ʻO ka piehole gula a i ʻole nā bee-eater (Maluhia apiaster) - nā manu e hōʻike ana i ka ʻohana o ka pī-eater (Meropidae). ^ E Ha yM. He ʻōleʻa hoʻi i ka hema ʻo ʻEulopa, a lele i ka hoʻoilo i ʻApelika, Arabia a me India. ʻO ka bee-gula gula he ʻano pāpaʻomaʻo a me nā manu dexterous nui i ʻai ʻia i nā iniseti i ka lewa. ʻOi loa maoli ʻo ia i ka ʻai ʻana i nā pi. Ke manaʻo kolohe nei ka beekeep i kēia wā he mea pōpoki kēia, no ka mea, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pi, ua hopu nā bee-eater i nā mea ʻuʻina ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana, nā manu a me nā ʻīlio puaʻa.
Mea ʻai
Ke hānai nei ʻo ka bee-eire i nā mea lele manuahi: nā manu, nā pi, nā manu, nā kīlī a me nā ʻalupu. ʻAi ka hopu iā ia ma ka lele. I kekahi manawa ,ʻai nui kēia manu manu i ka meli meli. Nānā i ka bee-eater no ka waiwai mai kahi kiʻekiʻe mai - he pā wicker, ke kelepona telegraph, ka pōhaku a i ʻole he lālā lāʻau maloʻo. Ke ʻike nei i ka mea pio, kū koke i ka ea a hopu. Hoʻokomo ka manu i nā ʻāpana chitinous o ka uhi o ka ʻikepili, ʻaʻole hiki i kona ʻōpū ke hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou.
Ke noho maʻamau
Kūkulu gula - puaʻa manu, nā ʻuʻuku i nā kolana i nā helu he nui a i kahi mau tausani. I ka wā o ka ulu ʻana, hana ʻia nā pūʻulu ʻohana i loko o lākou me hoʻokahi manu a manuʻi paha i hiki ʻole i ka wā ʻōpiopio, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "helpers". Ka ʻohi ʻana i nā minks, kūkulu i nā ʻuʻuku, hoʻoulu i nā pipi a lele paha i ka hema, ke waiho nei ʻo ʻohana hoʻokahi i ke ʻano hānai. ʻO nā haneli o ka bee-eater hōula ʻoi i ka lele - he ʻano nani a hana ʻia e ke ʻano. Hoʻākāka nā manu i nā pōpoki, pūʻuʻu, iho mai nā kiʻekiʻe nui a hīmeni i kā lākou mele sonorous - "bullets-bullets." E hui pū ka ʻohana o nā pi me nā mea ʻapo e like me nā ʻeleʻele o ko lākou mau niona, ka hoʻopuni ʻana i kā lākou hua a me nā moa liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka kumu o ke ʻano a me ka wehewehe
ʻO Schur a i ʻole nā manu'ōlehu maʻamau - hulu nā hulu o ke ʻohana finch, nā kauoha o Passeriformes a me nā ʻano o Schur. ʻO ka mea kokoke loa i ka genus o Schur he ʻulaʻula a me ka halaahi maʻamau. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻo Shchurov mai nā bullfinches e kahi beak kiʻekiʻe.
No ka mea pōkole ka ulu lāʻau o ka schura, peʻa a like ke ʻano me ke kīwī, kapa ʻia nā manu ʻōlapa "Finnish parrot." Ua kapa ʻia lākou i nā "Finnish roosters" ma muli o ke kapa kāhili huhū. A loaʻa ka inoa ʻo ka manu i ia "Schur" ma muli o kāna leo leo, like nā hīmeni o ka manu me ke kani ʻana "schu-uuu-ur."
Wikiō: Schur
I loko o ke ʻano o Schur, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua: maʻamau Schur a me rhododendral schur. ʻO Karl Linnaeus ka mea mua e wehewehe i ka paila maʻamau i ka makahiki 1758. E hoʻomaʻamaʻa mākou i kēia manu i kahi mea hou aku ma hope iki. ʻO ka pale kai rhododendra i wehewehe mua ʻia e ka English naturalist Brian Hodgson ma 1836.
I ka ʻōlelo o ka kala, ʻelua like nā lua o ka schur, akā ʻo ka rhododendron i ka nui he nui i ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka lōʻihi o kona kino ʻaʻole i 20 cm.China, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Burma noho ʻia kēia Schur. Makemake ʻo ia e noho ma nā kuahiwi o nā pā anu, ʻehā a me nā peku juniper a rhododendron, a no laila he inoa inoa.
He ʻano ʻōpū nui a maloʻo hoʻi ka ʻōiwi, hoʻāla ʻia mai ka pili ʻana o kona mau pili pili loa i kahi lāʻau ākea ʻē aʻe a pihi ka lōʻihi ma ke kumu a me kahi ʻoi kahi lōʻihi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke kino holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka umauma hulu a hiki i 26 cm, a ua ʻokoʻa ka laulā ma waena mai o 50 a 65 mau grama. Hoʻohālike ia i ka nui me ka hōkū, a ʻo kona ʻula like me kahi bullfinch.
Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kuhi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻōkuhi?
ʻAʻole wale ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne o ka schur i ke mele mele, ka mea i loaʻa i ke kāne wale nō, akā i ka waihoʻoluʻu, i waena o nā cavaliers ka mea i ʻoi aku ka nani a me ka momona, no ka mea, pono lākou e lilo i mea nani a nani i hiki ke hoʻohanohano ai i kā lākou mau hoa hulu.
Ma ke poʻo a me ka umauma o nā kāne, ʻike ʻia ke aniani ākea. Ma ka ʻāpana o ke kua, ʻike ʻia nā kani polimson, a hui ʻia nā ʻēheu a me ka ʻili i kahi kalaʻula-ʻulaʻula, ʻo ka ʻōpū he hina hina. ʻElua nā ʻēheu a me ka ʻili i nā kaula ʻeleʻele a me ke kaula keʻokeʻo.
ʻIke maoli nō: Heʻokoʻa nā kāne ʻōpio mai nā pākeke. Ma ka ʻina o ke poʻo, ke kua a me ka umauma, ko lākou mau hulu a me ka hulu o ka maiʻa-ʻulaʻula a me nā kala ʻala-melemele.
ʻAʻole kapa'ōniʻoniʻo a me ka pena ke kapa o ka wahine, ʻoi aku kona maʻalahi, akā ke nani a nani. Ma kahi o nā cavaliers ke kani kala, nā manu wahine i hoʻomālamalama ʻia e nā brownish-yellow a greenish-yellow hues paha. Ma keʻano laulā, e kū'ē ana i ke kua o ke kula o ka hoʻoilo, ke nānā nei nā peaches a nani a me nā ʻono, e like me nā pīkī mālamalama ma nā lālā hau.
Ua kālai mākou i nā hiʻu o ka schur, akā inā mākou e hoʻohālikelike i ka nui me nā hoahānau pili kokoke, ʻoi aku ka mea hulu i ka loʻi, nā kīkīpī a me nā greenfinches i loko o lākou. Aia nā ʻēheu o ka Schur i ka mamao mai 35 a 38 cm, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke huelo he 9 cm.
Kūpono ʻia kahi kala pepeiao ʻoneʻone ma kahi o ka beak o ka schura, a ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka beak. Loaʻa nā wāwae o nā manu i kahi ʻāpana uliuli-ʻulaʻulaʻula, a he ʻulaʻula ka iris o nā maka. He kiʻi pala kūpono ʻo Schur, ua hoʻopili pono ʻia ia i ke anuanu anuanu.
Nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau a me nā hiʻohiʻona kula
ʻO kahi manu ʻāpana nui (mai kahi starling) me kahi aniani ʻano aniani, akā, kahi kukui, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā melemele i kū i waho. I ka wā hana, hiki i kekahi ke ʻike pinepine i ka holo hīmeni ʻana, ma nā pālua a me nā hipa liʻiliʻi ma luna o nā wahi hehi, nā ʻāpana o nā kahawai a me nā kahawai, nā wai wai a me nā ʻōpala - nā hipa mai he ʻumi a he mau ʻumi, ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka awelika - he mau haneli manu. Kuhi ʻia ia me ka lele haʻahaʻa ʻana ma luna o kahi māla a i ʻole kahi mau holoholona hihiu ʻē aʻe, kahi e lele ai nā ʻēheu flaple me kahi manawa lōʻihi o ka hoʻomala ʻana. I ka wā hānai, hana ka pirouettes koi, e alualu i nā mea hihiu lele, he nui ia ma ka lele. I ka hoʻoilo a me ke kauwela hope, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā manu e noho ana ma nā wele ma nā alanui.
ʻO ka hele ʻana o ka bee-eater hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i mua o ko lākou kāhea ʻana - nā hehe, ʻoi loa ia lākou e ʻike ʻia ana i nā wahi e pīhoihoi ai i ka puna, i ka wā e holo ai, a i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana ka lūlū. Ma kahi kokoke i nā nīnū e pili ana i ka palena ʻākau o ka awāwa, hoʻāʻo lākou e noho mālie (no laila ʻaʻole ʻike ka poʻe ʻike ʻole i kēia mau manu nani ke ʻano), kahi e hoʻomaha ana ma nā kahawai o nā muliwai i ka pili koke o ka pā.
ʻO keʻano
ʻAukui. Kūpono kāne kāne ma ke keiki hoʻokahi makahiki. Keʻokeʻo ka lae. ʻO kekahi manawa i ka piko o ka hulu, ka mea maʻamau i ka mamao, he puʻupuʻu. ʻO ka piko o ke poʻo, ka lei a me ke kua o ke poʻo (cap) mai ka mālamalama ʻulaʻula a me ka nūnū pōkole i ka kala. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka palena “frontal” o kēia pāpala ma kahi lālani pōkole o ka hulu melemele me nā peʻe ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me kahi uliuli waena o ka peni. Aia nā hulu a i ʻole he hulu melemele paha i kahi kaula ʻiki mai luna o ka maka a mai ka manawa aku o ka palena o ka waha a hiki i ka hopena o ka ʻāpana ʻeleʻele, e hele ana mai ka beak a i ka maka, a mai ka maka a hiki i ka hopena o ka pāpale. He keʻokeʻo ka plumage o nā papalina, i kekahi manawa me kahi kaila melemele a i ʻole ʻāʻī paha. He māmā ka loka, mai ke kukui melemele a hiki i ka nūhou i loko o ke kala. Ma kahi o ka goiter 2-2.5 cm mai ke kumu o ka mandible aia kahi keokeo olinolino ʻē aʻe e haki ana i ka kukui (ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka ʻulaʻula) mai ka palapū ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka ʻūhā o lalo a me ka ʻōpū. He hulu uliuli nā hulu o ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi kaʻe hina. ʻO kekahi manawa ma nā manu pāhule, ʻaʻohe ʻōpioʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i ke aniani, a hoʻololi maʻalahi ka ʻāpana hāpili o ke poʻo i ke kaila ʻulaʻula o ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāʻī. Ma ke kua, ʻo ka lula kaila māmā e kulu pono ana i ka lepa ʻōlaula o nā lau a ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻōkulu i ke kua. ʻAno uliuli ka hope o hope. ʻO ka lalo ma lalo a he brown or light. ʻO nā pua mai ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a māmā i ka koli. ʻO ka lele ma ka ʻulaʻula-ʻōmaʻomaʻo, me ka nui o nā leo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma luna o ka ʻēheu a me nā pale o ka ʻēheu mua. ʻEleʻele ka pihi o ka manuahi. Ma ka manawa like, noho ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i ka 1/10 o ka peni ma ke kumu he, 1/5 ma ka lua a me ka 1/3 a 1/3 i ka lua. He ʻeleʻele nā ʻēheu huna huna liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā hulu scapular he elongated, buffy-yellow, kekahi o lākou i kekahi mau manu me ka palala ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO nā hana helmen (ʻo ka hapanui o lākou) he ʻōmaʻomaʻo-uliuli. ʻO ka hoʻokele waena he 13-15 mm ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hoʻomaha. ʻO nā kāwele nā hoʻokele he brownish-brown. ʻO nā ʻēheu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa he ʻōkohu māmā, nā aniani o nā aila.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā wahine ʻōpio ma lalo o hoʻokahi makahiki mai nā kāne o ka like like o ka māmā o nā hulu ʻā poʻohiwi, aia i kekahi mau kānaka helehelena, ʻelewele a ʻeleʻele paha. Ke kala nei i ka pena o nā kāne makua kāne ʻelua a keu paha mau makahiki paha, ke keʻe nei i ka uliuli i ka polū, ʻeleʻele uliuli, i kekahi mau kanaka - mālamalama a ʻūlū polū paha. ʻ yellowleʻele ka hulu ʻolu (scapular) i kekahi, nā ʻulaʻula manu.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka waihoʻoluʻu o nā wahine i ʻelua mau a ʻoi aku paha mau makahiki he mau makahiki, ʻoiai ka hapa maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻāhina poʻohiwi. Ma ka liʻiliʻi inā hūnā i loko o kahi pena mau kāne o hoʻokahi makahiki a me kahi wahine pākeke, hele a kūleʻa kekahi i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke ʻano o nā manu a nā manu i hōʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole wale e kaʻi wale iā lākou, akā hoʻi ma nā binocular mai kahi lōʻihi a hiki i 200 m.
