Ua ʻike nā ʻepekema ʻepekema i ke ʻano o ka mahana o ke kai Atlantika ma mua o ka luku nui ʻana ma ka hopena o ka Cretaceous. Hōʻike nā hopena i ko ke kumu hiki ke hoʻohui pū i nā hopena ʻelua: ke kahe ʻana o nā lua pele Indian a me ka hāʻule o ka asteroid.
ʻO kēia hopena hopena i hana ʻia e nā loea ʻAmelika mai Kulanui hoʻi ʻo Florida, i paʻi ʻia kāna nūpepa ma ka puke nūhou Nature Communications.
Mai ka makahiki 1980, ua loaʻa ka kaulana i ka hopena i loko o nā kānaka ʻepekema. Kākela ʻo ia i ka puhipuhō ʻana i ka wā nui ma ka hope o ka manawa Cretaceous (ma kahi o 66 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei), ka mea i nalowale i nā dinosaurs a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe, me he mea e pōhala nei ka mea i hele mai ma muli o ka hāʻule o ka asteroid Chiksulub ma ka ʻāina ʻo Yucatan.
ʻO kēia manawa, ʻo nā mea hou aʻe a ua ʻike hou ka hopena o ka hopena o kēia hanana he mea pohihihi loa e wehewehe i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o kekahi nui o nā hui a puni ka Honua. No ka mālama i ka hypothesis hopena, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā kānaka ʻepekema me kahi ʻāpana puʻuwai. Ua ʻōlelo lākou ua pili pū ka hopena o ka asteroid me ka hū ʻana o ka ʻaʻa Deccan, ʻo ia ka moku nui ʻĀina nui ma India.
Hōʻike nā hopena i ka hopena o ka Cretaceous, ʻelua mau hoʻonui wai i ka wai nui ma ka moana Atlantika. I ka wā mua, ua kūleʻa ka mahana i nā 14 degere Fahrenheit, e like me nā poʻe ʻepekema, e pili ana i ka pahū ʻana o nā ʻāpana Deccan, no ka mea, ua lilo ka nui o nā kākio haneli i ka lewa, kahi i hoʻonāukiuki ai i ka hopena ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Ma hope o 150,000 mau makahiki, hele maila kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i loko o ke ana wela - e nānā ana kāna mau mea kākau i ka hāʻule o ka asteroid.
"ʻO ka mahana mua o ke anuanu ma muli o ka lua pele i hoʻonui i ka ukana ma luna o nā kaia o ka paepae a ua hoʻolilo lākou iā lākou i ka pōʻino i hala i ka wā o ka hāʻule o ka asteroid," wehewehe a nā mea kākau. Wahi a nā kānaka noiʻi, ʻelua mau lehelehe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e lākou e hui maikaʻi ʻana me nā nalu extinction ʻelua e kamaʻilio ana e ka poʻe ʻepekema.
Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei, ua hōʻike aku nei nā paleontologist i ua hāʻule nui ka dinosaurs i ka wā lōʻihi ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka asteroid, i manaʻo ʻia he hewa o kā lākou make. No laila, ua hiki ʻole kēia luakui cosmic i kumu kumu nui o ka nalo ʻana o ka dinosaurs mai ka maka o ka Honua.
Hānā kikino
Me nā moʻo ʻai manu ʻole, nā holropsids moana holomua, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mosasaurs a me plesiosaurs, lele dinosaurs (pterosaurs), nā mollusks nui, me ka ammonite a me ka belemnites, a me nā mea he nui ka algae i hoʻopau ʻia. ʻO nā kānaka āpau, 16% o nā ʻohana holoholona manu (47% o nā huaʻai o nā holoholona moana) a me 18% o nā ʻohana o nā heiau ʻāina, e komo ana me ka nui o nā mea nui a ʻilikahi. ʻO nā pūnaewele āpau e noho nei i ka Mesozoic i pau loa i ka luku ʻia, ka mea hope i hoʻoili hou i ka ulu ʻana o nā holoholona holoholona e like me nā manu a me nā mammals, nā mea i hāʻawi i ka nui o nā ʻano ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Paleogene e mahalo nei i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka hapanui o nā nīnika.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā pūʻulu ʻauhau o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona i nā pae mai ke kauoha a i luna ke ola nei i kēia manawa. No laila, nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāina, e like me nā moʻo, nā ʻōpala, nā lizards a me nā manu, a me nā crocodilomorphs, me nā ʻano kīnā i hiki mai i kēia lā, ʻaʻole nō i pau. Loaʻa nā hoahānau pili kokoke loa o ka ammonite - nautilus, mammals, nā corals a me nā mea kanu.
