Aupuni: | Eumetazoi |
Moulou | Lepidosauromorphs |
Maikuhi: | Caenophidia |
Kekaha: | Viperoidea |
Ohana: | ʻO nā mea kikoʻī |
- Viper (Viperinae)
- Pit (Crotalinae)
- Azemiopinae
ʻO nā mea kikoʻī, a i ole ʻōwili manu (lat. Viperidae), - he ʻohana o nā nahesa ʻona, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ʻike ʻia nā vipers.
He pālua lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o nā vipers a pau, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā pona mai nā hakahaka i loaʻa ʻole ma hope o ka iwi i luna. Loaʻa kēlā me kēia punu ʻelua ma mua o ka waha i ka iwi maxillary e ʻoliʻoli ana a hoʻi i mua. Inā hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, kāwili ʻia nā ʻāwīwī a uhi ʻia a uhi ʻia i ka wīwī kiʻi. Hoʻokele ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa a me nā ʻao hema a me kekahi. I ka wā hakakā, hāmama ka waha ma kahi kihi a hiki i 180 degere a ua aʻe ka iwi i mua, protruding fangs. Hoʻopaʻa ka ʻāʻā ma luna o ka pili, a me nā ikaika ikaika e puni ana i ke aelike o nā leona, e ʻoki ana i ka honu o ka keli. Hana koke ʻia kēia hana a ʻoi aku kekahi mau pana mai kahi o ka pōʻai. Ke hoʻohana nei nā kau nahe i kēia hana i ka lua e hoʻomālamalama aku i ka mea nāna e hoʻomālamalama a no ka pale ʻana iho.
ʻO ke poʻo o nā nahesa he wahi kūlohelohe ʻole ia i ka laulā, me kahi welau nasal blunt a me nā kihi ʻānō e pihi ana ma hope. I ka wēlau o ka ihu, ma waena o nā ihu, he mau ʻano he manu a he pakanu paha i hana ʻia e nā unahi. I nā ʻano ʻehā ʻē aʻe, kahi like nā outgrowth e kū i luna o nā maka, i hana i kahi mea like me nā pū. He liʻiliʻi nā maka, me kahi haumāna kuʻi. Hiki i nā haumāna ke wehe a pau i ka laulā ākea o ka maka, a kokoke kokoke pau, e hiki ai i nā nakahi ke ʻike i loko o kekahi māmā. ʻO kahi cushion liʻiliʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā unahi ʻoi aku nā kumuhana ma luna o nā maka. Hāʻawi ke kākela maikaʻi i ka nahesa i ka nānā a koʻikoʻi paha. Hoʻopili ke kino, hina - nui hoʻi i ka ʻaoʻao waena. Hoʻopili ke ʻili. Ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka kala i nā ʻano a me nā wahi noho, akā e hoʻopiʻi mau ʻia a hūnā i ka nahe i ke kua o ke kua.
Hoʻoponopono nā kime ma kekahi ʻāina a hiki i ka 3,000 mika ma luna o ke kai a maʻamau i alakaʻi i kahi ʻano ʻāina. ʻO ka maʻa maʻamau nā nāhelehele e makemake i kahi nohona nocturnal. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā nahesa ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻia lākou he lohi, ʻimi pinepine ʻia i ka pō, e hoʻouka ana i nā mea pio mai kahi e hoʻohālua ana. ʻAi lākou i ka rodents liʻiliʻi, nā amphibians, nā manu, a me kekahi mau iniseti, e like me ko lākou noho. ʻO ka mea i haki ʻia, e like me ke kānāwai, make i loko o kahi mau minuke mai kahi hopena hemolytic. Ma hope o kēlā, ʻai ka ʻalā i ka mea.
He maʻamau nā mākaʻāina o ka ʻohana ma Eurasia, ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema, ke hala ma ʻAulopa, ma nā mokupuni o Oceania, New Guinea a me Madagascar.
No nā ʻōpiola mau ka pau ʻO nā crotaloides Laophis, hiki aku i ka lōʻihi o 3-4 m a ʻo ka mea nui i mua o nā naʻaupō i ʻike ʻia.
ʻO nā mea e pōʻino loa ʻia nā momo kuapo.
ʻO ka viper maʻamau (Vipera berus) ke kahele ʻia nei ma ka ʻāina ululāʻau o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia mai nā mokupuni Pelekane a hiki i Sakhalin a me nā Shantar Islands, komo. ʻAʻole kona lōʻihi i ka lōʻihi o 75 cm. ʻO ke kala o ka piko o ke kino mai nā polū-hina ke ʻeleʻele hoʻi i ka ʻeleʻele. Ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal kahi pōuli zigzagʻeleʻele, ʻaʻole i ʻike mau ʻia.
I ka hema, i nā ʻāpana loea a me nā ʻāpana o ke ala, a me nā kahakai o ka Pae ʻeleʻele a me Caspian, aia kahi liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻulaʻula ala kaila (V. ursini). ʻAe nā ʻumi aspis (V. aspis) a me nā one (V. atmodyte) i nā kai kūʻono i ke kahakai ʻākau o ke Kai Hikina.
ʻAʻole pōʻino nā kamika o kēia mau kīwaha i nā kānaka. Loaʻa nā hopena i hala no ka hala o 0.5%, a me ka manawa kūpono a hāʻawi ʻia i ke kōkua mua, ua pau ʻole.
Ua ʻāwīwī iki ka pila o ka ʻAmelika Viper (Vipera xantina) i nā ʻāina o ka Hikina Hikina. ʻO kona hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona he papa hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻāpana po ʻala a i ʻole ʻokaʻohi ʻulaʻula me kahi aniani polimele, hui pinepine ʻia i loko o kahi ākea polu ākea ma ka pihi.
He hoke nui ka nui o Gyurza (Vipera lebetina) kekahi o kāna mau ʻāpana ākea i ka lōʻihi o 1.6 m. Hiki i ke kaila o ke gyurza hiki ke ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona brownish ākea o ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kino me nā wahi ʻeleʻele e kū mai ana ma luna o ia mea. ʻO ka lalo ma lalo nā kukui hina me nā wahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka māhelehele o ka gyurza he ākea loa. Hiki i na wahi nui o ke kahakai o ko Hikina o Aferika a ma kekahi mau mokupuni o ke Kaiwaenahonua, ma na aina o ka Hikina Hema, ma Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan a me North-West India. Ma ka ʻāpana o ka USSR ua lawe ʻia ʻo ia i loko o ka Caucasus a me nā ʻaoʻao hema o Central Asia. Noho ʻo ia,) noho pinepine ʻo ia i nā mauna maloʻo, i waena o nā ʻohe a me nā pua sparse, ma nā pali a me nā awāwa wai. Hoʻolimalima ʻo ia e pili kokoke i nā waʻa o ka lawaiʻa, ma ka ʻāina kanu, e komo pinepine i nā wahi o kauhale. I ke kauwela, alakaʻi ia i kahi ola nocturnal, i ka pūnāwai a me ka ʻohi he ikaika ia i ka lā. Piʻi pinepine i nā lāʻau, e kali ana i nā manu. Ke hoʻokokoke pinepine aku nei kekahi kanaka, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻouka me ia.
ʻO ka pīpī Gyurza ke kumu i hōʻino nui ai. Ma waho o ka mālama ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono, 10% o kēlā mau mea i make.
ʻO Sand sand epha (Echis carinatus, Fig. 85) ka mea ākea loa ma waena o nā ʻāpana waonahele, e noho ana ma nā ʻāina ākea o nā wao nahele a me nā wahi mua o ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema, e hoʻomaka ana mai Tunisia a hiki i India a me Sri Lanka. I ko mākou ʻāina, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i nā ʻaoʻao hema o Central Central, me ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka moana Aral a me ke kahakai hikina o ka Caspian i ka ʻaoʻao ʻo Kara-Bogaz-Gol. ʻO kēia ʻoki liʻiliʻi, ma ka awelika 50-60 cm ka lōʻihi, ʻokoʻa ka hapanui o nā vipers i kona wikiwiki a me ka neʻe ʻana. I ka nui o nā hihia maʻamau, ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kaho ʻulaʻula, ma ka palena o ke kua a me nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ke kiʻi o ka zigzag kukui i ʻoki ʻia mai lalo mai e kahi laina poʻokela ʻole. Ma ke kua he ʻano pūnāwai koloka o nā wahi lihilihi. Ma ke poʻo aia kahi hiʻohiʻona kānana māmā.
