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Nā kiʻi: Placerias - ke kumu o ka mammals
Placerias (Placerias) - dicynodont nui loa, ka mea i noho ma ka hopena o ka Triassic (221-210 miliona mau makahiki). Ua loaʻa mua nā iwi Placerias i hoʻopiʻi mua ʻia ma nā waihona Carney ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika (Arizona). Ua wehewehe mua ʻia ka līīhau iā Lucas i ka makahiki 1904 a ʻo ia nō ka mea i hoʻohālikelike wale i nā ʻano lāʻau Placerias hesternus wale nō.
No Placerias no ka ʻohana Kannemeyeridae. ʻO ia kahi poʻomanaʻo nui o kēia pūʻulu o ka manawa hope o ko lākou ola ma ka honua.
Hoʻokumu ka dicynodont kahiko i kahi ʻolua nui me ka puʻupuʻu kiʻekiʻe ma ke kua o ke poʻo. ʻO ka puʻu placerias kui kahi ʻano hiʻohiʻona o nā dicynodonts āpau.
Placerias (lat.Placerias)
I ka hala ʻana o nā pīpī, ua ikaika nui ʻia lākou, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā kāne. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka holoholona ma kahi e 3 mau mika, kiʻekiʻe 1,6 m Me ke koʻikoʻi e pili ana i hoʻokahi ton.
ʻO ka pale ʻana o Placerias.
He kino ʻiʻo ko Placerias me nā wāwae ikaika a me kahi huelo pōkole. Hoʻokumu ʻia i ka noiʻi ʻana o ka ʻāpana occipital o ka ʻōpū, ua hoʻopau nā paleontologists i hānai ʻia ka mea palani ma nā mea kanu. Hiki ke koi a ikaika ʻoi i ka lāʻau no ka hoʻomaʻalā ʻana i ka ʻili mai nā kumulāʻau. ʻO kahi lehulehu o nā loea manuahi i loaʻa i nā holoholona, a me kā lākou paʻi pono ʻana e hōʻike i ke ola puaʻa o kēia mau mea ola. Hōʻike i kēlā me kēia kanaka o Placerias hōʻailona dimorphism i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka tusks.
ʻO ka nui o nā Placerias.
ʻO ka ʻohana Placerini i hōʻike ʻia e ʻelua mau genera o ka dicynodonts - ʻo Mogreberia (Moghreberia) mai ka manawa Late Triassic (Morocco) a me Ishigualastia (Ischigualastia jenseni) mai ka wā Carney (ʻAmelika). ʻElua ʻano nui o nā dicynodonts a like me Placerias. Loaʻa ka ʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano o ka ʻihi. ʻAe ʻo Mogreberia manuʻala maoli, ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā Ishigualastia ka ʻuʻā a me nā iwi iwi i hōʻemi ʻia ka liʻiliʻi. Akā, ʻo Ishigualastia ka nui loa o nā dicynodonts a kaupaona ʻoi i mua o nā ton.
Hōʻike Placerias.
I ka wā Karney, ua loaʻa nā crocodilomorph nui. ʻO nā ʻelele o kēia mau reptile - ravizuhi a me presozuhi i ʻimi paha i nā dicynodonts. I ko mākou ʻāina, i ka ʻāina ʻo Orenburg, i loko o ka ʻāʻī ʻana o ka manawa Triassic Middle, ua loaʻa nā ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana o ka iʻa ma luna o kahi dikinodont liʻiliʻi e like me Placerias. ʻO ka mea i ʻike ʻia ua kapa ʻia ʻo Edaxosaurus edentatus.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
Nā Mammalization o nā nui
ʻO ka manawa mua, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Tatarinov e pili ana i kēia manaʻo ma 1976. ʻO ia nō - ke kanaka nāna i ʻike i nā māi e ulu ana o nā mammals i nā hui o nā terapsids, synapsids a me nā theriodonts. Ma hope iki, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i ke ʻano o ka inoa o ka inoa o ka mammalian theriodonts.