Aia he manaʻo manaʻo i kekahi mau dinosaur non-avian (hadrosaurs, theropods, etc.) i loko o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me India i mau miliona mau makahiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Paleogene ma hope o ka pau ʻana o lākou i kekahi mau wahi (Paleocene dinosaurs [en]). Eia kekahi, ʻano maikaʻi ʻole kēia ʻōlelo kuhi me kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hopena hoʻopau.
Nā kumu o ka pahuhopu
I ka hopena o 1990, ʻaʻohe nō o ka manaʻo o hoʻokahi a ʻike wale nō ke kumu o ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o kēia hānai.
Ma ka hapalua o ka makahiki 2010, ua loaʻa hou nā haʻawina o kēia pilikia i ka manaʻo nui i ka ʻepekema ʻepekema ʻo ke kumu nui o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka Cretaceous-Paleogene i ka hina o ke kino lani, ka mea i hoʻohālikelike ai i ka moku Chiksulub ma ka Penikala Yucatan. hoʻopili ʻia. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hoʻowahāwahā ʻia kēia wahi o ke ʻano, akā he nui nā mea ʻē aʻe, he koho hou a ʻano ʻē aʻe paha i manaʻo ʻia ka mea hiki ke loaʻa i kahi mea i ka papahola papaha.
Nā Kiʻi Hōʻailona
- He hopena hypothesis. ʻO ka hāʻule o ka asteroid kekahi o nā mana maʻamau maʻamau (e kapa ʻia nei ʻo "Alvarez hypothesis", kahi i loaʻa ai ka palena Cretaceous-Paleogene). Kūkā ʻia ia ma ka mea pili i waena o ka manawa o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lua chanxulub (ʻo ia ka hopena o kahi meteorite ma kahi o 10 km ka nui o 65 miliona mau makahiki i hala) ma ka Yucatan Peninsula ma Mekiko a me ka manawa o ka huno o ka hapa nui o ka ʻanoʻano dinosaur. Eia kekahi, ʻike ka papa o ka lani-mechanical (e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana o nā asteroids) e hōʻike ana nā meteorite i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 km maule me ka Honua ma kahi o kēlā me kēia 100 miliona mau makahiki, e pili ana i ka nui o ka nui, ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai nā lua pele. i waiho ʻia e nā meteorite, a ma ia ʻaoʻao, nā manawa ākea ma waena o nā olona o nā punina o nā mea ola i ka Phanerozoic. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ke kumumanaʻo e ka hoʻonui hoʻonui ʻia o ka iridium a me nā platinoid i loko o kahi lau aniani ma ka palena o ka waihona limestone o Cretaceous a me Paleogene, i hoʻomaopopo ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana o ka honua. Kuhi pono kēia mau ʻenehana i loko o ka mantle a me ke kumu o ka Honua a ākea loa lākou i ka ʻili o ka papa. Ma waho aʻe, ʻike pono ka kikoʻī o nā asteroids a komapa ʻikepili mua i ke kūlana mua o ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā, kahi e noho ai ʻo iridium i kahi kūlana i ʻoi aku ka nui. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā simulate kamepiula, ua hōʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema ma kahi o 15 trillion tons o ka lehu a me ka soot i hoʻolei ʻia i ka lewa, a he pouli hoʻi ma ka Honua e like me ka mahina mahina. Ma muli o ka nele o ka mālamalama, ua lohi nā mea kanu a i hoʻopau ʻia ka photosynthesis no 1-2 mau makahiki, hiki iā ia ke loaʻa i ka emi o ke kahe o ka oxygen i ka lewa (ʻoiai ua pani ʻia ka Honua mai ka lohi). Ua hāʻule ka mahana o nā makana ma o 28 ° C, ma nā kai moana - e 11 ° C. ʻO ka nalo ʻana o ka phytoplankton, kahi mea koʻikoʻi o ke kaulahao meaʻai i ke kai, ua alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻopau ʻana o zooplankton a me nā holoholona holoholona. Mamuli o ka manawa i hala i ke kuamoʻo o nā aineol sulfate, ua emi ka nui o ka nui o ka