Ua hoʻopihapiha ʻia ʻo Efa me ke ola ma ka wao. E neʻe koke ka neʻe me ke one ma kahi ʻano kūikawā, "lateral" a hiki ke kahakaha iā ia, e hoʻolalelale ana i nā hua kanu kahili me nā neʻe kino kahaha. I ka manawa like, ʻike ʻia he "ʻūlū" maoli i ke one ma mua o ko mākou mau maka. E like me nā moʻo hihiu he nui, i ka manawa wela, ʻohe nā ʻehā i ka pō. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ea, ua hoʻohuli lākou i ke ʻano maʻamau o kēlā me kēia lā. He pōʻino maoli ka maʻi o ka manu i ke kanaka. I ka haʻalele ʻana o ka mālama lapaʻau, aneane 6% o kēlā mau make make.
ʻO ka mea e weliweli loa no nā kānaka, ʻo ka mekameka kaulanā, a i ʻole daboya (Vipera russeli, Fig. 86), ua puʻupuʻu ma ka ʻĀina Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema mai India a hiki i ka hema o Kina, a me Taiwan, Ceylon, East Java a me kekahi mau mokupuni ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia ʻalopona koʻikoʻi a hiki i 1,5 m lōʻihi ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni maikaʻi loa. Ma ke kua, ma ke kua he brownish a hina paha, he ʻekolu mau lālani ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻia e nā pekeʻeleʻele me nā ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo. Hiki ke hoʻohui i nā wahi kuʻuna e noho me kekahi, e hana ana i kahi kaula. Aia kahi hiʻohiʻona pua i ke poʻo. Holo nā poli keʻokeʻo mai nā maka a nā kihi o ka waha.
Noho ka poʻe vipers chain ma nā kahakai a ma nā wahi kuahiwi, noho maikaʻi ʻia ma nā ʻāina kālaina. Ke alakaʻi nei lākou i kahi nohona pōkole, a i ka lā e hūnā ai lākou i nā ʻuā o nā rodents a i loko o nā wahi ʻē aʻe a bask paha i ka lā. Hoʻopau lākou i nā alahele a me nā ala, komo i nā hale.
Ke hālāwai lākou i kahi kanaka, ʻaʻole lākou ākea, akā i ka hoʻonāukiuki hiki iā lākou ke hoʻolei i kahi lōʻihi o ke kino holoʻokoʻa, e ʻuwī ana i ka lepo.
ʻO ka pōʻino o ke kolo me Daboya e hōʻemi ʻia ma muli o ka manaʻo nui ke kani nui ʻia o ka nahesa i lohe ʻia ma kahi lōʻihi o kekahi mau mika. ʻOiai ʻo kēia, ʻo ka mea hoʻohana i ke kaulahao e hōʻike ana i ka hapa nui o nā ʻ nakahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma India a me Indochina.
Ka mea hona nui ʻia e ka daboya venom i nā kānaka, a ua kiʻekiʻe ka hopena i hoʻomoʻa ʻia e ka ʻinala, no laila, paʻakikī ka lāʻau ʻona. Ma ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana, ʻoi aku ma mua o 15% o ka poʻe i make.
Ma ka mokupuni ʻAmelika, i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kahakai ʻākau, ua maʻamau nā vipers ʻAmelika (ʻo ka genus Bitis). I nā ʻumi heʻumi, ʻo ka mea nui e weliweli loa, ʻo ka viper kani (Bitis arietans), nā ʻāpana nui he lōʻihi o ka 1.5 m ka lōʻihi. He ʻulaʻula a he hina paha kona kala. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kua he nui o nā waihoʻoluʻu melemele ʻulaʻula i kuhikuhi ʻia me nā pihi mua a i ʻāhiʻi ʻia i mua o nā kī maka ʻulaʻula nui. Mai nā maka i nā luakini he ʻelua mau kaula ākea ākea e pili ana i kahi laina transverse kukui.
Aia kahi ʻōpiopio i kau mau ʻāina a pau, koe wale nō nā wao nahele a me nā neoneo, loaʻa i nā ʻāina mahiʻai, komo i loko o nā hale. Mahalo i kona ʻano variegated, paʻakikī loa ka ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻili e pili ana, e hoʻonui ana i ka hiki ke hoʻopili aku me ia. Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi nohona nocturnal. Ka lā lohi a phlegmatic. Hoʻokahi wale nō o ka huhū koʻikoʻi e hoʻomaka i kāna mau leo nui, ke hoʻolilo nei? ʻO ka papa wai, ʻo ia ke kumu no ka inoa meʻiona. "
He mea make nui e nā kānaka no ka hoʻohālikelike no ka wīwī.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻōpū ʻAmelika, ʻo Gabon viper, e lōʻihi ana i ka lōʻihi o 2 m. Ma ka ulana helehelena, ʻo ia kekahi o nā nahesa maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino e uhi ʻia me kahi kohu o nā ʻano geometric maʻamau o kahi kū like ʻole, i kiʻi ʻia i nā kaila ʻulaʻula, nā poni, ka ʻulaʻula, ke keʻokeʻo a me ke kala ʻula. Hele ma ke alapale he lālani ʻōniʻomaʻo o nā keʻokeʻo a i ʻole ka ʻulaʻula māmā, ke poʻo hina ke poʻo me kahi kaula pōkole ʻoliki ma ka waenakonu a ʻelua mau ʻāpana ʻokoʻa ma nā ʻaoʻao. Ma ka mua o ka muzzle i ʻelua mau kime o ka awl nui i ʻokiʻihi. Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻole i ka naheka i ka ʻao i kū mai i kahi māla o ka mea kanu hihiu. Loaʻa ka hulu ʻenehana Gabon ma nā ʻaoʻao komohana a me ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ʻApelika.
Makemake i nā wahi lāʻau a me nā ʻumi. He kūlana maluhia ʻo Gabon viper a ʻike pinepine ʻole nā huki. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hona i hiki i kāna mau nīnī ua paʻakikī a alakaʻi pinepine i ka make o nā mea i hōʻeha ʻia. ʻO nā kīkī lāʻau ka mea maʻamau i nā māulele ulu o ʻApelika Waena. He liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, agile, nāʻaila paʻa e like me 50-60 cm lōʻihi, ua hoʻokaʻawale i ke ola ma nā lāʻau. Hoʻohukohu ʻia lākou i nā ʻano aniani o nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo me nā pua melemele, ma muli o lākou e pani maikaʻi ʻia i waena o nā lau. Hoʻokomo ʻia kā lākou kakaka ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna e hoʻokauʻeha nui i nā mea hānai.
Nā Vipers (Viperidae)
ʻO nā Vipers, a i ʻole Viperidae (Viperidae) - kahi ʻohana nui o nā nahe ʻona, i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia nā vipers. ʻO ka viper ka mea ʻona maikaʻi loa e pili ana i kā mākou lat lat, no laila he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i kēia mau lehelehe kūloko mai nā nahelehele kanaka.
ʻO ka wehewehe Viper
Kohu ʻia nā ʻōpala āpau i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pālua i loko a i nā lōʻihi lōʻihi kahi i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻāwili i haku ʻia e nā pona ʻona no ke kiʻi pono ʻia ma hope o ka iwi āua. Aia kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o kēia mau luha i mua o ka waha o ka nahesa, a aia ma ka iwi rotate maxillary.
