Ka neʻe iki aku nei i ka ulu lāʻau ma waena o ka nahele, kahi i ka ʻona kūlohelohe ʻole - ka ʻanuʻu. He kulu ke ʻano he nui i ulu nā mea ulu keʻe.
Aia ka paepae anuʻu i ka pae pākaukau. ʻO kēia ka mea, ua maloʻo ke kākā o ka lā maanei. Hoʻomaʻawale ʻia kēia wahi e nā makani maloʻo - nā hau maloʻo hiki ke hoʻohuli i ka ʻāhu puʻu ikaika.
ʻO ka kauwela i ke ala he lōʻihi, he wai me ka ua. ʻO ka mika wela he 20-22 degere Celsius, akā i kekahi manawa hiki ke piʻi aʻe i 40 degere. Ua pōkole a mahana ke kauwela. ʻO ka manawa wale nō ke hāʻule ka ea o ka ea i -40 degere.
I ka pūnāwai, ua ʻūlū ke ʻōpala ke ʻano: hoʻomāloʻu i ke olakino hāʻawi i ka lepo, a uhi ʻia ia me ka ʻū ʻana o nā pua ala. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka hoʻoilo, ʻaʻole pono ka ua i ka manawa e komo i ka hohonu i ka lepo. E kahe ana ʻo ia ma nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa a wikiwiki koke.
Kuhi. 1. Hoʻokipa i ka pūnāwai.
ʻO ka waiwai nui o ke kahua pāhiwa, he mau ʻāina momona, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo chernozem. ʻO ka make, nā mea kanu i hoʻopili ai i ka papakū kai hanohano - humus, nona nā mea kanu kūpono.
Ke ola honua
Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka makika i nā anu hele wāwae, he liʻiliʻi nui ka ulu ʻana. ʻO nā mea kanu nui ma kēia ʻano kūlohelohe nā ʻano lāʻau like a me nā kō āpau.
Kuhi. 2. nā mea kanu laʻa.
ʻO kēia ka hiʻohiʻona he hiʻohiʻona o nā mea kanu steppe:
- lau ʻeleʻele - e hoʻoluʻu i kahi mea liʻiliʻi o ka umu,
- nā lau ʻulaʻula māmā - ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano o nā kukuna o ka lā,
- mau hua liʻiliʻi he nui - ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a hoʻopaʻa i ka makuhū waiwai.
Peonies, irises, tulip, feather grass, fescue a me nā mea lapaʻau he nui i ka ulu lāʻau.
Honua holoholona
ʻO ka uhi ʻana i nā mea kanu loiloi i hana i nā kūlana kūpono loa no ke ola o nā pepeke, kahi ola keu ʻole kēia. ʻO nā mau mea aloha, nā mares, nā hua nāu, nā pi me ka nui o nā mea ʻē aʻe e noho nei ma nā ʻāpana wāwae.
ʻOiai he nui nā pepeke i loko o ka papahā, ʻo ia ka mea he nui nā manu e noho ana ma ʻaneʻi: nā ʻoka, nā alahele, nā ala. Hoʻopili lākou i kā lākou ʻuʻuku ma ka ʻāina.
Ua hoʻopili nui ʻia nā holoholona ʻōpala i ke ola ma ke kula: ua liʻiliʻi lākou a pau i ka nui, me ke kala māmā e hui pū ʻia me nā mea kanu. Ma nā ʻāpana i noho ʻia e ka nui rodents a me nā reptile.
ʻO Gophers nā kamaʻāina maʻamau o nā anuʻu. Hoʻohana nui lākou i ka manawa nui e kū ana ma ko lākou mau wāwae hind a ke nānā aku nei a puni. Ma ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, e hūnā ana lākou me kahi mea e hoʻopiʻi ana i nā puʻu. I nā makahiki paʻakikī, me ka maloʻo koʻikoʻi a me ka nele o ka meaʻai, hānau lākou i ka lā, 9 mau mea ia e hala.
Nā pilikia kūlohelohe o nā anuʻu
ʻO ka pilikia nui o ka wahi i kālai ʻia, ʻo ia kā kāna lawena ʻana i ka pono o ka mahiʻai. Ua hoʻolilo ʻia nā lepo maloʻo a me ka haʻalele ʻana i nā kumulāina ke kumu maikaʻi i ke kumu a hoʻomaka ai ka poʻe e ʻohi i nā ʻāina pāʻai a e kanu i nā mea kanu i luna.
Eia kekahi, kau ka pipi i nā wahi wāwae i kapu ʻole, a ʻo kēia hana e hiki ʻole ke alakaʻi i ka ʻāina kūʻokoʻa.
Ma muli o ka hana kanaka, nui nā holoholona steppe a me nā mea kanu i pilikia i ka pau piha.
He aha kā mākou i aʻo ai?
Ke aʻo nei i ka hōʻike e pili ana i ka papahana o ka papa 4 o ka honua a puni iā mākou, ua aʻo mākou i ke ʻano o ka wahi i hele wāwae. ʻIke mākou i ke ʻano o ke aniani no kēia ʻāina kūlohelohe, kahi e ola ai nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona i nā ākea nui o ke ala pākaukau, a he aha hoʻi ka pilikia nui o ka pae wāwae i kahi o ka honua.
Nānā kuhi:
ʻO ke kaʻina hoʻonaʻauao kālā kūʻai
Yasninskaya ke kula waena o ka helu 1
Nā hana papahana ma ke kumuhana:
"ʻOlogylelo o ka laikini: he ʻike i ka wā e hiki mai ana"
ʻAmaʻa: nā haumāna o ka papa 4
Lulu: A. Yachmeneva
Mahele 5
Mokuna 1. Nā ʻ Steppana o Ke Teritera Trans-Baikal 5
Mokuna 2. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao o ka Buke Maʻa o ka ʻAha ʻokoʻa Trans-Baikal 7
Mokuna 3. Nā pilikia pili i ke kaiapuni o nā wahi kū i ka pae Trans-Baikal a me ke ana e lanakila ai iā lākou 9
Hoike 17
Aole 1. Hōʻikeʻike "Ecology o ke alapani: ka ʻike i ka wā e hiki mai ana"
Helu 2. Nā hualoaʻi nīnau nīnau "Ecology of Transbaikalia steppes"
Ua kākau ʻo V. G. Mordkovich e pili ana i ka pōʻino o nā kihi: I waena o nā ʻalani āpau i ka honua, ʻo ka pau ʻole o ka piʻi wahi wāwae ka mea koʻikoʻi. ʻO ke kanaka o ka hōʻano hou o kēia hana kuikaha ke kāne. Ua pili maoli ka mōʻaukala o ke kuauhau a pili pū me ke ola o ka papahō anuʻu ʻōpala a ʻo ke kanaka i koi kūleʻa ai i kona waiwai no ka mālama ʻana i kēia kuʻuna luhi. "
Noho wau i ka Teritori Trans-Baikal, kahi ma nā wahi hele wāwae ʻaʻole wale ke kumu nui o ka kūʻokoʻa a me ka nani, akā, ʻo nā waiwai waiwai nui a nā kānaka. Akā i kēia manawa he pilikia pilikia ka mea e alakaʻi nei i kēia ʻōnaehana biolo i ka nalowale maoli ʻana, ka nalowale o kona ʻike a me kona kao ʻana e ka nāhelehele-ala a me ka wao. No laila, ʻo ke kumuhana o kaʻu hana hoʻolālā ʻo “Ecology of the steppe: a look into the future”. Aia ke pili ana i kona pili ʻana i kēia lā e noʻonoʻo pono ka poʻe āpau i ka nīnau pehea e mālama ai i ke kuʻikuʻu mai ka nalowale ʻana, no ka mea ʻo ia mau mālama kūlohelohe a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe e kū nei ma ka'āina o Trans-Baikal Territory (Daursky Nature Reserve, Sokhondinsky Nature Reserve, mālama kūlia ʻo "Mountainous Steppe", "Tsasucheysky ua boron "), ua lawa no e hoʻoponopono i kēia pilikia.
