai. A, ʻaʻole naʻe, ʻaʻohe pilikia o ka hulu manu i ka wā e ʻoliʻoli ai lākou i nā kānaka a i nā holoholona paha, inā hāʻawi lākou i kēlā manawa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: E like me nā nāheheʻe koko ʻē aʻe, e like me, no ka mea, ka poʻe ʻuʻuku, ka poʻe ʻūhulu manuahi i hoʻohana i nā mea kemik a a me nā hōʻailona ʻike no ke kiʻi ʻana i nā poʻe koa. Hōʻalo ka mau pua huki e nā holoholona hoʻomehana i kahi ākea kahi e huki ai i ka lele mai kahi mamao loa, ʻoiai nā hōʻailona ʻike e like me ka neʻe, ka nui, ka nui a me ka waihoʻoluʻu polū e hūnā i nā pahuhopu o nā maka pōkole.
ʻO ka like me nā gadfly a me nā mea like ʻole?
ʻAʻole ʻaʻole paha. He ʻano manuahi like ʻole kēia, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻohana like ʻole. Nā ʻiliʻili a me nā hulu ʻē aʻe:
- ʻano
- helehelena
- hana
- ʻano hiʻohiʻona,
- ua pono no ka meaʻai (a, no ka lawelawe ʻana i nā leile makua, ʻaʻole like me nā ʻōpio, ʻaʻole pono lākou i ka ʻai a ʻaʻole lākou inu ʻana i ke koko).
No laila, he hewa hewa kēlā poʻe e kapa nei i nā ʻano holo kalapu. ʻOiai ʻo kēia mau manu ʻelua he mea maikaʻi ʻole a weliweli. Pono lākou e kaua. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea mahiai, ʻo ka mea hānai, nā lawaiʻa, nā mea lawaiʻa a me ka huakaʻi hele e ʻike i ka pale ʻana iā lākou iho i nā ʻano kīnā koko.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻenehana a me ka hana hou
Kuhi: kahi puaʻa nui
Hana ʻia ka Horseflies i kahi metamorphosis holoʻokoʻa, kahi e hele ai ma o 4 mau lā ka nui o ke ola. ʻO kēia kahi huakiʻi, kahi larva, kahi chrysalis a me kahi kūlana pākeke. Noho nui nā wahine i nā hua he 25 a 1000 paha i nā mea kanu i kū ma luna o ka wai a i nā wahi ʻeleʻele paha. Holo ka lāʻau i nā huaʻili mai kēia mau huahele i ka ʻāina a hānai i nā pala huapule a i ʻole nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi i ka lepo a i ka wai.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōpū mauʻu i ka ʻōpala ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka pūnāwai a i ʻole nā kapa o nā kahawai, nā ʻāina wai ʻole a i ʻole nā wahi i ʻike ʻia. He wai ka kekahi o lākou, a ulu kekahi i ka ʻāina maloʻo. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka papa hulina mai kahi hoʻokahi a ʻekolu paha mau makahiki, ma muli o nā ʻano. Paʻi ʻia nā hua ʻōiwi i nā wahi nāhele ka nui e hana ai, a hiki i hope. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka papa o ka pupal ma ke ʻano a me nā mahana, akā e like hoʻi i ka 6 a 12 mau lā.
He paʻakikī a he mea hiki ʻole paha e loaʻa a hoʻopau i ka wahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā hulu manu. Kūleʻa lākou i nā māla ʻāina ulu kūwili, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai a i ʻole nā mea make manu i nā mea ʻike ʻole, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka wai nā mea i hopohopo. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia mau inikua he mau wahi ikaika ikaika e hiki ke neʻe mai kahi lōʻihi. Hiki i nā kahua ulu nunui a i ʻole kahi mamao aʻe mai kahi o nā pilikia.
ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi, ʻo nā mea kīhai sporadic he pilikia no ka manawa o ka makahiki. ʻO kekahi hoʻololi i ka hana a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea repellents e hiki iā ʻoe ke leʻaleʻa i waho.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe
ʻO ke kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka hulu puaʻa?