Nā manu ʻōpio ma luna o ka haʻalele ʻana aku i nā nests, i.e. i nā lā 25-30 mau makahiki, wehe ʻia lākou e ka poʻe nui o nā pale puʻu me ka plumage e like me ka waiho ʻana i hōʻike ʻia ma luna. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia e pili ana ka "ʻili" i ke kāʻei ʻeleʻele e holo ana ma luna o ka goiter a me kaʻili e hoʻokaʻawale i ke poʻo mai ka ʻāʻī he ʻoi aku ka pākeke. Aia nō i nā pipi a pau a kū i ka liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka molt mua; Ke ulaula ʻana o nā hulu ʻē aʻe. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka beak ma mua o nā manu makua, a loaʻa iā ia ka nui o ka beak.
ʻEleʻele nā keiki o nā manu o kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻEleʻele a ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele hoʻi nā kahelele o nā manu makua. ʻEleʻele ka beak o nā manu ʻano ʻōpiopio, kekahi me kahi hiʻi hina, ʻaʻole ka matte. I ka nui o nā hihia, ʻeleʻele loa. ʻO ka metatarsus he brownish-ʻeleʻele paha a ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa a me nā kūʻokoʻa o ka wahine i ke kala o ka tibia a me ka metatarsus ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia.
ʻO ke kuʻi ʻana ʻo Chick i nā kākei me nā ʻoki o ke fluff i ka lei o ke poʻo a me ke kao. E wehe nā maka i nā lā 5-6. ʻEleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha ka anuana i kēia manawa. ʻO ka ʻili o ke kino, ʻili, ʻūhā haʻahaʻa, metatarsus a ʻulaʻulaʻula. ʻAeʻula-ʻone ka ʻihi o ka waha. Hoʻomaka ka pīpī i ka manawaʻeleʻele mai ka neʻe mai 6-7 mau lā o ke ola, ma ka lā like, i ka lā like, ua loaʻa i ka ʻili i ke kua a me nā ʻēheu ke kala ʻulaʻula. ʻAnoʻulaʻula polū. Ke piʻi ikaika nei o ka hemp mai ka 5-6 a hiki i ka lā 16-17th. I ka hopena o kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia nā pala, kahi ma 20-22 mau lā o ke ola e lilo i mau hulu ulu maikaʻi, ko lākou ulu ʻana, akā nō ka 27-35 mau lā.
Wahi a S. Kramp (Cramp, 1985), ke kala kukui ʻulaʻula i ka wā o ke kauwela ma lalo o ka mana o ka lā e hala. Aia paha ia he maʻamau kēia no ka bee-eater, e noho ana ma ke kūkulu hema o ka pā. I kekahi hihia, nā mea nānā i kokoke i ka palena ʻākau o ka pā, a me ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻohi kālā, ʻaʻole i hōʻoia i kēia hanana.
Kilaohala gula: wehewehe
ʻO kēia manu (ma hope o kekahi bee-eater) nā ʻohana o ka pī piu. Loaʻa iā ia kekahi inoa - scrofula a me jaundice. He lōʻihi ka beak (3.5 cm) a neʻe liʻiliʻi i lalo. Ke poʻo ma ke poʻo o ka beak ua keʻokeʻo, a ma i ka pāpale - bluish-green. Kahi ʻia ka ʻeleʻele o ka ʻeleʻele e hele ma ke alo i ka beak mai ka pepeiao. ʻUlaʻula ka iris. He melemele ke kala o ka ʻōpū ma ka ʻāʻī, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka umauma e ke kaula ʻeleʻele. Paʻi ʻia ke kua ʻele i ka melemele. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nā uliuli a me kaʻulaʻula nā ʻēheu o ka bee, he ʻeleʻele-ʻulaʻula hoʻi ka huluhulu manuʻulaʻula me nā hulu manu he ʻumi nā ʻāpana he ʻelua, ʻelua o ia (medium) i elongated. Loaʻa nā wāwae i kahi lālā ʻulaʻula.
Loaʻa ka wahine i ka male ma mua o ka manawa i ka pua ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma ke kua. ʻO ka mua a ka bee-eater he ʻaluna ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a ma ko lākou umauma, ʻaʻole i papalapa ʻia. ʻAʻole iʻoi aku ka nui o ka bee-eater gula ma mua o kahi hōkū. Kaumaha - 50 gram. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokaʻawale i kēia mau manu mai nā manu ʻē aʻe e ko lākou mau kukui māmā, ʻeliʻula, nā ʻēheu me ka pihi, nā ʻūhā iki a me nā wāwae pōkole. ʻO kā lākou wahi huna i kāʻili ʻia i ʻoka a me nā ʻāpana ʻāina i pihi.
ʻO ka pākuʻi a me ka noho
ʻO kēia ʻano o ka manu migratory e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana aku i kahi lōʻihi lōʻihi. I ke kauwela, e noho ana ka manu pīpī gula ma ʻEulopa (hema a me hema) a ma Asia (hema) ma ka hoʻoilo, a lele ia i ka hoʻoilo ma Aferika (hema o ka wao Sahara), Arabia Hema a me East India. Ua ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi e pōkole a pōmaikaʻi ai nā ʻuala, noho ka bee-eater. ʻO nā wahi huna o kēia manu ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika Hikina, kekahi mau wahi o South-West Asia a me South Africa.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma Italia e hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o kēia mau manu (e like me nā 5-10 mano mau pakanika) i piʻi, i ke kiʻekiʻe o 500 mika ma luna o ke kai.
Aia i hea ko Schur noho?
Kiʻi ʻO: Schur ma Lūkia
He kanaka noho akua ʻo Schur ma nā nahele. Noho ʻo ia ma nā ululāʻau konifous a hui pū ʻia ʻo ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. Ua koho kekahi poʻe liʻiliʻi i kahi taiga, ʻAsia, a me nā nahele nahele no nā mea aloha. Noho hoʻi ʻo Schur i nā mauna Siberia.
ʻAʻohe māka i kapa ʻia nā manu "Finnish parrot", no ka mea ua koho lākou i Farani no ke ola. Ma nā hoʻolaha o ko mākou ʻāina, e puka mai ka pike i ka hopena o ka ʻohi (i Nowemapa), i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai nā kī a mua e hopu a paʻa i nā lālā o nā kumu lāʻau deciduous. E pale aku i kēlā ʻano makaʻuku ʻē aʻe, ke ʻano nani a ʻike ʻia nā manu.
ʻIke maoli nō: E loaʻa i kāu hua, kūkulu ʻo Schur i kona mau ʻōpū ma nā ululāʻau coniferous.
Hāpai lākou e pale aku i nā wahi ākea, akā hiki i kekahi ke ʻike ʻia i loko o ka pā kīkē o nā kūlanakauhale, i loko o nā kīhāpai, i nā papa hale. No ka mea hauʻoli a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi, makemake nā manu i kahi wai wai kokoke i kahi o kā lākou hoʻoiho paʻa ʻana. Ma ka ʻāina kahi i emi ʻole ka pike, ʻimi lākou i ka pale i nā lei o nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe, a ma laila nā wahi e kau ai ka manu.
ʻIke maoli nō: Pale wale ʻo Schuras i ka ʻauʻau i loko o ka wai, a i ka hoʻoilo ke nānā lākou i nā wahi wai i ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe. A no nā manu i mālama ʻia i nā pio, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā wahi kūikawā no ka hāpai ʻana i nā kaʻina wai.
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, makemake nui ka rhododendral schur e noho ma nā kihi, kahi nui nā nui o nā pua lāʻau a me ka rhododendron.
ʻĀnō ʻoe e ʻike ai i kahi e noho ai ka Schur. E ʻike i nā mea a kēia manu e ʻai ai.
ʻĀnō a me nā ana
No ka pīpī gula, ua hiki ke loaʻa i ka ʻikepili mai ka ʻohi a me ke ana o ka intravital. Loaʻa ka poʻe hope i ka wahi o Oksky Zap. V.V. Lavrovsky, I.V. Gavrilova, N.A. Prishchepenok a me L.S. Klimova, me ka mea kākau (Papa 14-16).
ʻAi manu | Roana, mau makahiki | Kahū | N | Nā Pālani | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ʻēheu | ʻili | beak | paleʻima | kaumaha | ||||
Nā manu ʻōpio | OGZ, hopena o Iulai - | kāne kāne | 12 | 146,02 | 119,24 | 38,49 | — | 56,14 |
keu 1 mau makahiki | Aukake 1954–1958, 1962–1964 | wahine nui | 10 | 145,06 | 119,33 | 38,23 | — | 53,26 |
Nā manu ʻōpio | Ibid., 1972-1987, | kāne kāne | 116 | 149,93 | 116,86 | 36,08 | 12,7 | 54,84 |
1 ka makahiki | Iulai | wahine nui | 119 | 145,23 | 112,13 | 35,12 | 12,53 | 52,94 |
Nā manu ʻōpio | Ibid., 1972-1987, | kāne kāne | 78 | 147,01 | 118,0 | 36,7 | 12,98 | 55,77 |
iā 2 mau makahiki | Iulai | wahine nui | 60 | 148,7 | 122,87 | 35,32 | 11,63 | 53,03 |
Nā ʻōpiopio | Kahū | Nā Pālani | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ʻēheu | ʻili | paleʻima | beak | ||||||||||
n | lim | x | n | lim | x | n | lim | x | n | lim | x | ||
ʻŌpio | kāne kāne | 46 | 110–152 | 138,7 | 33 | 78–105 | 94,1 | 18 | 12–16 | 14,3 | 53 | 26–34 | 30,1 |
(1.5-6 mahina) | wahine nui | 71 | 107–149 | 137,7 | 53 | 85–105 | 93,5 | 21 | 12–16 | 14,2 | 77 | 25–36 | 29,9 |
Nā pākeke | kāne kāne | 74 | 114–157 | 145,8 | 58 | 96–141 | 121,1 | 33 | 13–17 | 15,2 | 78 | 26–42 | 33,8 |
(1-2 mau makahiki) | wahine nui | 66 | 116–154 | 142,3 | 48 | 92–132 | 112,9 | 26 | 13–16 | 14,7 | 63 | 26–42 | 32,8 |
Nā pākeke | kāne kāne | 68 | 137–159 | 150,2 | 57 | 112–142 | 128,2 | 26 | 12–17 | 14,7 | 74 | 26–41 | 34,5 |
(2 mau makahiki i ʻoi aku paha) | wahine nui | 71 | 135–154 | 145,7 | 55 | 107–139 | 120,4 | 26 | 12–17 | 14,5 | 65 | 26–39 | 33,0 |
ʻAʻole hōʻikeʻike | kāne kāne | 54 | 140–157 | 146 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
makahiki | wahine nui | 29 | 138–150 | 143 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
ʻAʻohe wahine a me ʻōpio | — | — | 140–156 | — | — | 102–153 | — | — | 13–14 | — | — | 27–35 | — |
ʻAʻole hōʻikeʻike | kāne kāne | 25 | 148–158 | — | 25 | 106–127 | — | 25 | 11–13 | — | 25 | 32–38 | — |
makahiki | wahine nui | 23 | 142–151 | — | 23 | 106–122 | — | 23 | 11–13 | — | 23 | 29–35 | — |
Kahū | Nā Pālani | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ʻO ka lōʻihi kino | Nā Wingspan | Ke kaumaha | |||||||
n | lim | x | n | lim | x | n | lim | x | |
kāne kāne | 12 | 215–260 | 240,3 | 12 | 436–460 | 439,6 | 6 | 39,5–51,4 | 47,4 |
wahine nui | 14 | 220–277 | 239,1 | 14 | 400–471 | 432,1 | 12 | 45,6–56,1 | 48,1 |
kāne kāne | 16 | 241–290 | 268,8 | 17 | 410–484 | 450,4 | 10 | 42,4–62,5 | — |
wahine nui | 15 | 220–274 | 251,3 | 13 | 410–498 | 436,6 | 11 | 42,9–59,7 | 50,9 |
kāne kāne | 14 | 270–300 | 283,0 | 13 | 430–475 | 449,3 | 12 | 45,0–62,0 | 55,3 |
wahine nui | 11 | 230–285 | 255,3 | 10 | 415–445 | 426,7 | 9 | 47,2–60,4 | 53,7 |
kāne kāne | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | 50–60 | 55 |
? | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 45–56 | — |
kāne kāne | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 52 | — |
wahine nui | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 62 | — |
Polohana
ʻO ka holo ʻana o ka piʻi-eater ka wikiwiki a wikiwiki hoʻi. I kekahi mau manawa wikiwiki ʻo ia i lele aku i kona mau ʻēheu, a laila lele ʻoi loa i ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kona lele ʻana, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, e like ia me ka holo ʻana o ka pūmū a ʻāweloI kekahi manawa he manu wale ka manu i ka lewa a laila, ʻōwili koke i kona mau eheu, hoʻomaka ka lele ʻana e like me kahi kestrel a i ʻole nāʻu liʻiliʻi. I ke kakahiaka a i ke ahiahi paha, i ke wā wela a ke lā a lele i ka lā, lele nui nā pi i ka lewa a lele i kēlā kiʻekiʻe e ʻike ʻole ʻia ai lākou i ka maka.