honua honua ma o 26 ° C, a hiki i 16 mau makahiki he ka lalo o ka mahana +3 ° C. Ke waiho nei ma waena o ka mānoanoa o ka suevite a i ʻole ka hopena breccia a me ka palena nui o Paleocene pelagic limestone, ʻo ka 76-cm mau ka helehelena i loko o ka moku Kahixiculub, me ka papa o luna me nā pā o ke kuʻi a ʻeli (en: Trace fossil), i hana ʻia ma lalo o 6 mau makahiki ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka asteroid. Kākoʻo ia i wehewehe ʻia i ka paukū e ka hāʻule ʻana o kahi lani kahi i kākoʻo ʻia e ka nui o ka nui o ka acidity o ka papa wai o ka moana ma ka Cretaceous - ua palena Paleogene (he kahe o ka pH o 0.2-0.3), i hōʻike ʻia e ka noiʻi ʻana i ka koho isotopic i nā pūhaka o nā foraminifera fossils. A hiki i kēia manawa, ua kū mau ka pae acidity i loko o nā makahiki he 100 mau makahiki o ka Cretaceous. ʻO ka hoʻonui hoʻonui nui i ka waikawa i ukali ʻia e ka manawa hoʻonui nui i ka alkalinity (hoʻonui i ka pH ma ka 0.5), ka mea i kū i 40 mau makahiki mai ka palena ʻo Cretaceous-Paleogene. ʻO ka hoʻi o ka waikawa i ka pae mua i lawe i kekahi 80 mau makahiki. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēlā mau hiʻohiʻona e ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka alkali ma muli o ka pau ʻana o ka calcining plankton ma muli o ka wikiwiki o ka wai o ka wai o ka wai ma o ka ua o SO2 a KE NO ^xi hopu ʻia ma ka lewa ma muli o ke kī hōʻaha nui.
- ʻO ka ʻōnaehana o ka "pā hopena" (eng. Hui pā hanana he nui), e pili ana i kekahi mau hanana pākahi. Hoʻohana ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, e wehewehe i ka hele ʻole ʻana o ka hope (ʻike i ka pauku Hypothesis Deficiencies). Ma ke kūlike ʻole iā ia ka mea ʻo ka meteorite nāna i hana i ka lua Chiksulub, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻāpana o kahi kino lani nui aʻe. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei kekahi poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka Shiva crater ma lalo o ke Kaiʻula, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka manawa like, ʻo ia nō ka hopena o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka meteorite lua, ʻoi aku ka nui, akā naʻe kēia ʻano ʻike. Aia kahi pāʻani ma waena o nā hypotheses o ka hopena o kekahi o hoʻokahi meteorite paha - he kue me ka pālua o ka meteorite pālua. He kūpono kēia o nā ʻāpana chiksulub no ka hopena inā he liʻiliʻi ka liʻiliʻi o ka meteorites, akā he like ko lāua like me ka nui a me ka nui me ka meteorite hypothesis o kekahi pahu.
- He pahū supernova kahi i pana ʻole ʻia nā lālani gamma.
- Ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana o ka Honua me kahi pāʻina. Hoʻomaopopo kēia koho i ka ʻaoʻao "Walking me nā Dinosaurs." ʻO ka mea hoʻokūkū kaulana kaulana ʻo Lisa Randall e hoʻopili i ke kuhi o kahi comet e hāʻule ana i ka Honua me ka mana o nā meaʻeleʻele.
ʻO ka lawehala terestrial
- ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana ʻano lua pele, kahi i pili pū me ka nui o nā hopena e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka biosphere: kahi hoʻololi o ke ʻano ʻōhua o ka hau kō, kahi hale ʻōmaʻamau ma muli o nā hoʻoiho o ka carbon dioxide i ka wā o ka hū ʻana, kahi hoʻololi i nā kukui o ka Honua ma muli o nā hoʻohemo ʻana o ka lehu lua pele (volcanic winter). Kākoʻa ʻia kēia hypothesis e nā hōʻike geological pili nui o ka hamama i waena o 68 a 60 miliona mau makahiki i ka ʻāina ʻo Hindustan, kahi i hoʻopiʻi ʻia ai nā lapuwale o Deccan.
- ʻO ka hāʻule nui o ka pae kai i hana ʻia i ka hopena hope loa (Maastrichtian) o ka manawa Cretaceous ("Maastricht regression").
