ʻO ka biocenosis ka nui o nā mea ola e noho nei i kekahi wahi, kahi ʻokoʻa i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i kekahi o nā hōʻailona. Loaʻa nā maʻi āpau i nā pono like o ke kaiapuni. ʻO ke ola o kahi biocenosis kahi pilina hierarchical kahi i hana ai kēlā me kēia mea i ka hopena.

ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o ka biocenosis

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hui hoʻohui biology i ke kaʻina hana o nā mea ola i ka wā lōʻihi. ʻO kēiaʻano kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia biocenosis heʻokoʻa. Aia kona ʻano ʻokoʻa i ka makahiki: ʻo ka muli loa, ʻo ia ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea ola i loko. Loaʻa nā ʻano ʻokoʻa i loko o nā biocenoses pākeke a pākaha.

ʻO ke ʻano o nā biocenosis

Hoʻohālikelike ka hoʻolālā ʻano ʻanoʻokoʻa i ka ʻokoʻa a me ka helu o nā ʻelele o nā hui like ʻole i kahi hui lokahi. E wehe i waena o nā biocenoses waiwai a maikaʻi ʻole. I loko o kekahi o lākou aia nā mea hana e hoʻokūkū ai. ʻO nā ʻano Dominant, me ka ʻole o ka hiki ʻana o nā mea ola ʻē aʻe, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he edificator. Me ko lākou emiʻana, ke loli nei ka biocenosis iho.

He hoonui hale

Hoʻohālikelike ka hoʻolālā spatial ma ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā mea kanu. ʻO nā Tiers ke kūkulu ʻalani o ke kaiāulu; Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao lāʻau e nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻopau maikaʻi aku nā limu a ka lā i ka lā, loaʻa ʻia e ka lua o nā kumulāʻau, nā subological. Ma lalo o ka hūnā, ua hana ʻia kahi papaha lalo, nā mea nona nā kumulāʻau he mau lāʻau a me nā lāʻau ʻoi. Hōʻike ʻia nā kaona liʻiliʻi ma lalo o nā kumulāʻau ʻōpio, kahi i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka ulu mua. ʻO ka laumaʻa o ka nahele a me nā perennials e hoʻopuni i kahi pā nahele-shrub. Uhi ʻia ka lepo e kahi ʻāpana moss-lichen. Hoʻohālikelike ka hoʻolālā spatial o nā mea kanu i nā ʻano ʻano ʻano holoholona.

ʻO ka hoʻonohonohoʻana o ka biocenosis

Kūkulu ʻia ka hui ola ʻana ma ka kumu o ka hoʻopili o ka phytocenosis, zoocenosis a me ka microbiocenosis. ʻO Phytocenosis ke kumu o ka biocenosis; nā hana a ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o nā mea kūlohelohe e hele ai i loko. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona, ka hoʻolālā, ke aniani a me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like o ke kūʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka phytocenosis. I loko o ka hui like ʻana, nā manaʻo kūpono a maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka mea nui o ka phytocenosis kona paʻa i ka wā: hiki iā ia ke mālama i kona ola pono ʻole me ke kālai ʻole o waho.

ʻO ke ʻano o nā ʻano mea ola e noho ana i hoʻokahi kaiāulu ola e kapa ʻia ʻo zoocenosis. He kuleana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ʻo ia. Hoʻopili ka Zoocenosis i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu, mālama i ke kumu o phytocenosis. Hoʻokahi ʻano ʻano holoholona o kēlā me kēia ʻano holoholona.

ʻO Microbiocenosis ke ʻano o ka nui o nā microorganisms āpau e noho nei i loko o kahi kaiāulu. Hoʻopili pū kēia i nā mea ʻano o nā mea kanu a me ka hoʻoili holoholona.

ʻO nā mea ola he hapa o ka biocenosis

Hōʻike pinepine ka phytocenosis e nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe a kiʻekiʻe i lalo. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā waiwai momona e nā kūlana climatic. ʻO ka nui huina o nā mea ola i ke kūlana o waho a me nā makahiki o nā biocenosis ponoʻī iho. ʻO nā poʻe āpau a pau i ka phytocenosis hana kekahi i kekahi, no laila ke noho pū nā mea e waiho ana i kāna māka ma ke ʻano o ke kūlike o ka hui.

ʻO nā holoholona i ka hoʻokumuʻana o ka zoocenosis i hōʻike mau ʻia e nā hanauna he nui. Ma kāna mau hana, hiki i kahi kanaka ke hōʻeha a hoʻopau paha i kēia hana mana o ka biocenosis. Hoʻohui nā Microbiocenosis i nā maʻi o nā maʻi, nā kau, a me nā algae haʻahaʻa.