He aha nā mea e ʻai ai ka schur?
He ʻokoʻa ka papa ʻaina o Schur, ma loko ʻoe e ʻike ai i nā mea kanu mea kanu a me nā meaʻai nā holoholona holoholona. I nā poʻe pākeke, ʻo ka mea maʻamau ka mea kanu, a nui ka ulu ʻōpio ke loaʻa i ka nui o ka protein, no laila noho nui nā mea ʻino ma kā lākou papaʻai.
ʻAʻole Schur ke ala ʻole e ʻai;
- hua o nā lāʻau coniferous a deciduous,
- nā ʻōpio ʻōpio a me nā lau
- pua
- nā ʻāpana like ʻole
- kiniani
- mau ʻōpū lāʻau
- nā kuʻi
- ulia pepeke
- pahū i loko o kahi kūlana o ka pīhoihoi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia.
ʻIke maoli nō: ʻO nā wahi punahele punahele o ka schurov he rowan a me nā hua a me ka lākou ʻo juniper, a me nā pine pine.
Hiki ke kapa ʻia ka mālio he kōkua i ka nahele, no ka mea me kāna neʻe paʻa ʻana, mai nā maʻa o ka ʻili, lawe ʻia i nā meakanu maikaʻi ʻole - nā pōpoki, nā wīwī a me ko lākou puʻupuʻu. No ka hapanui o ka papa o ka hua manu i ka nui o nā hua, me nā ʻāpana o Schur, e kaila ʻo ia i nā koena o nā hua no ka nui o ka nui o nā wahi āpau kahi e hoʻomaka ai nā mea ʻala hou.
ʻO Shchurov, i mālama ʻia i nā kūlana kūlohelohe, pono e hānai ʻia me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole:
- hazelnuts
- huʻakai
- piula a me nā ʻolo,
- ikemaka.
Ma kaʻaiʻai o ka pī, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hua palaoa, nā ʻōpala o nā lāʻau coniferous a deciduous, nā ʻano hua like hua, nā huaʻai, nā mea kanu, pono pono. ʻAi lākou i nā manu me ke kaʻi ʻai, nā ʻala kuke a me ka ʻono, hoʻohui i nā ʻano lako ʻē aʻe i nā meaʻai. I ke ʻano o ka manu manu e mālama i kona mālamalama, pono kekahi momona nā mea moʻomeheu i ka mea hānai.
ʻO ka leo leo o ka mea hānai gula
ʻAno kūpono nā bee-eater - nā kukui a ʻono hoʻi. Akā ke ʻae nei lākou i ka nānā ʻana iā lākou iho me kahi kani kūloko i ke ʻano o "pru-u-hipp", i hoʻopuka ʻia e lākou i ka wā lawe. ʻO nā kelepona i kapa pinepine ʻia o ka manu ma nā ʻano like, ʻoiai he maluhia, lohe ʻia nā wahi lōʻihi lōʻihi. ʻO kēia nā trills pōkole a me nā leo: "squint", "crru", "crru". Eia nō hoʻi, ke hoʻolaha mau nei kēia mau manu. Aia ʻike ʻia kekahi lāʻau nui me kahi papa maloʻo loa i ka wao o kahi ulu lāʻau, e hānai i nā ʻohana puaʻala a me nā mea pīhoihoi gula ma luna o kona mau lālā hilahila, a e hoʻoluhi i kahi nuhinō liʻiliʻi e pili ana iā lākou iho.
Hoʻololi
E lawa ʻole ke aʻo ʻia i ka hānai ʻana i kahi pī piʻoniʻu gula. I nā pākeke, akā, ʻelua molt i hoʻokahi makahiki: ʻāpana a piha. Hoʻomau ka mea mua mai Iune Iune a Kepakemapa. Lele nā manu no ka hoʻoilo, hoʻololi wale i kahi hulu liʻiliʻi. ʻElua ka hana ma ka hoʻoilo, mai Ianuali a Malaki. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻololi ke hulu a me ka hulu huluhulu. ʻIke ʻia, hoʻomaka ka wā ʻōpio e hoʻoheheʻe wale i nā ʻāina hoʻoilo, akā ma nā kahua ulu lāʻau i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka plumage piha piha.
I ka nee mikina gula, a ʻekolu liʻiliʻi nā kāʻei lole: ʻo ke kāula ʻōpio, a hiki i ʻeono mau malama, ka pākeke, hana pū no ka manawa mua, i.e. mai ka makahiki o 10 mau mahina a i 1.5 mau makahiki, nā pākeke i ka lua, ke kolu a ma hope aʻe o ka makahiki. Hana ʻia ka Shedding i kēlā me kēia makahiki, mai ka hopena o ke kauwela a hiki i Malaki. Ma waena o nā ʻili o ka hōʻiliʻili o St. Petersburg aia ka poʻe lawehala i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ʻAukake-Nowemapa, me nā mea i hoʻomaka e ʻoli ʻia e ka hulu, a me nā hōʻailona ʻole o ka molting. ʻO ka hopena, hāʻule ka piko o ka melting o nā pua i waenakonu o ka hoʻoilo a me ka molting hoʻopau i ka hoʻopau ʻia e ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai i nā wahi kanu. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka piʻo gula i kuhikuhi ʻia e Fry (Fry, 1984) (Papa 17).
ʻAi manu | ʻO ka keʻena plumage | Nā mahina | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aukake | Kepakemapa | Okakopa | Nowemapa | Kekemapa | Ianuali | Pepeluali | |
ʻAiau (1-10 mau mahina) | |||||||
Penna | = = | === | == | ====== | == == | == == | == |
Kālā | — | Owau | II III | IX V VI | VII VIII | Ix x | — |
Mākia | — | — | 12 | 11 13 10/1 | 9 2 8 | 3 7 4 | 6 5 |
Keala | — | — | — | 1/2 6/3 | 4 5 | — | — |
He mau makahiki ma mua o 1 mau makahiki | |||||||
Penna | = = | ====== | — | == | = = = = | = = = = | = = |
Kālā | III | II / IV I / V | — | VIVII VIII | IX | X | — |
Mākia | 13 | 12 11 | 1 | 10 2 9 | 3 8 4 | 7 | 5 6 |
Keala | — | — | 1/2 | 5/6 | 3/4 | — | — |
He kanaka makua ma luna o nā makahiki he 2 (col. ZIN RAS, ZM MSU n = 47) | |||||||
Penna | — | = = = = = = | = = = = | — | — | — | — |
Kālā | III / II | IV (V) | I 'V VI | — | — | — | — |
Mākia | — | 12/13 | 11/1 10 | — | — | — | — |
Keala | — | — | 1(2) 5/6 | — | — | — | — |
ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana e nā mea hōʻiliʻili o ZM MSU a me ZIN RAS, ʻo ka ʻoni ʻana i nā manu i ʻoi aku a 2 mau makahiki i ʻoi aku ka luhi ma mua o kēlā mau makahiki hoʻokahi.
ʻO ka pilina a me ka lōʻihi
Nā puaʻa eale wili o ka pūhaka pōkā lōʻihi. Ke ʻeli nei, ma mua loa o ke kāne. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi kahiki ʻo 1-1.5 m hohonu a 5 cm ka lōʻihi.ʻehā 7 kg o ka lepo e kiola ʻia e nā manu i ka wā e eli ai. Hana ʻia nā hana kūkulu i ʻelua pule. Hana ʻia nā manu e ke ala: e ʻimi i hoʻokahi hola a i ʻole ʻelua, a laila e hoʻonohonoho i ka wā hoʻomaha o ka lōʻihi.
ʻO kahi lua kahi ka mea nāna e hakakā i waena o nā ʻohana. ʻAʻole nā manu āpau e eli i kēia lua, inā aia kahi manawa e loaʻa ai ma ka ikaika. ʻO kahi maʻa o nā kānaka i hoʻoholo e hana i keiki, pono e hōʻoki i ko lākou home.
ʻO ka paipai nui i ka wā e koho ai i ke kāne e hoʻokumu i hua, ʻo ia ka hiki ke hānai i nā moa. ʻO ia ke kumu a mālama nui ʻia ai nā hoa kāne i ka wahine i ka hiki. Ma hope o ka hana ʻana o ka wahine i kahi koho, hele ʻia ka māka. Ma ka pipi e hiki ke mai 4 a 10 mau hua. He liʻiliʻi lākou, ua ʻulaʻula ʻia i ka kala. I ko lākou kiʻi ʻana, ua lilo ka maka.
Hoʻokomo ka wahine i nā hua, a loaʻa i ke kāne ka meaʻai. I kekahi manawa hoʻololi nā mākua i ka wā e noho kuleana. A pili kēia i hoʻokahi mahina. ʻAno hānau maoli nā lālā. Hoʻomaka lākou e ʻai ikaika mai nā lā mua, e kūlohelohe ana nā koho kūlohelohe, a make nā nāwaliwali nāwaliwali me ka nele o nā meaʻai.
I hoʻokahi mahina ma hope mai, ua haʻalele nā poni i kā lākou pāho makua. E ulu nā moa bee eater nā kōkua o nā ʻōpio kamaʻāina mai nā poloka ma mua. Loaʻa iā lākou ka meaʻai no nā kaʻi ʻōpio, ke kōkua e hoʻoku i ka home mai nā mea wānana.