Me nā loea manuahi ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mea pili ʻana ka mea nui i nā mea ʻai no nā holoholona ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe i luna o ka mea ʻai. Kōkua lākou i ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, e like me nā ʻōpala a me nā manu, aʻo nā ʻōlaʻi ʻehā o ka aquatic iʻa i nā iʻa.
Nā manu e hānai ana i nā lele;
- nā kāleka poʻo kūpeʻe ʻeleʻele he mau mele mele me nā beaks nui. Kau ka ʻalani a lākou i ka ʻano o ka manu: he kāne ʻalani keokeo me ke poʻo ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻēheu keʻokeʻo a me nā ʻōpio, nā ʻōpio a nā ʻōpio i ka ʻalani a me nā wahi ʻalaʻula i ka umauma. ʻO ka paina lākou i nā mea iniseti like ʻole, me ka pūlū puaʻa a me nā kukuna. Hiki ke loaʻa nā kāleka poʻo ʻulaʻula nui ma ke komohana o ʻAmelika ma ke komohana a me nā kihi o nā ululāʻau, a me nā pā a me nā māla.
- ʻO nā ʻōpū manu kekahi o nā manu ʻōpana maʻamau i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i nā ʻohana nui. Ua ʻike ʻia aia inā he mau pōpoki i loko o ka māla, me nā ʻano pua, a laila hiki i nā manu liʻiliʻi ke lilo i mea hūʻai no kou hale inā pau lākou i ka overpopulated. Ke kūkulu nei lākou i kā lākou mea honu i nā paia o ka hale, e hoʻopau ana i ka nahele. Hiki i kā lākou feces ke hōʻeha i ke olakino kanaka. ʻOiai i kēia, hiki iā lākou ke hele i kahi lōʻihi no ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka lehulehu o nā pōʻaiapuni e puni ana i nā hale,
- ʻai nui ka ʻūlū manu, a me ka palaoa, nā hua a me nā hua a noho kokoke i nā mahina a me nā wahi me ka nui o ka lele a me ka wai maoli. ʻO kēia mau mele mele wikiwiki i lele i ka laulā mai ka brown brown i ka uliuli-keʻokeʻo a noho i ka nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO nā mea manu e lele nei, e like me nā leʻaleʻa pua, ke kumu nui e ʻai ai nā manu,
- He manu manuahi manu nā kānaka ʻoihana a ʻaihue e ʻai ana i nā pua spruce a me nā hulu manu. Ka huehue ka nui o ko lākou heluna kanaka i ka heluna o nā nui o nā iniseti a lākou e ʻai ai. Aia ma kahi o 50 mau ʻanoʻokoʻa o nā mea kaua. He mau mele liko liʻiliʻi kēia me nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa keʻokeʻo, nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōpiopio a me nā laina keʻokeʻo ma ko lākou mau maka. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōpiopio ka ʻōpio ʻōpiopio me kahi laina pale polū o nā maka a me nā ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻeleʻele.
Ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana a me nā ʻano
Ke ulu nei ka nui o ka puaʻa i ka wā anuanu. ʻO ka hapa nui i ke anuanu, palulu a me ka mālie, lilo lākou i pōʻino maoli no nā lio a me kā lākou mau mea. I loko o ke ao nei aia ma mua o 8000 mau ʻanoʻokoʻa o nā ʻōlani, e pili ana i kekahi. Hoʻohana au i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hakakā ʻana me nā hulu hipa.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, aia he mau wahi liʻiliʻi e hoʻokuʻi i nā ʻīlio manuahi a hōʻemi i kā lākou huki. Hiki ke hōʻemi ʻia ka ikehu o nā kakili, akā i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe kumu ʻike e hoʻopau loa ai ia. E like me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe o nā maʻi pepeke, ʻo nā mea pale i ka palena mua e pale aku ai i nā mikini i ka home. Hiki i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hale e pale i ka maʻi o nā ʻano lehelehe, no ka mea, he ulu kā lākou larvae i ka pau ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea kūlohelohe. Ke hoʻonoho i ka pale ma nā puka me nā puka makani hiki ke pale aku i nā lele mai ke komo ʻana i ka lumi a kau i ka hale.