Pehea ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā biocenosis no nā agrocenosis a me ka ecosystem

ʻO Agrocenosis kahi papahana i hana ai ke kanaka no kāna mau pono. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole i waena o nā meaola i loko o ka biocenosis i ka wā lōʻihi. I ka agrocenosis, koho pinepine ka maʻamau. Hoʻokumu ka poʻe i ka hui kūʻokoʻa i mea e ulu ai nā mea kanu a i nā holoholona. Loaʻa nā biocenoses wale nō i ka ikehu olakino mai ka waho, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka hopena o ka agrocenosis ma o ka hōʻea ʻana o ka ʻāina.

Hāʻawi ka ʻepekema ʻepekema i ka wehewehe like me nā huaʻōlelo "biocenosis" a me "ecosystem", no laila ke hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou Hiki i ka hana nui o nā mea ola i kēlā me kēia ecosystem me ka hana mau. Hoʻokaʻahele ma waena o ka maʻalahi a me ka paʻakikī, hana ka mea hana a me nā mea kūlohelohe kūlohelohe.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka biocenosis

ʻO ka lau nahele i kū kū maoli i kahi mea ala palekana. ʻO nā manamana nui i loko ona he mau mea kanu. Hōʻike ʻia ka mākele mua e nā perennials stunted, me ka clover, budra, mouse pī. Ulu ka hua kanu ma ka lua o ka pahu: bluegrass, timothy grass, yarrow, boneless rump.

ʻO ka hapanui o nā mea kanu meli nā mea kanu, no laila he wahi i nā ʻōpala i ke kauwela he nui nā meli, nā palupalu a me nā bumblebees. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā mea inikua, me nā ʻenehana, nā wīnū a me nā ʻōhumu. ʻO nā ʻāpana a me nā reptile e mālama i ka ʻai no nā manu ʻai manu a me nā momona nui.

ʻO ke kuleana o biocenosis

ʻO nā kaiāulu biology ma muli o ka hoʻololi mau ʻana o ka ikehu ke hāʻawi nei i kahi pōʻai o nā mea i loko o ke kūlohelohe. ʻO nā biocenoses nui ke kumu o ka oxygen, ke ʻoki i nā hue a me nā lepo. ʻO nā biocenoses o nā wai wai ke kumu o ka wai inu. Hoʻokomo ka hana Anthropogenic i ka luku ʻana i ka hui kūlohelohe kūlohelohe. E kau ana i nā kenekulia e hoʻihoʻi iā lākou. Kuhi kahi kanaka i kēlā mau pōʻino ma kahi mua.

Kāna:

Hoʻokumu kēia mau mea e like me kā lākou mau kānāwai ponoʻī. ʻO kekahi o nā hana nui a ka ʻepekema ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻana i kēia mau kānāwai, e ʻike ai pehea e kākoʻo ʻia ke ola hoʻomau a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kaiāulu, a he aha nā hopena i loaʻa i nā ʻano kumu like ʻole i ke ʻano o lākou.

ʻO ka manaʻo ʻo nā kaiāulu ʻaʻole ʻike ʻole ia i ka ʻike ʻia ʻana e nā hanana like ʻole ma nā wahi like me nā wahi kikoʻī a me nā kūlana kūlohelohe.

ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka huaʻōlelo

ʻO ka kumumanaʻo i hoʻohana mua ʻia e ka mea kaulana kaulana a me ka poʻe haole Zoologist Karl Moebius ma 1877. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia iā ia e wehewehe i ka piha a me ka pili o nā mea ola i noho ai i kekahi wahi, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo biotope. ʻO Biocenosis kekahi o nā mea nui o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻepekema o kēia wā.

ʻO keʻano o ka pilina

ʻO Biocenosis kahi pilina i kū mai ma luna o ke kumu o ka hapanui o ka biogenic. ʻO ia ka mea nāna e hāʻawi i nā kūlana kikoʻī. He aha ke ʻano o ka biocenosis? ʻO kēia ʻōnaehana a me nā hoʻoponopono pilikino ponoʻī o ka ʻatikala e pili ana:

