Dinnik Viper - Vipera dinniki Nikolsky, 1913
ʻ Categorylelo ʻĀina: 2 - hōʻemi i nā helu helu. Hoʻopau i nā mauna kiʻekiʻe o ke Kaioka Nui.
‘:Lelo: ʻO ka lōʻihi kino o ke kino a hiki i 550 mm. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine ma mua o nā wahine. ʻOkoʻa loa ka kala, mai ke keleawe pōkole mau i ka melemele, ʻōpiopio, hina-kālā a me ke kumu ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ka ʻūneke zigzag ʻeleʻele, i ka wā pinepine i kāwili ʻia i waenakonu o ke kino i loko o kahi ʻano o nā wahi transversely elongated. Aia kekahi kanaka ma waena o ke kua i hala aku i kahi ʻāpana lōʻihi loa o ka ʻāpanaʻeleʻele. ʻEleʻele ka ʻōpū i nā wahi kukui a i ʻole ka hina i ka poli pōkole i nā maka hina. Kuhi ʻia nā holoholona ʻōpio i nā polona a me nā kala hina [1,2]. Nā poʻe makana mai nā lehulehu o Central a me East. ʻAʻole like me ke ʻano like me ke ʻano o nā kaiāulu o ke Komohana Komohana. I ka hopena hope loa, ʻaʻole maopopo ka nui o nā melanist mai ka ʻaoʻao hikina.
Kākoʻo: Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano mai ka r kiʻekiʻe. Malaya Laba (Caucasian Reserve, Krasnodar Territory). Mālama ka kolo i ka Greater Caucasus i loko o Rūsia, Georgia a, ʻike pū, ʻo Azerbaijan. Ma Lūkini, e hoʻomau ka ulu o nā ʻano a me nā mauna o Chugush, Dzhemaruk, Tybga a me kā lākou spurs (Pshekish, Abago, Atamazhi, etc.) i ke komohana. i ka muliwai o luna. Big Laba ma ka hikina. Ma hope o ka haki ʻana o ka laulā ma ka ʻaoʻao o Colchis Gate (e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana i ka pae ʻo Caucasian Main ma waena o nā peʻa o Fisht a Chugush), hele hou ka pahu koholā Dinnik ma ka ʻano nui ʻo Fisht-Oshten, ma kahi o ke komohana. Nui nā kamaʻāina lehulehu mai nā kuahiwi o Autl, Khakuj, Shesiya, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi nā pakanā hope loa e lawe ana i nā wahi ʻai subalpine ma nā ʻāpana. ka hikina mai ka muliwai ʻO Bolshaya Laba kahi ʻano kaʻawale o nā ʻano like ʻole o kēia ʻano ʻūa mai Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya a me Dagestan.
Hooulu: ʻO nā ʻano hehi mauna me nā Subalpine, i lawe ʻia mai 1500 a 3000 m ma luna o ke kai Noho ka noho ʻana ma nā ululāʻau kiʻekiʻe, subalpine a me nā ʻāpana alpine. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ka nāhelehele loina subalpine, nā lāʻau pine, beech-birch-rowan mau pihi, ma nā māla maple, pili pono i ka pā pōhaku, nā keehi o nā rhododendrons, nā mauʻu loloa subalpine me nā ʻōpala pōhaku. ʻO ka nui ma nā lau e pili ana i nā kahawai kokoke i nā kahawai me nā kahawai. Loaʻa nā wahi hoʻoilo i kahi kokoke i nā biotopes kauwela. Mālama nā ʻōpū ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāina: i nā manawa like, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau mea no 3 mau wā. I ka pūnāwai, ua puka mai lākou mai waena o ʻApelila, me ke ʻano wela o kēlā me kēia lā o + 11 ° С. Mea make ma ka hopena o ʻApelila-Mei. ʻO ka hānau ʻana o ka ʻōpio i ka lulu. hehi i ka la Aukake, ma ka hema. poepae a Sepatemaba. Aia kā 3-5 o nā'ōpio i ka litter. ʻAʻole komo ka wahine i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka hana ʻōpiopio a hiki i ka Kepakemapa; ma ka hopena o Kepakemapa, a hele nā nahelehele no ka hoʻoilo. ʻAi lākou i ka vertebrates liʻiliʻi a me nā pepeke orthopteran; ʻike ʻia ka ʻano o ka mea ʻai o nā kānaka ma nā mikropopulasi a pilikino.