Aia he mau pahele no nā lio manu, akā ʻano like ko lākou pono. ʻO nā ʻōpala he ʻano kikowaena lapalapa e neʻe nei i hope a kū pinepine, hoʻoulu ʻia e kekahi ʻano o nā holoholona musk a i ʻole kekahi mea hoʻonaninani like like ʻole. Aia kēia laha i lalo o kahi pākaha a i ʻole nā ipu like ʻole e loaʻa ana kahi flytrap kūleʻa - nā pua puaʻa i huki ʻia i ka pōʻeleʻele a wehe a, kūpono i ka hāʻule ma ka pā. ʻO ka pau ʻana i nā loko wai kūwaho a puni ke waiwai e hiki ke kōkua i ka liʻiliʻi e hōʻemi i ka hopena o ka maʻi ʻōiwi.
Inā ua ʻike ʻoe i kahi maʻi e ka lele ʻana o ka lio i kou home, e kōkua ʻia nā mea pale mai ke ala pono ʻole. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana ʻōleʻaleʻa kūlohelohe e pili ana i ka lele pepa a me nā mea pā Pīpī ka hau manuahi i ka uahi, no laila e hiki ke hoʻonā ʻia nā kukui e haʻalele iā lākou e haʻalele i ka hale kahi a lākou i pae ai. Eia naʻe, ʻo kēia mau mea e hōʻike ʻia ai i ka maikaʻi o ka marginal efficacy i ka wehe ʻana i ka maʻi ʻōlio. Hiki i ka pestides ke hana maʻalahi i ka pale ʻana i ka nui o nā pua ʻōiwi.
Kookuauhau mau lele nui. ʻOiai hānai mau kāne ʻōpio i nā nectar a me nā mea kanu wai, pono ka wahine puaʻa i ka protein i mea e hua ai nā hua. ʻO ke koko ke kumu o kēia protein, a hiki i nā manu lele ke loaʻa iā ia mai nā lio, bipi, hipa, hipa, rabbits, a me nā poʻe pū kekahi. ʻO ka pīpī ʻana o kahi ʻīlio wahine e luhi koke ʻia, e hoʻokumu ana i kahi pula ʻulaʻula.
Hoʻoheʻe kiʻi
ʻO ka Larva a me ka pā puaʻa makua ka ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano a me ka helehelena, hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ke kiʻi.
ʻO ka nui o nā ʻekikekau ʻelemakule he nui a i ʻole ka nui, ʻāhinahina paha ke kino, ʻeleʻele a hina paha i ka kala. Kālele ʻia ka hapa nui o ke poʻo i nā maka me he mau ʻāpana a i ʻole nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Ka hoʻopunipuni a me ka ʻoki ʻana i nā ʻāʻī kūpono loa i nā kui. Hoʻopili kekahi mau pā o nā ʻēheu i ka waena waena o ka umauma. ʻO ka ʻōpū ākea e kū mai luna a i lalo. ʻEkolu mau wāwae o nā lehelehe i nā lehelehe a me nā kākahu paʻa i ka nalo o ka nui o nā papahele a hilinaʻi pono hoʻi i ka ʻaha kahu.
ʻO ka larva fusiform o kahi hue keʻokeʻo e hele ana i nā alapine āpau mai ka pupa a hiki i ka imago. Kahi ka laulā e hilinaʻi i nā mea o waho a me nā ʻano ʻano.
ʻO ka wehe ʻana i ka hoʻonaninani ʻana i nā hulu manu e hoʻoholo i ko lākou pono no nā mea kanu. ʻO nā kalai wale nō e pono ai no ke kāne. Loaʻa iā ia iā lākou ma ka kāwili i ka nectar a me ka wai o ka aphids a me nā mea hihiu ʻē aʻe. I ka wā hoʻomaha, pono nā wahine kīlohelo i ka protein e komo ai i ke kino me ke koko o ka mea nāna i pepehi ʻia. No laila, ʻo ka hōʻoluʻolu a me ka weliweli i ka poʻe a me nā holoholona i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā hulu wahine wahine maikaʻi.
ʻO ka hana kiʻekiʻe e lele ana i nā pepeke ua mālama ʻia i ke ao. Hoʻolā nui ʻia kāna hana i ka pae o ke hoʻomālamalama a me nā hopena o ke anā. Makemake ka hapa nui o nā pepeke i ka lā a me ka maloʻo. Loaʻa ka ola o nā ʻano holo lio i hoʻokahi mahina.