ʻAʻole e like me ka hapanui o nā manu, ʻaʻole mālama ka bee-eater i ka uhi o ka "papa" o ka nano. ʻAʻole lākou e lawe i ka mauʻu, ka fluff a me nā mea kanu i loko o ka lua. Ma ke kaʻina o ka hatch, ka wili a ka wahine wana i koe o nā mea i loaʻa i ka ʻikepili: nā ʻēheu, nā wāwae, ka mea e ʻike ai ka litter maikaʻi loa no nā mamo.
ʻAʻole hoʻonā nā manu o ka waiwai i kahi hoʻoweliweli no nā pipi kiaʻi. Hoʻolomo ʻia kēia i ka b hohonu hohonu, no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā manu e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa a me ka hoʻoikaika. Hiki ke hōʻeha ʻia nā ʻīlio a nā ʻīlio paha. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hua manu ma kahi o 5-7 grika, a hiki i kahi kaʻi nui nui ke hiki i ka saturate kahi predator. ʻO ka hoʻomakaʻana o ke ola he 4 mau makahiki.
Nā Moho
ʻO ka bee-eire gula he manu mimratory maʻamau. Hoʻokomo wale nō kahi heluna kanaka e noho ana ma ʻAkelika hema i ka ʻōlelo. Ma ka liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka ʻike no ka neʻe ʻana o kēia mau manu. Ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻana, ʻākoakoa nā pīhoihoi gula i loko o nā hipa e piha ana i nā manu a me nā ʻōpio ʻōpio, ka helu ʻana mai 20 a 100 a i ʻole he nui aku. Ma ka manawa o nā hālāwai o kēia mau manu i ka wā lūlū, hoʻopaʻapaʻa pinepine lākou i ka neʻe ʻana o ka pī-eater, ʻoiai ʻo kā lākou hoʻokuʻi e mālama ʻia no ka hānai. Noho ʻo nā manu ma kahi kokoke i nā koloni, a laila e pālahalaha i ka wahi o ka mokulele a kāpae pinepine i kahi kokoke i nā kuʻe. A laila lele lākou lele, lele paha ma kahi lōʻihi loa - i kekahi mau āina (no ka laʻana, ka nāhele o ka mauna ʻo Georgia), e lanakila ana iā lākou a ma hope o ka hānai ʻana, e neʻe hou i ka hema. Mahalo ʻo ka lele ʻoi aku i ka pō, ʻoiai ma nā alaloa o ka Caucasus, ma nā ʻāina kuahiwi o ʻAmelika Pōlani, Lebanona a me ʻAigupita, ʻike ʻia nā manu e neʻe nei i kekahi wahi i ke ao (Radde, 1884, Meinertzhagen, 1930, Leister, Sosnin, 1942 , Sudilovskaya, 1951, etc.).
Ma ke kahawai Oka, ma ka ʻāina o Okskiy Zap., Kahi e lele ai nā pipi o nā pua gula mai ko lākou mau lua mai ka iwakāluakū o Iulai a ʻAukake 10-15, ʻākoakoa nā manu i nā hipa a noho i ka wahi pāna a hiki i Kepakemapa 10-15. I kēlā mau ʻohana e pili ana nā manu ʻōpio a me nā ʻōpio kūloko. I ka manawa like, a kau ʻia nā bee kani kani i ka Oka e nā ʻōpio a ʻo nā mākua hoʻi e ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻĀkau. Caucasus (Stavropol Territory, Krasnodar Territory) a ma kahi Colchis Lowland. Nā hālāwai o Oka i kani ai i ka bee-eater ma Colchis a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o Transcaucasia lā nui mai Sepatemaba a me ka makahiki mua o ʻOkakopa. I ka mahina ʻOkakopa, ua loaʻa ka hapa nui (92.5%) o nā manu kani i ka hikina. ke kai o ke kai moana. ʻAʻole kuhi ʻia nā mea nīnau i nā manu i kani ʻia ma Nowemapa-Ianuali. A i loko o Pepeluali hoʻokahi wale nō ka bee-eater ma Rhodesia i 18 ° N . ^ E Ha yM.
Kiʻi 60. ʻO ke ʻano o ka neʻe ʻana o ka wā lohi o ka lehulehu o Oka o ka pā o ka piehie gula:
a - kahi e pili ana i ka nui o nā kānaka o Oka, b - nā manu noho i loko o Kepakemapa-ʻOkakopa, c - ke noho manu i loko o ʻOkakopa, d - kuhikuhi o ka lele o ka ʻūhā, e - kani kani manu i ka mahina o Ianuali-Pepuali (Rhodesia).
ʻAʻole i wehewehe ʻia ke ʻano o ka lele o ka wai o ka piʻu gula. E hoahewa ʻia ma nā hālāwai mua o nā manu kani kani ʻia, nā poʻe mai Oka i ka nui o ka bee-eater e hoʻi i ka wai i loko o ka pūnana i nā wahi like ʻole e like me ke kolamu.
ʻO nā hālāwai hālāwai mua o kēia mau manu ma Crimea, a hiki i Hema. Ukraine, ma Carpathians, kokoke i Kursk, Voronezh a me ka māhele ʻo Ryazan. ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai nā lā hope o ʻApelila a hiki i ka iwakālua o Mei. Ma ka manawa like, ʻo ka hōʻea ʻana o kēia mau manu i Transcaucasia, Central Asia a me nā Urals i hoʻohanohano ʻia. ʻOiaʻiʻo, no nā wahi o ka hapa hema o kēia āina, he mau manawa i kū mua ʻia ai nā ʻano, akā he hoʻohālikelike o nā kumu palapala like ʻana, nā hōʻike waha o nā mea hoʻonaʻauao, ʻike mua a me nā mea o nā kolamu zoological hōʻike i ke ʻano o ka like ʻana o nā manu ma kēia ʻāina nui. Sudilovskaya, 1951, Dementiev, 1952, Vorontsov, 1967, Averin, Ganya, 1970, Korelov, 1970, Lugovoi, 1975, Kostin. 1983, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).
Loaʻa ka hōʻiliʻili a ZIN RAS i kahi wahine no ka ʻelua mau makahiki ʻelua, i loaʻa ma ka lā 24 ʻApelila ma Mesopotamia. Eia kekahi, ʻo ʻApelila 15, ua loaʻa ka bee-eater ma ka bass. Syr Darya. ʻApelila 27, 1950 e A. I. Ivanov (1953) ua loaʻa kēia manu i Kyzyl-Agach zap.
I nā makahiki mua o Mei, ua mined ka bee-eater: Mei 2 - ma Tbilisi, Mei 8 (1912, K.A. Satunin) - i Vost. Georgia, Mei 3 - ma Repetek West., 4 Mei - ma Armenia, Mei 4 (1911) - kokoke iā Armavir, Mei 2 a me 5 - ma Uzbekistan, 8 Mei (1903) - ma Kushka, Yumaya (1950 .) ʻO A.I. ua pakanu ʻo Ivanov i ke kāne a he wahine ma mua o ʻelua mau makahiki i kahi kokoke i Uralsk. I ka lua o ka makahiki o Mei, ua mined ka bee-eater ma Uzbekistan (Mei 11, 12, 15 - N. A. Severtsov), Mei 16 a me 19 (1888) - ma Ashgabat (Grum-Grzhimailo), Mei 17 - i ke kahua. ʻAno i ka ʻākau. Caucasus, Mei 19 (1881) - i Orenburg (N. A. Zarudny).
Me kahi manu e like me nā manu o hoʻokahi makahiki a me nā makahiki kahiko, nui ka nui o ko lākou hālāwai ʻana ma ka manawa o ka pūnāwai (Papa 18). ʻO nā manu ʻekahi hoʻokahi makahiki i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana o ka pūnāwai i noho lōʻihi ma ka hoʻoilo ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā poʻe ʻelemakule, kahi e holo nui nei i nā wahi hana.
ka wā puna | mau makahiki n = 119 | ka makahiki kahiko a me nā makahiki n = 128 |
---|---|---|
Apelila | — | 2 |
He mau makahiki o Mei | 2 | 9 |
II makahiki o Mei | 10 | 20 |
III makahiki o Mei | 27 | 25 |
Hoʻaiho
Wahi a A.M. Sudilovskaya (1951), ua hāmama nā wahi ākea i hoʻopili ʻia e nā kahawai a me nā kahawai me nā ʻōpala pāhiʻo i uhi ʻia me nā kumulāʻau, nā nahele awāwa, a i ʻole nā lāʻau hoʻokaʻawale. Ma nā wahi waena o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa e noho ana i nā awāwa o nā muliwai Oka, Khoper, Don, Moksha, Sura, Sviyaga. Noho ana ia ma kapa, kahawai a poʻi paha nā pali kahawai o nā kahawai muliwai, ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā pali, nā huki, nā kime, akā ʻaʻole kahi mamao mai ka kahawai wai. Ma nā kihi o nā kahawai liʻiliʻi (Pra, Pronya ma ka moku ʻo Ryazan, ʻo Piana, nā kāne kāne i loko o ka ʻāina Nizhny Novgorod, ʻo Alatyr ma Chuvashia, Tsna, Vorona ma ka ʻāina Tambov) - wale nō i nā wahi waiwai. I ka wā o loko o ka wā hānau i mālama ʻia ia i nā awāwa kahawai, pololei a hiki i nā kahe o nā lua lua.
ʻAʻole aneane ʻaʻole e hele ma luna o nā ululāʻau pōā, ʻoiai ʻo ka wā o ka hele ʻana i hōʻike ʻia, no ka laʻana, ma ka waena o ka ulu lāʻau ʻo Meshchersky 25-30 km mai kahi e pili ana i ka nui o nā kahua hānai nui, ʻaʻole nō naʻe a lohi ma kēia. Ma nā wahi kuahiwi e makemake ia i nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa. ʻAʻole piʻi ua kiʻekiʻe i nā kuahiwi: a i luna i 1,500 m i Kaukaia, a i luna o 2,000 m ma Kaukaia, a hiki i 2,500 m ma Armenia (Leister, Sosnin, 1942). Ma Semirechye hōʻea lākou i nā ululāʻau poʻe mauna, i.e. e piʻi i luna he 1,800 m (Zarudny, Koreyev, 1906, Schnitnikov, 1949), eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hōʻike ʻia nā ʻike o kāna pili. I Tajikistan, ua ʻike ʻia ma ka wahi e pili ana i ka pā kiʻekiʻe ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1800-1900 m (Ivanov, 1940, Sudilovskaya, 1951). I nā makana ma nā wahi, he mea maʻamau ma ka kahawai o nā muliwai, nā kahawai, i hoʻoulu ʻia me ka shrubbery. Loaʻa i ka manawa loaʻa ma ka wao nahele, a ʻoi pinepine i loko o ke one ma mua o ka gravelly. Ma Kazakhstan, noho pū kekahi ma nā kahakai o nā kahe me nā kahawai pāhiʻo, ka noho ʻana o nā pā, nā māla, nā māla a me nā kīhāpai kīhāpai i nā ʻōpala. ʻO nā kahawai o ka Tien Shan kahi mea i kū ai ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu. ʻAʻole i noho nui nā kūlanakauhale, akā, ma ka waho e maʻamau ia. Noho ia ma ʻaneʻi ma nā ʻūlo maoli a i nā ʻāpana hoʻi o nā paia lepo ākea o nā ʻano kanaka like ʻole. I nā kahena a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā muliwai i ka wahi wao nahele i kekahi mau wahi ke neʻe nei i waho o ka uliuli, e ʻeli ana i kahi lua ma ke kihi i ka ihu o ka honua (Korelov, 1970). No Algeria a me ka Iberian Peninsula, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻōlapa o ke kīʻaha gula ma mua o nā pali piʻi (Fry, 1984, Cramp, 1985).