Ikaika: ʻAʻohe like ka lahui i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka ʻāina. Aia ka nui ma nā ʻihi a me nā Moraines o nā wahi subalpine o ka puʻu Caucasian: 5-7 vipers / km o ke alahele, a hiki i 20 mau kikoʻahi i kēlā me kēia huakaʻi ke loaʻa ma nā wahi puni [2,4,5], a hiki i 30-40 mau kanaka no kēlā hectare. I ke komohana. ʻiliʻuku ka palena o nā vipers; nā mākaʻi me lākou he sporadic. ka hikina mai ka puʻu Caucasian, hōʻemi ka helu: i Karachay-Cherkessia, ʻo ka nui loa ka nui o 4 mau poʻe / ha, ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o Central a East. ʻO caucasus nā hālāwai he sporadic. ʻO nā mea kūlohelohe kūpono kūlohelohe e pili ana i ke anā a me nā ʻona ʻāina o ka Caucasus nui ma ka hikina. ke kuhikuhi, ka loli o ke kuahiwi biotopes mauna-steppe mauna me ka pale viper ursini e noho ana iā lākou - ka V. lotievi complex. I loko o nā helu puana o kēia mau ʻōhua 2 (ʻo Ridge Abishir-Akhuba, nā kihi kiʻekiʻe o ka muliwai ʻo Tiberda, nā kahawai o ka mauna ʻo Elbrus, nā ʻĀina Heum-Kalinskaya, a me kekahi mea). ʻO nā mea nui nui e pili ana i ka nui o nā vipers ka nui o ka hopu ʻana i nā nahe a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā nohona ma muli o ka luhi ʻana o ka pipi i nā pā liʻiliʻi subalpine. ʻO ka hopohopo kūikawā nō ke hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻāina kūlohelohe i ka ʻāina o luna. ʻO Mzymta ka apana o ka lāhui kūmole polymorphic kūikawā o ka viper Dinnik.
Palekana: Loaʻa ma ka papa inoa ʻula ʻĀina IUCN-96. Ma kahi o 15 tausani mau kānaka e pale ʻia ma ka pae o ka Pūnaewele ʻo Caucasian State Biosphere Reserve. Eia kekahi, loaʻa nā holoholona i ka ʻāpana o ka wahi no ka Teberdinsky a me North Ossetian, ʻo ka ʻāpana Arkhyz o ka mokulele Teberdinsky a me nā helu mālama (Damkhurts, Chiliksky, Dautsky, Golovinsky, Tlyaryatinsky a me kekahi), Sochi State Natural National Park. Pono e nānā pono i ka mokuʻāina o nā lehulehu ma o ka pae, ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho o kahi i waiho ma ka ʻaoʻao hema-bank o Itum-Kalinsky kaumaha. E mālama i ka nui o ka polymorphic nui o ka muliwai o luna. Pono ka Mzymta i ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia pūnaewele ma ka ʻāina o ka Caucasian State Biosphere Reserve [9-11].
Nā hōʻailona waho
He liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ka viper a Dinnik, kahi manawa iʻoi aku ka nui ma kahi o 0.5 m. Ua liʻiliʻi ka liʻiliʻi o nā moemoe. ʻO ka laulā ākea a me ka poʻo ākea o ka reptile i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ke kino e kahi kikowaena cervical clearc. Ua liʻiliʻi ka huelo, kiaʻi ʻia i ka waihona.
I kekahi mau kīlei Dinnik, ʻo ka laina zigzag ma hope o ke kāwili ʻana i loko o kahi kaila mau loa
ʻOkoʻa loa nā kala o ke ʻāpana ʻōpiopio: aia kekahi kanaka ʻeleʻele, nā mea i kapa ʻia nā melanist, a me nā mea me he ʻulaʻulaʻula a me ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka hapanui o nā mea nui he lapalapa ākea zigzag kaula nui ma ko lākou mau kua, ʻoiai e hoʻohui pū kekahi i kekahi laina paʻa. ʻElua mau ʻōuli ʻē aʻe e holo ana ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua. Hoʻohālikelike ka līpī ma ka ventral me nā ʻeleʻele. He kumu pale kālai ka motley o ka vikini Dinnik a kōkua i ka nahesa e hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ma luna o ka puʻu ʻo nā kukui a me ka hoʻohālikelike. ʻO nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio ka brownish-brown i ka hānau ʻana a ma ka makahiki ʻekolu wale nō ke ola e loaʻa ai kahi hiʻohiʻona hoʻohālikelike.
Aia i hea kona hale
Noho ka viper a Dinnik i loko o ka Caveka nui - kahi kuahiwi kuahiwi ma waena o nā Kai ʻEleʻele a me Caspian. Noho ia ka ʻāpana komohana a me ke kūkulu hema, e noho ana ma kahi ʻāpana o nā kuahiwi, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo alpine zone, aia ma luna o 1500 m ma luna o ke kai. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao nui o ka nahesa e noho ma Rusia, Azerbaijan a me Georgia.
ʻO kahi kamaʻāina maʻamau o ka pōʻai o Dinnik he mau pōhaku i pihi i kahi puʻu me ka rhododendron a me ka moraine, me ka nui o nā moss, lichen a me thyme. Loaʻa nō hoʻi iā ia i nā paka a me nā awāwa wai awāwa.
Ma hea kahi noho nui a Dinnik a he aha kona ola?
ʻO kēia mau nāhelehele e noho wale ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o Caucasus, ma Stavropol a me Krasnodar Territory. Inā ola nā ʻōpio maʻamau i loko o nā ululāʻau, a noho nā mea hele wāwae i nā ʻāpana hele wāwae, ʻo ka noho ʻana o Dinnika. Loaʻa kēia mau nāhelehele i ka kiʻekiʻe o 1500-3000 mika. Noho lākou ma nā kuahiwi kuahiwi, ua nui ʻia i nā ululāʻau, ma nā wahi nahele subalpine, nā puʻu mauna a me nā ʻihi pōhaku hiʻona. ʻO ka lahilahi o ka heluna kanaka i nā hale ʻoluʻolu maikaʻi e pili ana i ka hiʻona o kahi ʻele maʻamau.