• Nā mea hana (aftotrophs), nā mea hana no nā mea kūlohelohe mai nā inorganic. ʻO kekahi mau bako a me nā mea kanu i ke kaʻina o ka photosynthesis e hoʻohuli i ka ikehu o ka lā a e synthesize i nā meaola a pau i hoʻopau ʻia e nā ola ola i kapa ʻia heterotrophs (mea kūʻai, reducers). Hoʻopau ka poʻe hana i nā mea hoʻoneʻe i nā leona mai ka lewa, kahi e puka ai nā mea ola ʻē aʻe, a hoʻoili i ka oxygen.
• Nā mea hoʻohana, ʻo ia nā mea nui o nā mea hoʻonaninani. ʻAi ʻo Herbivores i ka meaʻai mea kanu, a me ka lilo ʻana i mea ʻaina pāʻina no ka poʻe mea kanu karnivorous. Mahalo i ke kaʻina hana ʻana, hana nā mea kūʻai aku i ka wili mua o nā meaola. ʻO kēia ka hoʻomaka mua o kona hāʻule.
• ʻO nā hoʻēmi ʻia, mea hope i nā aila. Hoʻopili lākou i nā kūpuna a me nā kupapau o nā mea hana a me nā mea kūʻai. ʻO nā reducers nā bakela a me nā puʻupuʻu. ʻO ka hopena o kā lākou hana koʻikoʻi he mau minerala mineral, ke hoʻopau hou ʻia e nā mea hana.

No laila, hiki ke nānā ʻia nā pili āpau i ka biocenosis.

Nā manaʻo kumu

ʻO nā lālā āpau o ke kaiāulu ola e kapa ʻia nā huaʻōlelo i loaʻa i nā huaʻōlelo Helene:

• ka huina o nā mea kanu ma kahi pae, - phytocenosis,
• nā ʻano holoholona āpau e noho ana i loko o ka wahi like - zoocenosis,
• nā microorganism a pau e noho ana i ka biocenosis ma microbocenosis,
• kaiāulu ʻaʻano - mycocenosis.

ʻO ka pehu a me ka biocenosis

I loko o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā huaʻōlelo e like me "biotope", "biocenosis". He aha ke ʻano o lākou a pehea e kū ai kekahi i kekahi? I ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa o nā mea ola e hoʻokumu ana i kahi ʻōnaehana ékolo i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kaiāulu biotic. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo biocenosis ka like me ka wehewehe like. ʻO kēia kahi hōʻemi o nā mea ola i nā mea ola e noho nei i kahi ʻāina kikoʻī. Hoʻokaʻawale ia mai nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ka hua o ka kemika (lepo, ka wai) a me ke kino (ka radiation solar, ka palena, ka nui o ka nui) o nā hōʻailona. ʻO kahi pūnaewele o kahi wahi pōʻino i noho ʻia e ka biocenosis i kapa ʻia ʻo biotope. No laila ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana ʻelua e wehewehe i nā kaiāulu o nā mea ola ola. I nā huaʻōlelo'ē aʻe, kahi like biotope a me kahi biocenosis like like.

Hoʻolālā

Aia kekahi ʻano he nui o nā hoʻolālā biocenosis. Hōʻike lākou āpau e like me nā pae kūlike. E pili ana kēia:

• ʻO ka pae spatial o ke biocenosis, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i 2 mau ʻano: ka pihi (mosaic) a me ke kūpaʻa (tiered). Hāʻawi ka hōʻike o nā kūlana ola o nā mea ola i nā kūlana kūlohelohe.
• ʻO nā ʻanoʻano o biocenosis, nona ke ʻano o kekahi ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka biotope. Hōʻike ʻo ia i ka nui o nā lehulehu i hana i kona ʻano.
• ʻO ke ʻano hemo o ka biocenosis.

Mīkini a kūʻaʻi ʻia

Hoʻoholo ʻia ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka biocenosis e ke wahi o nā mea ola like o nā ʻano like ʻole e pili ana kekahi i kekahi ma ka ʻaoʻao kuʻuna a me ke kuʻuna. Hāʻawi ka papa ʻaina i ka hoʻohana piha ʻana i ka pōʻaiapuni a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā ʻano kikoʻī. Mahalo i kēia, ua hoʻokō ʻia kā lākou pono kiʻekiʻe. No laila, ma nā ululāʻau i kēia mau tiʻa e hōʻike ana:

• lepo (mosses, lichens),
• hona,
• Koholulu
• Woody, e komo ana i nā lāʻau o ka nui a me ka lua ka nui.

Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hoʻonohonoho kūpono o nā holoholona ma luna o ka māka. Ma muli o ke kaula kūleʻa o ka biocenosis, hoʻohana nui nā mea kanu i ka flux māmā. No laila, e ulu nā lāʻau aloha i nā kukui i luna, a e ʻoluʻolu hoʻi i ka pale i ka paʻu lalo. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻoniona kūʻokoʻa i ka lepo, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka saturation me nā aʻa.