Kokoke nā mea noiʻi āpau i ʻike i ka hoihoi ʻana o nā pi i nā apiaries. Ma waena o Rūsia, nā wahi noho o ka bee-eater (nā ʻōpala) a me nā apiaries i nā wahi like i loko o ka wahi (nā meʻa wai e noho ai nā waikahe). Ma nā ululāʻau āwā, ʻaʻohe ʻāina nui, akā he nui nō hoʻi nā wahi (nā puali, nā ana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) a kūpono hoʻi i kāna pili ʻana. Ma nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka muliwai. ʻO kahi maka me ka lōʻihi o 107 a me 111 km i 1975, ua like ka nui o nā mau kolo (3.9 a me 3.6 mau pua he 10 km o ka muliwai). He 21 apiaries i ka mua, a he 4 wale no i ka lua .. Ka helu o ka mauhoi ma ka pauku mua he 42, ma ka lua - 40. Ma ka awelika, he 2 mau puʻu pākahi i kēlā me kēia, a he 10 ma ka lua, no laila ua paʻa ka helu. bee-eater to apana 'apai iar if ne i i o ie.
Helu
Ma ka māhele o ka hoʻohele ʻia ma Rūsia a me nā wahi e pili ana, he mea maʻamau i nā hale noho kūpono, i kekahi manawa nui. Ua emi i ka helu o nā hua pālua e pili ana i ka palena ʻākau o ka pā. Ka huina o ka nui o nā meli gula, nā nisa, no ka laʻana, ma ka mokuʻo Ryazan. i nā makahiki 1970 a me 80s ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 350-400 mau moho (nā ʻikepili mua). Na A.M. Sudilovskaya (1951), hiki i kēia mau holoholona i mea e loaʻa ai ka nui o ka nui ma Ukraine hema o Kharkov a me Dnepropetrovsk, ma ka ʻanuʻu ala o Crimea a me nā ʻĀkaukau. Kairo, me ka East. Transcaucasia. Ma ka Volga, nui nā manu honu mai ka waha a Samara Luke. Ma ka māhele Syzran kahi ia, ma nā wahi ʻo Penza. keu ma nā wahi, ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ia wahi. Ma ka muliwai He nui ka nui o nā Urals. Ma ka app. hapalua o Kazakhstan, ma nā puʻu ʻo Kyrgyzstan, i nā awāwa kahawai a me nā wahi haʻalulu o Uzbekistan, Tajikistan a me Turkmenistan - he nui (Puzanov et al., 1942, 1955, Schnitnikov, 1949, Dementiev, 1952, Dubinin, 1953, Strautman, 1954, Yanushevich a me et al., 1960, Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968, Ivanov, 1969, Averin, Ganya, 1970, Korelov, 1970, Abdusalyamov, 1971, Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977, Kostin, 1983, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).
Ua hālāwai ʻo N.P. Dubinin (1953) i ka lā o nā lawehala i ka manawa lawaiʻa i nā wahi like o Nizh. Kāleʻa mai 2 a 15 i nā manu bee i hoʻokahi lā (ma ka awelika - 11.2 manu). I ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana o ka wā lohi, hoʻonui ka nui o ka bee-eater ma kēia wahi i hoʻokahi hapa (mai 26 a 45 a 45 i 1,200 mau hālāwai i kēlā me kēia lā). I Tajikistan, ma nā kahawai o ka puni ʻo Zeravshan. oi aku ma mua o 110 mau pālua ma 1 ha i ʻike ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke awāwa kahawai. ʻO Mgian me ka nui o nā pali kahe a me nā pā lepo. Loaʻa nā kolana nui (mau haneli) ma ke alaʻo Dushanbe-Termez, nā wahi noho nui ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka Pihi Gissar. i ke kiʻekiʻe o 1,600 m ma luna o ke kai (Abdusalyamov, 1971).
I waho Vost. Loaʻa nā ʻāpana kikoʻī o Europa no kēia mau ʻāina. I Palani - mai 100 a 1,000 mau pūʻulu, ma Austria i 1959-1960. - i aneane 20 mau pai, i 1965 - ʻaʻole i hālāwai, ma 1978 - 30 mau pālua. Ma Hungary i ka makahiki 1949, ua helu ʻia ka helu ma 1,271 mau huakaʻi, i ka makahiki 1955 - ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 2 tausani mau pahu, ma 1977 - 1350 mau pālua. Ma Italia, Sepania, Helene, ma nā mokupuni o Corsica a me Sardinia, ma Kipipi, i Israel a me Maroko, he mea maʻamau i loko o nā wahi kūpono, akā ʻaʻole e hele i nā mauna kuahiwi, he mea maʻamau ka mokupuni o Helene (Cramp, 1985). E pili ana i nā koho o ka nui o nā manu migratory ma luna o Gibraltar a me ka hikina East Ch.Kuhi ʻo Fry (1984) i ka nui o ka bee-eater ma hope o ka wā hoʻomaha e ulu ana ma waena o kāna pāhana he 13 miliona mau kānaka. Inā ʻōpiopio ka 2/3 o nā manu, a laila ʻo ka maʻamau ka nui o ka poʻe e hoʻomaka ana i ka hana ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki e hiki ke helu ʻia ma 2 miliona mau pālua.
Hoʻololi i nā helu i loko o ka waena. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i nā loli i ka helu o ka pua bee gula ma ka palena ʻākau o kona ʻāpana ma ʻEulopa i hāʻawi ʻia e E. S. Ptushenko (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia i nā makahiki hope loa o 170 mau makahiki, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mea ʻūlū gula ma loko o ka ʻāina o Moscow, a nalowale paha mai kēia wahi. I ka hopena o XVIII - hoʻomaka i ka makahiki XIX. he manu līʻī ka piʻu ma kahi a naʻu nō paha. ʻO ka hana a Dvi-gubsky (Dwigubsky, 1802), kahi i hōʻike ʻia, i paʻi ʻia ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kenekulia 19. A laila, a hiki i ka 70s. XIX mau makahiki., Ua ʻike ka ʻike e pili ana i kēia mau mea ma ka ʻāina ʻo Moscow. ʻO ka pī-eater ma okr. Moscow ma 1879, i ka wā i noho ai kahi ʻohana liʻiliʻi o kēia mau manu i ke awāwa o ka muliwai. Moscow, kokoke i ke kauhale Mazilovo. I ke kauwela o 1884, hui ka bee-eater ma Moscow iho (Menzbier, 1881-1883, Lorenz, 1894, Satunin, 1895, i ʻōlelo ʻia e Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Ke nānā nei i ka dinamics o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka bee-eater ma hope o ka XIX a me nā kenekulia XX hope. ma Ryazan pili, Lipetsk, Tambov nā wahi, a me nā mea ma ke kūkulu hema o Kursk, Voronezh, a me Tula, E. S. Ptushenko hele mai i ka hopena i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei. Ke nīnau ʻole nei i ka mana o nā hopena o E. S. Ptushenko, pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia he ʻano koʻikoʻi loa ka nui o ka piʻina o ka pī. He mea nui ia e hōʻoia hou i ka pīʻaiʻai, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i nā palena o kona laina, e hoʻāʻo ʻia "e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia (ʻike i luna). He mea hiki ke mālama ʻia me kēia hiʻohiʻona o kāna ʻano hana "maikaʻi ʻole" i pili i nā pūlima o ka nui o nā kuhikuhi o ka nui o kona mau helu.
Loaʻa i ka nui o nā kōlani gula ākea i nā makahiki a me nā loli lōʻihi. Me ka hoʻonui nui o ka helu o nā manu, hoʻonui ka pā i ka laha. Kūkulu ʻia nā hui manu hou i nā ʻāina ʻākau ʻē aʻe. I ka makahiki 1958-1965 neʻe ʻo ka pī-eater i ʻākau, i hōʻoia ʻia e ka helu ʻana o nā hopena o ka hīmeni a loaʻa hou. I ka awelika, ka neʻe ʻana o ka poʻe i ka ʻākau i hoʻokahi makahiki no kahi o 1 km (Priklonsky, 1970). I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ua lohi nei kēia holomua, a ma ka 1980s. a hoʻopau paʻa ʻia. A laila, e like me ke hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana, ua kūʻokoʻa ka wahi e like me ka mea. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, hiki iā mākou ke hōʻike i kahi hoʻonui iki o nā palena o ka pili ʻana i ka bee-eater nei i nā makahiki he 50 i hala.
Hoʻomaopopo ka hapanui nui o nā mea kākau i nā loli i ka nui o nā ʻano (Dementiev, 1952, Dubinin, 1953, Puzanov et al., 1955, Ivanov, 1969, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Ma ka ʻāina o Oksky Zap. ʻo ka nui o nā pī o ka piisa ʻehā mau manawa ʻehā o ka nui o nā oscillations i nā makahiki ʻokoʻa. Manaʻo ʻo V.V. Lavrovsky (2000), aia kēia no ka hāʻawi ʻia me nā mea hoʻolako maʻamau. Eia, ʻo ka pīhoihoi e pili ana i ka palena ʻākau o kona ʻāpana. No nā makahiki 1956-1991. ka nui o nā lua no 200 km ma ke kahawai. Ua noho ʻo Oka mai 160 a 25. ʻO nā mea noiʻi e aʻo ana i nā avifauna o ka wahi o Ryazan. i nā makahiki 19 a me ke kenekulia mua 20 mau kenekulia (Turov et al.), Ma ka maʻamau maʻamau ʻaʻole i kākau ʻia ka bee-eater. Ke hoʻohuli nei mākou i ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia kūlana ma o nā hiʻohiʻona o kāna ʻano hana i hōʻike ʻia i luna nei a i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o kēia mau mea kākau ma ke kūkulu ʻākau-komohana a me ke kikowaena o ka Ryazan Territory. Wahi a N.P. Dubinin (1953), ke hoʻolōʻihi nei ka bee-eater i nā palena o kāna ākea a hoʻonui i kona mau helu ma lalo o ka muliwai. Kālai. Wahi a V.N. Bostanzhoglo (1887), ua kipa wale ia a hiki i s. Krasnoyarsk, ʻaʻole e hālāwai i ke kūkulu hema hou. ʻAʻohe i ʻike ʻo N.A. Severtsov lāua ʻo G.S. Karelin i ka pī-eater e noho nei ma kēia wahi. I loko o nā makahiki o ka nānā ʻana iā N.P. Dubinin, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia i ka haʻahaʻa. ke aʻo o nā Urals he manu maʻamau a maʻa mau ʻia kekahi manawa. Hāʻawi ʻo A. N. Formozov (1981) i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka laulā o ka bee gula i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka lepo lepo a me ka ulu ʻana o ka pūnaewele kaʻina ma ka wahi o ka Volga Upland.
Hoʻopaʻa o ka lā, hana
Kahi pua gula - ʻohana manu. Hōʻike ʻia i nā hipa e pili ana i nā manu ʻelua (5-15) a me nā helu he haneri (150-1000) mau kanaka (Korelov, 1948, 1970, Dubinin, 1953, nā ʻikepili mua). ʻIke wikiwiki ma hope o ke ʻano o nā manu i wāwahi ʻia i ʻelua. Aia ka manaʻo e mālama lākou i ka pālua, ʻoiai ʻo ia i loko o nā ʻeke i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻoilo. ʻOiai ma ka wā mua o ka lawaiʻa, ʻike pinepine nā manu i kekahi, akā me kekahi mau kanaka. Ma nā kolana nui i Central Asia, Sepania a me Algeria, i ka wā e hana ʻole ai ke kūkulu ʻana, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka wā i nā lua i loko o kahi ʻohana a neʻe iā 2-5, i kekahi manawa 10-18 mau mamao mai ka kolone o nā ʻanakala (Korelov, 1970, Fry, 1984). A laila hoʻi lākou i kā lākou hana. ʻO ke kumu i lele aku ai nā manu ma ke ʻano he kanaka e kipa ana i ka kolone, kahi mea nāna e kau ai, a i kekahi manawa ke ʻike ʻole ʻia e nā kānaka.