ʻO ke kumu o kaʻu hana, ʻo ia nō ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o ke alapine, e ʻike ai i nā pilikia kūlohelohe nui a me nā ala e hoʻoponopono ai iā lākou. Nā Kūlana:
- aʻo i ka palapala puke ma kēia kumuhana,
- hoʻokumu i nā hiʻohiʻona a me ka ʻike nui o ka ʻanuʻu e like me ke kaonaea.
- e kamaʻilio i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona i helu ʻia i loko o ka Red Book o ka Trans-Baikal Territory,
- e ʻike i nā kumu o nā pilikia kūlohelohe o ka pae ʻai,
- e hana i kahi puke o nā manu kiʻi e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole a me ka manuʻa o nā pua a me nā manu o ka Teritori Trans-Baikal.
ʻO ke kumuhana o kaʻu noiʻi nei ka pae ʻĀpana o ke ala.
ʻO ka pahuhopu o ke aʻo ʻana nā pilikia kūlohelohe o ka ʻanuʻu.
Ke Kuhiakau: inā ʻoe e ʻike i nā kumu kumu o ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni ma ka alahele, a laila hiki iā ʻoe ke mālama i kēia kaona honua no nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.
I hiki ʻole ke nalowale o nā ʻāpana hele wāwae me ke kaua ʻole mai ka honua aku, pono lākou e palekana! Akā, e nīnau mai nā nīnau: "Pehea e pale ai a ʻo wai e hana?" No ke aha i hoʻomaka ai ke kihi, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hanohano o ka kūlohelohe, hoʻomaka i kona kūʻokoʻa? Na wai lā e hoʻopiʻi? Pehea e mālama ai i ka ʻae? Ua ho'āʻo wau e ʻike i nā pane i kēia mau nīnau i ka wā o kaʻu noiʻi.
Mokuna 1. Nā Kūlana o ke Teritera o Transbaikal
ʻO nā ʻāpana hele i ke Teritori Transbaikal e hōʻike ana i ke kaʻe o ka palena o ke kaohi nui o nā wahi kiʻekiʻe o Eurasia, e kahe ana mai East Europe a hiki i Manchuria a kāhea pinepine ʻia ʻo ia ka Great Steppe.
I ka heluhelu ʻana i nā puke nūpepa, ua ʻike i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kīʻaha Transbaikalia i ʻelua mau wahi: ʻo nā kihi Aginsky a me Daurian, ke hana nei lākou i ka hana nui i ka mālama ʻana i ke ola ma ka honua.
Ke kihi hema o Chita ma ka hema-hikina o Transbaikalia, ma waena o nā muliwai Onon a me Agi, hoʻolaha ʻia ka ʻāpana Agin steppe. Mālama ʻo ia i nā mea kūlohelohe nani loa kekahi, kahi i hoʻomana ʻia na kekahi e nā kānaka kūloko, ʻoiai he mau mea hoʻomana kēia. Mai ka wā nui, ma ka pūnāwai a me ka wā lohi, i ka wā o nā huakaʻi ma ke kahawai Nozhi, aia ma ke kaona o ka ʻāina ʻo Aginskaya Steppe, ua pau nā hau keʻokeʻo.
ʻO kēia kaila me kahi wahi o 45,762 heka ua hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 2004 a aia ʻia ma ke kahua o ka moku Aginsky ma waena o nā muliwai Onon a me Aga. ʻO ke kumu o ka waihona e mālama ai a hoʻihoʻi i ke ʻano kūlohelohe kūlohelohe a me nā kaola ʻola o ka Agin steppe. ʻO ka ʻāpana nui o ka wahi i hoʻomākaʻa ʻia e nā wahi papa uahi e noho ʻia e nā kaiāulu. ʻO ka mea maʻamau pinepine ʻīlū hulu a me nā ʻīpī wāwae. Ua mālama ʻia nā ʻōpala a me nā paʻakai paʻakai i nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole e like me ka Ural licorice, ʻo physalis vesicle, Siberian nitrate. Ma ka huina, 17 mau lāʻau o ka mea kanu i kākau ʻia ma ka Red Book o ka Trans-Baikal Territory i kākau ʻia i ka waihona.
ʻO ka hele ʻana o kekahi nui o nā kahe e hopu ai i nā manu kokoke i ka wai, ma mua o ka hoʻoilo ʻana i ka puna. Ma aneʻi, ma nā ʻaki wāwae, hiki ke hālāwai me nā ʻalā (nā māmaka a me nā ʻāʻī) Hōʻuluʻulu hoʻi nā Cranes ma kahi kokoke i nā loko - belladonna, daurian, ʻeleʻele, hina a ʻulaʻokeʻo hoʻi (Siberian Cranes).
Nui nā rodents i ka waihona - kahe gopher lōʻihi-lōʻihi, jerboa, nā voles nui a paʻa i ka ʻāʻī, Trans-Baikal hamster, Daurian zokor. I ka wā ma mua, ua pālahalaha nui nā marmots Mongol (tarbagans), akā i nā makahiki i hala aku nei ua liʻiliʻi ko lākou helu a ua mālama ʻia kēia ʻano ma lalo o ka pale. Ma waena o nā ʻano mea like ʻole o ka momi ma Agin steppe, aia he wolf, fox, a corsac, manul, a steppe polecat, a solonga, he badger, he Daurian hedgehog. Ma kekahi mau wahi, kokoke loa kahi kokoke i ka ulu lāʻau Tsyrik-Narasun, ua ʻike ʻia nā kahe kanaka ʻo Siberian roe. Ma ka huina, e pili ana he 35 mau ʻano o nā momi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka waihona.