Ma lalo o ke kumu o nā mea kanu, hana ka biocenosis ulu lāʻau i kāna iho ʻana. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia he piʻi wale nō ke kau, akā he hoʻololi nō hoʻi i ke ʻano o ka lewa. ʻO ke ʻano o ka loli ʻana o ka microenvironment ka makemake i ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka waiho ʻana o nā manu, a me nā mea hihiu, nā holoholona a me nā manu.

ʻO ka hoʻolālā spatial o ka biocenosis ke ʻano hoʻohālike me ka mosaic. Hoʻomaopopo kēia ʻōlelo i ke ʻano o ka flora a me ka manuahi. Hiki iā Mose ma nā wahi i ke ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano ʻāpana a me kā lākou mau kiko helu. Hoʻokomo ʻia hoʻi i ka lepo a me nā kūlana ʻāina. Hoʻomaʻi pinepine ka poʻe i nā ʻano moʻo mosaic kūloko ma o ka hōʻoki ʻana i ka nahele, kahe ʻana o nā pulu, a pēlā aku. No ka mea, hoʻonoho nā kaiāulu hou i kēia mau ʻāina.

He waiwai ma mua o Mose i nā phytocenoses āpau. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻenehana kikowaena liʻiliʻi i loko o lākou:

• ʻO Consortia, kahi ʻano hoʻohālike i hui pū ʻia e nā pili topical a me nā trophic a hilinaʻi i ka mea nui o kēia pūʻulu (lālā lālā). ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, ʻo kona kumu, he mea kanu, a ʻo kāna mau māhele he microorganisms, nā pepeke, nā holoholona.
• ʻO Sinusia, he ʻano hui ia i ka phytocenosis, pili i nā puka ola.
• ʻO nā māla e hōʻike ana i ka mahele pili i ka ʻaoʻao o ka biocenosis, kahi ʻokoʻa i nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe i kona ʻano a me nā ʻano.

Hoʻolālā ʻōnaehana kaiaulu

ʻO kahi kumu hoʻohālikelike no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pihi kūloko o nā mea ola he mau mea inu pepeke. I waena o lākou he mau ʻelele:

• Noho nā ʻāina - geobia,
• nā poʻe noho o ka ʻāpana papa o ka honua - herpetobia,
• ke noho nei i ka mry bryobia,
• aia i ka mea kanu phyllobia,
• aerobic mau lāʻau a me nā mea kanu.

Ma muli o ke ʻano o nā kumu like ʻole:

• ka mosaicity o ka hoʻohālikelike, kahi i loaʻa nā mea o ke ʻano inanimate, e like me nā mea organic a me nā mea anorganic, ke kulu,
• phytogenic, pili me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu mea kanu,
• aeolian-phytogenic, he ʻano mosaic o ka abiotic a me nā mea phytogen,
• biogenic, pili pili me nā holoholona ke hiki ke eli i ka ʻāina.

Nā ʻāpana kikoʻī o biocenosis

ʻO ka nui o nā ʻano i loko o ka biotope e hilinaʻi pololei i ka hoʻomau i ke anā, ke ola a me ka huahana o ka biocenosis. No laila, no ka laʻana, ma ka ululāʻau ʻōlaʻi, he nui loa kēia ʻano ʻoi aku ma ka wao. He ʻokoʻa nā biotopes ʻē aʻe i ko lākou helu i ka nui o nā ʻano i noho ʻia e lākou. ʻO ka nui o nā biogeocenoses ka inoa he aliʻi nui. I kekahi o lākou, he mea maʻalahi loa ke hoʻoholo i ka helu helu o nā mea e ola nei. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, hoʻoholo nā ʻepekema i ka nui o nā ʻano ʻano ʻokoʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kekahi wahi āpau. Hāʻawi kēia ʻōpuhi i nā ʻano waiwai o ka biotope.

ʻO kēia keʻena e hiki ai ke hoʻoholo i ka hoʻolālā kūloko o ka biocenosis. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā ʻano o nā kaona o ka ʻāina, e hoʻoholo ana ke ʻano o ka nui o nā huaola. I ka ʻepekema, aia ka hewa i kapa ʻia ʻo Gause (hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū). E like me ia, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia inā aia i kahi papa homogeneous he mau ʻano like like o nā mea ola like, a laila ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau e loli iki kahi mea ʻē aʻe. I ka manawa like, loaʻa iā lākou nā pili hoʻokūkū.

ʻO nā ʻano like o ka biocenosis ka 2 mau manaʻo: "waiwai" a me "ʻokoʻa" ʻanoʻokoʻa. Okoa i like kekahi. No laila, ʻo ka momona ʻānō he papa maʻamau o nā ʻano nui e noho ana i ke kaiāulu. Hōʻike ʻia ia e kahi papa inoa o nā ʻelele a pau o nā hui like ʻole o nā mea ola. ʻO ke ʻano o nā ʻano ʻano kikowaena he hōʻailona e hōʻike nei ʻaʻole wale i ka hoʻohālikelike o ka biocenosis, akā pili pū ʻia ka pilina ma waena o nā mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia.