Ma waho o ka manawa o ka hoʻohana ʻana, e hoʻi hope nā fangs a hoʻopili me kahi membrane kiʻiʻoniʻoni kūikawā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā hema a me nā hema hema e lele kūʻokoʻa ana kekahi i kekahi. I ka wā o ke hakakā, hiki i ka waha o ka nahesa ke wehe i kahi kihi a hiki i 180 degere, a ʻo ka iwi i hoʻoikaika ʻia e hoʻokuʻu i nā fangs i mua. ʻO ka pani ʻana i nā ʻūhā ke kau ʻia i ka wā e hoʻopili ai, ʻoiai nā ikaika a hoʻomoʻi ʻia a puni nā ʻalā o nā aʻalā make i nā mea ʻalopona. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia hana koke koke me kahi nu, a hoʻohana ʻia e nā nahesa e hoʻomālamalama i ka mea ʻāpono a i ʻole no ka pale ʻana iā ia iho.
ʻO ke poʻo o ka naheka he wahi triangular ʻano lapuwale me ke kaila nasal blunt a hōʻailona i ke kū makaʻo. Ma ka wēlau o ka ihu, pololei ma waena o nā pūhaka, no kekahi mau ʻano, ka nui o ka puka a i ʻole nā pakanā ʻelua i hana ʻia e nā unahi i ka ʻano. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻano ʻoiʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe e ka wahi o kēlā mau ʻano protruding outgrowths ma luna o nā maka. I kēia hihia, hoʻohālikelike lākou i kahi mea like me nā pū pepeiao maʻamau.
He liʻiliʻi ka maka o nā reptile, me kahi haumana i kū pono ʻia e hiki ke wehe wale i kona pālahalaha piha ʻana, akā e hoʻokaho like pū ana nō hoʻi, nā mahalo i ʻike ʻia nā nahesa i kekahi mau mālamalama. E like me ke kānāwai, aia kahi kāʻei liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā maka e hoʻopili ana i nā mea kaupaona.
Hāʻawi ke kākela maikaʻi i ka nahesa i kahi ʻano maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole paha. ʻO ke kino o ka reptile he pōkole loa ka nui a ākea paha i ka ʻaoʻao waena. Hoʻokaʻawale wale ka kala i ia mau mea a me nā ʻano o nā ʻano, akā ke kiaʻi mau nei ia a hūnā i nā nahesa i kahi o ke ʻano kūlohelohe.
Viper Family - Viperidae
Ua poepoe ia ke poʻo ʻuʻuku, a wehe ʻia mai ka ʻāʻī, a ʻo kona ʻaoʻao luna i uhi ʻia me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā pale liʻiliʻi e like me nā pale. Hoʻopili ke kino, pokole ka huelo. ʻO ka maka me kahi haumana piʻi. Ma ka ʻaoʻao luna e noho ai nā niho nui hānai. I loko o nā manu o ka USSR he 7 mau ʻānō nona na 2 genera. Hiki ke loaʻa paha kekahi ʻano lāʻau ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka viper Persian Persela (Papa Helu 31), ka mea e pālahalaha ana ma nā ʻaoʻao komohana-hikina o Iran e hoʻopā ana i ka USSR.
Papa 31: 1 - gyurza (279), 2 - ʻĀpana Minor viper (278), 3 - ʻāwīwī Persian (270), 4 - sandy efa (281)
Viper Rod - Vipera
Steppe viper - Vipera ursini Vonap.
Papa 30: 1 - viper maʻamau (274), 1a - puka ʻeleʻele, 2 - ʻula kūpeʻe wāwae (271), 3 - Kaukaʻi Caucasian (274), 4 - viper nosed (277), 5 - mauʻu maʻamau (283), 6 - muzzle hikina (285)
Ka Palapala 113. Papa Hana Pūnaewele
Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. He liʻiliʻi a ʻokoʻa paha nā nui o ka nui: ʻo ka maʻamau ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 35-45 cm (a hiki i 57 cm). Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke poʻo mai ke kino, a me ka muzzle ma luna, i mua o ka laina e hoʻopili ana i nā kihi mua o nā maka, ua uhi ʻia me nā pale liʻiliʻi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻole. Hoʻokiʻoki ʻia ka puka ihu i lalo o ka pale pale nasal. Kuhi ʻia nā kihi o ka muzzle a hāpai i luna o luna. Ma luna o kahi kala ʻulaʻula-hina me kahi kaila zigzag pōʻeleʻele i ka pihi, i kekahi manawa i haki ʻia i nā wahi ʻokoʻa a i ʻole nā wahi. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino ma nā wahiʻeleʻele unsharp. Loaʻa nā pōkeleʻeleʻele hāpau.
Kuhi. 55. ʻO ke poʻo o ka mea pana pana mai luna
Kuhi. 56. Nostrils o nā pōpō: ma luna - maʻamau, i lalo - steppe
Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao wāwae a me ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke kaona waena-ʻanuʻu o nā ʻaoʻao ʻEulopa, ʻo Crimea, nā wahi i kāhea ʻia i ka Caucasus, Kazakhstan a me Central Asia.
Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ana kekahi i nā alaloa, nā kai moana, nā lāʻau pohala, nā mauna pōhaku, nā wahi neʻe ʻia o nā awāwa, nā awāwa, nā simeanky semi-dese a me nā one pae paʻa. Hōʻalo i ka ʻāina mahiai a waiho mau ʻo ia ke kīloi i nā lāʻau lāʻau, nā lāʻau, ma nā alanui. Ma kēia hiʻohiʻona, aneane pau loa i ka hapa nui o Moldova a me Ukraine hema. Ma hope o ka hoʻoilo, ʻike pinepine lākou i ka lā Malaki - ʻApelila Ke waiho nei i nā ʻūhā i lalo o nā pū, nā lua lepo, pae ʻole ma waena o nā pōhaku a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe i kahi i hānau ai lākou wale nō a i ʻole i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, hoʻomaka koke nā kīwaha. Ke ʻimi nui nei nā kāne i nā wahine, a ma kahi o hoʻokahi wahine he “hoʻohālikelike pāʻani”. Ma hope o ka wā e moe ai, i ka pūnāwai, hānai nā vipers i nā kīlei, ma kekahi mau manawa ke hopu lākou i nā voles, mole voles, hamsters, a me nā mea nui. ʻO nā Rodents a me nā ʻūhini e lilo i mea nui no ka poʻe kīpē i nā kauwela. Hāpai pū kekahi i nā hua puʻu o nā larks, nā mea wela, nā pōpoki a me nā manu ʻē aʻe; Pāloi nā ʻōpio pōpoki i nā mea inikini a me nā arachnids, liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi nā kīnika liʻiliʻi. ʻO 90-130 mau lā ma ka wā maʻi (maʻa pinepine 105-110). Mai ka hoʻomaka oʻAukake a hiki i ka waena o Kepakemapa, lawe pinepine nā wahine i ka 5-6 (3 a 16) mau cub 12-18 cm. Ma hope koke o ka hānau ʻana, molt ʻōpio.Nā molikāne molt 3 mau manawa i hoʻokahi makahiki (ʻApelila - Mei, Iulai - ʻAkake, hopena o ʻAukake - hoʻomaka o Kepakemapa). Hele lākou i ka moekolohe i ka makahiki ʻekolu o ke kino o 31-35 cm.
He make i ka ona, akā, he mea pōkole no ka mea, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā hihia me kahi hopena make. Hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau i ka hana ʻana o nā lāʻau. Hoʻokomo ʻia ma nā mea kanu.
Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOkoʻa ka ʻokoʻa ma ka viper maʻamau ma lalo o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, nā kihi a me nā ʻalihi i nā kihi o ka muzzle a me ke kūlana o nā nostrils ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o nā ʻalā, a mai ka puʻu Caucasian i ka puhuhuli, kala a nā loko, mai ka ʻāpana ʻāleka Asia Minder ma ke alo o nā mea palaka, a ʻaʻole nāʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi ma luna o ka puʻu ʻōpala.