ʻO ka viper o Dinnik ka mea i ʻoi loa ka nani i waena o nā vipers.
ʻAʻole makemake ʻo ka viper o Dinnik ka lā wela a me ka wela, no laila i ke kauwela ua hana ia i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi. Ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lā, makemake lākou e hūnā i waena o nā pōhaku, i nā kāwili paleke a me ka pā o nā holoholona like ʻole. ʻOi aku ka wahine, e kali ana i nā pēpē e pono ai e hoʻomoʻi i ka lā, mai hele i ka lā ākea, akā koho i nā wahi i komo ai nā hihi o ka lā i nā wahi, ke hoʻolilo aku i ka lā i kekahi mau wahi o ke kino.
Pehea e ʻai ai ka ʻaina Dinnik.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā ʻōpiopio i nā lizards. Hoʻokumu pū ka ʻōpū i kahi hapa nui o ka papa ʻaina o nā pākeke. ʻO kēia kūlana e pili ana i ka loaʻaʻana o kahi nui o nā lizards e noho ana i ka Caucasus. Hoʻopili i nā lizards, hānai nā pākeke Dinnik kōpī ma nā mammals liʻiliʻi - nā mice, ka lua a me nā shrews.
I ka wā o ka hopuʻana, e kali ana ka viper i ka mea nāna e ʻoki a pōʻili i kona mau niho me ka wikiwiki o ka uila, injecting i nā mea make. A laila huli ikiʻo ia i kāna mea i ka ʻohu a ʻai ʻana.
Mai ka hānau ʻana o ka viper Dinnik - nā mea ʻike maoli.
ʻO ka hana hou i nā kīlei Dinnik
ʻAʻole neʻe ka wahine i ke nānā ʻana i nā pēpē. Ma ke kānāwai, noho lākou ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi - ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o nā mau mita square. He lawa kēia no lākou, no ka mea ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻai i ka wā hānai, hiki iā lākou ke ʻoluʻolu wale nō a me kahi kahi i hiki ai iā ʻoe ke bask i ka lā.
ʻAʻole makemake a ka pahu ʻahuʻula o Dinnik i ka wela.
Hoʻopilikia ka wā hoʻoulu no nā wahine, ʻoiai ua ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā wahi ākea a paʻakikī wale nō. ʻAʻole no ka ʻai ʻana o ka wahine i ka wā hāpai, a ʻo ka manawa ʻoluʻolu i nā kuahiwi, ʻaʻole i lōʻihi ka manawa o ka hānau ʻana. I kēia kuleana, hānau nā wahine i nā pēpē i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā hoʻokahi manawa ma kēlā me kēia 2-3 mau makahiki. I ka manawa like, hānau nā wahine i kahi helu liʻiliʻi - ʻelua wale nō a ʻelima paha, ʻelua mau manawa a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o nā pēpē i loko o ka papaki steppe.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pēpē i loko o kahi pūpū hua manu, kahi a lākou e puka koke ai. Ma hope o hoʻokahi hola wale nō, molt nā keiki, a ma hope o ka hebedoma he hoʻomaka lākou e ʻimi kūʻokoʻa. ʻAi ʻia ka poʻe vipers hou i loko o ka hebedoma i hiki i ka hebedoma: hiki iā lākou ke hopu i nā lizards, e like me ka nui o ko lākou kino.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
Ke noho maʻamau
ʻO ka hana nui loa o ka nahesa i ke kakahiaka. Eia nō naʻe, i ka manawa mākeke, hiki i ka viper ke kau i ka uka. ʻO ke kumu o kāna meaʻai, he ʻano ʻokiʻoki me nā kiʻi a like me nā kiʻi a me nā mea kīwaha, i kekahi manawa hānai ʻo ia i nā manu liʻiliʻi. Hoʻopili ʻia nā niho o ka viper i ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana i loko o ke kino o ka mea ʻai, akā me ko kā lākou kōkua me hiki ke kiʻi pū ʻia i ka poʻe kō.
ʻO nā Males ka mea mua e haʻalele i ka wā hānau i ka waenakonu o ʻApelila, kahi liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā wahine. E hana ana ka make ma ka hopena o ʻApelila - mua o Mei. I ka waena o ʻAukake - ka mahina mua o Kepakemapa, hānau ʻo ka wahine i ʻekolu a ʻehiku kūbita paha he 15 cm ka lōʻihi. Ma hope koke o ia, haʻalele no ka hoʻoilo. Hoʻohana hou ka mea'ōpiopio i hoʻokahi mahina. I kēia manawa, hoʻopau wale ia i nā mānika liʻiliʻi a me nā pepeke nunui.