ʻOkoʻa ka ʻepekema ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā biotopes maikaʻi a waiwai ʻole. ʻO kēia ʻano ʻano biocenosis i waena o lākou i ka helu o nā ʻelele kaiāulu. I kēia, kūpono nā makahiki o nā biotope. No laila, ʻo nā ʻōpio'ōpio'ōpio, i hoʻomaka i kā lākou hoʻokumu i kahi manawa hou, ke loaʻa o kahi liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano holoholona. I kēlā me kēia makahiki ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o nā mea ola i loko. ʻO ka ʻilihune ka biotopes i haku ʻia e ke kanaka (nā māla, nā māla, nā mahinaʻai).

Hoʻoikaika Trophic

ʻO ka launa pū ʻana o nā meaola kūʻokoʻa i loaʻa iā lākou kahi wahi pilikino i loko o ke alikani o nā mea olakino e kapa ʻia ana ke ʻano trophic o ka biocenosis. Aia ia ma ia ʻano mea:

• ʻO nā mea hana nā meaola e hana i nā mea kūlohelohe. Hoʻopili kēia i nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻolako i ka hana mua a me nā huakaʻi ʻē aʻe. Ma kahi kokoke o 99% o nā mea ola a pau ma ka honua o ka honua e hōʻike ʻia ana e nā mea hana. ʻO lākou ka pilina mua ma ke kaulahao meaʻai. ʻO nā mea hana nā kumu kumu o nā pylamid ecological.
• ʻO nā mea hoʻohana, he mau heterotrophic e hoʻopau i nā mea kūlohelohe. ʻO kēia pūʻulu kekahi o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka. Hoʻokomo lākou i nā mea kanu parasiteles ʻaʻole i loaʻa o chlorophyll.
• ʻO Reducers - nā mea hana e hoʻopau i ka mea kūlohelohe o nā mea make a me nā mea hana.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā biocenoses

ʻO nā populat a me nā biocenoses ke kumuhana o ka noʻonoʻo pono ʻana.No laila, ua ʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka hapanui o nā aquatic a kokoke i nā biotopes terestrial āpau i kā lākou mea hana microorganisms, nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Ua hoʻokumu lākou i kēia hiʻohiʻona: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa i ʻelua mau biocenoses pili, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o nā kūlana ma ko lākou mau palena. Ua hoʻokumu pū ʻia nō hoʻi ka nui o kahi pūʻulu o nā meaola hua i ka biotope i hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ko lākou nui. I nā hua'ōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kēlā kanaka, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o kēia ʻano. Ua hoʻonohonoho pū ʻia ʻo ia nā pūʻulu o nā mea ola e like me nā ukana like ʻole i kahi ola ʻana i kekahi mau ʻāpana o nā manawa a me kahi ākea. No laila, ke ola nei ke ola o kekahi unicellular i loko o hoʻokahi hola, a me kekahi holoholona nui i loko o nā makahiki he 10.

Ka nui o nā ʻano

I kēlā me kēia biotope, kahiʻokoʻa o nā ʻano ʻano nui, ʻo ka mea nui i kēlā me kēia papa nui. ʻO ia nā pilina ma waena o lākou e koʻikoʻi no ka hana maʻamau o nā hana biocenosis. ʻO kēlā mau holoholona i hō nui i ka helu a me ka huahana e manaʻo ʻia nā mea nui o kēia kaiāulu. Hoʻopili lākou ia a ʻo ke kumu nui o kēia biotope. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona he mau pua wīwī, ka mea e noho ana i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe ma kahi pā nahele. ʻO ia ka mea nui i kēia kaiāulu. I nā meaola nui o nā biocenoses, aneane pinepine nā mea ola a pau o nā mea ola ola. No laila, ʻo nā mokiki, i kekahi wahi liʻiliʻi, ua loaʻa ʻole nā ​​ʻano like ʻole. ʻOiai ke ʻano like ʻia nei nā biotopes e ko lākou kūlana kiʻekiʻe, ka hū o ka nui o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o kekahi mau ʻelele o ka flora a i ʻole ka manuʻa i ʻike ʻia i loko o lākou.