Kaʻi Pūnaewele - Vipera kaznakowi Nik.
Ka Palapala 114. ʻaulelo Caucasian (1), niper viper (2), ʻĀpuka Minor (3)
Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. Ka awelika helu ʻana: ʻoi loa ka lōʻihi o ke kino ma kahi o 40-45 cm (a i ke 59 cm). He laulā loa ke poʻo me nā keʻa kūlohelohe kino ikaika. Hoʻokaʻawale kekahi ʻāpana cervical c wehe i ka poʻo mai ke kino māno. Hoʻopaka pinepine ka wehe ʻana i ka ihu i ka lalo o ka pale nasal. ʻO kahi a me ka helu o nā pale ma ke poʻo, e like me ka viper steppe. Paū ka waihoʻoluʻu. He ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha a he ʻulaʻula paha ke kino, ma ke kuahiwi e hele ai i kahi kaula pōkole a ʻeleʻele paha a zigzag, e ʻohi pinepine ʻia i nā wahi transversely elongated. ʻO ke poʻo i ka ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele pinepine, me nā kala ākea. Kahi ʻia nā kime ʻeleʻele piha.
Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Nā Kaukapila Komohana a me Transcaucasia Western.
Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ana nā puʻu mauna, subalpine a me nā ʻāpana alpine, e noho ana mai ke kahakai ʻo Black Black a hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2500 m ma mua o ke kai. Mālama ʻo ia i nā koina maka-like. Kauwahi. Ua aʻo ʻia ʻo Biology.
ʻO nā holoholona momona, ʻo nā holoholona holoholona a me nā pilikia ʻole ke pilikia o ke kanaka no kāna mau hōʻiliʻili. Hiki i ka mea ʻona ke hana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOkoʻa ka ʻokoʻa ma ka viper steppe i nā kukui māmā, mai Asia Minor i ke alo o nā ʻalā, a ʻaʻole hoʻi nā unahi liilii ma luna o ka muzzle, a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ia mai nā viper maʻamau.
Hoʻopuka maʻamau - Vipera berus (L.)
Ka Palapala 115. Viper maʻamau
Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. Nā nui lahilahi: maʻamau ka lōʻihi o ke kino 50-60 cm (a i ke 80 cm). Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke poʻo mai ke kino, ʻo ka muzzle ma luna, i mua o ka laina e hoʻopili ana i nā kihi o mua o nā maka; a me nā mea liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe, aia nā 3 nui (mua a me 2 parietal). ʻO ka wili o nā muzzle e kāʻei ʻia. Hoʻopau ʻia ka puka ihu i ka waena o ka pale nasal. Ma luna o kahi kala hina, brownish a ʻulaʻula paha, me kahi kaila zigzag pōkele ma ke kuahiwi. I ke poʻo he ana hoʻohālike X-ʻano. Hōʻalo nā laina ʻeleʻele mai ka maka a i ke kihi o ka waha. Loaʻa pinepine nā pōkele ʻeleʻele.
Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka waena a me ka'āpana ʻākau o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa, ma hema a hiki i kahi o 40 ° C. N, Siberia, ka Mahele mamao i Sakhalin i loko a me ka ʻākau i 61-63 ° C. w lu.
Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ka noho ʻana o nā wahi a me nā nāhelehele ala ala, makemake i nā mea i hui ʻia me nā kahe, nā wahi, nā pāheʻe nui, nā kahawai, nā loko a me nā kahawai. Piʻi nā mauna e 3000 m ma luna o ke kai. E like me ka hapanui o nā lehelehe o ke ana ʻākau a me ka wela, ua kahele hūnā ʻia a puni ka panalāʻau, e hana ana i ka "foci foci" ma nā wahi kūpono, akā ʻaʻole loa i nā wahi ākea. Kahi ʻia ka wahi o ka ʻōpū o ka hiona no nā kulu hoʻoilo kūpono. E like me ke kānāwai, he mea maʻule nā vipers, ʻaʻole e neʻe hou aʻe 60-100 m, a ʻo ka pūnaewele o kahi ʻaina ʻalā, ʻo 1.5-4.0 ha. Ma ka manawa o ke kau a me ka hoʻoilo ke neʻe nei i ka hoʻoilo a me nā wīwī hope ke holo i 2-5 km, i kekahi manawa ke kaʻe ʻana i nā loko a me nā kahe ākea. Hoʻohui lākou i ka ʻōpū, ma lalo o ka palupalu hoʻoneʻe, ma kahi hohonu o 40 cm a 2 m, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pōhā o nā rodents, nā moles, ma nā wahi o nā lau lāʻau i pau ai, ma nā pihi o nāʻu pit, ma lalo o kahi mauʻu, i nā pā pōhaku, a me nā mea ke ʻano ma nā wahi hoʻoilo. ʻaʻole e hāʻule i lalo o 2-4 °. ʻO ka pinepine aʻe, ʻo ka vipers hibernate hīmeni a i ʻole nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, akā, ʻo ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo a hiki i ka 200-300 nahesa e ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi kūpono. Ma hope o ka hoʻoilo, loaʻa lākou i ka Pōʻalua - ʻApelila, i kekahi manawa i ka Mei. ʻO nā kāne ka mea mua e haʻalele i ka hoʻoilo i ka lā mahana, ke nui ka ua ma ka hau ma nā wahi i ka nahele. Haʻalele lākou no ka hoʻoilo i ka hapa lua o Kepakemapa - iā ʻOkakopa. I ka pūnāwai, mālama ʻia nā pōpoki i nā wahi i hoʻomoʻi ʻia, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pālākī o ka lā a me ka pili me ka ʻāina mahana, nā lāʻau hoʻomoʻi, nā lāʻau hina, nā ʻōpala, a me nā mea i loaʻa i ka ea ma waena o nā kāne he 25 °, nā wahine 28 °. Ma luna o 37 ° i loko o nā vipers ka wai uʻi a me ka make. I ke kauwela, he mau pōkole nā papa, nā ʻōpala, nā ʻōpala, nā poho i ka lepo, i waʻa ʻole ma waena o nā pōhaku. Holo kahe i ka lā i nā manawa he nui i ka lā, akā hele i ka huki i ka lūlū a ikaika loa i ka hapalua o ka pō. ʻAʻole haʻalele paha nā vipers maikaʻi i kahi pale no 2-3 mau lā. ʻO nā rodants like me nā ʻōlima a me nā bako ka mea e hoʻokumu ai i ka mea kanu i ka wā o ka wā ikaika, koe wale nō no ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kauwela - ka manawa o ka lehulehu ka ʻū o nā manu liʻiliʻi. I kēia manawa, mai ka hopena o Mei a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o Iulai, ʻo nā keikikāne nui o nā moa, nā skates, nā pōpoki, nā pīkī, etc. Loaʻa i kekahi manawa i kahi mau mea kikoʻi hoʻohui. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā ʻōpio i nā mea inikini, kahi liʻiliʻi pinepine o nā mollusks a me nā koena. Hoʻokumu ka make i nā he 2-4 wiki ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka hoʻoilo, ma ka maʻamau i waena o Mei. ʻO ka manawa gestation e pili ana i 3 mau mahina. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka ʻāina, e hoʻopono ʻia kēlā me kēia makahiki. Hāpai pinepine ka wahine i nā 8-12 mau cubs mai ka lua lua o Iulai a hiki i ka hopena o Kepakemapa. ʻO ka wā'ōpiopio i ka hānau he lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o 16 cm. Ma hope o kekahi mau hola a 2-3 mau lā, haehae lākou, a ma hope o lākou e pālahalaha a hoʻomaka e hānai. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻōpio a me nā pākeke i nā manawa 1-2 i ka mahina. I ka wā molting, nā hūnū e hūnā i nā kahua a ʻaʻole e hānai. E lilo nā vipers wahine i ka wā pae a ʻelima mau makahiki he ʻelima ka lōʻihi o 54-55 cm, nā kāne i ka makahiki he ʻehā, nona ka lōʻihi ma kahi o 45 cm. ʻO ke ola o ka ola he 11-12 (a hiki i 14-15) mau makahiki.