- Hoʻololi i nā mahana makahiki a me ke kauwela. Pono kūpono kēia inā kuhi ka maʻi homoyothermy o nā dinosaurs nui, e makemake ai i kahi mahana ʻoluʻolu. Akā, ʻaʻole i kūhoea ka manawa i ka manawa me ka loli o ke anuanu, a, ma muli o ka noiʻi o kēia wā, ʻo nā dinosaurs ua hōʻoluʻolu maoli i nā maʻi koko (ʻike i ke ʻano o nā dinosaurs).
- Lele kahi koi kō i ka mākona pili Honua.
- ʻO ka ʻōhū o ka oxygen i ka lewa o ka Honua.
- ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka moana.
- ʻO ka hoʻololi i ka ʻano hana o ka wai kai.
Honua honua
- He mau maʻi hopohopo nui ʻo Epizooty.
- ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā Dinosaurs i kahi loli i loko o nā ʻano o nā mea kanu a i pau nā ʻano o nā alkaloid i loko o nā mea kanu ulu hou (me naʻe, ua hoʻopili ʻia no ka ʻumi mau miliona o nā makahiki, a ua ʻōlapa maoli ia me ke ʻano o nā mea kanu pua e kūleʻa ana ka holomua o kekahi mau pūʻulu o nā dinosaur o ka mauʻu meʻe. )
- ʻO ka nui o nā dinosaur i hoʻomake a ikaika i nā mammary mua, e luku ana i nā ʻūʻī o nā hua a me nā ʻīlio.
- He ʻano o ka mana o ka neʻe mua ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o nā dinosaur non-avian e nā mammals. Eia kekahi, liʻiliʻi nā holoholona manuahi āpau ʻo Cretaceous, ʻo ka nui o nā holoholona insectivorous. ʻAʻole i like ko zavropsids, ka mea, he mahalo i ka nui o nā hoʻomohala holomua, e like me ke ʻano o nā unahi a me nā ʻulaʻula, nā hua manu ma kahi pāwīwī a me ka hānau ʻana, ua hiki ke loaʻa kahi pūnāwai hou i hoʻokahi manawa - nā ʻāina maloʻo kahi mamao loa mai nā punahele, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā mea uluola hoʻomohala maoli i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. hale kiʻi hou. ʻO ka metabolism o ka liʻiliʻi ma kekahi mau dinosaur e like me ka nui o nā kūpuna, e like me ka mea e hōʻike ai i ka isotopic, ka hoʻohālikelike morphological, moʻolelo a me nā ʻike kikoʻī. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he paʻakikī paʻakikī ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā manu manawaleʻa ʻokoʻa ma nā manu primitima, he mau ʻokoʻa kēia mau pūʻulu i ka pae o nā ʻohana a me nā kauoha, ma kahi o nā papa, i nā cladistic ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he ʻano kauoha like ʻole o ka papa o ka koa kiʻi.
- ʻO kekahi manawa ke hele mai ka hypothesis i kēlā ʻaoʻao o nā reptile moana nui i hiki ʻole ke kū i ka hoʻokūkū me nā ʻano o nā kaola ʻānō i kū mai i kēlā manawa. Eia nō naʻe, i ka ʻōlelo ʻana mai o Devonian, ua hōʻoia like ʻole nā hiaka me ka mahalo nui i nā vertebrates e ulu pū ʻia, iʻa me ka iʻa ma ka bony. Uwā, nui loa a holomua i ka hope o kā lākou mau loea, ua ala aʻe i ka hopena ʻo Cretaceous ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka plesiosaurs, akā ua loli koke lākou e nā Mosasaurs e hoʻomaka ana e noho i nā nīnaka i nā manawa.
"Manaʻo" Biosphere "
I kahi paleontology ʻo Lūkini, ua kaulana loa ka mana o ka biosphere o ka "extinction nui", me ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā dinosaurs non-avian. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ka hapa nui o nā paleontologists nāna i hoʻomohala i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā dinosaurs, akā, nā holoholona ʻē aʻe: nā mammals, nā pepona, a pēlā aku. Wahi a ia, ʻo nā kumu nui e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā dinosaur non-avian a me nā mea nui ʻē aʻe.
- ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea kanu pua.
- Hoʻololi ka loli ʻōlohelohe i hoʻoiho ʻia e ka Continental drift.
ʻO ka ʻano o nā hanana i hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia e hōʻike ʻia penei:
- ʻO nā mea kanu pua, aia kahi ʻoi aku ka ulu o nā aʻa a hoʻohana i ka hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻāina palau, e hoʻololi koke i nā ʻano lāʻau ʻē aʻe ma nā wahi āpau. Ma ka manawa like, ua puka aku nā loiloi loiloi i ka ʻai pua ola, a me nā iniseti, "pili ʻia" i nā mea kanu mua ma mua o nā make.