He aha nā Mea hiamoe
Nā holoholona hānai koko, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no nā kānaka a me nā holoholona holoholona. He hopena ʻino ka hopena o ka hopena o ka ulu ʻana o nā holoholona ʻōpiopio, ka waiū waiū o nā bipi a me nā huahana holoholona.
No nā poʻe me ka hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻole ʻana o nā kūlana, pili ka pōpoki ʻaʻole wale me ka ʻeha nui, akā, me ka lawe pū ʻana i nā maʻi: tularemia, anthrax, paraphilariasis. Ua hōʻoiaʻike ʻia ua ʻike ʻia e pili ana nā hulu manu i ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā microorganism helminthic, infectious a me nā protozoal microorganisms.
ʻO ka helehelena no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mea ʻeha e ala i nā wahine ma hope wale o ka male ʻana. Nui kekahi nui o ke kaʻina hana:
- lurking a object for attack,
- ke hoʻokokoke nei i ka mea i lawe ʻia, ka loiloi ʻana i kona nui, ka kala a me ka neʻe,
- ka lele a me ka holo ʻana o ka haku e hiki mai ana,
- ka pae ʻana i ke kino o ka mea ʻai, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka wela, ʻimi a me nā ʻike kemika,
- ka hopena o ka wahi me ka ʻoihana ʻoi loa nā kahe o ke koko e nā puncture hōʻike, ke ʻano o ke kahe koko.
ʻO ka holo lio ka lōʻihi e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i nā mamao kupaianaha me ke kōkua o ka mea hoʻopiʻi. Hoʻonui kēia i nā mea o nā kaila koko e neʻe ana i ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole nā pathogen.
ʻO nā meaʻala o nā pepekika wai-maʻi ka noho ʻana o kekahi o nā mea maʻi simbiont. I kēia manawa i ka hoʻomohalaʻana, ʻaʻole ʻike ka ʻepekema i ka loaʻa o nā hulu manu i kā lākou hāʻawi. Ua ʻike ʻia aia ma waena o nā huakini, nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā pathogenic maʻi maʻamau i ʻike ʻia e pōʻino no nā holoholona a me ke kanaka.
Nā ʻano ʻano koholā
Uaʻoi aku ka hapanui o ka honua honua ma mua o nā ʻano he 4400 o nā kuahiwi, akā ʻo kekahi wale nō o lākou e ola ai nā holoholona a me nā kānaka. ʻO nā wahi ka nui o nā iniseti he mau ʻāina a pau, me ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana iā Greenland, Antarctica a me Iceland.
ʻO nā ʻano maʻamau o nā holo pua:
- ʻO ka hulu puaa kekahi o nā ʻelele nui loa o nā pepeke dipteran. Inā ʻoe e nānā i ke ʻano o kēia ʻano nui, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka ʻano like ʻole o ka lele maʻamau. ʻO ka nui o ka pākeke ka lōʻihi o ka hiʻona he 2.5 cm. Kūpono mau hiʻohiʻona: ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū ākea, nā maka ākea nui, nā ʻula ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele me kahi uhi chitinous ʻeleʻele a me nā kīwī uliuli, nā ʻēheu polū o ka hue brown. ʻO ka lele wahine wahine e halihali ana i ka anthrax, tularemia, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e ka ʻili a ke kanaka a me nā holoholona.
- He kanaka nui ka hōʻa manu ʻōiwi ka loa o ke kino o kona kino ma mua o 2 cm. He ʻeleʻele ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka ʻōpū ʻulaʻula pālahalaha me ke ākea gula a me nā kīwaha transverse.
- Nā ʻōleʻa hina - he pepeke a hiki i ka 2.2 cm lōʻihi.Nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohanohano: nā maka nui monophonic me kahi wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻulaʻula paha, nā lauoho pōkole pōkole e hana ana i kahi patina ashen-hina ma ke kino, kahi hiʻohiʻona me nā ʻāpana like me ka lapalapa a me nā triangular ma ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻaoʻao. Hali ka hulu hau ʻōpiopio i nā pathogens anthrax a me nā tularemia. ʻO ka poʻe nui a me nā holoholona pāmu.