Kūpono loa ka pīhoihoi i ka wā incubation. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka wahine e noho ana i ka noke, e hānai ʻia e ke kāne. Inā hoʻokomo ka kāne i ka lā, ua haʻalele ʻo ia iā ia no ka manawa pōkole a ʻai iā ia iho. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole loaʻa pinepine kēia mau helehelena. Noho nui ke kāne ma luna o kahi pānaʻi me nā manonry me ka ʻole o ka haki, a hiki i ka wahine kāna e hoʻololi ai. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia i kekahi mau hihia i ka wā o ka make ʻana o ka wahine i nā hana hope loa o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, mālama pono ke kāne i ka hatching hua, a laila e hānai ana i nā moa. I kēlā mau hihia, i hōʻemi ʻia ka nui o ke kāne ma ka hopena o ka hōʻelele ʻana i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka 40-46 g ʻAʻohe o kēia mau kāne i ʻike ʻia i nā koloni no nā makahiki aʻe nei - ua make paha lākou (e like me ka hopu ʻana i nā data e pili ana i ka 15,000 manu i nā nests i ka makahiki 1956-1985. me ka 7 mau kāne e hānai ana i ka bro) wale nō.
L. V. Afanasova a me Yu. S. Volkova (1989) i nānā i ke komo ʻana o nā manu kōkua i ke ala hope o ka hānai ʻana. He mau ʻeke ʻole (e like me nā mea kākau) wahine. ʻO nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe kekahi i hōʻike i ke ola o nā mea kōkua (Dyer, Andras, 1981, i ʻōlelo ʻia mai Afanasova, Volkova, 1989, Cramp, 1985, Malovichko, Konstantinov, 2000).
I ka manawa o ka hānai ʻana i nā moa, mālama wale nā manu i ke kolone i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. E hānai ana nā pīpī i nā moa i ke kakahiaka nui a i ke ahiahi. I ka wā ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole mālama nā kola i ka manawa o ka hiki ʻana i ka pūnana a haʻalele i ka meaʻai. Inā pilikia ka lua hoʻokahi i loko o ka kolu, no ka laʻana, loaʻa ka pākeke hānai makua ʻia i loko o laila a ua heʻe ʻia ia i loko o ka lua, e hōʻiliʻili i ka bee-eater kokoke i kēlā lua. Ke lele nei lākou kokoke i ka puka o ke ana i ka lua, me ka hōʻike iki i ko lākou hopohopo. Akā, ʻaʻole e mau kēia hana. Ma hope o 10-15 mau minuke, e piʻi aʻe ka ʻohana hipa i ka lewa a hele i nā wahi o ka hopu. A laila, inā "palekana" nā mea āpau ma ka kolone, e hoʻomau lākou i kā lākou hana maʻamau.
I ka pau ʻana o ka manawa hana, i ka nui o nā moa i nui a pale ʻole mai ka lua, ʻaʻole mālama nui nā mākua. Aia hele ke kanaka kokoke i kahi kolone, e pōʻai lākou ma luna o nā lua, a laila lele ka lele, lawe mai i ka meaʻai a lele i loko o ka lua a hiki i ka hiki. I kēia mau hihia, kahi haʻalele mua o nā moa mai loko mai o nā lua. ʻO kekahi manawa ke lohi, hoʻokūhū paha e ka hana o nā pākeke, "ʻōiwi" a nā moa i pili i ka pōpilikia. Ke ʻike ʻia kahi haʻalele mua i nā makahiki haʻahaʻa, me ka noho mau o ka poʻe ma kahi o nā pua. I nā makahiki he nui o ka meaʻai, ke kipa pinepine ai nā kānaka i nā kolone, a laila haʻalele ʻia ka haʻalele.
Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana, e hui pū ai ka bee-eater i nā ʻohana, kahi e kū nei nā manu ʻōpio a me nā manu ʻōpio. Noho kēlā mau ʻohana holoholona i kahi mua e kokoke ana i nā kolone, e noho ana i ka pō ma nā mākaʻikaʻi e kokoke ana, ʻaʻole hoʻi i nā lua o ka lua, a laila e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i kahi lōʻihi lōʻihi. I kēia manawa, lele lākou ma waho o ka pā. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ia ma ka waha o ka muliwai. ʻO Belaya, kokoke i Izhevsk (ma ka Kama), ma ka wahi o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Semenov (Nizhny Novgorod, ʻimi kūlohelohe). Ma ka waena a i ka hopena o ʻAukake, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka awelika, hoʻomaka nā pi me ka lele. I kekahi mau holoholona, lele nā manu makua a me nā ʻōpio.
Hōʻike nā mea kikoʻi i ke aloha aloha o nā mākua i kekahi. Ma loko o nā 16 pālua, ua ʻike ʻia nā manu ʻelua i loaʻa i ka māka hōʻailona no nā makahiki hou ma hope o ke kani ʻana, ma ke ʻano ʻelua wale nō i hoʻololi ka hoa. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo "kūpaʻa" i ka hoa āpau ma ka bee eater ua 88%.
Ke hōʻike nei i ke ʻano o ke poʻo pī piʻilohi, he ʻano maʻamau ka hana ʻana. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei, lawe nā kāne i ka meaʻai wahine - nā ʻalopona, bumblebee a i ʻole nā pīpī. Ua pepehi ʻia nā pepeke e nā kī ʻana i ke kuʻi (Formozov et al., 1950). I kēia manawa, neʻe aku ka elytra mai ka moa. Ia manawa hele hewa ke kane i ka mea i mare i ka wahine. Lawe ia ia a ʻai akula, ma hope o ka hele ʻana o kahi moʻolelo. Hōʻike nā Males i nā mea pio, e like me ka mea e hōʻoia nei i hiki iā lākou ke hānai i ka brood. Loaʻa kēia ʻano mālama i nā manu i loko o ka laulā āpau (Fry, 1984, Cramp, 1985, origin.)
Kiʻī 61. ʻO nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike o ke ʻano o ka piehie gula (e like me: Fry, 1984).
Ma hope o 2-5 mau hebedoma ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka nalo e nā moa, neʻe ka poʻe hipa i nā wahi i pani ai i ke ala hele. ʻAʻole ke ʻae ʻia a me ka nānā ʻana i nā pōpoki no ka lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana o nā manu ma kēlā mau pūnaewele.
E hiki paha i kekahi mau ʻāpana o kona ala i ka neʻe ʻana o ka bee-eater e hoʻohuli ʻia i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (Dolnik, 1981) - ʻoi aku hoʻi ma kahi o 3-4 tausani m ma mua o ka ʻāina. Ma ke mau wahi a lele lākou i lalo. Ma nā mea e hoʻopalike aku ai i ka pae ʻo Caucasus Nui. i Georgia a me Abkhazia, lele ka pi ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 50-200 m, e kahe mau ana ma luna o kahi o ka lele, i kekahi manawa e iho ana i nā awāwa a me nā kahawai, nā puʻu, a me nā mea hoʻi. I ka hoʻoilo, mālama ka bee-eater i nā ʻohana nui. ʻAi manu nā manu ma nā awāwa wai, ma luna o nā ʻohe, i nā nahele savannah, ma luna o ka ʻāina mahiai. ʻAe lākou i ka pō i nā holoholona nui ma luna o nā kumulāʻau a me nā mea kanu lāʻau, ma nā kapa muliwai a me nā awāwa muliwai (Fry, 1984).
ʻO nā ʻenemi, nā mea pōʻino
I ka wā e hānai ai, he liʻiliʻi nā ʻuʻuku o ka pīhoihoi i waena o nā manu manuʻa. Ma ke taupānga Oksky. mai nā kaukani he mau tausani i ʻike ʻia i nā koena manu, nā koena o nā ʻuʻuku a ʻai i nā manu o ka iʻa ma 1954-1990. ʻaʻohe mea e loaʻa ai ke koena o ka pī-eater loaʻa. Ma ka manawa like, ua aʻo mākou i ka ʻai o nā kaila ʻeleʻele, ka māhule, goshawk, sparrow hawk, beetle, saker falcon, kestrel, cheglok, keokeo ʻulaʻula nui, ka ʻaeto nui ʻihiʻoki, a me ka mahina mahina. I kahi kolone o ka bee-eater, ua ʻike pinepine ʻia ka ʻaihue o chegloks, ma ka nui o nā hihia - ʻaʻole kūleʻa ʻole. I ka manawa like, i hopu ʻia i nā loko o nā loko he nui i kēlā me kēia lā. Hiki ke kāʻili ʻia i nā ʻuʻu beehive me nā moa makua mai luna mai e kahi alopiha a i ʻole ʻīlio.
ʻO nā holoholona e luku i ka bee-eater ma Kazakhstan, ua kapa ʻia lākou he nahe a me cheglock. Piki aku ka mea mua i nā ʻuʻu a ʻai i nā moa, aʻo ka mea hope ma ka bee-eater i ka wā hele o Korelov, 1970).
He hopena koʻikoʻi ka hopena anthropogenic i ka holomua o ka pīhoihoi. Ma nā wahi o ka koloni, kahi i hoʻomaopopo ʻia ai kona hopena, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka bee-eater ma mua o kahi i hiki ʻole ai i nā kānaka ke hoʻokokoke aku i kahi kolone. Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka hopena o ka bee-eater e ka hopena i ka anthropogenic pānaʻi, inā, ma muli o ka hopohopo kanaka, ʻike ʻole nā manu i ka hana ʻana i nā moa, hana nui aʻe hoʻi me ka hopohopo, hoʻopili pinepine, hoʻopuka pinepine iā lākou iho a hoʻolei paha i ka ʻai i nā moa ma kahi lua no ka makaʻu i ka piʻi ʻana i loko o ka lua i mua o kahi mea nānā. I ka wā ʻino, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hopena o kēia kumu.
ʻO Larvae Diptera, Lepidoptera, a me Coleoptera (Kirichenko, 1949, Hicks, 1970), a me nā imago lele lele lele ʻana o nā genera Sternopteryx a me Oxypterum (nā ʻike kumu) i loaʻa i nā puʻu a me nā ʻuʻuku o nā nalo. M.N. Korelov (1948, 1970), a me S.M. Kosenko a me E.M. Belousov (kamaʻilio pilikino) ma Central Asia i nā nīnū o ka ʻoniʻoniʻoni gula i loko o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kā lākou litter, ma waena o nā mea inikua, he nui nā huaʻehā i loaʻa (genera. Myrmica, Lasius, Formica). He mea hiki nō i kēia mau inikini i hāʻule i loko o nā ʻuā o nā nisa e like me ka hānai ʻana i nā cohabitants e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻai. ʻO nā pilina like ma waena o ka bee-eater a me nā popo i nānā ʻia i ka waena waena o ka muliwai Oka (ʻimi kumu mua).
ʻO nā mites ʻōpū o nā ʻōpū kūwaha ʻo Sternostoma coremani a me Ptilongssoides triscutatus, loaʻa i Moldova (Shumilo, Lunkashu, 1970), Ryazan region, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, a me Kyrgyzstan (Butenko, 1984), noho i loko o ka ihu o nā pua gula.
S.V. Kirikov, e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana o A.P. Hoʻoikaika ʻo Paradise, ua nānā nā pīhoʻai i ke anuanu a make i ka wā ke hoʻi mai ke anu i ka puna (South Ural). Mass Mass of bee-eater A.P. Ua nānā ʻo Paradise ma kahi o Orenburg i ka hopena o Mei 1904. Ma Oksky app. ua hoʻi ʻia ka hoʻi ʻana o ke anuanu me ka hoʻoilo ma ka Mei 20-23, 1974. I kēia manawa, ua ʻike hou ka bee-eater. ʻAʻole naʻe i kākau inoa ʻia kā lākou make. I kahi e kāohi ʻia ai ka muliwai. Oka, ʻoi ka helu o ka bee-eater ma 1974 i ka 20% e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 1973, akā, hoʻokahi nō ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa no ka manawa mai 1957 a 1975. I ka makahiki 1975, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā pakanake he 17% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 1974.
ʻO ka waiwai waiwai, pale
Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i ka bee-eater e hoʻoku i nā pōpoki. Hōʻike lākou e hoʻowalewale i ke kele piʻolua gula mai nā apiaries, me ka luku ʻana iā lākou, poloka i nā lua i waenakonu o nā pūnana, etc. (Petrov, 1954, Budnichenko, 1956).