- Kūkulu nā mea kanu pua i kahi turf, ʻo ia ka suppressor kūlohelohe maoli. Ma muli o kā lākou kahele ʻana, ka hakakā ʻana o ka ʻili o ka ʻāina a, no laila, ua emi ka nui o ke komo ʻana i nā wai. ʻO ka "hoʻopau 'ʻana o ka moana i ka meaʻai ka mea i make ai ka hapa nui o ke algae, ʻo ia ka mea nui i hana i ka biomass ma ke kai. Me ke kaulahao, ua hala kēia i ka haki hoʻopau ʻana o ka kaona moana āpau a waiho i nā luku nui i ke kai. Ua hoʻopiʻi pū kekahi ka pahuhopu like ʻole e pili ana i nā dinosaur lele lele, ka mea, e like me nā manaʻo i loaʻa, i pili pinepine ʻia me ke kai.
- Ma ka ʻāina, hoʻoneʻe ikaika nā holoholona i ka ʻai ʻana i nā lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo (ma ke ala, dinosaurs herbivorous nui nō hoʻi). Ma ka papa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, puka mai nā phytophages mammalian liʻiliʻi (e like me nā kiʻi hou). Hāʻawi ko lākou helehelena i ka hiʻohiʻona o nā mea kamaʻilio kūpono, i lilo pū ʻia i mau momi. ʻAʻole weliweli nā mōmela liʻiliʻi ʻona liʻiliʻi i ka mōlia makua, akā ʻai ʻo ia i kā lākou hua a me nā ʻōpio, e hana ana i nā pilikia hou i ka hana hou ʻana no nā dinosaurs. I ka manawa like, hiki i ka pale o nā keiki no nā dinosaurs nui ke kumu no ka nui loa o ka nui o ka nui o nā pākeke a me nā cubs.
Ma ka maʻalahi ka hoʻokumu i ka pale o ka masonry (kekahi mau dinosaur i ka hope Cretaceous hana maoli i kēia mau ʻano hana), akā naʻe, i ka hapa o ka cub ka nui o ka pīpī, a ʻo nā mākua ka nui o kahi elephant, e koʻi ka wikiwiki loa mai ka pale mai i ka hoʻouka ʻana. |
- Ma muli o ka paʻa paʻa loa i ka nui o ka nui o ka hua manu (ma muli o ka mānoanoa ʻona ākea) i nā ʻanoʻano dinosaur nui, hānau ʻia nā cubs ma mua o ka poʻe pākeke (ma ka nui loa, nā ʻano nui ma waena o nā pākeke a me nā ʻehā mau tausani) mau manawa.ʻO kēia ka mea nui o ka dinosaurs i ke kaʻina hana e ulu mau i kaʻai o ko lākou mau meaʻai, a ma ka manawa mua o ka hoʻolālā ʻana e hoʻokūkū lākou me nā ʻano loea i nā ʻano nunui. ʻO ka nele o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻike ma waena o nā hanauna he nui wale i kēia pilikia.
- Ma muli o ke kaʻa o ka Continental ma ka hope o ka Cretaceous, ua loli ka ʻōnaehana o ka lewa a me nā wai moana, kahi i hōʻalo ai i kahi nui ma kahi nui o ka ʻāina a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pā panilima makahiki, kahi i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia i ka luaʻi. ʻO Dinosaurs, ʻoiai he hui kūikawā, ʻoi loa ka paʻakikī o kēlā mau loli. ʻAʻole holoholona i hoʻokahe ʻia nā Dinosaurs, a hiki i ka loli maoli ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano he nui koʻikoʻi no ka pau ʻana o lākou.
Ma muli o kēia mau kumu āpau, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole no nā dinosaurs non-avian, kahi i pau ai ke ʻano o ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano hou. ʻO nā "kahiko" ʻanoʻano o ka dinosaur i noho no kekahi manawa, akā nīlohi ua pau. ʻO ka mea, ʻaʻole he hoʻokūkū ikaika ma waena o nā dinosaurs a me nā mammals; ua hana lākou i nā papa like ʻokoʻa, kahi i like ʻole. Ma hope wale o ka nalo ʻana o ka dinosaurs i pio aku i ka mammals i nā nīnūnū nīnūnū ʻūlū, a hoʻi koke ʻole.