I loko o ke Kauka ʻAmelika o Lūkia
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua emi ka nui o ka helu ʻana o Dinnik ma: ua overgrazing i hana ʻia i ka pohō poʻokela o nā noho maʻamau. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo ia ka viper e lilo i poʻe hopohopo hoʻokipa a pepehi iā ia ke hālāwai lākou. No ka mālama i ka vīlei Dinnik, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka pāpā palena ma ke kālepa ʻana ma kēia ʻano. Eia kekahi, mālamaʻia i loko o nā paka kūloko a me nā koina o ka Caucasus.
ʻIke maoli nō
Ua loaʻa i ka waiona ka inoa ma ka hanohano o ka zoologist kaulana ʻo N. Ya. Dinnik i ke ola o ke kanakaʻepekema i ka makahiki 1913. No laila, ua hoʻoholo hou kekahi zoologist kaulana ʻo A.M. Nikolsky e hoʻomaopopo i ka waiwai nui o kāna hoa e aʻo ai i ke ʻano o ka holoholona o ka Caucasus.
E like me nā ʻelele'ē aʻe o kēia ʻanoʻano, ua ʻino ka mea makeʻe. ʻO ke kumu o kāna mau huaʻawa he mea e make ai nā hemolytic, e hāʻule ana i loko o ke koko, e hoʻopau i nā ʻāpana koko ʻulaʻula. No ke hōʻaloli ʻana i nā toxins e hoʻohana i kahi serum kūikawā "Viper". I nā kūlana koʻikoʻi, inā ʻaʻohe wahi e kali ai i ke kōkua, ma hope koke o ka ʻāʻī, e pono ka maʻi ʻawaʻawa mai ka ʻeha. I kēia ala, hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi i ka hapalua o ka nui o ka nui. No ka mea hana wale ka ʻōlohelohe hemolytic i ke koko, a decomposes i loko o ka ʻōpū, hiki i kēia ʻano ke palekana.
ʻO ka wehewehe
Kahi: | Chordata (Chordata) |
ʻAeke | Reptiles (Reptilia) |
Kaulana: | Scaly (Suamata) |
Ohana: | Viper (Viperidae) |
Lāpala: | Viper (Viperinae) |
Kāhea: | Nā Kupa (Vipera) |
Nānā: | Dinnik Viper (Vipera dinniki) |
ʻO ka ʻōlapa ʻōleʻa ʻo Dinnik kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (akā naʻe, e like me nā poʻe vipers maoli), a hiki i ka lōʻihi o 60 mau kenimika. He pōkole ka hiʻu - a 8 cm, i mau kāne, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā wahine, no ka mea, aia i loko o kona ana-polu, nā loko ʻōpala o nā kāne coplative - nā hemipenises. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka male ma mua o nā wahine. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ikaika ka kino o ka nahesa.
Hōʻani nani ka nahesa: i kahi kū ākea, melemele, brown brown a beige background paha, he nui nā wahi wai uliuli e kū mai ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino āpau he ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ka hapa zigzag ākea ākea.
Hoʻohui ʻia ka ʻōpū ma ka hina-brown a ʻulaʻula paha, i koho ʻia me nā wahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Ua liʻiliʻi ka poʻo, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai luna, ke kuhikuhi ʻia nā muzzle. Hoʻohālike ʻia ka waihoʻoluʻu o ke poʻo i ka nui;
ʻO nā maka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, me kahi haumāna kū. I kekahi manawa aia nā nāhelehele me kahi kala hina a hina paha-ʻulaʻula maʻamau.
E like me nā ʻano he nui o nā ʻanoʻano maoli, i ka nohona kūlohelohe o kēia mau nāu, ʻike ʻia nā melanist kūlohelohe - nā holoholona kī ʻaʻohe mākaʻi a ʻalani ʻia i loko o kahi kala ʻono, maʻemaʻe.
ʻAʻohe mau ʻo Melanists kahi ma mua o 30% o ka heluna o ka heluna.
ʻOi aku ka pena ke kumu o ka pena - brown, hina a ʻulaʻula paha, me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā makahiki he ʻano hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi o nā naʻōpio pākeke. ʻO kēia kala hoʻonani ma kahi ʻano kupanaha e hoʻopiʻi i ka naheka i loko o kona wahi kūlohelohe.
ʻO Habitat a me ke ʻano
He ʻano pau loa kēia ʻano ʻāpana like me ka Greater Caucasus a ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kahi ʻē aʻe ma waho o kēia ʻāina. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia mai luna aʻe o ka muliwai ʻo Malaya Laba o luna, ma ke kaona o ka Caucasus Nature Reserve ma ka ʻāpana Krasnodar.
Hoʻohālikelike ka ʻaha ākea e nā kuahiwi o Greater Caucasus i nā ʻāpana o Georgia, Russia a me Azerbaijan. Aia ka ʻāpana o ka Lūkini Lūkini, loaʻa ka ʻukepeke mai nā mauna Dzhemaruk, Tybga a me Chugush, a me kā lākou mau spurs (Abago, Atamazhi, Pshekish) - ma ke komohana a ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna Bolshaya Laba ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o kahi.