Hoʻopau, akā maluhia a nānā pinepine ʻole aku i kahi kanaka. No nā makahiki he nui, ʻike ʻia nā hihia kaawale kahi i make ai kahi viper i ka make, akā ʻaʻole naʻe maopopo ka mea ʻono a maikaʻi ʻole paha, "maikaʻi" lapaʻau "ke kumu i make ai. Hoʻohana ʻia ka mea ʻawaʻawa e hana i nā lāʻau. Hoʻokomo ʻia ma nā mea kanu.
Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOkoʻa ka ʻokoʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao hāpeku i kahi nui nui, ke kūlana o nā nostrils ma waenakonu o nā pūnaka nasal, a me nā kihi ʻeka, ʻo ka ʻūhā kuʻi o ka maka. Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kiko kikoʻī
Nosed viper * - ʻO nā ʻōpiopio Vipera (L.)
* (Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻōlima ʻōpiopio a i ulia paha. ʻAʻohe o ka inoa o kēia mau inoa, no ka mea ʻaʻole i loaʻa kēia ʻaloka i loko o ke one, a me nā ʻale ʻē aʻe e noho ana i ka Sahara a me nā Kūleʻa Arabian (Cerses), ka mea i hoʻomaʻamaʻa pū i nā wīwī ma luna o ko lākou mau maka, ua kapa ʻia nā pūlima. ka ihu ʻo ke kaʻina kuhikuhi ʻole ʻia ma ka "ihu".)
Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā nui ka ʻāhā, ʻo ka maʻamau ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 60-70 cm (a hiki i 90 cm). Ua uhi ʻia ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka poʻo i ka liʻiliʻi, ka lula, me ka palalala, akā i ka laulima o ka lau o ka muzzle maʻa mau. Ma ke kihi o ka muzzle, kahi kuhikuhi, pohō a maloʻo 3-5 mm ka lōʻihi, alakaʻi i luna a alualu i mua, i uhi ʻia me nā unahi. ʻO ka hina hina, brownish a ʻulaʻula paha, me kahi kaila zigzag pōʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā kaula nui a rhombic a i ʻole ke kahuli ʻo ia ma hope o ke kua. He ʻeleʻele-hina ke ʻōpū, ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi a me nā wahi. ʻEleʻele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha ka ʻāpana o lalo.
Kuhi. 57. ke poʻo o kahi ʻōpiopio
Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hālāwai i loko o nā kaʻina Trialeti a me Meskheti ma Georgia.
Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho nō ia ma nā kuamoʻo o nā mauna i uhi ʻia i nā lāʻau lāʻau, me nā ʻalā a me nā pali ma nā awāwa, ma nā kuauhau kahiko, i nā pā pōhaku, nā hale kūkulu, i nā puʻu. Holo wale ia i ka lūlū a me ka hapa mua o ka pō. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ia ma nā rodents, nā manu, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mālamalama. Ka make ʻana ma Malaki - ʻApelila Ma ʻAukake - Kepakemapa, hāpai ka wahine i ka 20 cubs 20-23 cm lōʻihi.
Poʻomanaʻo, akā ʻo ka make i ʻike ʻole ʻia e nā kānaka. Hiki i ka mea ʻona ke hana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā rodents.
Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Lā like ia i nā vipers a pau ma kahi o ke kuʻi.
ʻO Viper Minorika * - Vipera xanthina (Hinahina) (= V. raddei)
* (Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano like me ka viper Radde, a i ʻole nā manu ʻĀkau.)
Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. He nui a nui paha nā nui o ka nui: ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino e 60-75 cm (a hiki i 110 cm). ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke poʻo i uhi ʻia me nā unahi pōkole, ʻaʻohe o nā iwi o nā hona o nā kihi o ka muzzle. Ma luna o kēlā me kēia maka, aia kekahi pahu nui a pālahalaha ʻia ma luna o ka maka, kahi mākaʻikaʻi (supraorbital flap), hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka nui o nā unahi liʻiliʻi o ka kaʻe o luna o ka maka. He liʻiliʻi ma lalo o nā pālua 38 mau huakaʻi pale. Ma luna o kahi kala ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele me kahi kāʻei brownish. Moku o ke kuahiwi, aia kekahi lālani melemele-ʻalani a i ʻole ke kala ʻulaʻula me kahi poni pōʻeleʻele, i kekahi manawa hoʻohui ʻia i loko o kahi kaula zigzag ākea ma ke kuahiwi. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā ʻāpana pōkole ʻelua pōpoki ma hope o ke poʻo. Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻōpū me nā wahi ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi.
Kuhi. 58. Hiapo o kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ma Asia
Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAmelika lāua ʻo Nakhchivan ʻĀpana Kūʻai Kūʻē Kūlana.
Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho nā mauna ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1000 a he 3000 m ma luna o ke kai, ma nā pali i kūkulu ʻia me nā lāʻau lāʻau-lāʻau a i ʻole nā mea āpau mauna. E hānai ana i nā rodents, nā manu, nā ʻikepili a me nā mea hihiu. ʻAi nā nāhelehele ʻōpio i nā ʻūhini. Hānau lākou i ka pihi o nā pōhaku e waiho ana iā ʻApelila - Mei. Mate ma Mei, ʻo ka hānau ʻana o ka ʻōpio i ka ʻAukake. Lawe ka wahine i 5-10 mau kenika 16-20 cm.
Poino, make paha i ke kanaka. Hiki i ka mea ʻona ke hana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Lā ka ʻokoʻa ma ka viper nosed e ka nele o ka ulu ʻana ma ka kihi o ka muzzle, mai Kavasia ma o nā mea ʻoniʻoni e uhi ana i nā muzzle mai luna, mai ka gyurza e ka hele ʻana o kahi scutellital infraorbital a me kahi liʻiliʻi (a hiki i 38 mau kime) ka nui o nā pale pale-caudal.
ʻO Gyurza - Vipera lebetina (L.)
Ka Palapala 116. Gyurza
Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. He nui ka nui: ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino e pili ana i ka 100 cm (a hiki i 160 cm). ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke poʻo i uhi ʻia me nā unahi pōkole, ʻaʻohe o nā iwi o nā hona o nā kihi o ka muzzle. ʻAʻohe wahi plu infraorbital, a me nā unahi o ka ʻāina infraorbital e hoʻopuni pololei i ka maka. Ma luna o ke kiʻi ʻia i loko o ka hina hina-hina a ʻulaʻula paha, ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kua, he nui nā wahi ʻeleʻele melemele. Nā wahi liʻiliʻi ʻeleʻele ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao. Pole ke poʻo, me ke kumu hoʻohālike. He māmā ka ʻōpū, me nā wahi pihi liʻiliʻi. He ʻano nui ka leo kala ākea, a i kekahi manawa he mau ʻolika kūloko hoʻokahi.
Kuhi. 59. ʻO ke poʻo o ka gyurza
Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Dagestan, Transcaucasia, ka ʻaoʻao hema loa o Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Western Tajikistan.
Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho lākou i nā pāpale maloʻo, ma nā kahe o nā mauna i uhi ʻia me nā lāʻau palupalu, nā puʻu, a me nā pali ma nā awāwa. Ua piʻi ka mauna i 1,500 m ma luna o ke kai. Nā kui lāʻau i loko o nā ʻlaʻiwa, nā māla waina, i nā poho o nā hale. Hana lākou i ka neʻe, holo i hope o ka hoʻoilo i ka honu o nā pōhaku, kahi e ʻohi pinepine ai lākou i nā hui nui. I ke kauwela, pinepine lākou e ʻohi i nā kino wai, ʻoluʻolu e ʻauʻau a hopu i nā manu e hōʻea ana i kahi wai. I ka pūnāwai ua ʻike ʻia lākou i ka lā Malaki - ʻApelila, ke alakaʻi nei lākou i kahi ʻano lā. Ma hope mai, huli lākou i ka hana twilight a me ka pō. ʻAi nā ʻōlio ʻōpio i nā pōpoki, ulu i luna - rodents liʻiliʻi. ʻAi ka hānai ʻana i nā pākeke ma nā rodents, akā i ka pūnāwai a me ka wā lohi, i ka wā o ka hele ʻana o nā manu, piʻi i loko o nā kumu lāʻau, kali i nā manu, kahi i laila ai ka oatmeal a me ka hāhai ka waiwai maʻamau. ʻAi nā nāhelehele e noho nei ma nā māla huahelu i kahi nui o nā manu liʻiliʻi, e hōʻea ana i nā huaʻai peck. Ma ka hopena o ʻApelila - Mei. I ka hopena o ke kauwela, e waiho ana ka gyurza i nā hua manu he 15-20 i loko o kahi pānaʻi translucent i loaʻa i nā embryos i kūkulu ʻia. Ma hope o 35-45 mau lā, ʻōpiopio 23-25 cm lōʻihi e lana ana mai nā hua.
Mea make nui. Hoʻohana nui ia i ka meaʻala i ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau. Hoʻokomo ʻia ma nā mea kanu.
Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻokaʻawale ia mai ka viper a Asia Minor ma ka waiho ʻole ʻana o ka scutellum infraorbital, kahi helu nui (ʻoi aku ma mua o 40 mau pālua) o nā kīneke caudal, nui ka nui a me nā kala, a mai nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe - e nā ʻāpana ʻāpana i uhi i ke poʻo mai luna.
Hoʻokahi o ka genus o Efa - Echis
Sand kua - Echis carinatus (Schneid.)
Ka Palapala 117. Sandy Efa
Kāleka. ^ E Ha yM. Ka awelika helu ʻana: ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino ma mua o 50-60 cm (a hiki i 75 cm). Ua uhi ʻia ke poʻo me nā unahi liʻiliʻi ʻoihana. ʻO nā kaulike dorsal me nā iwi koʻikoʻi. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino i hele aku ai i nā lālani 4-5 a liʻiliʻi i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a alakaʻi i nā iwi liʻiliʻi i lalo. Loaʻa ka kīkaha caudal i hoʻokahi laina longitudinal. He poʻomanaʻo ka ʻulaʻula hina, obliquely pae i nā unahi mahele o nā dorsal. Ma waena o nā kaulike dorsal a me lateral, ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ke kino ma ke ʻano o kahi kahala zigzag keʻokeʻo. Aia ma luna ma ke kua he keʻokeʻo, elongated ma waena o nā ʻōpū, aia ma waena o nā poʻo o nā kihi zigzag. Aia ma ke poʻo aia kahi mālamalama, ʻano like me ka silhouette o kahi manu lele.
Kuhi. 60. lateral scales of sand efa
Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. Turkmenistan, South Uzbekistan, Southwest Tajikistan.
Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. Noho nā puʻu ma nā puʻu i uhi ʻia me ka saxaul, i nā kahe a me ka pākeke palolo, nā lāʻau, nā pali kahawai a me nā wahi pā hale. I ka pūnāwai i ʻike ʻia lākou i ka hopena o Pepeluali - Malaki a hiki i Iune ke ikaika nei lākou i ke ao, i ke kauwela ua hoʻohuli lākou i ka hana i ia pō, a ma ka ʻāʻī ke ʻike pinepine lākou i ka hele i ka wā i ke ao. Haʻalele lākou no ka hoʻoilo i ka mahina o ʻOkakopa, ke loaʻa nei ka maluhia i nā ʻuʻuku o ka rodents, nā ʻoka a me nā ʻūhaka i nā pali. I ka lā mahana, e hele mau i waho e bask i ka lā. Hoʻohana ia i nā rodents liʻiliʻi, liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ka ʻaha, nā manu, nā polana lawaiʻa, nā ʻeleʻele mau, i kekahi mau nāhele liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. ʻAi nā ʻōpio ʻōpio i nā ʻūhini, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, scolopendras, ʻawaʻawa a me nā nīnike liʻiliʻi. Kēʻaola ma Malaki - ʻApelila, i Iulai - ʻAukake, lawe mai ka wahine mai 3 a 16 mau makahiki 10-16 cm lōʻihi loa. Ua neʻe ka mua i ka "lateral course", no ka hoʻolei ʻana i kona poʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao, a laila e ʻoka i ke kua o ke kino a ka hope, a laila e huki hoʻi i ka ʻaoʻao mua. Kauwe. E like paha ʻaʻole lele ka nahesa i mua, akā aia ma hope. Kēia ala hana o ka neʻe ʻana i ke kākoʻo maikaʻi loa no ke kino ma luna o ka substrate. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona hiʻona o ka "lateral stroke" kahi o nā ʻāpana oblique i hoʻokaʻawale me nā hope maka. Hāpai ka efa i hoʻopilikia ʻia i kahi ʻano pale koʻikoʻi. Pahu ʻia i loko o nā pahu lua ʻelua a hoʻopaʻa i kona poʻo i waenakonu, pānaʻi ʻo ia i hoʻokahi hapalua i ke kahe i kekahi, a ʻo nā ʻāpana ʻāpana me nā iwi i puʻupuʻu leo nui ke kani leo nui, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i nā aila o ka ʻaila i loko o kahi pā kime wela.
Mea make nui. Hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau i mea e hoʻomākaukau ai i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Hoʻokomo ʻia ma nā mea kanu.
Nā ʻano like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻokaʻawale loa ia mai nā vipers ʻē aʻe i ka kala a ma hope, oblique i nā unahi me nā iwi serrated.
Kāleka
ʻO nā subfamily Burmese fairy viper, a i ʻole viper China (Azemiops feae) nā mea ola manu ʻona. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ka pākeke e hele i ka 76-78 cm, a aia nā pale nui ma ke poʻo. ʻO ke kala o ke kino o luna. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o lalo o ke kino he palupalu, a ma nā ʻaoʻao ke kahalaha ʻana i nā pua ʻalani. ʻEleʻele nā poʻo a ʻeleʻele paha i ka kala. Aia nā ʻelele a pau o kēia subfamili ma ke ʻano o nā hua manu ʻoki manu.
ʻO Toad viper (Causus) he monotypic subfamily e komo pū ana nā genus Sausus wale nō. Na nā ʻolua i kau ʻia i ke kāʻei o nā ʻelele kahiko a me ka primitive o ka ʻohana ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o kēia mau ʻano:
- oviparous
- nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka mea make pehu,
- helehelena maʻamau ulu
- na haumana.
ʻO nā ʻōpū o nā nāhesa liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole ka lōʻihi o kona lōʻihi i hoʻokahi mika, he ʻano ākea, cylindrical a ʻūwili iki paha hoʻi, ʻaʻole kino kino. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻopili cervical interception. Hoʻopili ke ʻili. I uhi ʻia ke poʻo me nā moʻo o nā ʻano kūpono, no ka mea, ua like nā kuʻi o ka ʻiliahi i ka hoʻohālikelike i waho a me nā nahesa ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka ākea ākea a ākea nui, kahi nui i kekahi wā. He maʻa iki paha nā unahi ma ke kino a i ʻole ke haʻi iki ʻia ana i nā iwi (dorsal row). Nā pōpō nā haumāna o nā maka.
ʻO ka lua, kahi mau pūlona a nā mea ʻona i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana o kahi pūliki wela i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka ʻāʻū ma waena o nā ihu a me nā maka. I kēia manawa, uaʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua haneli mau ʻano o kēia subfamili.. ^ E Ha yM. Me nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana, nā pālima āpau i ʻelua mau ʻā a hoka a lōʻihi paha. O ke poʻo i, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, he ʻano triangular, nā haumāna o nā maka he mau ʻano kuʻikuʻu. He pālua o ka lua o ka thermoreceptor ma ke poʻo o ka poʻo e mālama i ka radiation infarede, e ʻae ai i nā naheka o kēia ʻohana e hoʻomaopopo i kā lākou pio e like me ka ʻokoʻa ʻana i ke ʻano ambient a me ka mea pio. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka nui o nā pitheads mai 50 cm a 350 cm.