ʻO ka mea kupaianaha, ʻo ka hoʻomohala o nā archosaurs mua i ka Triassic i ukali pū me ka hoʻolila hele ʻana o nā therapsids he nui, nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe o nā mamela mua primip oviparous.
Ua hui ʻia
Hiki i nā hypotheses ma luna ke hoʻopili pono i kekahi i kekahi, i hoʻohana ʻia e kekahi mau noiʻi e kau i nā ʻano o nā hypotheses hui pū ʻia. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka hopena o ka meteorite nunui ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka hana o ka lua pele a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kahi nui o ka lepo a me ka lehu, kahi i hiki ai ke alakaʻi i kahi loli i ke anuanu, a, ʻo kēia, e hoʻololi i ke ʻano o nā mea kanu a me nā mea ʻai, a pēlā aku. hiki nō ke kumu no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā wai. Hoʻomaka ʻo ka lua pele ʻo Deccan ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka meteorite, akā ma kekahi manawa ua ʻike pinepine ʻia a nā puʻu liʻiliʻi (71,000 cubic metala o kēlā me kēia makahiki) kahi ala o nā keke a nunui (900 miliona cubic metala no kēlā me kēia makahiki). Ua ʻike ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka pahuhū ma lalo o ka mana o kahi meteorite i hāʻule i ka manawa like (me kahi hewa o 50 tausani mau makahiki).
Ua ʻike ʻia aia ma kekahi mau reptile, ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā hua ma ka hua pālolo hua manu. I ka makahiki 2004, he hui o nā mea noiʻi mai ka British University of Leeds, i alakaʻi ʻia e David Milleangle. Ua ʻōlelo aku ʻo David Miller) inā he ʻano like like ʻole ka hanana o ka dinosaur, a laila hiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke panina he mau tikana wale nō ka mea e hoʻonāukiuki i ka hānau ʻana mai o nā kāne wale nō (male, no ka laʻana), a me kēia mea hoʻi, e hana hou i ka hana hou ʻole.
Nā maʻi hypyphesis
ʻAʻole kekahi o kēia mau hypotheses i hiki ke wehewehe piha i ka pehu paʻakikī o nā mea i pili i ke mele ʻole o nā dinosaur non-avian a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ka hope o ka Cretaceous.
ʻO nā pilikia nui o nā ʻōpili i kau ʻia:
- Ke kiko pono nei nā hypotheses kia pau, ma muli o kekahi mau mea noiʻi, i hele like me ka like me ka manawa ma mua, akā i ka manawa like i pau nā mea hou i ka hana ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā hui piha.
- ʻO nā hypotheses hoihoi āpau (hopena hypotheses), me nā mea astronomical, ʻaʻole i pili i ka lōʻihi o ka manawa i manaʻo ʻia (ʻo nā pūʻulu holoholona he nui o ka make ʻana ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ka Cretaceous, a loaʻa kahi hōʻike no ka hanana o Paleogene dinosaurs, mosasaurs a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe). ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ammonite like ʻole i nā ʻano heteromorphic e hōʻike ana i kekahi ʻano ʻano ʻano like ʻole. ʻOi aku paha nā ʻano he nui loa i helu ʻia e kekahi mau kaʻina lōʻihi a kū hoʻi i ke ala o ka hoʻopau ʻana, a maʻalahi wale ka pōʻino i ke kaʻina hana.
- ʻO kekahi mau hypotheses i lawa ka hōʻike. No laila, ʻaʻohe mau hōʻike i ʻike ʻia ka pili o ke ʻano o ka poʻomanaʻo o ka Honua i ka ʻūhā, ʻaʻohe kūʻiʻo mau i ke kumu ʻo ka loʻohia o Maastricht i ke pae o ka Honua. ka laula a ka lua pele i ka hopena o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻāpana Deccan, a i ʻole ka ikaika o nā loli honua i ke aniani a me ka honua.
Loaʻa nā hemahema o ka mana o ka biosphere
- Nā Faila Media Commons
- Pūnaewele "Kanakaʻala"
Ma ka pepa i kau aku nei, e hoʻohana ka moʻolelo i nā manaʻo hypothetical e pili ana i ka physiology a me ke ʻano o ka dinosaurs, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻano hoʻohua āpau a me nā kumuhana i loaʻa i ka Mesozoic, a i ka hope o ka Cretaceous, a no laila ʻaʻole ia e wehewehe i ka hoʻoiho mau ʻana o nā dinosaurs ma nā konika i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kekahi.