Ke pālahalaha aku nei ka ʻaoʻao Daurian ma luna o ka ʻāina o Mongolia, Kina a me Russia. Noho ka Lūkia Lūkini ma ke kuahiwi ʻoi aku ma mua o 64 tausani mau kilomita kilomita wahi. ʻO ia ka hale o ka Daursky Biosphere Reserve, aia i ka Trans-Baikal Territory. Noho nā ʻāpana ʻāina me nā ʻāpana mākeke. A pau ʻia lākou e nā ʻōpala o nā kahawai, ma luna o lākou nā paʻakai paʻakai, nā māka moku a me nā kaukani mau loko. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau, ua ulu nā lāʻau a me nā pua spangchiki i ka miki. ʻO ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka nohona olakino ma muli o ke ʻano nui o nā ʻāpana ʻāina a me nā hoʻomaha. Hoʻonui maoli nā ʻāina o nā ʻāina o nā Trans Transalia i ka pae iʻa. ʻO kahi hōʻoluʻolu maikaʻi a me kahi kūlana, kahi nui o nā loko a me nā ʻōpū ke hāpai i ka neʻe ʻana o kēia wahi i lilo i alakaʻi nui no ka neʻe e pili ana i ka wai, kahe wai a me nā manu passerine e neʻe ai.
ʻO kahi helu nui o nā manu līlī e noho ana i kahi papa Daurian: relict gull, bustard, goose-dry soose, ʻeleʻele a me ka Daurian crane a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. He mea nui kēia wahi i ka honua no ka mālama ʻana i kekahi o lākou, no laila ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Daursky Nature Reserve ma kahi o - nā mea kupanaha o ke ʻano.
Mokuna 2. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao o ka Buke ʻĀina o ka Teritore Trans-Baikal
ʻO ke kāʻei o ke Teritori o Transbaikal he ʻokoʻa a he palena ʻole. Hōʻike ʻia e ia ʻano ʻano o nā flora a me nā manu, kahi mea ʻole e hoʻohālikelike ai. Akā ua kākau ʻia ka nui o nā ʻelele o kēia ʻano kupaianaha i loko o ka Red Book i mea hopohopo a pono hoʻi e pale aku. ʻO wai a pehea e pale aku ai mākou e pale?
He holoholona liʻiliʻi ʻo Manul ma mua o kahi pōpoki home. Noho nō ia i nā ʻano biotopes steppe like ʻole, a me nā nahele a me nā pae o ka kāʻei o ka nahele. Aia ʻo ia i ke ola ʻano maʻalahi, e hana ana i nā kaona lōʻihi i ka wā hiki ʻole a, ʻo ia paha, i ka wā o ka noho ʻana. ʻO ka hopu manu ʻole ka hopena nui loa i nā helu. He nui nā ʻīlio luku ʻana i nā ʻīlio. ʻO nā ʻenemi nui ma ka helehelena ka ʻīlio, aeto a me ka ʻaeto. Hoʻonui nui i ka helu o Pallas i nā hoʻoilo hau. I ka waihona "Daursky" ola a hiki i ka 200 manuls. No ka mālama i ka manul, he mea nui e hana i nā mālama, mālama i ka ʻohi o ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻīlio, pāpā i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā loilo no ka lawe ʻana i nā holoholona ma ke ʻano kaulia a me nā wahi ala alahele, a e hōʻemi i ka pae o ka poʻi.
ʻO Dzeren - kahi anele o ka pulu, akā hoʻohui i ka peni me nā wāwae paʻakikī. ʻO ka ʻenemi nui ma ka kūlohelohe kahi wili. ʻO nā kika hau a me nā kulu nui e hōʻeha nui i ka lehulehu; i kēlā me kēia manawa, aia kekahi mau maʻi o nā maʻi kuʻi e hōʻeha ai i nā holoholona nui. He mea maʻalahi ke kaʻa me ka holoholona, akā ʻo nā wahi me ka overgrazing nui ma muli o ka nele o nā kipa hānai ʻana i liʻiliʻi pinepine. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka nalowale ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano mai ka ʻāpana o Rūsia a me Transbaikalia me ka luku mua ʻia e ke kanaka. Mālama ʻia iā ia i ka waihona Daursky. I mea e hoʻohui ai i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o nā ʻano nui ma ka ʻāina ʻo Trans-Baikal, pono: e hoʻoikaika i ka hakakā ʻana me ka loiloi kaʻa, e hoʻonui i ka palena ʻoi o ka Palapala Sokhondinsky. He mea nui ka haʻawina hoʻonaʻauao a me ke kaiāulu ʻana ma waena o ka heluna kanaka.
He manu nui ka nui o Crane - belladonna (wingpan 150-117 cm), akā he mea liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā ʻano puaʻi ʻē aʻe. He lehu nā kala a ka poloka, ka ʻā i mua o nā ʻaoʻao a ʻeleʻele nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo. Kulu nā hulu ʻeleʻele lōʻihi mai ka umauma. I ka punawai pū ʻana i ka belladonna ka nui loa o ka ʻaha ʻo Torey a me waenakonu o ka muliwai kahawai. Onona. ʻO nā kumu o ka hoʻopunipuni: ka wā o ka wamala, ka nele o nā wahi noho a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā kūlana ʻai i ka pau ʻana, ke kīloʻi o ke kīwī, nā poʻi, kekahi mau moa a me nā haki mai ka ʻīlio kahu hipa, me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā manu e ka poʻe i ka wā kaʻawale, kekahi o nā honu ma luna o ka ʻāina ulu make i ka hana mahiai. Hoʻole ʻia ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā manu a me kā lākou ʻuʻuku, mālama ʻia nā holoholona i ka Daursky Nature Reserve. Pono e hoʻokō i ka hana wehewehe ma waena o nā mea holo, hoʻoikaika i ka pale i nā kumu hopu, hoʻoikaika i nā hana e pale ai a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke ala lāʻau, a me nā mea ulu lāʻau, hoʻomōhala i nā hana hana hoʻomehana i loko o ka hana mahiʻai (plows nests), a pāpā i nā ʻīlio mālama hānai.
ʻO ka ʻaeto steppe he manu nui nona ka ʻohana o ka hawk. ʻAʻole kūleʻa ka mokuʻāina o kēia wā o ka lehulehu i Transbaikalia. I ka waiwai nui ʻole i ka lako meaʻai (ma muli o ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā marmots), nā ahi nui e hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ai i nā aeto, kahi e make ai nā ʻuʻuku. Aia pū kekahi mau hihia o ka hopohopo o nā manu ma nā ʻuʻuku (me ka make o ka huaʻala mai ka maʻi hypothermia), ka pōʻino o nā ʻuʻuku a me ka pā ʻana o nā aeto e nā poʻe hahai.
ʻĀpana Fakalalis - he mea kanu māla me ka mea hihi. Nā koi waiwai no nā mea kūlohelohe a me nā hiʻohiʻona biology, ka hapa liʻiliʻi o nā mea ʻalaʻī ma nā wahi i mālama ʻia nā ʻano manuahi e pili ana i nā loli hou. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka vesalis physalis i loko o ka Puke Hoʻomaikaʻi a pono e pale.