ʻO nā ʻano kaiāulu a pau o ke kaiāulu e hoʻokumu i kona waiwai ʻokoʻa. He mau kumumanaʻo nā biotope. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, nui i nā ʻano nui, i hōʻike ʻia e ka helu nui, a he helu nui o nā ʻano i liʻiliʻi, i hōʻike ʻia e ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā ʻelele. ʻO kēia ʻano biodiversity ke kumu o ka waihona kūloko o kahi ʻona o kahi ecosystem a me kona hoʻomau. Mahalo iā ia, ua pani ʻia ka pōʻai o kā biogens (nā mea pono) i loko o ka biotope.

Nā Biocenoses kumuhana

ʻAʻole hana maoli nā biotopes i kūlohelohe. I ko lākou ola, ua aʻo lōʻihi nā kānaka i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kaiāulu me nā waiwai i pono iā mākou. Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā biocenosis i haku ʻia e ke kanaka.

• nā kēki kanaka i hana ʻia, nā hale noho wai, nā loko,
• mahi ʻai a me nā māla no nā mea kanu,
• kahawai kaalo,
• hiki ke māla hou i nā māla, nā māla a me nā ulu lāʻau.
• kahua lāʻau-conforestation.

ʻO ka manaʻo o ka biocenosis

ʻAʻole hiki ke ola ʻē nā ʻōnaehana pilikino a me nā lehulehu o nā ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻopili lākou nā mea āpau e kahi papahana holoʻokoʻa o nā pilina like ʻole. Ma muli o kēia, aia kekahi mau kaiāulu - he mau ʻāpana kēia o nā kuʻuna o nā meaola o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole e pili kokoke ana. Ma muli o ke kau ʻana o kēia mau pilina ma waena o nā mea noho e noho nei i kahi ʻāina me ka nui a ʻokoʻa ʻole nā ​​kūlana kūlohelohe homogeneous, ua kūkulu ʻia nā biocenoses.

Biocenosis - ʻO kēia kahi o nā poʻomanaʻo o nā mea ola i hoʻopili ʻia e nā pili like ʻole a noho i kekahi ʻāpana o ka haumeleola me nā kūlana ola kūlike.

Ua kau ʻia kēia huaʻōlelo ma $ 1877 $ e ka German hydrobiologist ʻo K. Mebius. ʻO ke kumu, hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumu o nā biocenoses e nā mea make photosynthetic. ʻO ia nā mea kanu uliuli. Hoʻokumu lākou i kahi phytocenosis a hoʻoholo i nā palena o nā biocenoses. No laila, hiki iā mākou ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka biocenosis, no ka laʻana o ka ulu lāʻau pāʻai a i ʻole i nā ʻāpana. Loaʻa nā biocenoses Aquatic i nā wahi homogeneous o nā wai wai.

Hoʻolāʻau Biocenosis

Aia i kēlā me kēia biocenosis kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona. Kēia mau kikoʻelima a he helu kuʻuna hoʻi e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka manaʻo o ke biocenosis. Loaʻa kēia mau: ʻano like ʻokoʻa, biomass, huahana, ka nui o ka lehulehu, ka wahi a me ka nui.

Nā kuʻuna ʻē - ʻO kēia kahi o nā kānaka o kēlā me kēia ʻano nui e kū i ka biocenosis.

Aia nā biocenoses me nā meaʻokoʻa like ʻole. He mau ʻāina a me nā kūlana kūlohelohe paʻakikī. Hoʻopili kēia me nā kāʻei o ke tundra, wela a me nā ʻāina kiʻekiʻe. A loaʻa nā mau biocenoses me kahi ʻano nui like ʻole. ʻO kēia mau mea nalo nā māla a i ʻole nā ​​ʻona ʻāmaʻi o nā kai moana. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻano ʻokoʻa me ka lōʻihi o ka biocenosis iho. I ka pae ʻana o ka hoʻomohala a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka biocenosis, kēia ʻano, me ke ʻano lula, e hoʻonui ʻia ana.

E noi i ka nīnau i nā poʻe loea a loaʻa
pane i 15 mau minuke!

Biocenosis biomass- kēia nō ka laulā nui o nā mea like ʻole i ka ʻōlelo ʻāpana a i ʻole ka nui.

Hiki i kēlā me kēia biocenosis ke hana i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka biomass. Aia nō i nā kumu he nui.

ʻO ka nui o nā biomass i hana ʻia e ka biocenosis no kēlā me kēia manawa o ka manawa i kāhea ʻia biocenosis huahana.

ʻO ka maʻamau a me ka lua. ʻO ka hana mua o ka hana biomass i hoʻokumu ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa e ka autotrophs, a me ka lua o nā heterotrophs.