Hoʻokumu i ka hoʻākāka ʻana o nā ʻike o ka ʻōpū, ua loaʻa ʻo I.K. Pachossky (1909) i ka hopena ka waiwai o ka pī ea a pono e pale ʻia. Hoʻopau ʻo A.I. Osterman (1912) i ka manaʻo like ʻole. Ma kahi ʻē aʻe, ua manaʻo ʻo A.A. Brauner (1912) i kēia manu he ʻona loa ia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia i kuhikuhi no ka hoʻopau ʻana. Ma hope mai, hāʻawi kekahi mau mea kākau mai kēia wahi (Yakubanis, Litvak, 1962) e hōʻemi ana i ka helu o ka bee-eater ma Transnistria i ka palena iki loa. Ua hōʻike ʻo Yu. V. Averin lāua ʻo A.M. Ganya (1970) i ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka bee-eater, e ʻae aku ana i nā manu a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea e pili ana iā lākou wale nō. I nā makahiki 1980-1990s. wale ma ka ʻāina ʻo Odessa ʻO kēlā me kēia makahiki, 3-5 mano ka meli i hoʻopau ʻia ma Ukraine (Gorai et al., 1994).
Ua helu aku ʻo S. G. Priklonsky i ka hopena o ka bee gula ma luna o ka poʻe piʻu ma ka ʻāina o Oksky Zap. (Ryazan māhele). ʻO ka pi manu ʻai i loko o kēia wahi i ka makahiki 1958-1990 makahiki e ʻai ai i kahi o 2.5-5 miliona mau kānaka kūlohelohe, he nui ka 0.45-10.9% o ka nui o ka make maoli o nā pi no ka makahiki. Akā, ua mālama ʻia kēia mau noiʻi ma ka palena ʻākau o ka awāwa, kahi he liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka nui o ka pīpī gula. Ma nā wahi o ka neʻe nui ʻana, ʻo ka bee-eater ka mea e hoʻopilikia ai i nā meaʻino. Maanei he mea kūpono e hoʻowalewale i nā manu mai nā apiaries, ma mua e hoʻokumu i ka pīhoihoi me nā ʻohana pi no ka hoʻoilo. ʻO kēlā meina ka mea i kūpono loa, ʻoiai inā e koi ʻia ka nui o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻai no ka mauʻu no ka hoʻoilo, a no laila, e alakaʻi ʻia ka hoʻoilo (meli).
Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka bee-eine gula i loko o ka Red Book of the Republic of Belarus and a number of Red Books of the constituities entities of the Russian Federation: Bashkortostan, Mari El, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Kirov a me Nizhny Novgorod Regions. a na Teritori a Altai. Eia nō naʻe, ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina ʻo Rūsia, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻia i nā ala palekana kūikawā no kēia ʻano.
ʻIke anei ʻoe i kēlā.
I loko o ka lumi ulu o ka bee-eater, he nui nā koena o ka chitinous uhi ʻana o nā pepeke, ʻaʻole komo ke kino.
- ʻO ka Bee-eater e noho ana ma nā ʻāpanaʻāina oʻApelika i hui pū ʻia me kahi ʻano pilikino maikaʻi loa. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā kaiāulu manuapo e ulu nui.
- Ma Aferika, bee-eater, ʻoiai he pūnana, hoʻohana pinepine i nā ʻulāne i waiho ʻia aardardark.
- ʻO ka hapanui manuahi āpau ke noho ma nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi - ʻo ka pālua o ka makua, hoʻokahi a ʻoi paha nā manu ʻōpio ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka poperty. Hiki i kahi ʻohana ke loaʻa i nā lālā he 12.
- Loaʻa i kekahi manawa, ʻo ka pī e ulaula ma Central Europe. I ka makahiki 1990, ma Kelemānia (Baden-Württemberg ʻāina) ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 12 mau keke o nā manu uwahi gula i hui ʻia.
- I mea e hānai ai iā ia iho a me kāna mau moa, pono ka pī e ʻai e hopu i nā keiki he 225 i kēlā me kēia lā.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me nā ʻano hana
He kanaka kamaʻāina ʻo Schur no nā ʻāpana ʻākau o mua, ʻaʻole ʻo ia e hopohopo i ka wā anuanu a ua mākaukau hoʻi e lawe i nā kaʻina wai e like me ka wā malulu. He manuahi kēia mau manu, a paʻa, a helu. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēlā me ke aniani o kahi pae āpau a me ka lako hānai. Ma nā puʻu koʻikoʻi, lele ka pike i kahi ʻē aʻe i nā wahi ākea, akā ʻaʻole naʻe lākou i kahi mamao loa i nā wahi noho.
I nā noho kanaka, ʻike pinepine ʻo Schura, makemake ʻo ia i nā wahi kaʻawale a me nā wahi i piha ʻole. Akā, ke kamaʻilio nei me kahi kāne, ʻaʻole hopohopo nui ʻo Schur a mālama iā ia me ka hilinaʻi, e hoʻokuʻu iā ia i kahi mamao kokoke a hiki i ke kanaka ke noʻonoʻo i kona nani a hoʻolohe i ka mele lyrical.Hōʻalo wale ʻia ʻo Roulades e nā kāne i mākaukau i nā mea a pau e hoʻonani i ka hoa.
I loko o nā lele, he dexterous a yurok ka squint, e maʻalahi ke hana ma waena o nā lālā paʻapū, e hana ana i nā haʻawina acrobatic. I ka wā a pau ka ʻāina o ka manu, ua lilo a nani loa, piʻipiʻi, nalowale i ka hilinaʻi a me ke aloha. Ma muli o kēia, ʻano nui ka noho ʻana o ka pahu ma ka ʻāina, no ka mea nui i nā lālā i manaʻo ai ʻo ia ma ka nalu me ka palekana, ʻoi aku ka makemake e noho i nā lāʻau coniferous kiʻekiʻe.
Nui ke mele a Schurov i ka hana mare, akā ʻaʻole i pili nā kāne i ke mele i ka makahiki āpau a puni. Ke kumuhana a ka manu me nā melodic whistling a me ke kūweʻe sonorous, he mea minamina wale a ʻoluʻolu ia, akā ʻano ʻike wale nō, aia i ka wā e hana ai nā mea hanohano a hoʻāʻo iā lākou i ka maikaʻi loa e hōʻike iā lākou iho wale no ka ʻaoʻao maikaʻi.
Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona
ʻO kēia manu liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka ʻohana crayfish, ka ʻohana o ka pī-eater. Noho ka hapanui o ka heluna kanaka ma nā lewa a me nā lepana i mua o ʻAmelika;
Loaʻa piula gula, he manu lele migratory, a lele i Aferika a iiki India no ka hooilo. ʻO ka palena ʻākau o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ʻulopa ʻo ia ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka Iberian Peninsula, ʻĀpana Italia. Noho ia ma aneane o Turkey, Iran, ʻIkaka a me Afghanistan.
Kokoke pau nā ʻāina wela o ʻAmelika mau hale i ka bee-eater. ʻO ka pili ma ka ʻāina o ka ʻApelika ma ka palena o ka latitu ʻākau. Ma ka hapa o ʻEulopa e ʻaʻole e noho i ka ʻākau o ka Ryazan, Tambov, Tula mau wahi. ʻO ka noho ʻana o ka bee-eater gula i loko o nā awāwa o nā kahawai Oka, Don, a me Sviyaga.
Hāʻawi ʻia ka heterogeneous, foci. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā thermophilic e noho ana ma nā wao nahele a me nā wao nahele semi kahu ʻaʻato. ^ E Ha yM. Loaʻa i kekahi ʻano ʻano piʻuua koho ʻia e like me ka helehelena. ʻO ke gula maʻamau he gula. He manu liʻiliʻi nui ia e ʻike ʻia ana.
ʻO 26 cm ka lōʻihi, ʻo ka beak e 3.5 cm, ke kaumaha ʻo 53-56 gram. Nānā ʻo ia, e like me nā lālā o ka ʻohana, ʻiliʻili loa - ʻulaʻula, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka melemele i ka plumage e hana ana i ka bee-eater gula i manu maikaʻi loa ma ʻEulopa.
I ke kiʻi, nā pua piʻokeʻo
Hiki iā ʻoe ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka waihoʻoluʻu like ʻana o kēia mau manu i ka manawa lōʻihi loa. He pāpale haole ma ko lākou poʻo, nā pāpālina, ka ʻāʻī, ka ʻōpū a me ka umauma, kahi ʻano ʻōhua lehulehu, kahi nadhvost, lele a me ka hulu hulu. Hoʻopili i nā mea i loaʻa i ka helehelena o ka waihoʻoluʻu o ke kala, e loli pū ka lei o ka hulu me ka makahiki. I nā manu ʻōpio, he dimmer ia. ʻĀ, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nani o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻenehana a me ka hana hou
Hoʻokele ka pua manu hoʻolimalima ma Schurov i ka hopena o ke kauwela. Maʻalahi loa, hiki ke nānā ʻia ma ka lā ʻo Malaki, akā e kūpaʻa kēia i ka wā i hoʻōla ʻia ka puna. He pōkole loa ʻo Schur cavalier, he ʻano pilikino ia, ke hele mau nei ʻo ia me kahi mea i koho ʻia, e lele ana iā ia i nā ʻaoʻao a e mele ana i kona leo melodic, e like pū me ka kani o kahi kani.
Ma hope o ka moʻo ʻana, hoʻomāloe ka wahine i mea e hoʻopiha ai i kāna pūnana, ʻaʻole i pili ka ʻōpio i ke kūkulu ʻana, akā ʻaʻole naʻe kēia hewa, ʻo ka wahine hānai manu e neʻe aku iā ia e hana i kēia hana. Ke kūkulu ʻia nei ka nūpepa ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kauwela kauwela, aia ua kiʻekiʻe loa, ua hāʻawi ka wahine i kahi mai ke ʻāpana o ke ʻano e ʻoi aku ka palekana. He nui ka nui o ke ʻano a ua like kona ʻano me ke kāwili i kūkulu ʻia i nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi, nā ʻanohelehele o ka mauʻu. Ma ka lalo o ka nīnū he wahi huluhulu palalulu i hoʻolālā ʻia i ka hulu hipa, ka moss, ka fluff huʻu, nā hulu.
ʻO ka masonry o ka māniki he ʻekolu a ʻeono mau hua liʻiliʻi, ka ʻili o ke ʻano he pua hina a uliuli me nā ʻāpanaʻeleʻele. Makahiki ka manawa incubation ma kahi o ʻelua pule. Hoʻokomo wale kekahi wahine hānai wahine i nā hua, a na ka makua e hiki mai ana e hoʻolako i ka hoa me ka meaʻai, no ka mea ʻaʻole haʻalele ka wahine i ka wahi huna. Ma hope o ka hili ʻana o nā pēpē, hoʻomau ka kāne ke hānai i kekahi o nā wahine a me nā keiki, ʻōpiopio mau ka puʻu ʻoluʻolu.
Hahu ʻia nā pēpē hou i loko o kahi momona hina, loaʻa lākou i ka makemake nui, ʻuwā nui a ʻimi e koi aku i ka hoʻohui. ʻO kā lākou papaʻai ua piha i nā ʻano pepeke, no laila, e ulu nui ana nā pēpē winged. I nā makahiki ʻekolu, ua ʻimi mua lākou i ko lākou mau huakaʻi mua, a i ka manawa hoʻokahi a me ka hapaono o ko lākou mau mahina, loaʻa ke kūʻokoʻa i nā manu, a haʻalele i kā lākou wahi nūhou e ʻimi nei i kahi ola maikaʻi. ʻO ke ola o Schurov e noho ana ma ka honua kūlohelohe mai ka 10 a 12 mau makahiki.