Mokuna 3. Nā pilikia kūleʻa o nā anuʻu
a me nā hana e hoʻonāuki iā lākou
I ka kokoke koke mai, ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia ke kihiʻo Transbaikal me ka ʻānai a me ka ʻānai ʻana i nā mea kanu a me ka uhi ʻana o ka lepo, a me ka wao nahele. Aia nā nui nui no kēia: deforestation, ka mea e hoʻopiʻi i ka makani maloʻo, poaching, ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia i ka luku ʻana i ka honua holoholona, nā mea ahi e hoʻohuli i ka ʻōpala i loko o kahi wao, ʻo ka hana waiwai kanaka i ka mea nui e hiki ai i ka nalo i ka ʻōpala e like me ka ecosystem.
Hana pinepine pinepine ʻia ka hana kanaka i nā loli nui i ka uhi kūlohelohe o nā anuʻu, a ʻo ke ʻano o kēia mau loli i ke ʻano he nui, alakaʻi ʻana i ka luku a hānai i nā mea he nui o nā mea kanu loea.
ʻO ka mua, ʻo ia kahi o ka palau o nā wahi i anuʻu nui. Ua make i nā ʻinoʻino a me ka make o nā miliona he he nui o ka ʻāina lau. Ua hoʻohuli nā kānaka i nā ʻāpana i ke kula. I kahi o nā wahi, ka lōʻihi o ka lawaiʻa o ka ʻāina ka mea i hōʻemi ʻia i ka nui o ka pohō a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka wai. Hāʻawi kēia mau āpana i ka puka ʻana mai o ka ʻāina noa, kūpono ʻole no ka mea kanu hua ʻole a no ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i nā mea kanu. No ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o ka hana, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōnaehana ʻano like ʻole. A ʻo lākou, ma kahi o ka hopena kūpono, he hopena maikaʻi ʻole. E like me: salinization o nā lepo a me nā kino wai, ko lākou haumia ma o ka paheʻe ʻana, ke kāʻili ʻana o ka pae ʻāina, pio ʻole o ka lepo, ka lepo me nā toxins a me nā nitrates, ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai wai, me ke ʻano o ka lepo a me lalo.
ʻO ka lua, aia ia i ka hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻōpala me ke ʻano. He hopena ʻo ka ʻili i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano kūloe o ka hehi wāwae i ka ʻai ʻana a me ke kahi ʻana i nā mea kanu. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka ʻōpū ʻōpala i nā cereals lio a hōʻemi i ka ʻokoʻa ʻana o ka mauʻu. ʻO nā mea ʻala hipa he mea maikaʻi loa ia no ka wahiʻu palaki.Hoʻohui ka ʻili i ka lepo, i mea e hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻia ana i kāna neʻe a me nā ʻalā, he mea pōʻino i nā turfgrains. ʻO ka ʻai ʻana i ka mauʻu huluhulu a me ka fescue, ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka mea ʻai, e hoʻokaʻawale loa ia i ke ala o kāna mau kumu aʻo nui. Maʻamau
ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pipiʻi nui i ka luku ʻana i ka lepo. I kēia mea, ua hoʻonui ka ʻāpana o nā mea make a me ka lāʻau lāʻau ma waena o ka nui o ka nahele.
ʻO ke kolu, ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o kekahi mau mea kanu i kākau ʻia ma ka Red Book e hōʻeha nui i ka pua o nā anuʻu i ka pūnāwai.
ʻO ke ʻehā, i nā kūlana o ka lawena makahiki, nā ʻano kuʻuna kūlohelohe o ka mālama kūlohelohe me nā makemake o ka mālama kūlohelohe. ʻO 2000-2007 a me ka hapa mua o ka 2008 ua haki loa. Ma ka makahiki 2007, aneane ka 98% o nā nāhele ʻāina, kahi nui i ka nui o ka ʻōpala hele wāwae. Ua loaʻa kahi nui o nā wahi noho no nā manu he nui. No laila, ma ka makahiki 2007, ma ka 70% o nā wahi hiʻi o nā kranes a me nā kaola i lilo i kūpono ʻole no ka noho ʻana, a ua koi ʻia nā manu e ʻike i nā pūlū kōlapa e ola ana. I ka ua anu, ua lilo ʻole ka mea kanu anuʻu i ka wīwī, aʻo ka ʻūnū mua ʻana i ka wahi i hoʻomānoʻi ai i nā ʻāpana a me nā kuahiwi e maloʻo a huli i nā wahi maikaʻi no ka ʻohi. Hiki i nā nosis ke maʻalahi a maʻalahi, ʻaʻole wale no nā mea hoʻopuka a me nā ʻīlio wale nō, akā no ka poʻe maʻi hoʻomalū wale a hehi ʻia e nā ʻōpala puaʻa wale.
No laila, he kā pono ʻole ka lawena a me nā mea manu he nui, a me nā holoholona.
ʻO ka mea hou aʻe, ua hana ʻia kahi ala i loko o nā kahi kiʻekiʻe o Transbaikalia i mea e maopopo ai ka nui o ka eeto. ʻAʻole hōʻoluʻolu nui kona mau hopena - ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka nui o ka eʻae ʻae i nā holoholona nui Daurian, i hōʻemi ʻia kona helu i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, e like me ka ʻike ʻia e nā ʻike nui o nā ʻano he nui o kēia ʻano ʻōiwi i nā wahi ʻole. ʻO kahi hui manuahi ʻai kūloko o ke kaʻe ʻōpala i ke kuahiwi ʻo Arguchak i hōʻike ʻia, kahi e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka hoʻopōmaikaʻi manuahi i nā pūnaewele pili. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā manu ʻōnaehana i ʻike ʻia e nā manu ʻōpio ma lalo o ka makahiki 4-5 mau makahiki, e hōʻike ana i kahi make nui o nā manu Daurian.
ʻO kekahi kumu o ka make nui o nā eʻae ʻōpala o ka epaea i ka wahi, ʻo ka pūnaewele ākea o nā laina mana o 6-10 kV, ka mea i hoʻopiʻi i ka nui o nā wahi i kahi no ka hope o Dauria.
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana o ka laina o ka heihei manuahi i hoʻopilikia kino ʻia i nā manu manuahi a hiki i nā wahi manuahi wale nō. ʻO nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele e make i nā poloka konkī o nā laina mana mai ka pehu uila. I loko o ka wahi palekana o ka mālama o ka Daursky ma lalo o ke kākoʻo o ka laina mana o ka mana, ʻike ʻia ke kino o kahi saker, ʻo ia ka mea i haki ʻia i loko o ke kaena. Kahi ke aho o nā laina mana o nā manu e like me Dauria, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kekahi wahi ʻē aʻe o ka Hema Siberia Hema, no laila, e mālama pono i nā manu o ka hopu ʻia, nā ana pono e hoʻopiha i kēia mau mana mana me nā polokalamu palekana manuahi e lilo i mea mua o nā hana hana kaiāulu.