ʻO ka manaʻo o ka biocenosis

Ka nui o nā mea ola e ke ʻano. ʻAʻole ola nā holoholona a me nā pua paha. Pili nā mea ola a pau me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe a like paha. Kuhi ʻia kēia hoʻolaha e nā ʻepekema i ʻano he ʻano kaiāulu biotic.

ʻO ke kaiapuni biocenotic ka nui o nā mea ola a pau e hoʻopuni ana i ke kino. ʻO ka mahalo, nā hui kūʻokoʻa o ke ola āpau ma ka Honua e hana i nā kaiāulu a noho wale me kēlā mau ʻano mea e pono ai nā kūlana like no kahi ola maikaʻi.

I ka huaʻōlelo like, ke kūkulu ʻia nā biocenosis ma kahi o nā mea kanu, nā holoholona, ​​nā fungi a me nā microorganism maʻalahi e noho ma ka ʻāina like, kahi e pono ai nā kūlana kūlohelohe. ʻO nā mea ola maoli kekahi ʻāpana o ke ʻano kaiāulu.

Ua kapa ʻia kekahi ʻāina homogeneous he biotope. ʻO ia kahi ʻāpana o kēlā me kēia wahi (reservoir, land, moana) me ka hōʻike paʻa ʻana i nā kūlana ʻino.

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā biocenosis i kekahi mau kaiāulu: zoocenosis (kaiāulu holoholona), phytocenosis (mea kanu kai) a me ka microbiocenosis (kaiāulu o nā microorganism).

Aia kahi ʻano like me kēia manaʻo. Hōʻike pōkole i ko lākou manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia i ka papaʻaina.

ʻO ke kumumanaʻo "biocenosis" ke kau mua ʻia i ka makahiki 1877 e K. Mebius (Keleman hydrobiologist). Ua hana ka ʻepekema ʻana i ka noiʻi ma ke ʻano he nānā ʻana i ka noho ʻana o nā mea i ka ʻoki i ke Komohana. Ua hōʻoia nā noi ʻana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā oysters i nā kūlana o waho wale nō. A ʻo ka mea nui loa, a me lākou e hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka poʻe noho - mollusks a i ʻole crustaceans.

ʻO kēlā me kēia kumuhana o ka biocenosis kahi hopena kūpono i ka hana koʻikoʻi o ka mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO Cohabitation a me nā hopena maikaʻi aʻe o nā mea ola ma luna o kēlā me kēia ma kahi ʻāina hoʻokahi i lawe i nā mau kenekulia he nui.

ʻO Biocenosis o ka ulu lāʻau

Ua ola ʻo Dubrava i mau haneli haneli mau makahiki, kū paʻa a noho ʻia e nā ʻano ʻano kino. E uhi ana ka nahele i kekahi wahi ākea nui me nā ʻōhua abiotic paʻa.

Ma waena o nā ʻano he i kahi pilina pili paʻa, kahi neʻe paʻa o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana iho. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā ʻoka oak e pili i nā pūʻulu kaiapuni āpau e pono ai.

Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ke hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea ʻenehana a me nā ikehu, a ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ʻo ia iho. ʻO ka hana o ke hoʻoponopono pilikino, ʻo ia ke kumu nui i loko o kahi biocenosis, i ke ʻano o ka cohabitation o nā ʻano manu like me nā ala e hānai ai.

Mālama ka nui o kēlā me kēia ʻano, ʻaʻole i make ka luku. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā mea kūleʻa i nā mea pili i ke kaiapuni.

Hoʻomau

ʻO ke kumuhana o kēia haʻawina ʻo "Biocenosis". ʻO ke kumu o ka haʻawina e hāʻawi i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka biocenosis, e noʻonoʻo i ka launa pū ʻana o nā mea ola i loko o ia mea, a me kekahi mau ʻano ʻano biocenoses.

ʻO Biocenosis kahi hui i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka hanana o nā mea ola e noho ana i kahi noho e noho ana ka maʻi homogeneous. ʻO kahi papa noho kahi kamaʻāina kahi kahua o ka ʻāina a i ʻole kahi noho. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole nā ​​mea kanu a nā holoholona wale nō, akā, nā holoholona, ​​nā fungi, protozoa, nā lichens a me nā mea ʻino e noho noho nei i kekahi wahi.

Kuhi. 1. Kuhi o ka pilina o ka ecotope me ka biocenosis

Hoʻololi i ka biocenosis

ʻO Algae a me nā nāhelehele o nā kahakai o ka waihona kālā e hoʻoiho i ka uku o ka lā i nā meaola ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka iʻa, nā iʻa, nā iniseti i pāʻani i ka mea kūʻai aku. A like ʻole nā ​​huakini a me nā pōpoki, kūleʻa a hoʻohuihui nā mea make make.