- ʻOkoʻa nā palale maʻamau ʻole i nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana ma ke hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā ʻēheu: ua pelu pono ʻia lākou ma ke kino, a ʻaʻole kaʻawale. Nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻona: brown maka maka nui, nā ʻōpū o ka pubescence, nā heihe mesh, nondescript hina-ʻoliva a i ʻole ke kino kino ʻulaʻula, ka lōʻihi - a hiki i 1 cm.ʻO ka hana kiʻekiʻe loa o ka ʻano ʻano i ka wā o nā ua a me nā ao kiʻekiʻe.
- ʻO ka hulu manu-ka maka inoa ke ʻano o ka ʻohana pua ʻalani me kahi kala kino ʻulaʻula, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia e kekahi inoa ʻano ʻē aʻe - motley. ʻO ka papa hana hoʻolālā maʻamau ka hui ʻana o ke melemele a me ka ʻeleʻele. Hiki i kekahi pākeke ke lōʻihi o 1 cm, loaʻa nā ʻēheu translucent me nā wahiʻeleʻele. ʻO nā ʻano puaa ʻoliʻoli, nā mea lawe i nā maʻi he nui: anthrax, filariasis, tularemia a me loiasis. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka lace-eye ka hele wikiwiki ʻana i ka mea pepehi me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomākaukau a me ka hoʻopiʻi.
- He pepeke ʻo Midday ka manu i ka lōʻihi o ke kino ma ka ʻāina pākahi i hiki ke 1.5 cm. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻano i ka ʻano ʻokoʻa o ke kino o ke kino i ka wahine. Hiki paha i ka pubescence hina hinaʻeleʻele me nā ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula paha.
Ma Lūkia, aia ma kahi o 189 mau ʻano kīhī manu. ʻO kā lākou mea e pili ana, nā hana hōʻeha a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o nā pathogens i nā maʻi koʻikoʻi, ʻo ia ke kumu nui o ka hakakā ʻana me nā pepeke. No kahi koho hoʻokūkū o ke ala o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā maʻi palahe i ke koko, pono e launa i nā poʻe loea.
Hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka ʻohana
He nui nā pepeke hānai koko, ʻo ia ka ʻano o ka metamorphosis paʻakikī a hele i nā pae aʻe:
- ʻO ka hanana ʻOvarian i nā lā 2-4. ʻO ke kūlana koʻikoʻi no kahi kaʻina maikaʻi i ke anuanu o ka 26-30 o C.
- Hoʻoulu hua huaiki i ka nui o nā 400-1000 ʻāpana i loko o nā loko wai. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo ka lalo o nā lau i koho ʻia ʻo ia ka wahi o ka wahine, kahi i waiho ʻia ai nā minima o hope i nā lālani.
- Hoʻokele ke kauāʻi ʻana o nā ʻōkuhi ma hope o nā lā 3-8 mau, akā i kekahi manawa ke kahakiʻi ʻana no kahi mahina. Hoʻokomo nā mea o waho i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana.
- Hāʻule ka lauahi i ka papahele, ma luna o kahi i waiho ʻia ai ka hua manu, a puaʻa.
- Hoʻopau ka larva hoʻoilo i ka hoʻomohala ma hope o ka hala ʻana i ʻehiku mau wāwae. Ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pupa, e neʻe ka ineke i kahi maloʻo.
- Pupa kahi. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kaʻina e 6-21 mau lā.
- ʻAkahi - ke kau nei i kahi pālule ʻōpiopio.
ʻO ka wikiwiki o ke kao mai kahi hua manu i ka pākeke e hilinaʻi i nā ʻano a me nā ʻano o waho.
ʻO ka maʻi Gadfly
ʻO kahi noho lio ka mea e noho ai kekahi o nā microorganism pathogenic e hoʻomānoʻi i ka maʻi i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona holoholona:
- protozoal: anaplasmosis, su-aura, trypanosomiasis,
- viral: hopohopo maʻi,
- nā pīpīpū: anthrax, tularemia, hemorrhagic septicemia, carbuncle.