ʻO ke kumu nui no ka holomua o ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka make o nā nests ʻo ia ka ahi kapu. Ma ka liʻiliʻi o ka hapa o nā papa i noho ʻia ʻaʻole i kūleʻa ma muli o ke puhi ʻana o nā neto ʻeto i ka wā hāʻule. ʻO nā puʻu ka hahau maoli ʻana o Dauria. ʻAʻole wale ka paepae, akāʻo ke kulu o nā ululāʻau i ʻaneʻi. ʻO keʻano kūikawā, kahi kākāʻau lāʻau māla i lalo o ka wāwae o ke baspe, ʻo ia ke ʻano nui o ka nui o ka eʻe o ka eeto - kahi i kanu ʻia, ua uhi piha ʻia e nā lāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau i kūpono i nā aeto e ʻoki loa ʻia. Mālama ʻia ka hale kanu kanu i ka pā ʻana i nā ulu hope loa o ka nahele nui, ʻaʻole i hoʻokahe ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā wahi pāhiʻu.
Hiki ke wehewehe i ke kumu o nā ahi i ka mālama ʻana i ke ahi e kekahi kanaka i ka wā o ka puhi ʻana i ka mauʻu maloʻo i ka makahiki i hala. Haka ka makani i kahi lapalapa e holo ana i ka paena holoʻokoʻa me ka paia o ke ahi, ʻoki ana i ka ʻōpala, nā lāʻau maloʻo a me ka mauʻu, e hoʻololi ana iā lākou i ka lehu. Piʻi ʻo ia i ka lewa me nā puahiʻu o ka uahi paʻa.
ʻO kekahi pilikia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe. ʻAʻole noʻonoʻo ka poʻe e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana, me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā holoholona i kākau ʻia ma ka Red Red Book. I kekahi manawa pepehi lākou no ka leʻaleʻa, no ka mea ke aloha lākou i ka pana aku, a ʻano makaʻu loa i ka wā e nalowale ana nā keiki i ko lākou mau mākua a make hoʻi.
No laila, ʻo ka poʻe ma mua i nā mea mua, i mea e hoʻopakele ai i ka ʻepa, i ʻole e mālama i kā lākou mau hana. Ke hoʻokō nei i nā hana e like me:
- ka hana i nā mea mahiʻai āpau e hakakā ai i ka make ʻana a me ka hi ʻana o ka lepo.
- ke hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka ʻāina mahiʻai (e hāʻawi i nā ʻāina he "hoʻomaha" i ola lākou),
- hoʻohana naʻauao
- ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻōpala lāʻau e pale i nā kula mai ka hau a me ka hoʻoilo o ka hau.
- hoʻonohonoho a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻāina i mālama ʻia, nā kahu hānai, nā mālama, nā mālama kūlohelohe e pale i ka kūlohelohe,
- ka hui pū ʻana o nā papa inoa o nā mea kū hoʻokahi a me ka manuʻa o ka manu a me ka manuʻa no ka Red Book,
- ka palena o ka huki o nā ʻāina chernozem no
- nā mana hou o ka mīkini mahiʻai,
- ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o nā ʻāina i hoʻopilikia ʻia i ka wā o ka mining, ka aila a me nā pāina, a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alahele a me nā paila.
- ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka pale a me ka hoʻohana naʻauao ʻana i nā kahua mālama manu nui, e hoʻonohonoho ai i laila kahi wahi hoʻomaha no ka manu a me nā wahi no ka ʻohiʻohi a me ka inu ʻana i nā holoholona i ola i ka wā maloʻo.
I mea e huki ai i ka manaʻo o nā wā'ōpiopio i ka pilikia o ka eʻōwili o ke ala, ua hana wau i kahi noiʻi e hoʻohana ana i ka nīnau nīnau ma waena o nā haumāna o kā mākou kula (mau māka 4-11: he 60 mau kānaka). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nīnau he nīnau he 3.
- ʻO wai ʻoe e manaʻo ai he kumu nui o nā pilikia kūlohelohe i ka wōwae?
- ʻO ka pilikia ka manaʻo i ka mea kūpono?
- He aha nā hana e pale aku ai i nā pilikia o ke kaiāulu āu e kuhikuhi?
Nā kūlana kumu
Aia nā ʻanuʻu hāmeʻa i kahi ma ka Continental Continental a i kahi ākea ākea ākea. ʻO ke kauwela ke kauwela, i kekahi manawa he nui loa, e like me ke piʻi o ke wela ma luna o +40. He liʻiliʻi ka ua. ʻO ka hoʻoilo hiki ke maʻalahi a paʻakikī. He liʻiliʻi ka hau. Uhiʻi ʻoluʻolu ʻo ia i ka lepo, pinepine e ka neʻe ma ka hau.
Nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu
Ma mua o ka weheweheʻana i nā pilikia o ke kaiapuni o ke kapu pākaukau, pono e haʻi i nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu ke loaʻa ma aneʻi. ʻO ka pua o nā wāwae i hōʻike ʻia e kahi ʻōpala hanohano. I nā ʻāpana hāhā, mauʻu, mauʻu wī, fescue mauʻu, hipa a me ka lehulehu o nā pōpō nunui e ulu ana. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau no ka lōʻihi o ka maloʻo, no laila e ulu ikaika lākou i ka puna, e hoʻohana ana i ka lepo maloʻo ma hope o ka hoʻoilo.
ʻO nā holoholona ma nā ʻanuʻu steppe ka hapa nui loa o ka nocturnal, no ka mea e koi ʻia lākou e kali i nā lā wela. Loaʻa nā Antelope, nui rodents, jerboas, eagles, kestrels, larks ʻike ʻia i ʻike ʻia. Eia kekahi, he nui nā huahele a me nā mea ʻino. Ma ke ala, lele aku ka hapanui o nā manu i nā ʻona ʻē aʻe no ka hoʻoilo. Hoʻomaopopo piha nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona i nā pilikia o ka uaki wāwae, a, ʻoi ka hala, e hoʻopiʻi ke kanaka no ka hapa nui o kēia mau pilikia.
Nā kumu o nā hopohopo o ke kaiapuni
Hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia nā ʻāpana wahiʻai no ka hana mahiai. Loaʻa i ua kanaka nei kahi ʻāina i mākaukau maikaʻi a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi. Akā, ʻo ka hoʻohana hewa ʻole ʻana o kēia mau ʻāina e hōʻemi loa i kā lākou waiwai. ʻO nā pilikia kūlohelohe o ka pae pā anuʻu e alakaʻi i ka luku ʻana i nā ʻāpana i ka wahi a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o kēia mau ʻāina e ka nahele-steppe a me nā wao. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia kahi huaʻōlelo kūikawā - "wailele". ʻO kēia ke kaʻina o ka ʻōpala o ka ʻepekema, hoʻoneʻe i kona kūlohelohe.