ʻO ke kumu a me nā ʻōhumu o ka mummals mai ka honua kahiko a i kēia lā, e like me nā mea noiʻi, hoʻomaka 225 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO kēia hana no ka loaʻaʻana o kekahi mau ʻelele o ka honua holoholona i ka manawa e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i kā lākou metabolic rate, e hoʻonui i ko lākou kino holoʻokoʻa a me ka hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ko lākou iho. Ua hele pū ka loea hou i nā loli i ka lewa kino:
- ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ossicles auditory.
- ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻāhaʻa pahu.
- Hoʻololi nā ʻuhane.
- Hoʻokumu ka palaʻa pap lua, mahalo ʻia i ka nui o nā holoholona i hanu i ka wā e ʻai ana.
- Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka naʻau ma nā keʻena ʻehā, no laila ʻaʻole i kāwili ʻia ka pili o ka arterial a me ka mana.
ʻO ke ʻano o nā mammals
No ka Late Cretaceous ʻike ʻia no ka mea ia i kēia manawa ka puka mua ʻana o nā momi mua. ʻO nā ʻelele kahiko, ʻo ka mea inikini nā manu ʻehā o nā ʻano like ʻole. He like loa ko lākou helehelena: he mea hoʻomehana i ka placental me kahi kao hina a me nā manamana lima ʻelima. ʻO ka ihu elongated ke ʻano o kahi proboscis a kōkua i ka huli ʻana o ka holoholona i nā mea iniketi a me ka huaʻōlelo.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā foss i loaʻa ma nā waihona Cretaceous o Mongolia a me ʻĀsia Waena. Ua kapa ʻia ko lākou mau kūpuna he reptile e pili ana i ka hui o nā holoholona synapsid. ʻO kēia hui i hana i kahi subclass o nā mea maikaʻi loa. I waena o lākou, kūlohelohe nā luna maikaʻi loa, ka mea i huli i ka pili i ka mammals.
Nā huinaʻi
Ua hana ka wā Mesozoic i nā kūlana āpau no ka pono o nā reptile me nā mea maʻamau a pau o nā kīlaha maoli. Ua hoʻomanaʻo lākou i ka mōʻaukala ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo "dinosaurs." Ke hoʻāʻo nei nā holoholona e ola i waena o lākou, no laila ka mea i hoʻoweliweli ʻia e hōʻemi ai i ko lākou kino nui, hōʻemi ʻia ko lākou lehulehu a hele i nā ʻalāʻau, e noho ana i kahi nī maoli, e hāʻawi ana i ka primacy i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. E hoʻomaka ana kā lākou hiʻona ma hope aku o ka hopena o ke ʻano o ke aniau a me ka hiki ʻana o nā pangolins.
Dictodon
ʻO 25 makahiki ka makahiki o nā mea i loaʻa. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā holoholona kahiko loa, he mau ʻulana i ka iwi ʻeha. ʻAʻole i lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o kona kino ma kahi o 80 kenimika. Noho ʻo Diictodon ma luna o ke kula o ʻEulopa ma mua o ka ʻike ʻana o nā dinosaurs mua loa. Ma hope mai, ua lilo mai nā kūpuna nā kūpuna.
Dvinia
He holoholona holoholona hihiu ia, no ka papa o nā cynodonts. ʻO kā lākou manawa ka hopena o ka manawa Permian. Loaʻa nā koena mua i ka'āina o Arkhangelsk. Aia nā lāʻau he 250 miliona mau makahiki. Ua manaʻo ka noiʻi, ua hele mai nā mammals mua mai ia lākou.
ʻO kēia holoholona ma kahi o 50 kenimita ka lōʻihi. He lei huluhulu a me nā niho nā mea i like me ke ʻano ma ka ʻāʻī o nā moʻi. Nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona:
- Ma ka maka he pale kūloko kūpono, ʻo vibrissa, i mea i kōkua i ka wā o ka hopu.
- Hoʻomaka ʻia ke ʻano mahana i ke koko, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i hilinaʻi ʻia ka holoholona i ke ana wela.
ʻO ka mea nui paha, he omnivorous ka mōʻī. ʻOiai nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona lolo ma mua o nā momi māmā.
Didelfodon
ʻO nā makahiki o nā koena mai ka 65 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Loaʻa kahi palena o kahi noho - USA, Montana, Australia, ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā holoholona kahiko marsupial mai kahi e iho mai ana.