Ma nā wahi ʻo Colchis Gate (ka hoʻohiolo ʻana i ka pae kai ʻo Caucasian ma waena o nā peʻa o Chugush a me Fisht), ua weluwelu ka pākahi a ua nalo ka viper i nā wahi kokoke, akā ʻike hou ʻia i loko o ka nui Fisht-Oshten, ma ʻō aku ma ke komohana he nui mau wahi kaiāulu ʻia mai nā mauna ʻo Shesia, Outl, Khakuzh a kekahi.
Eia kekahi laʻi i ka ʻāʻī o nā iwi i kaawale mai ka hale nui ma ka hikina o ka muliwai ʻo Bolshaya Laba, i nā ʻāina ʻo North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia a me Kabardino-Balkaria.
ʻO nā ʻōlapa Dinnik he mau heiau kuahiwi ʻē aʻe (ʻaʻole like, no ka laʻana like me ka Caucasian viper a me ka Radde viper, hiki ke loaʻa i nā ʻāpana o nā ʻāina i lalo), e noho ana i nā pūlehe alpine a me nā subalpine, nā wao nahele haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, nā awāwa o nā muliwai mauna a me kā lākou mau waihona. E makemake ʻo ia i nā wahi me nā lau nahele-shrubbery (hellebore, species thyme, saxifrage, rhododendrons, rosemary a me kekahi) a me nā mund-lichen alpine tundra.
Hoʻohana nui ka ʻā inu o Dinnik i ke ahiahi a i ke kakahiaka, i ke ao hohonu a me ka puʻu, ua ikaika ia i ke ao, e ʻauʻau ana i ka lā. ʻO ke koena o ka manawa (ka hapanui o ke ao a me ka pō), aia nā vipers i loko o nā crevice ma lalo o nā pōhaku, nā keleawe uku a me nā kahua ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻole teritorial ka poʻe Vipers a loaʻa i kahi kahi holo manu hipa wale nō.ʻO ka poʻe Vipers ka hapanui o nā ʻenekini like-mouse (e hoʻokumu i ka kumu o kā lākou meaʻai - a hiki i 60%) a me nā mamalia liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, e like me nā shrub voles, nā kaile Caucasian, nā nāhelehe nāhelehe, nā ʻano heʻa, nā lizards, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi, nā manuʻa make i nā manu liʻiliʻi a me kā lākou mau pua.
E like me nā nahesa a pau, make ka poʻe ʻalopeke me ke kōkua o ko lākou ʻona. Mea maʻi o nā vipers Hemolytic - hoʻomāliuli koke i ka mea i pānaʻi a me ke kumu o ka luku ʻana i nā ʻāpana koko ʻulaʻula. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e hōʻike i nā hōʻailona o ke ola, hoʻomaka koke ka nahe i loko o ia.
No ka mea, he holoholona nā Modula kaʻai ʻana a Dinnik, e hibernates ana no ka hoʻoilo. Haʻalele nā kime no ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo ma mua o ʻOkakopa, e ʻohi pinepine ana i nā hui nui i nā puʻu i waena o nā aʻa kumu lāʻau, nā puʻu nui a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe i kūpono no kēia.
I ka pūnāwai, ʻike ʻia nā pōpoki ma kahi mahana ʻaʻole i emi iho ma lalo o + 11 ° C, he mea i loaʻa like i ka hoʻomaka - waena o ʻApelila. ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻia, na ka ʻano lehi o ke ka wā i hānau ai, ʻo nā kāne ka mea mua e haʻalele i ka hānau ʻana.
Nā Kūlana Kūʻai
- ʻAʻole hiki i ka viper ʻO Dinnik ke hoʻonāukiuki wale aku i nā aʻa me kāna mau niho, akā no ka huki kiʻi ʻana i nā mea i make ʻia e ia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma waena o nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēlā ʻano ʻano holoʻokoʻa he ʻano ʻole i nā nahesa, a ʻoi loa ka ʻawaʻawa, i ka nānā ʻana i ka ikaika o ka ʻāʻī ʻana a me nā niho palupalu.
- O nā ʻano a pau o nā ʻīlona makeā i ka Caucasus nui, ʻo ka Dinnik viper ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o nā kuahiwi - ʻo nā mea ʻike nui loa e ʻike ai kēia ʻoki i kahi o 1,500 mika ma luna o ke kai. ʻAʻohe ʻano ʻōlima o nā ʻano nui i hū ʻia ma luna o kēia ʻano nui ma ka nunui Caucasus.
- ʻO kekahi ʻano o ka viper i loaʻa i kekahi manawa ma nā terrariums, ʻo nā mea ʻokiʻoni kūikawā loea a me nā hōʻiliʻili o nā zoos, akā naʻe, mau ʻōlelo hoʻōho i kekahi manawa. Pono e hoʻomaopopo no ka maʻa o nā pona o ka paona, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i loko o kahi pā hale hoʻoliʻoli i loko o kahi pōpilikia maoli, no ka mea nona a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Ka hoʻohuihui a me ka pilikia i nā kānaka
E like me nā mea āpau o nā ʻanoʻano kūpono ʻole, ʻo ka popo o kahi ʻāwī manu Dinnik e kūʻē i kahi pōʻino i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. ʻO ka ʻiʻopake nui ʻōlima ʻūhā i ka hopena o ke kauwela a me ka hopena - i kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā toxins i kā lākou venom.