Ma ka Viper subfamily i kēia manawa he ʻumikumamālua ka genera a ma kahi liʻiliʻi ma mua o ʻeono mau pūʻulu:
- Nā Waihona Wood (Atheris),
- Nā Mīkini Kauahi (Adenorhinos),
- Nā Vipers ʻAmelika (Vitis),
- Chain Viper (Daboa),
- ʻIplelo Horned (ʻānō),
- ʻEiki (Eschis),
- Luna Vipers (Masrovipera),
- Nā ʻōpili kūlia (ericophophis),
- Vitoria Kanana (Montatheris),
- ʻO nā mea ʻūpī hewa wahaheʻe (Pseudocerastes),
- Kāwili ʻino (roatheris),
- ʻO nā pahu kiko maoli (Virera).
ʻAʻole nā lua o nā subfamily me nā lua wela (ka infra), a ʻo ka lōʻihi o nā pākeke ke loli ma waena o 28-200 cm a ʻoi aku. He pēpē kekahi mau ʻeke me nā hana sensory, aia ma ka ihu o ka nahesa. ʻO ka ʻeke pēpē he ʻano ʻili ia ma waena o ka ihu a me ka piliona o ka ihu, pili ʻia i ka nerve cranial ma ka orbit.
ʻO ka inoa maʻamau Lūkini "rattlesnake" ma muli o ke kahe ʻana i kahi pūpū kūikawā, aia ma ka palena o ka huelo, ma kahi pālua o ka ʻūlani o ʻAmelika ʻĀpana-poʻo (Crotalus a me Sistrurus). ʻO ia mau ʻano kahelehele e loli ai, e hana ana i nā ʻāpana. Kani ʻia nā kani “kani” a ʻo ia ke kuapo ʻana o nā ʻāpana i ka wā o ka lū ʻana o ka huʻa o ka huelo.
ʻO ke ola, ke ʻano
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā Vipers ma ka palapala no ka holo. ^ E Ha yM. Lohi loa kēlā mau reptile, a hiki ke noho holo iki a holo i ke ao holoʻokoʻa i kahi kūlana hoʻopunipuni, piha ʻole me ka neʻe ʻole o ka neʻe ʻana. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka popo, ikaika ka nahesa a i kēia manawa ke hoʻomaka a lākou i kā lākou punahele punahele, kahi e ʻimi nei. ʻOi aku ka makemake o ka poʻe nui e hoʻomoe i kahi manawa lōʻihi, ke kali nei no kekahi mea i hāʻule i ka wahi i hoʻopiʻi ʻia. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole nele ka viper i ka manawa e ʻahaʻaina ai, no laila ke hoʻoikaika ikaika nei lākou i kā lākou mea e hopu ai.
He hoihoi! Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i loko o ka huaʻōlelo colloquial "swamp teeming me nā vipers," i nā ʻoi loa he mau ʻoiaʻiʻo a ʻaʻole me ka noʻonoʻo maʻamau.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o nā vipers ka hiki ke ʻauʻau nani, no laila hiki i nā replilia ke ʻano maʻalahi i ke komo ʻana i ka wai ākea a i ʻole kekahi nui kino wai nui. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ua loaʻa nā vipers ma kahakai o nā ʻano kūlohelohe like ʻole, a mai haʻalele hoʻi i nā ʻōpala.
Hoʻoponopono maikaʻi i ke ʻano
ʻO ka hapanui o nā hihia, ʻaʻole i noho ka wahine dimorphism i loko o nā ʻano nui o nā naheka, koe wale nō ke ʻano ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ke kāne - he ʻano "repository" no kā lākou hemipenis. I kēia manawa, loaʻa nā vipers i ka dimorphism kiʻi. Loaʻa ʻia nā ʻano kāne ʻokoʻa o nā kāne a pau i nā ʻano o nā hōʻailona, ma waena o ia ʻokoʻa nā ʻokoʻa a me ka ʻalaʻala. ʻO nā kāne ʻōpio kāne hānai ma ka hapanui o nā hiʻohiʻona ākea i kahi kala i hoʻohālikelike hou ʻia, a ʻo nā wahine wahine ʻānō hoʻi i loaʻa nā palahalohi a ʻiliʻili i ka kala. Me ka hoʻonaninani melanistic, ʻike ʻole ʻia ka wahine dimorphism.
Ma waena o nā mea āpau, e pili ana i ka 10% o nā kānaka crypto, e like me ka manaʻo o ka wahine, he hiʻohiʻona ʻāpana o nā lālā o ka wahine ʻē. Loaʻa nā wahine wahine o nā ʻano he nui i ka nui o ka nui a he ʻupuʻu a ʻupuʻu a pōkole ka lōʻihi. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka wahi o ke poʻo o nā wahine, a ua kokoke kona helehelena i ke ʻano o kahi kūʻekuʻe kūlike. He ʻokoʻa nā neʻe i ka neʻe a me ke poʻo elongated, nā kikoʻī o ka laulima e pili ana i ke ʻano o kahi kūpeʻe isosceles.
Nā ʻano o Vipers
I ka papa Reptile, ka ʻōpiopio o ka Scaly, a me ka ʻohana Viper, ʻehā mau lālā subfamily:
- Burmese Vipers (Azemiopinae),
- Viper Kanaka (Causinae),
- Pit (Crotalinae),
- Viper (Viperinae).
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Pitheads i nā ʻohana ʻohana, a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia kenekulia, aia ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ʻekolu mauʻano.
Viper Venom
Ma muli o nā hiʻohiʻona o kāna ʻano, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka viper venom a he mea waiwai nui ia i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau he nui a hiki hoʻi i nā mea hoʻonaninani kaulana. ʻO ka ʻōlake ka pōloli kahi ʻōnoʻahaʻa maikaʻi loa, kahi e loaʻa ai nā protein, lipids, peptides, amino acid, gula a me kekahi mau mākeke o nā ʻano anorganic.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana mai ka viper venom he painkiller maikaʻi loa no ka rheumatism a me ka neuralgia, i ka mālama ʻana i kekahi mau maʻi ʻula a me hypertension. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea hōʻola ola e ʻano nui loa i ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka maʻi bronchial, ka huhū, a me kekahi mau māla hana.
I ke kanaka a i nā holoholona paha, komo ka pūhaka honu ma o ka papahana lymphatic, ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ke kahe koko e kokoke koke.. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā hopena e hōʻike loa ʻia ʻana o kahi hā make ʻāwili e loaʻa ai ka hōʻeha ʻana, ʻulaʻula, a me ke hōʻai ʻana a puni ka ʻeha. Ke lula, nā hōʻike hōʻike a pau o ka hoʻoweliweli iki i loko o kekahi mau lā me ka ʻole o nā hopena koʻikoʻi a ola ʻole paha.
He hoihoi! ʻO ka ʻino o kekahi viper e manaʻo ʻia he mea paʻakikī ke kanaka, a ma ka hopena o kahi ʻuʻuku o kekahi mau lālā o ka ʻohana Viper.
Ma nā hiʻohiʻona lāʻau o ka ʻalo ʻawa, ua ʻōlelo hou ʻia nā hōʻailona. Ma kahi hapaha hola o ka hola ma hope o ka snakebite, ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona kūkaʻi, e hōʻike ʻia ana e ka dizziness, nausea a me ka waha e haʻalulu nei, ka ʻano o ke kuʻuna, a me ka puʻuwai wikiwiki. ʻO ka hopena o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻōpū o nā mea ʻawaʻawa, ʻo ia nā palupalu, hoʻonikini, a me ka coma hoʻi. Hoʻopilikia nui nā Vipers i ka wā hōʻola, mai ka lā Malaki a hiki i Mei.