ʻO ka mea kumu kumu o ka tularemia, hoʻokahi manawa i ka lawena, mālama i kahi kūlana virulent no 3 mau lā. No ka anthrax, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka manawa i hiki ai i ka puaʻa ke hoʻouna i kahi microorganism i hoʻopilikia ʻia i nā lā 7 lā.
Nui nā ʻano e hiki ai i ka puaʻa ke komo i nā pathogens.
Hoʻouka ka ʻewa ʻana i nā holoholona maʻi, ke ʻai ʻana i nā ʻōpala hou ke kumu o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā maʻi weliweli. Hoʻonāukiuki ʻia ka maʻi ʻana o ka pākeke e ka puʻuwai maikaʻi ʻole o ke koko peripheral i loko o kahi holoholona make a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā lāʻau anthrax.
ʻO kekahi mea ʻē aʻe i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā maʻi nāu e lawehala a me ka manuahi o ka pathogen he kipa i loko o ka mahana wela a me ka maloʻo e hoʻopau ai i ka makewai o ka puddles, ka lepo māla a me nā bogs me nā spora anthrax.
ʻO ke ala hou no nā mea maʻi hopohopo e komo i ke kino o ka mea ʻai mea e hoʻomāhelili ai i ke koko me nā mea hihiu ʻē aʻe mai ka ʻeha o ka mea ʻai.
Hoʻokomo ka poʻe hana i ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā lele.
- ka neʻe wikiwiki i ka lewa,
- ka hiki ke hele i kahi lōʻihi lōʻihi ma ke kino o ka mea pepehi,
- hoʻomanawanui
- ʻoi ma ka mākeke o nā iwi āpau, hoʻāla kūpono ʻia no nā punctures a me nā ulu ʻana o ka ʻili mānoanoa.
Hāʻawi ka hui "Des Group" i nā mea nona nā kapuwai a me nā lawelawe ʻoihana mahiʻai e hakakā ai i nā holo lio a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. E koho nā mea loea i ka ala maikaʻi loa e hānai i nā parasites, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ʻole i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona hānai.
ʻO wai nā ʻano lio a no ke aha kā lākou e kapa ʻia ai
ʻO Horseflies (lat. Tabanidae) kahi ʻohana koko hānai koko, nona nā kauoha ʻo Diptera a me ka suborder Short-bills. Aia ka ʻohana i kahi aneane he 200 mau genera, aia ma kahi o 4,400 mau ʻehā.
ʻO kēia kekahi o nā mokulele kahiko loa o ka honua. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā koena o nā puʻu puaʻa i hiki ai ke hoʻokū ʻia i ko lākou kū ʻana i ka wā o Oligocene, mai 39 a 23 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO nā mea i hōʻino ʻia i nā ʻano manuahi i kēlā mau lā, ʻo ia paha nā kūpuna o nā mammals i kēia manawa: nā entelodons - nā ʻalā puaʻa artiodactyl, nā hyienodons karnivor a me nā ʻīlio mua - nā cynodict.
ʻO nā poʻe a pau i hoʻoili ʻia e ka hulu manu e ʻike maʻalahi i ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻopi ʻana. Ka hoʻopā ʻana i ka mea i ʻai ʻia, lilo ka wahine i ka nānā ʻole a nānā ʻole i kahi mea e puni ana, ka mea e hāʻawi aku ai i ka manaʻo no ka makapō o ka lele. Ua kapa ʻia ka inoa ʻo “lei puaʻa” i nā pepeke, ʻoiai ke ʻike pono lākou a nānā aku i ka honua me nā maka nani.
He aha ka ʻano o ka hulu puaʻa?
He mau ʻōkuhi nui kēia me nā kime thoracic nui a me nā ʻēheu ākea.
ʻO ka nui o nā ʻōlima lio he nui ka hoʻololi ʻana, no ka laʻana, nā māla o nā ʻano Haematopota koryoensis i ulu he 0.6 mm wale nō. Eia nō naʻe, ulu ka hapanui o nā poʻe i ka 1.5-2 cm.ʻO kekahi mau kānaka maoli mau: nā lele ʻelemakule o nā ʻano Tabanus chrysurus hiki i ka lōʻihi o 2-3 cm.