Hiki i kahi hālāwai me kēia ʻano e hiki i kahi noho o ka pōkā, i ka wā hele, holomua, holomua. ʻO ka huluhulu pinepine nā poʻe noho kūloko - nā kahu hipa e ʻohi pipi ana i nā hipa me nā wahi kiʻekiʻe. Eia nō naʻe, mea pono ke ʻike e ʻaʻole e kūʻe ka viper mua a ma nā wahi āpau e pale aku i ka hālāwai me kekahi kanaka.
E hoʻohuli, e hoʻihoʻi wikiwiki ka naheka i ka maka, e peʻe. Hiki i ka ʻōpū ke hoʻowalewale i ka ʻimi e hopu i ka nahesa, a ʻoiai naʻe i kēia mea, e ʻōlelo ʻino ka ʻāwīwī a hana pū me nā huaʻa "kīwaha", no ka mea, he mea nui loa ka pehu nā nui, a ua lilo ka nui o nā wahi o ke kino ma kāna hana.
Ma kahi kūlana'ē aʻe, hiki i kahi pōpoki ke hōʻea inā hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale i kahi viper. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa a ʻoi loa ka hōʻino i kēia mau wahi aia i nā wahi liʻiliʻi e hiki ai ke hāʻawi aku i nā kōkua i ka mea i pōmole make.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, ka maʻi o ka viper Dinnik - hana hemolytic. ʻO ia ka kiʻekiʻe o ka molika nui o ka proteases o ka hemorrhagic, hemocoagulate a me ka hana necrotizing, ka peptide hydrolases, hyaluronidases a me nā phospholipases, i ka manawa o kahi aʻa ma o nā nīpī lymph i komo i ka pūnaehana ka puni, e luku ana i nā kula i ke koko - nā kaila koko ʻulaʻula a me nā hopena necrotic, e like me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke koko. mea pū me nā lymph nodes.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ma hope o kahi kīmū, ua ʻike ke kanaka i ka ʻāʻī wela ʻoi loa ma ka wahi o ka pua, a laila, no 15 a 30 mau minuke, huki, kuʻi, hoʻopiʻi, hōʻeha, ʻehaʻeha o ka ʻili, hoʻonui nui ʻia, hoʻoulu ʻia, tachycardia hiki.
Ma nā hihia koʻikoʻi nui, ka nalowale o ka ʻike, ka huehue o ka maka, ke hāʻule nui i ke kahe o ke koko, ke koko kaumaha (DIC), ka hiki ʻole o ka renal, hōʻino a hoʻolauna paha paha.
Kūlike ka make ma waena o 4-8%. I ka nui o nā hihia, he hopena ma mua o ka hebedoma he hopena o ka neʻe ʻana, akā hiki nō ke lōʻihi a lōʻihi - hiki i hoʻokahi makahiki.
Ma keʻano pilikino, hiki i ke kāohi pono ʻole ke alakaʻi i nā ʻano ʻōiwi.
ʻO ke kōkua mua no kahi kihi
Ma ke ʻano he kōkua mua no kahi kuʻekuʻe, e hoʻolako ʻia e mālie, e hoʻopiʻi i kahi bandage ke koi (akā ʻaʻole ka tourniquet!), Hoʻemi i ka ukana ma luna o ka limu a hiki ʻole i ka immobility, a hoʻolako i ka inu nui ʻana.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā manaʻo ma luna o ka pono o ka ʻikepili i ka ʻeha mai ka manaʻo: ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau mea e hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia i ka 30-50% o nā mea ʻino a pau me kēia hana i loko o ka minuke 10-15, ʻoiai ke manaʻo nei kekahi he mea maikaʻi loa kēia, no ka mea, hiki i nā mea maʻi mai nā mea maʻi ke komo i ke kahe me ka wai. purulent ʻeha a alakaʻi i nā hopena hou aʻe, a hiki i ka sepsis.
ʻO nā mea hewa a me ka hewa ʻole, akā mau nō hoʻi (ʻoi aku hoʻi i waena o ka poʻe kaiāulu) nā ʻano o ka mālama ʻana, aia kekahi ʻoki hōʻoki i ka pae ma kahi o kahi miki, cauterization, kahi noi o ka tourniquet, a me ka hau.
ʻO ka mea hana pono lapaʻau wale nō e hiki ke hōʻemi i nā hopena o nā mea huna hakahaka he serum kūikawā - "Viper", ua paipai ʻia e lawe pū me ʻoe i kou huakaʻi ana i nā kauā o kēia ʻano ʻāpana.
Ka nohona kūloko a me ka pale
ʻO ka viper Dinnik kahi laka, endemic a me nā liʻiliʻi aareal e pono ai e pale.