ʻO ka hele pinepine ʻana i ka ʻōpala a me nā makani maloʻo i nā ʻāpana wahiʻai, hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻaʻole e kaomi wale nō, akā e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia hoʻi nā wahi nui o ka anuʻu. Kapa ʻia ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka lepo. E hoʻolako i ka wai, kūkulu ʻia nā ʻōnaehana irrigation a me nā hoʻolālā hydraulic. ʻAe kēia iā ʻoe e ulu ulu i nā hua kanu, akā ua hoʻoweliweli ka hopena.
- hoʻomaka ka hiolo ʻana
- salinization o ka lepo a me nā waihona kūlohelohe e kū mai ana
- hoʻoweliweli ka wai ʻōpala i kahi pōʻino i nā kino kūlohelohe o nā wai kūlohelohe,
- ho okumu ʻia ka paʻakai ma nā wahi e kahe ai o ka ʻaloe,
- hana nā hopena lepo
- Pēlā ka lepo a me nā kino wai i ka nā mea huna a me nā nitrates (e komo pū ana i ka wai a me ka wai lepo).
ʻOiai ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka irrigation i ka hopena kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana i ka mahiʻai, e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo ia i nā pilikia o ke kaiapuni o ka pākaukau. ʻO kēia ka mea e pono ai ke kanaka e noʻonoʻo i nā ala e hōʻemi ai i nā pilikia.
Pehea e hōʻemi ai i ka hopena maikaʻi o ke kāne
Ke hoʻomau nei i nā ʻāpana sitahi, e hoʻomohala ʻia nā hana he nui. Hoʻonohonoho lākou e hoʻemi i ka pilikia a me ka hoʻihoʻi i ka kaulike o ka ékological. Hoʻopilikia ʻia nā pilikia o ka ʻekekema o ke alanuʻu:
- Hāpai ʻia nā wahi palekana a mālama ʻia nā kālā mālama mālama.
- ua hui ʻia nā papa inoa o nā mea kanu weliweli a me nā holoholona no ka hoʻopili ʻana ma ka Red Red Book,
- hana ʻia nā hana e mālama a hoʻihoʻi i nā mea pili i ka flora a me nā manu,
- ua kaupalena ʻia ko ke komo ʻana i ka lepo ʻeleʻele no ka hana hewa ʻana,
- hoʻomohala ʻia nā mīkini mahiʻai,
- ʻāina hou ʻia aku
- ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā ʻāina i loko o ke kaʻina o ka hana waiwai.
ʻO nā pilikia Ecological o ka pae pā anuʻu e koi pono ai ke nānā ʻana, me ka piʻi ʻana o nā wahi hele i lalo o ka maka o ka honua.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i ka pae ʻāina-steppe a me nā pae ʻai
Ma Lūkia, ʻo nā wahi hele wāwae a me nā anuana ʻaʻole e holo mau i ka palena o ka palena hema a me ka palena hikina, a ma kahi mau wahi i ka hohonu o ka ʻāina. Noho lākou i kekahi ʻāina ākea loa, i kekahi mau wahi pili i nā ulu lāʻau a me nā kahe.
Leka loa ke aniani i kēia ʻāina no ka ola - ke hoʻomau i ka ʻāina. ʻO ka ua o kēlā me kēia makahiki he 600 mm o kēlā me kēia makahiki, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke mālama i kahi pae haʻahaʻa kūpono e lawa ai no nā mea kanu ʻole. I ka hoʻoilo, hiki i ke ea ke hāʻule i ka -20 degere Celsius. Eia kekahi, ʻehā nā wela i ka wela a wela.
I kēia hihia, ʻano nui ka lepo, a komo pū ka chernozem. ʻO ka mea kanu ka nui o nā ʻano kai e kū i ke anuanu a me ka anu (ka mauʻu hulu, ka fescue, hipa, ʻokiʻihi a me ka bulbous), a me kekahi lāʻau liʻiliʻi, kahi ʻukā, linden, lehu, kanikani, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ka pili ma ka wahi i kahi ʻia kahi mahelehele-ala. . ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻailona nui nā holoholona e nā rodents (gopher, groundhog, etc.), a me nā artiodactyls, e lilo loa i mau holoholona home (lio, hipa, donies, etc.). Aia kekahi mau ʻelele o ka fauna ululāʻau liʻiliʻi.
Nā pilikia kūlohelohe o ka nahele-steppe a me ka ʻanuʻu
I ka hōʻea ʻana i nā pilikia kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole hiki ke pale ʻia nā kūkākūkā o ka pono kanaka. He kūlohelohe maoli nā pōpilikia kūlohelohe, akā hele mai lākou i nā wahi a i ʻole ke hoʻomau mau nei. ʻO ka hana kanaka, ʻokoʻa, hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻomanawanui a me ka kūlike. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, a hiki i kēia manawa, lūlū pinepine ka poʻe me ka kaulike o ka ékological, a hiki i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole iā ia.
ʻAʻohe nui nā pilikia o ka kaiāulu ma ka nahele-steppe and steppe zone, akā kēlā me kēia mea pili honua.
- ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke anuʻu anuʻu no nā pono o ka mahiʻai
ʻO ka mea hana wāwae i hana mua ʻia no ke kāohi ʻana a me ka hānai ʻana i nā holoholona. Akā, ua hiki ʻole i ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana ke hoʻohana i kēia mau ʻāina i kēia hana wale nō. Ma muli o ka emi ʻana o nā ʻāina mahiʻai i hoʻohana mua ʻia a me ka mahuahua o ka lehulehu, pono e kūkulu i nā ʻāina hou. No laila, hiki ke hoʻomālamalama ʻia ka ʻōpio i nā pono hou: e ulu i ka palaoa, ka palaoa, kaʻaila, a me nā hua like ʻole. I kēia mea, hoʻomaka lākou i ka hoʻōla kuikahi i ka lepo me ka wai, a hoʻopau i nā koena iʻa i hiki ke hōʻeha i ka hua. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana nā kānaka i nā ʻano mea hoʻohui biochemical e pono ai ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka huahana, akā e hana maoli nei i ka hōʻeha i nā wahi pākaha steppe.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ia mau ʻano e alakaʻi i kahi pilikia ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kekahi pilikia kēia i hālāwai ai ma Rūsia, a pili pū kekahi hoʻi me nā hana hana kanaka.
Hoʻolaha ka loina ma muli o ka hiapo ʻana o ka lepo ma muli o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana o ka muliwai, pohō ʻole o nā ululāʻau kokoke a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pōʻino hōʻino. ʻOi aku ma kahi o kahi hapaha kenekulia, ʻo ka'āina o ka ʻāina i lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka hōʻino, ua hoʻonui i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa ia manawa a me nā kālā he 100 miliona eka. Akā ma hope o nā mea āpau, he aha ka hua e hiki ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia inā mālama pono ke kanaka i nā kumuwaiwai i hāʻawi maoli ʻia e ke ʻano.