He mea like me ka hulu puaʻa. 
ʻĀina kino
He ʻeleʻele ākea ka ʻōpū o nā Horseflies, kahi o 7 mau ʻāpana i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hapalua o nā apo: ʻo nā mea i luna aʻe ua kapa ʻia he tergites, ʻo ka mea haʻahaʻa ka manuahi. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻāpana e kahi elastic membrane e kī ana e hoʻopaʻa i ke koko e hoʻohāinu. I kekahi manawa, hiki i ka wahine ke lawe ma kahi o 200 mg o ke koko, kahi hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi papa o nā ʻuika he 70 a i ʻole he 4 tausani mau mea alualu liʻiliʻi.
Hiki ke hoʻohana i ke ʻano o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū no ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o nā ʻīlio pua: i nā kāne i kuhikuhi ʻia kona hopena, i nā wahine ua puni ia.
Ma hope o ka māhele thoracic kahi ʻōkolu lapalapa nui. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻēheu ākea i ka waena waena o ka umauma, he mea leʻaleʻa maoli, i kekahi manawa i nā wahi ulaula a i ʻole he ʻupena liʻiliʻi. Hoʻohālike ka ʻoliʻoli o nā ʻēheu. Nā pāheu pihi, haʻalele kekahi mau mea iā lākou ākea, ʻo kekahi e kau i ka hale.
Ma ke kumu o nā eheu nā ʻōpala o nā ʻāina - nā kaʻina rudimentary o ka pālua ʻelua o nā ʻihi. ʻO nā pīpī lepo paʻilima he mauʻu ʻōpala me kahi hopena o nā ʻōpio a lawelawe a he gyroscope a i ʻole, he mea maʻalahi kahi mea hoʻokele.
ʻEkolu mau pōkā o nā kūpeʻe ākea o ka lōʻihi, i pulu ʻia me nā lauoho. Ulu ka poʻe kuʻekuʻe ma nā kaʻe o nā wāwae waena o ka wāwae, e like me nā puʻupuʻu thorny. Mamuli o 2 mau piiki a me nā kīʻaha waiū e 3 ma ka hope o kēlā me kēia wāwae, e mālama ʻia nā pepeke i nā alaloa.
He poʻo nui, ʻōiwi nui ka hulu, i kekahi mau māhuahua ma mua o ka umauma, i nā kāne, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui.
Kāleʻa ʻae
Ua uhi ʻia ke kino o kēia mau lele i kahi chitin anuanu iki, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka umauma a me ka mua o ke poʻo. Uhiʻi ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū o nā pūhaka me nā lauoho ʻilihune.
Mālama ka kala o nā lio ʻōiwi, me ka nui o ke kahe, ʻeleʻele, ka hina a me ka ʻulaʻula. I ka nui o nā holoholona he nui nā ʻāpana like o ke kino e hoʻonani ʻia me nā pōkā, nā palena, nā hiʻohiʻona i loko o ke ʻano o ka rhombuses a me nā triangles, a he mosaic intricate paha.
Ka huluhulu
ʻO nā maka nani maikaʻi e noho i ka hapa nui o ke poʻo e pono i ka nānā kūikawā. I ka nui o nā manawa, he gula ʻōmaʻomaʻo lākou, ʻoluʻolu a me nā kala a pau o ke anuenu, he mau wahi a me nā ʻūhā, kāwili i ka pua metala. E like me nā nui arthropod, me nā crustaceans, nā ʻōpū maka he facet mau maka, e piha ana i nā cones maka he nui - facets e kū ana i waho me ko lākou mau papa a hoʻokumu i kahi aniani ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka maka.
ʻAʻole ʻae ka ʻike kala i nā iniseti e wehewehe i nā mea liʻiliʻi, akā hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaopopo maopopo i nā contours a me nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ia ke kumu o nā ʻano holo lio, e like me ka lele ʻana o ka tsetse, pinepine i ka holo ʻana i nā mea i hiki ʻole ke lele, e like me nā kaʻa, a lele paha i loko o nā puka aniani o nā kaʻaahi.
ʻO nā maka o ka hulu. 