Eia kekahi, ua kākau inoa ʻia ka Dinnik viper i ka lua o ka CITES supplement (Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Spies of Wild Fauna and Flora). Ma mua, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ka ʻaina Dinnik ma kahi ʻano kūʻokoʻa a he ʻāpana o nā mea (ma kahi ʻano subspecies) - ʻo ka Caucasian viper (Vipera kaznakovi), i hoʻohui ʻia ma ka Puke Kauka o ka USSR (RSFSR a me ka Georgian SSR).
I kēia manawa, pale ʻia nā holoholona i loko o nā wahi he nui, mālama a me nā kīkaha a ʻo ke Aupuni Nui Caucasus, ʻelua ma ka Russian Federation a i ke Aupuni Repubalika.
ʻO ka pōʻino nui loa i nā ʻano holoholona i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea mākaʻikaʻi e pepehi nei i nā nahesa ma kahi o ko lākou mau kahua hoʻomoana. Weliweli loa nā kamaʻāina i kekahi ʻōlapa kūloko (a me nā mea uka ʻole maikaʻi ʻole a me nā kīleʻa wāwae ʻole - nā pana-melemele a me nā pua a me nā mea he manu), a me ke ʻano o ka viper a pepehi wale i kekahi manawa.
He liʻiliʻi nā ʻenemi maoli ka viper Dinnik. ʻO kekahi manawa e hānai ʻia kēia mau hedehehog e nā hedgehog kūloko, nā alopeke, nā peke a me kekahi mau manu o ka iʻa.
No ka mea pōʻino loa i ka mea kīwī Dinnik, ua loaʻa kēia holoholona holoholona ʻilihune a maʻamau a maikaʻi i ka ʻoihana ʻāina - e luku ana a hoʻopaʻa i ka nui o nā mea āpau. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā pona o kēia a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o nā ʻanoʻano o nā kūloko maoli ke waiwai waiwai no ke kūkulu ʻana o nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole, pono no ia, no ka poʻe maʻi me nā maʻi cardiovascular. No laila, e noʻonoʻo pono i kēia a me nā ʻano like ʻole e mālama i ka ola o ko mākou ʻāina a me ka honua i kahi holoʻokoʻa.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o waho
Kipi nā kiʻi o nā vipers Dinnik i ko lākou ʻano. Hiki i nā ʻōlima ke loaʻa i kahi waihoʻoluʻu: ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele, ka ʻalani a ʻulaʻula a me ka melemele paha. Kahi maʻa ka kala ke aniani, ʻike ʻia nā laina. Loaʻa nō hoʻi nā poʻe ʻeleʻele ʻē aʻe (e pili ana i ka 22%). Hānau ʻia nā melelist, akā e ke kolu o ke ola o ke ola, ʻeleʻele loa ka ʻili. Ma ke ala, he hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa loa: nā melanist o nā ʻano nui (no ka laʻana, kahi ʻāpana Caucasian e pili ana) he mau wahi ʻeleʻele ma luna o kahi ʻano ʻeleʻele.
I ka lōʻihi, hiki i ka viper ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka vole ʻo Dinnik ma waena o 50-55 cm, ʻo ia hoʻi, he awalu nō ia no ka ʻohana.
ʻO nā ʻōpala māmā, maʻa mau kaʻeleʻele, pae i waena o ke kua. ʻO ka helehelena ke poʻo ka ihi ʻia, kahi ʻano o nā pōpoki āpau, kahi i kuhikuhi i ka ihu. Ua liʻiliʻi ʻia ka ihu ponoi. E like me ka viper steppe, he kūpaʻa ke poʻo, a me ka maikaʻi e wehewehe. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka constrict o ka ʻā. Kahu ʻia ka nui o ke kino o ka nahe i ka lōʻihi a pau, ʻaʻole kiko ʻo ia i ka huelo (e like me ka hoʻohālike ʻana i nā nahesa). ʻO ka ʻili ke pokole, he wili i ʻili. Kūleʻa ka haumāna, e like me ka pōpoki.
Kālā
Noho ka ʻāpana maikaʻi ma Dinnik ma kahi Nui Caucasus, ma ka ʻāina ʻo Russia, Azerbaijan a me Georgia. E hoʻomāhele ʻia ka laulā nui ma ka hikina o Bolshaya Laba, a ma laila ʻē aʻe, he mau wahi noho kaawale i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kabardino-Balkaria, Chechnya, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Adygea a me Dagestan.
Nā hiʻohiʻona
Loaʻa ka viper a Dinnik ma nā ʻāpana alpine a subalpine, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1,5 a 3 km. ʻAʻole makemake kēia ʻale i nā wahi ākea, makemake nui i nā thickets me ka lāʻau o ka scree.
I nā awāwa kahawai, aia kahi mau nahele ulu conifousʻeleʻele, noho ka Dinnik viper i kahi kokoke i ka Caucasian, a ma kēia mau wahi i loaʻa ai nā ʻano o nā ʻano ʻelua. (ʻO ia ke ʻano he interspecific hybridization).
A alakaʻi kēia mau ʻīlena i kekahi ola i kēlā me kēia lā, akā hana nui lākou i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi. Inā hāinapu ka lā pōkole, hiki i ka viper ke hoʻoikaika i ka wā.