Meo no ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi i waena o nā kaao lāʻau-ala
No ka pili ʻana i nā pilikia o ka pōʻaiapuni, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Russia e hoʻokō i nā hoʻolālā like ʻole a me nā kumumanaʻo e hōʻoia ai i ka palekana o ke kūlohelohe a me ka palekana o nā pae lāʻau-steppe a me nā ʻāpana ʻāpana.
I ka ʻoihana kūikawā, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hana i ka zoning o ka ʻnekema o ke koena o nā koina ala-steppe a me nā wahi i hele wāwae. Hāʻawi ʻia kekahi o lākou i ke kūlana o ke kūlana kūlohelohe kūikawā, kahi i lilo ai i nā paka a me nā mālama mālama ʻāina. ʻO kekahi laʻana, ʻo ka Volga forest-steppe, mauna Galich, kahi o Voroninsky, a pēlā aku, ʻo ka hapa nui loa, aia nā wahi mālama ma ke kahua o nā mauna Ural. Eia nō hoʻi, ma ke Komohana o West Siberian forest-steppe kūlia i ka nui loa. No ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻo kā Tunkinsky National Park i hana ʻia ma Buryatia ʻaʻole i holo pono i ka hana. Pono nō hoʻi e kuhikuhi i ke kūlana o kahi i waiho i nā wahi o nā mauna ʻo Trinity a me Akbulak, nā pāwae Baraba a me Kulunda.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ia e mālama i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka ʻokoʻa o kēia ʻano o nā ʻāina, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻepekema i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā papa inoa o nā mea ʻike lino āpau a weliweli i ka ʻoihana holoholona a me ka honua. Ua hoʻopiʻi kēia mau papa inoa i ka Red Red Book. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka helu o ia mau ʻano ʻano he ala kaumaha: ma ka 15 mau mea kanu o ka mammals, 35 mau manu o nā manu, 15 mau ʻano heʻoni, he 60 mau ʻano o nā invertebrates mau ʻano i ka ʻano o ka nahele-steppe a me nā ʻanuʻu ʻanuʻu o Rūsia ma ka palena o ka pau ʻole.
Ma muli o ke kūlana o kahi pānaʻi i mālama nui ʻia, ua hōʻemi nui ʻia ka komo ʻana o ke kanaka i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai ma ka palena lalo, kahi e pale ai i ka nalo ʻana o kēia ʻano ʻano ʻāina. Ma muli o ka hikiʻole o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻāina i lulu ʻia, paʻa ka manaʻo o ke kanaka e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka pono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea i loaʻa. Hāʻawi kēia i kahi mea hoʻomohala i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana mahiai, nā puaʻa, a me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe o ka paepae ʻoihana agro-industry. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻomaka lākou e hana i nā hana e mālama ai i ka ulu ʻāina.
Eia kekahi, ma ka pae kānāwai, he kuleana ko nā mea hana ʻāina e hoʻokau i nā hana hoʻihoʻi ʻāina, ke manaʻo ia e hōʻemi i ka hopena maikaʻi o ka hana kanaka. Hoʻopili pili kēia i ka ʻoihana mining, ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā alanui, nā pipili, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i ka mea ʻo ka nui o nā mea e pono ai ke kanu ʻana i ka pale o ka pale o ka pale a me nā ʻūhā ala.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa ka nui a me ka maikaʻi o nā hanana ma Lūkini, no ka mea ua lawe ʻia nā hana he nui ma ke kumu o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻole i nā hana kānāwai. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole pono maikaʻi ka ʻōnaehana o ka kaohi a me ka hoʻopaʻi.
ʻO ka mea hiki ʻole ke pale i ka maikaʻi o ka poʻe i kau aku. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka kumu nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka kaulike o ka hoʻokō i ka Honua ke kuleana a me ka makemake o kēlā me kēia kanaka e mālama i kēia kaulike. Kahi ʻana ka hana ʻana e hoʻomaka mai ka wā ʻōpiopio a hōʻike ʻia e nā poʻe a puni. No kekahi kumu, manaʻo ke kanaka ʻo "inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e litter i ka home, hiki i ka hoa noho."I ka manawa like, hōʻoleʻole lākou e haʻi e pili ana nā mea āpau i ka kūlohelohe. A pili koke paha ka maluhia o ka hoalauna e pili ana i kona olakino ponoʻī, no ka mea he ʻāina maʻamau a me ka wai.
Hoʻohālikelike
ʻAʻole makehewa nā pilikia o ke kaiāulu a me nā wahi ala, a me nā ʻona kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe o ka honua. ʻO nā hoʻololi, kahi i hoʻopiʻi ʻia e ka kumu anthropogenic, ua hōʻike nui i nā kūlana kime ma ka Honua.
I kēia manawa, ke mālama ʻia nei kahi kulekele e mālama i nā wahi i koe mau ʻāina kūlohelohe o nā wahi loea a me nā ala hele. Hāʻawi ʻia kēia mau wahi i ke kūlana o nā ʻona kūlohelohe maoli kūikawā, ka palena o ka hiki ʻana o ke komo i ke kanaka i kēia mau waiwai. Ma kēia hana e lilo ai ka pono o ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o nā wahi i kūkulu ʻia i ka hana nui no ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka poʻe i ka ʻai e pono ai.
Eia nō naʻe, he hoʻohui i nā hana palekana i hāʻawi ʻia i nā wahi i ola ai, pono nō hoʻi nā hana i hoʻihoʻi hou i nā wahi i hoʻopau ʻia: uku hou ʻia, kū ka nahele, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kōkō aloha kūlohelohe.
Hoʻokomo ka hana nui e ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka hapanui o ka heluna o ka hapanui o ke ʻano o ke kuleana no ka ecology o ko mākou honua.
ʻO nā pilikia nui o ka pae wāwae
Ma nā ʻāina like ʻole o kā mākou honua, ua pāholo ʻia nā ʻaoʻao hana. Aia lākou ma nā wahi kikoʻina climatic a ma muli o ke kōkua ʻana o ka mau hiʻohiʻona hōʻoluʻolu. ʻAʻole kūpono e hoʻohālikelike i nā pae wāwae o kekahi mau konohiki, ʻoiai aia kekahi mauʻano maʻamau i kēia neʻe kūlohelohe.
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ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia maʻamau o ka neʻe ʻana, ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i nā hapanui o ke ʻano o ka honua i kēia manawa. ʻO kēia ka hopena o ka hana o ka wai a me ka makani, a me nā kānaka kekahi. Hāʻawi kēia mau āpana i ka puka ʻana mai o ka ʻāina noa, kūpono ʻole no ka mea kanu hua ʻole a no ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i nā mea kanu. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole paʻa ka flora o ka uaki steppe, ʻaʻole ia e ʻae i ke kūlohelohe i ola hou ʻia ma hope o ke ʻano o ke kanaka. Hoʻonui wale ka mea anthropogenic i ke kūlana o ke ʻano o kēia ʻano. Ma muli o kēia kūlana, ua palau ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻāina, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke ʻano lahui. Hoʻohana loa nā pasture i ka ʻilihune, hoʻohemo a me ka salinization o ka lepo e tupu.