ʻO Habitat, noho
ʻO ka noho ʻana o nā ʻelele o nā ʻohana ʻano nui i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ʻoi ʻia ka maikaʻi o nā hua manu ʻānō. Hiki ke loaʻa i nā ʻāpana pōpana ma kahi ʻāpana nui o nā ʻāpana o ka ʻāina o ʻApelika, a ma Asia hoʻi a me nā hapa nui o ʻEulopa. ʻAʻoleʻike ka vipers he nui wale nō ma nā anuehana loea, akā, i nā hiʻohiʻona haʻalulu o nā ulu lāʻau ʻula.
Hiki i nā ʻelele o kēia ʻohana noho noho i nā kuahiwi kuahiwi, a noho pinepine lākou i nā ululāʻau ʻākau. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, makemake nā poʻe vipers e alakaʻi i kahi ʻano ʻāina. Eia nō naʻe, ma waena o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā mea ʻokoʻa e alakaʻi nei i kahi nohona ma lalo o ka nohona. He ʻelena maopopo o ia mau ʻano, ʻo ia ka viper earthen, nona nā genus Shpilkovye nui (Atractaspis).
He hoihoi! ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻoilo o ka nahesa i hilinaʻi ʻia ma luna o kona ʻano, no laila, ke hoʻoilo ʻōiwi ʻākau ʻehā no kahi ʻeiwa mau mahina i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ke ʻano nei ka poʻe noho o nā lewa haʻalulu e ka ulu ʻana o kēlā reptile scaly i ka lewa a puni o Malaki-ʻApelila, i ka wā e hoʻomaka ana lākou i ka hōʻila hou ʻana.
Kūʻai nui nā Vipers, maʻamau maʻamau ma ʻOkakopa-Nowemapa. Ma kahi ʻoluʻolu o ka hoʻoilo "hale paʻakai" me nā reptile scaly, ua koho ʻia ke ʻano o nā manā he nui e hele ana i ka lepo. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo ka hohonu o ka hoʻoilo o ka nahesa ʻaʻole iʻoi aku i hoʻokahi mau mita, e hiki ai i nā luna o ka ʻohana Viper ke hoʻolilo ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo o ka ea. I loko o nā kūlana o nā helu kūlike nui o ka lehulehu, i loko o ke kaʻe like ʻole i nā manawa he nui o nā poʻe pākahi i hōʻuluʻulu i hoʻokahi.
Kaʻaiʻai Viper
No nā poʻe kikowaena nā poʻe wīwī kaulana, alakaʻi nui ʻia i ke ola nocturnal, a ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka mea ʻaihue e nā nahesa pinepine ʻia mai ka hoʻohālua. ^ E Ha yM. Hue ka mea pio i kahi kiola wikiwiki loa, ma hope o ka haki ʻana o ka ʻapoʻapo ʻona. Ma lalo o ka hopena o ka pau, a make ka mea make i ka nahesa i loko o kahi mau minuke, ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka ʻūpī i kahi pāʻina.
Ma ke ʻano o ka hānai, ʻānai pinepine ke kīʻaha piha. ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi nui o ka ʻīwī he ʻano nui o nā rodents ʻole, a me nā lizards a me nā mea hou, nā pōlala a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o nā manu. Pāʻai pinepine nā ʻōpī liʻiliʻi i nā pīpī he nui, ʻai i nā ʻūhini, a hiki ke hopu i nā pōpōpō a me nā kukuna.
He hoihoi! He mea kupaianaha ka pīhoihoi kolohe ʻo Schlegel viper i kāna mea i kālai ʻia, e noho ana ma luna o kahi kumulāʻau, a ʻo ka pihi māmā o kona huʻu he mauʻano.
Pahu a keiki
ʻO ka mākā o nā mea make loiloi e mālama i ka pūnāwai, ʻoi aku ma Mei, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka wā hapalua o ka viper, me nā ʻano he nui ʻē aʻe mai ka papa reptile, pili pono i nā kūlana o ka wā a hiki ke ʻano mai ʻekolu a ʻeono mau malama. I kekahi manawa hiki i nā ʻoka wahine hāpai ke hoʻoilo.
Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua hānau ʻia nā keiki he ʻumi a me iwakālua mau hoʻoilina i ko lākou mau mākua. He mau hola ma hope o ka hānau ʻia ʻana o nā ʻōpio ʻōpio. Noho ka poʻe kerba ma ka nahelehele deciduous a i ʻole nā māla nui a i nā mea make, a e hoʻohana ʻia nā mea ʻai me nā mea kanu. Hiki i nā ʻōpiopio kāne ke kū maikaʻi i nā makahiki ʻehā paha.
Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe
Ma ka wahi kūlohelohe, nui nā vipers i ka nui o nā ʻenemi. ʻAʻole naʻe i ka hapanui o lākou e hopohopo nei i nā ʻōpū o nā honu ʻili o nā ʻohana o kahi ʻohana nui nui e hui pū ai i nā nahesa. ʻO nā ʻalā a me nā mea hana ʻino, nā palu a me nā ferrets, nā mea ikaika e pale aʻe i ka hopena o nā meaʻala i hoʻopuni ʻia i loko o ka mea make o nā viper, hauʻoli lākou i ka leʻaleʻa. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā reptile pīpī maʻamau e lilo i mea pio i nā manu o ka nui o ka manu i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻāpana manu, nā ʻono, nā kumulāʻau a me nā aeto.
He hoihoi! Hoʻokomo ʻia nā reptile Scaly i loaʻa i ka waiwai a waiwai nui no ka lāʻau nalo. Eia nō kekahi, ʻo ka ʻano o nā vipers i hoʻoikaika ikaika ʻia e nā mauna terracey hikiʻole.
ʻO nā pilaleka i ka nahele, ʻaʻole ia nā holoholona e ʻai ana i ka nahesa, e hele pinepine ana i ke kaua me nā vipers. I ka nui o nā manawa, ʻo ia nā hedgehog e puka mai nei i nā hakakā e like me nā mea lanakila i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. ʻO ka ʻenemi nui o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka viper i kēia manawa. ʻO ka poʻe ia e hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ʻia a i nā nahesa i hālāwai pū ʻia. Hoʻopilikia pinepine nā Vipers i nā ala hoʻohālikelike, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā kūlana hopu.
Ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana a me nā ʻano
Ke hoʻomau nei nei ka nui o kekahi o nā ʻano pahu manuahi. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka huina o ka lehulehu o ka viper maʻamau e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka liʻiliʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ma muli o nā hana kanaka. ʻO ka ulu ikaika ʻana o nā nahu maʻamau, ka hoʻoheheʻeʻana o nā wahi a me nā nūnū o nā kahawai wai, ka waiho ʻana o nā ala ākea a me nā ʻano like ʻole e pili ana i ka hopena o ka poʻe like.
ʻO ka like nui o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka ʻai o ka meaʻai no nā reptile flake.. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēlā mau kūlana e lilo i kumu nui o ka hakakā ʻana, a me ka nalowale loa ʻana o ka noho ʻana o nā kānaka ʻōiwi āpau ma nā ʻāina āpau i mālama ʻia e ke kanaka. ʻOiai ka mea i mālama ʻia i nā wahi ākea a me ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano no nā reptile scaly he mea kūpono ia, ʻo ka viper maʻamau i kau ʻia ma ka Puke Red o nā wahi i ka manawa like, me Moscow, Saratov, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod a me Orenburg.
Ma nā ʻāina ʻōiwi ʻEulopa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o nā pahu. I kēia manawa, ua maopopo loa nā mea maikaʻi o ke ola maoli ʻana o nā reptile scaly. Hoʻokomo ʻia kēlā mau nāhelehele i ka hoʻoponopono kūlohelohe o ka nui o nā mea halihali koʻikoʻi o ka maʻi maʻi, hana i nā mea waiwai pono no ka hana o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka serum anti-viper kūikawā.