I ka mahina o ʻOkakopa, haʻalele nā kauā no ka hoʻoilo. Loaʻa nā wahi hoʻoilo ma kahi kokoke i nā wahi i noho mau ai. ʻO nā kāne ka kāne mua i haʻalele i ka peʻa ma ka hopena o Malaki, a i hope a ala aʻe nā kāne.
Huni a me ka ponoʻai
ʻO ka mea ʻokiʻoki i kahi manu ʻo Dinnik. ʻO ka pīhoihoi ka poʻe ʻōpio ma luna o nā rodents: nā kiʻi, nā kiʻi, nā ʻahuʻula. Me ka nele o ka meaʻai, hiki iā lākou ke lele i nā manu liʻiliʻi. Mea pio nā makahiki pālani i nā mea hihiu a me nā mea kilokilo.
I nā holoholona ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka nui, ʻaʻole i kū kaʻe ʻo kēia ʻuki. E pepehi i ka ʻula ʻulaʻula i ka mea i make, e like me kona mau kaikuaʻana, me ke kōkua o ka ʻawaʻawa. He mea maʻamau ke ʻano o nā ʻōpio: nā niho maikaʻi ke hoʻomoʻa maikaʻi ʻia, nā ʻōpio nā aʻa a lōʻihi, akā hiki wale iā lākou ke hana i ka hana o nā kīlapa e pili ana i ka ʻiʻo. No laila, ʻaʻole i huluhulu ka ʻuʻū, ʻaʻole hoʻi e palu i ka meaʻai, akā hoʻoheheʻe ia i loko o ia mau ʻāpana, a laila ia.
Nā Hōʻailona a me nā Mālama
He pōkole kēia nahe, ua loaʻa ka lāʻau o ka pona i ka ʻawaʻawa o hemolytic, keʻano o nā lālā a pau o ka ʻohana. Noho ʻo ia ma nā wahi kaulana loa ma waena o nā mea hoʻomoana. No laila, he mea nui ʻaʻole ia e hiki ke ʻike i kēia mau ʻīpiha, akā ʻike nō hoʻi i ka ʻano e hana pono ai ke hālāwai.
Pono pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia e like me ka nānā ʻole ʻana i ka lawehala i kekahi kanaka me he mea hopu. Hoʻokomo wale nō ʻo ia i ke pale ʻana iā ia iho.
Paipai nā poʻe loea i ka nānā pono ʻana i kēia wahi. I ka mauʻu a ma luna o nā pōhaku, ʻokoʻa loa kēia ʻūpī kohu. Mai hoʻāʻo e kaua aku iā ia, e kāwili me ka lāʻau, e hoʻolei i nā pōhaku. Hiki i kahi reptile i hoʻopiha ʻia a i hōʻeha ʻia paha ke hoʻomaka i kahi counterattack, a he mea hiki ke hōʻike ʻo ia i ka hoʻomalaha ma mua o ke kanaka.
I ka hanana ʻana o kahi paka, nui koke ka nānā ʻana i ka lapaʻau. Pono ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka mea lawe i ka haukapila ma ka hiki. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa koke i ka huki ʻana i ka mea ʻala mai ka ʻāʻī ʻana, e holoi ana i ka waha a me ka pūnaewele ʻuʻuku me ka wai i ka manawa e hiki ai ka nui.
Inā he hanana ka hanana ma kahi mamao a hiki ʻole i ka mākaʻi wikiwiki ke ʻano, pono ia e kau i ke kanaka no ka haʻahaʻa o ke poʻo ma mua o nā wāwae (hoʻonāukiuki kēia maʻa o ka intracranial). No ka hoʻoemi ʻana i ke kukuna o nā ʻawaʻawa i ke kino e kōkua i ka inu nui ʻana, ʻoi aku ka ʻoluʻolu. He mea kūpono ʻole ka helehelena e hoʻopili ai, akā aia kahi lole paʻa e ʻoi loa ma luna o ka pūnaewele o ka lawena e pono ai - e hōʻemi ana i ka piʻi o ka palahalaha ʻana me nā lymph, akā ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia i ke kaila koko. No ka hoʻomau i ke ʻano o ka mea i make, hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻawi iā ia i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau anti-inflammatory a me ka antihistamine, akā makemake ʻia e hana ʻia kēia ma lalo o ka mālama ʻana o kekahi kauka, a ʻaʻole intuitively.
ʻOiai inā e hāʻawi ikaika ʻia ka kōkua mua a uku piha, pono ke kamaʻilio ʻia ka pilikia o ka halihali. ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻana i kauka no kahi mea o kahi pōpoki viper he mea nui loa!
Ke Kaʻina ʻ Booklelo puke
Ma ke kaulike, ʻike mākou ua maʻi kēia nahe nui i kekahi kanaka ma mua o ka hana ʻino iā ia. I ka Buke Kauka, nā viper Dinnik i nā nāhelehele nāwaliwali. ʻAʻole kūpono kēia no ka luku ʻana i ke kino e pili ana i nā hana kanaka: hana kina ʻole ʻana, ke hōʻiliʻili nei i nā ʻōpala, ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻāina no ka ʻāina mahiai.