ʻO kekahi pilikia ke ʻano o ka hāʻule ʻana o nā lāʻau e pale i ka flora a hoʻoikaika i ka lepo o ka ʻoniʻo. ʻO ka hopena, ke hoʻōla ʻia nei ka ʻāina. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia kaʻina hana e nā droughts ʻano o ka ʻūhā. Ma muli o ka helu, ua emi ka helu o ka honua holoholona.
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Ke komo nei ke kanaka i ke kūlohelohe, kūlohelohe ka loli i loko o ka kaona, no ka mea ke heʻe ʻia nā ʻano o mua o ka hoʻokele. Hoʻopilikia kēia i kahi palupalu i ka nohona o ke ola o nā kānaka, aia ka emi ʻana o ka ulu o ka lehulehu.
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ʻO nā pilikia kūʻepekema o nā sitepiki he lapuwale. Aia kekahi ala e lūlū ai i ka luku o ke ʻano o kēia wahi. Pono ia ka nānā ʻana i ke ao a me ke aʻo ʻana i kahi mea kūlohelohe. E ʻae kēia iā ʻoe e hoʻolālā i nā hana hou aʻe. Pono e hoʻokūkala pono i ka ʻāina mahiʻai, e hāʻawi i nā ʻāina i "hoʻomaha" i mea e hōʻea ai. Pono ʻoe e hoʻohana pono i ka ʻai. He mea kūpono paha ke kāpae i ke kaʻina hana i kēia wahi kūlohelohe. Pono ʻoe e mālama pono i ka pae haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā wai e hānai ai i ka honua i hoʻokahi a i ʻole kekahi ʻāpana. Akā ʻo ka mea nui e hiki ke hana e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kaiapuni ʻo ia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hopena o ke kanaka i ka kūlohelohe a huki i ka lehulehu i ka pilikia o ka wīwī ʻana i ka hehi wāwae. Inā kūleka ia, hiki ke mālama i nā kaile honua āpau i waiwai i nā mea kūlohelohe a koʻikoʻi i ko mākou honua.
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Hoʻoholo i nā pilikia kūlohelohe o nā anuʻu
E like me kāu i hoʻomaopopo ai, ʻo ka pilikia nui o ka poʻe hele wāwae, he wīwī, ka mea e hiki mai ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana ka mea hele hei wao. No ka pale ʻana i kēia mai, pono e hana nā kaʻina e mālama i ka ʻano kūlohelohe o ka ʻanuʻu. ʻO ka mea mua, hiki i nā hui aupuni ke hana i nā kuleana, hana i nā mālama a me nā pā kīwila. Ma ka pae o kēia mau mea e hiki ʻole ke hoʻokele i nā hana anthropogenic, a ma lalo o ka pale a me ka mālama ʻana o ka poʻe loea. I lalo o ia ʻano, e mālama ʻia nā mea kanu he nui, a he manu maoli nā holoholona e noho a me ka neʻe a puni ka ʻāina i mālama ʻia, i mea e loaʻa ai ka nui o ko lākou mau iwi.
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ʻO ka hana nui e hiki mai ana ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea laʻu manu a me nā manu a me ka manu i ka Puka Mahele. Pono lākou e pale ʻia e ka moku'āina. I mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hopena, pono e hoʻokō i kahi kulekele ʻōlelo ma waena o ka heluna, no laila ʻike ka poʻe i nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona ʻaʻoleʻino a hiki ʻole iā lākou ke luku ʻia.
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ʻO ka ʻāina, pono ka pale i nā wahi āpau i pale ʻia mai ka mahiʻai a me ka mahiʻai. No ka hana i kēia, pono ʻoe e kau i ka nui o nā wahi i hoʻokaʻawale no ka mahiʻai ʻana. ʻO ka ulu lāʻau e pono no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻenehana ʻoihana mahiʻai, ʻaʻole ma muli o ka nui o ka ʻāina. Ma kēia e pono ai ʻoe e kanu pono i ka lepo a ulu i nā mea kanu.
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Ua hōʻoia ʻia e ka loea
1 Ke kīpē ʻole ʻole nei nā ʻāina momona i alakaʻi i ka wikiwiki o ka hua ʻai a me nā hua ʻana.
2 Kahiahi ʻana o ka ʻae ʻāpana.
3 No ka mea kanu kūlohelohe o kēia mau ʻāina, salinization lepo, ka ulu ʻana o nā loko paʻakai, a me nā hala ʻole o ka lepo.
4 Ma muli o ka palau, hana ʻia ka lepo.
5 ʻO ka hana ʻino ʻana i nā holoholona pāmu e alakaʻi ai i ka hehi ʻana o ka mauʻu.
ʻO ka poʻi hiki ke hoʻopōʻino nui i nā mea like o ka honua holoholona.
Hoʻopiha piha a i ʻole hoʻoweliweli a pau i kahi helu o nā holoholona steppe
ʻO nā kumu nui o ka huki ʻana o kekahi mau holoholona steppe.
- kanaka hoʻopau make o nā holoholona kūlohelohe kanaka - paleʻino, ʻaina kīʻaha i ka ʻāina,
- loli ma ka nohona holoholona ma muli o nā pehu,
- hopu, makahele.
ʻO ka'ōpala a me nā nāhelehele nāhelehele, kahi o nā ʻano kūlohelohe o ka fauna steppe, ua aneane loa i hoʻololi ʻia i loko o nā kīlaha. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka mea ua nalowale nā holoholona.
ʻO kekahi mau momi i manaʻo ʻia i nā pōpilikia ua lilo kēia i mea hoʻoweliweli. He vole kēia, gerbil, jerboa, ground squirrel, earthen hare.
ʻO kekahi mau manu, e like me ka bell-crane, paʻa ka bustard i ka neʻe i ka mahina. Akā maʻamau ka make ʻana o kā lākou nests i ka wā hana. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides ma luna o ka pāmu i alakaʻi kekahi i ka emi mau o ka nui o ka nui o nā holoholona a me nā manu hihiu.
Lāpule a hana hoʻopunipuni
ʻO ka pilikia ma nā kīnī anuʻu a me nā wahi ala-ala ʻoiʻu a aneane a ʻaʻohe o nā kumu lāʻau a me nā anuʻu. Kokoke i nā wahi āpau i hoʻomohala ʻia - hoʻopili a ʻoki ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi mahiʻai. ʻO ka hoʻohana mauʻana i nā ʻōpala i kahi pāwae e alakaʻi ai i kā lākou huehue, hoʻoemi i ka uluʻana, hoʻemi i ka ʻokoʻa i loko o kēia ʻano i loko o kēia wahi. Hoʻopau ka hana hoʻoneʻe i ka wāwae o ko lākou hoʻoikaika kūlohelohe, a me ka lāʻau ulu lāʻau - ko lākou pale aku.