Nā Lāʻau
No kekahi manawa ma hope o ka mokulele, lele nā ka pīhoihoi gula a me nā manu ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻohana, a laila hoʻomaka e hōʻiliʻili i kahi kokoke o kā lākou wahi hana e kokoke ana (ma nā kahawai, nā pali, nā kahawai wai). Hoʻopili kekahi i nā pūʻulu o nā pakanani i ko lākou ʻuʻuku e pili ana i kekahi, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā koloni ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pakanikani ma luna o kekahi pali. Ke nele nei i nā ʻāpana ʻāina i nā ʻoihana kūpono, hiki i nā manu ke hana i nā pōpoki ma nā papa ʻāina. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻoi aku lākou ma mua o nā pali i lalo i ke kiʻekiʻe o 3-5 mika.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o Schura
Kuhi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻōkuhi?
He liʻiliʻi ka ʻaha Schur a loaʻa i kahi ʻono ʻono, no laila hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai kahi mamao aku e nā mea hoʻohilahila maikaʻi ʻole ʻaʻole ia e ʻai i kēia mau manu. Hoʻomaʻo pinepine ʻo Schurov i ka mea ʻoi a makemake lākou e noho kiʻekiʻe loa i ka lei aliʻi, ʻaʻole hiki i nā holoholona āpau ke hele i laila. Hōʻuluʻo nā manu liʻiliʻi ʻona i kā lākou mau ʻuʻuku i ka ʻōpala o lākou e paʻakikī iā lākou e loaʻa. ʻO ka ʻenemi o Schurov i loko o ka nahele me ka manuahi, martens a me nā pōpoki makehewa.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka ulu liʻiliʻi o nā mea'ōpiopio a me nā pēpē liʻiliʻi, ʻoi loa ka pilikia a me ka hōʻeuʻeu i nā mea kaua he nui. Akā, ʻaʻole haʻalele ka wahine i nā pēpē i hānau hou, hānai ʻia ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa e ka makua kāne hānai makua no ka manawa mua, no laila aia mau nā pēpē i lalo o ka palekana o ka hānau ʻana, ka mea e hoʻopakele ai i ko lākou ola.
I ka ʻenemi o Schurov hiki ke helu ʻia i ka poʻe e hōʻino kino i nā manu me kā lākou hana noʻonoʻo ʻole, e ʻimi wale nei wale nō i ka mea. Ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā biotopes kūlohelohe, ka wai ʻana i nā kino wai, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ala a me nā kūlanakauhale, ka hōʻoki ʻana i ka nahele, hoʻopōʻino i ke ʻano a puni, hoʻopiʻi ka poʻe i ke ola o nā manu, ka hopena e hoʻopilikia ai i ko lākou lehulehu.
Mai poina e pili ana i ka hōʻoiaʻana o kēia mau manu nani, hiki iā lākou ke hana pū i kahi hōʻino maikaʻiʻole. ʻO ka Schuras i kūleʻa i ke aʻa ma ka hoʻopio ʻana, loaʻa nō i ka hua, lilo a pau a ʻahaʻō hoʻi, aʻo kekahi e make ana i loko o nā kuāhu, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke paʻa me ka nalowale o ka manu a me ke kūʻokoʻa.
Kākoʻo uila
Ua hoʻomākaukau lākou i ka lahilahi ʻoihana aloha no kekahi manawa. Kū ʻili ke kāne kāne me ka wahine iā lāua me kā lākou mau kui, kaʻi ʻana i ka lepo me nā wāwae, e hoʻi ana i ka puka. Kuhi ka manu i nā hana ma ka kakahiaka a me nā hola ahiahi (mai ka 9 a hiki i 10 a me 17 a me 18 mau hola). ʻO ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka nalo i mau lā 10-20, ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ka lepo. No nā manawa o kēlā hana, hoʻolei nā manu ma kahi o 12 kg o ka lepo ma waho o ka lua.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka lua i hoʻopau ʻia he 1-1.5 m (i kekahi manawa a hiki i 2 m). I loko o Caucasus, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i nā ʻuʻū a hiki i 60 cm ka hohonu. I ka pau ʻana o kēia, ua hoʻonohonoho ka pīpī gula e pili ana i kahi hoʻonui - kahi lumi e pili ana i kahi e noho nei, ma ʻApelila-Iune i kahi o 6-7 huaʻai o ke keʻokeʻo. Hāpai lākou e nā mākua no 20 mau lā. 20-25 mau lā ma hope o ka huki ʻana, lele nā ʻōpio i waho o ka pūnana makua. I hoʻokahi makahiki wale nō, pau ke kākiki paʻa.
Beekeeping a me ka bee-eater
Hoʻokahi ka pīpī gula i ka wā e ʻai wale ai i nā mau meli e ʻai a hiki i nā ʻāpana 1000 i ka lā. Aia ma kahi o nā apiaries, kahi o 80-90% o nā pepeke i ʻai ʻia e kēia mau manu. Inā mākou e noʻonoʻo hoʻokahi o nā ʻohana lele lele e lele ana he 30,000 mau kānaka, a laila ʻo ka bee-eater wale nō e luku i kahi o 2-3%. Hoʻokahi mau lua o ka pīhoihoi i ka mahina o ke kauwela a hiki i ka 2 mano mau pi, a ʻo ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa (ma kahi o 100 mau manu) e hiki ke hoʻololi i kahi apiary holoʻokoʻa (e pili ana i ka 50 mau ʻohana) i loko o kahi wai.
Aia nā hihia i loaʻa i ka 180 mau pīpī i loaʻa i kekahi goiter i loko o kahi goiter, a ma ka ʻōlelo he nui nā mea mālama. Luhi ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole e hana ka uapo i kēia mau manu. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pī i ka beekeeping a haʻalele i kahi apiary, ke hopu nei lākou i nā pi i ka wā o ko lākou holo ʻana i nā mea kanu meli. Lawe lākou i ka hōʻeha nui i ka lā Iulai-ʻAukake a hiki i ka waena o Kepakemapa. E pili ana i nā pōmaikaʻi o ka bee-eater ma ka luku ʻana i nā mea make manu i hōʻino i ka mea ulu lāʻau a me ka mahiʻai, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo he liʻiliʻi loa ia.
E pili ana i ka pōʻino o nā manu a me ka pale o nā meli mai lākou
Ma ka ʻoi aku o nā pī e lele ana i loko o nā pā i nā apiaries hiki ke luku i kahi nui o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā pi, no laila e hōʻemi ai i ka hōʻiliʻili meli, i hoʻokahi hou ka pōʻino mai lākou. Hoʻopau i nā pīhoihoi gula i nā burrbees, e hōʻino nui ana i ka kanu a me ka hana o ka hua pua.
Eia naʻe, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pale o nā pi mai kēia manu e nā ʻānai ʻana i kāna mau ʻuhane a i kekahi ʻano. Aia kekahi mau manaʻo e hoʻopau i nā manu makua a me nā moa i pololei i loko o nā nest me ka chloropicrin a i ʻole carbon disulfide. Kuhi ʻia nā hanana i loko o ka pūnāwai, aneane ma hope o ka hiki ʻana mai o nā manu mai nā wahi hoʻoilo. I ke ahiahi, ke kanikele nā manu a pau, hoʻolei lākou i nā pōpō mai ka pū, a hoʻolauna mua ʻia me nā mea i luna, i loko o kā lākou mau puʻu a uhi iā lākou me ka honua. Ma lalo o ke kumu o nā hōʻeha, pau ka bee-eater. He ala maikaʻi loa kēia e hakakā ai i nā manu. ʻO kekahi o nā ala kūpono loa e kōkua ai e pale i ka apiary mai kēia mau manu, ʻo kā lākou pana ʻana mai kahi pū.
I kēia mau lā, ke noi maoli nei nā beekeepers me nā hoʻopiʻi e pili ana i nā pilikia ma nā apiaries. Hoʻohui ʻia lākou me nā wasps, nā kiʻi, nā puʻu, nā pū, a me ka bee-eater elika gula. E hoʻopau lākou i nā mea āpau: nā pūlima, a me nā pū. Akā ʻaʻole lākou e waiho i ka nalo ”- nā ʻōlelo ma nā ʻaha kūkā. Wahi a ia mau loiloi, hiki iā mākou ke hopena i nā beekeepers he manu maoli kēia ʻo kēia mau manu.
ʻO nā mea e pale aku manu
Eia ka ʻoihana hoʻi o ka hakakā ka hakakā i wehewehe ʻia ma luna nei, hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe e pale ai i ka pōʻino mai ke ola o ka pī piu.
- I Iune-Iulai (ka hānai i nā manu) mai nā apiaries a i ka lehulehu mau poʻe o ka pī-eater, pono ia e mālama i ka lōʻihi o 3 mau kilomita. Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia.
- Inā ʻaʻole hiki i ka hūnā i nā apiaries, pono nā manu e hoʻololi i ka wahi o ka koloni, e hoʻopau ana i nā ʻuʻuku a pani i kā lākou puka (ma hope o ka hopena o ka manawa o ka hānau ʻana).
- I ka hele ʻana mai o ka bee-eater kokoke i nā apiaries, hiki iā lākou ke makaʻu ʻia me ke kōkua o nā manu hopu manuahi a i ʻole nā mea likeʻole.
Hoʻohālikelike
ʻO ka pipi bee-eater (a i ʻole ʻEulopa) kekahi o nā manu liʻiliʻi e ʻimi ai i nā pi, nā manu, nā bumblebees a me nā pū. Ma muli o kēia makemake eʻai nei i ka meaʻai, ua kapa ʻia kēia manu kupaianaha kupanaha i kahi bee-eater. I kēiaʻano, ʻo kēia manu ka mea nui e hōʻino ʻia i ka beekeeping, kahi helu ʻia pū me ia. Ka mea, ʻaʻole i weliweli kēia manu i ka pau piha ʻana. A heʻoiaʻiʻo nō kēia, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi loa e like me ka wā e noho nei nā pi.
Ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana a me nā ʻano
ʻO Schur - nā manu, ʻo ka ʻūhā nui loa, e noho ana i nā wahi me kahi anuanu maikaʻi. ʻAʻole kēia e hiki ke hālāwai me Schur ma nā wahi a pau, e like me ka manu hemo, ʻaʻole pālahalaha a hoʻāʻo e haʻalele i kahi noho kanaka. ʻAno ka ʻike ʻole i ka shchurov no ka mea e noho ana nā manu ma nā wahi a kahi e hele ʻole ai ka wāwae o nā wāwae, a aneane nā manawa āpau nui nā manu i ka lei o ka lāʻau.
Paipai ʻia ka inoa ʻole o ka IUCN ma ka Pūʻulu Wau, ʻo kēia manu kupaianaha kupanaha ʻaʻole i hele mai i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana, a ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia nā hana palekana kūikawā me ka mahalo o ka nui o ka heluna o Schur. Ma ka palena o kā mākou'āina, ʻaʻole ʻo Schur kekahi ʻatikala ʻulaʻula, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻoliʻoli. Ma ka International Red Book, aia ʻo Schur i waena o nā ʻano o ka mea e hoʻokūkū nui ai ka manaʻo.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ka hana wikiwiki o ke kanaka e pili ana me ka deforestation, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alanui, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā noho o ke kanaka a me ka hōʻino ʻana o ke kaiāulu holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole pili ʻia ka hopena o ke ola o nā ʻelele olaʻi, e pili pū ana me Schurov, akā i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i ʻike kēia mau manu nani i nā hana mālama kūikawā. pono pono. Ke kali ia nei kēlā me kēia kūlana, e pili ana i ka nui o kēia mau manu, e hoʻomau mau.
I ka hopena, makemake wau e hoʻohui i kēlā schur i kona nani a nani hoʻi nani. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke haehae iā ʻoe iho, e nānā ana i ke kiʻi o kēia manu e noho ana i nā lālā pihi a i ʻole nā lālā lehu mauna. ʻO Schur, e like me nā pīkī nani, hoʻouluulu ʻia i nā lāʻau i ke kau anuanu, e hoʻonani ana i kahi kuʻukulu monochrome. Ke kū nei i ke kū i ke aniani o ke keʻokeʻo, ke kīwī, e hoʻokūkū i kāu momona rowan punahele, nānā lākou i ka pīhoihoi, kihikiha a me ka nui loa, a kau pū me ka maikaʻi a hāpai.