Nā ʻano o biocenoses

ʻO nā biocenoses maoli a he mea maoli paha.

Kuhi. 2. Hōʻikeʻikeʻikeʻike biocenosis

ʻO nā biocenoses maoli nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma luna o lākou iho, me ka pale ʻole o nā kānaka. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ka loko o ka wai, loko a me ke kai, mākaukau, ke kākahi, ka nahele a i ʻole ka tundra. ʻAʻole kuhihewa ka ʻano o ka poʻe e noho ana i kēlā me kēia biocenosis kūlohelohe. Hoʻopau ia lākou āpau i ke ola i kēia mau kūlana. ʻO nā mea kūlohelohe e hana ana i kahi biocenosis ʻano kūpono i nā mea āpau a pau.

He ʻokoʻa nā biocenoses i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā kamaʻāina. No ka laʻana, i ka tundra, ʻo ka mea nui ka mea kanu i hōʻike ʻia e nā mosses a me nā lichens.

I loko o nā kuʻekuʻe - kahi mau mea kanu mea kanu.

A ma ka ululāʻau ʻōhua kai ulu, e komo pū me nā lāʻau nui.

Kuhi. 5. He anuau

ʻAʻole like ka waiwai o ka flora a me ka manu ma nā ʻano biocenoses ʻē aʻe. I ka tundra, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻōhua, a ma ka ʻona i ka waiwai.

Desert Biocenosis

Hōʻike ʻia nā lāʻau kanu wao e nā lāʻau xerophilous a me nā mea kanu me nā mea liʻiliʻi, a i kekahi manawa nā lau o ke scaly, a me kahi pūnaehana ulu maikaʻi (saxaul, acacia).

ʻOi aku ka maʻamau o nā mea kanu manu, nā waiwai o ka hōʻiliʻili o ka wai mālama (cactus).

Ke makemake nei i ka pō - ʻoi aku kēia kūpono o ke ola no nā mea invertebrate, no laila e pale ʻia lākou mai ka wela loa. ʻO kahi koho ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka noho ʻana i ka papakū o ka ʻāina, kahi nui o nā mea kanu meaʻai nui i ke ʻano o nā mea kanu o lalo.

Noho ka poʻe liʻiliʻi aʻai i loko o ke ala o nā rodents. Nui ka nui o nā pepeke i loko o ka waoakua - nā palupalu, nā ʻōpala dung, nā ʻōpelu, nā kime, nā ʻōpili.

ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kūlana ola. Ke hoʻokō nei ka hana kiʻekiʻe ma ka wai kiʻekiʻe ma aneʻi. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻaʻole i hoʻōki ʻia ka laha ʻana o nā mea kīnāwai o ka wao.

Biocenosis ʻenehana

ia ka huina o ke ola ola, hana a kākoʻo ʻia e ke kanaka. I waena o lākou, ʻike ʻia nā agrocenoses - nā kaiāulu i haku ʻia e ke kanaka e loaʻa i kekahi huahana.

Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau: reservoirs, pastures, nā lāʻau kanu lāʻau, etc.

He mauʻāina ʻole nā ​​ʻano kaiāulu, pono lākou e kiaʻi mau, e ʻike ʻia lākou e nā ʻano ʻano he nui haʻahaʻa, nele i ka hoʻoponopono kānāwai pono ʻole o nā mea ola. Pono ka hoʻopili ʻana a ke kanaka (pest, weed, pupuk).

He aha kaʻokoʻa ma waena o ka biocenosis a me biogeocenosis

ʻO nā poʻe he nui ka hilahila i ka nui o ka biocenosis me ka biogeocenosis. Hoʻohālike like kēia mau manaʻo ʻelua. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka manaʻo o ka "biogeocenosis" i kūkulu ʻia e Sukachev i 1942.

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā hua'ōlelo biocenosis kahi ʻona o ke kaiapuni e uhi ai i nā mea ola a pau a ʻo ka pilina wale nō ma waena o nā mea ola ola. ʻOiai he biogeocenosis komo pūpuna o ke ʻano inanimate.

I i ia, i ka ma ka biogeocenosis he pilina pili ʻole ma waena o nā mea ola ola, akā, ke noho nei nō me ka nonliving (hoʻohui ʻia nā mea kūlohelohe me ka inorganic).

Eia naʻe, mea pono e noʻonoʻo e like me ka mea like loa ma waena o biocenosis a me biogeocenosis, ʻo ka pilina paʻa ma waena o nā mea ola a me ka hana ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia a me ka mahalo ʻia e ke ʻano, pale a mālama i ka ʻona.