ʻAʻole ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ka didelphodone ma mua o 1 mika, a ʻo ka paona he 20 kilograms. Iʻehia ia i ka maka, no laila, he manaʻo no ka holoholona he kanaka nocturnal. ʻAi ʻo ia i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi, nā mea inikini, nā huaʻai dinosaur a i loaʻa i kahi ʻalani.
ʻItanlelo
ʻO kahi holoholona hihiu like ʻole, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo brontotherium, i ulu ai mai ka palena o ka Eocene a hiki i ka waena waena o ka Oligocene. ʻO kona helehelena ua like me ka rhino a i ʻole ka hippopotamus nui, nā wāwae nunui me nā wāwae ʻekolu. Mass - 1 ton. Hoʻokumu nā incisors Sharp ma luna o ka iwi ākea a i lalo, e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke kiki i ka mauʻu kokoke i nā loko.
Loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā koena i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. Hoʻoholo ʻia ko lākou makahiki i ke pae o 35 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Wahi a nā mea noiʻi, ua hoʻomanaʻo hou ko lākou ola i nā hippos hou. I ke ao i waiho ai lākou i loko o ka wai i ka wai papau, a i ke ahiahi hele aku hoʻi i uka no ka mauʻu.
Australopithecus
He ʻāpana nui kēia. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua lilo nā ʻohana nona i nā kūpuna koke o kēia mau kānaka. ʻO ka manawa o ko lākou heleʻana e hāʻule i ka manawa mai 6 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
Ua noho lākou ma ʻApelika i loko o kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, e komo pū ana me 2 a ʻekolu mau kāne, kekahi wahine a me nā keiki maʻamau. ʻO ke kumu hoʻokumu o kā lākou meaʻai he mea kanu a me nā hua. ʻO ia ke kumu no ka hoʻēmi ʻana o nā kunu a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kūlana kūpono, ʻo ka mea ma waena o nā māla kiʻekiʻe, ke neʻe nei i nā wāwae ʻehā, paʻakikī ke ʻike i kahi poʻe wīwī.
He kālā kālā a Australian Australopithecus nona ka lōʻihi ʻaʻole e kiʻekiʻe i ka 150 kenimita. Ua ʻōlelo aku nā poʻe noiʻi, ua hoʻohana pono ʻo ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pōhaku, nā lālā a me nā ʻāpana iwi, e hōʻoluʻolu ʻia kāna hana. Hola mai kāna laina mai ka Afar Australopithecus, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ke kūpuna no nā lāhui kanaka.
ʻO ke kāne kāne ʻo Neanderthal
Koho ʻelele o ka lāhui kanaka. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Neanderthals i ʻAmelika 400 tausani mau makahiki i hala. A laila, hoʻonoho lākou ma loko o ʻEulopa a me Asia (i ka wā o ka hau. Ua make nā lālā hope o ka heluna kanaka i ka 40 tausani mau makahiki i hala.
No ka wā lōʻihi, ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi a pau i ka Neanderthal ʻo ia wale nō ke kupuna o nā kānaka o kēia wā. Ua makemake nui ʻia ke kumumanaʻo e like me nā mea ʻelua (Neanderthals a me nā kanaka hou) mai nā kūpuna. No kekahi manawa kekahi, aia lākou ma ka'āina.
ʻO ka ulu ʻana o kahi Neanderthal maʻamau ma kahi o 163 kenimika, ikaika ke kino kino, a māhuahua nā mākeke, i hana ʻia i nā ʻāina me nā kūlana ola. Pepa ʻia kāna ʻeke a me nā ʻōpio ikaika, nā keiki maka nui. ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻūhā ke hōʻike i ka hihiʻo a me ka haʻi mua. Ua ʻike lākou pehea e hoʻohana ai i nā pono hana maʻalahi a hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano kaiāulu.
Nā momi mua
I nā lunakahiko kahiko, ua hoʻololi nā huluhulu i nā umauma mommary. Malia paha, i ka manawa mua, ʻaʻole lākou i hānai i kā lākou hua, akā ua ʻona lākou, e hāʻawi ana iā lākou me ka mālama mau i ka wai ʻauha a me ka paʻakai. Ua hoʻololi nā niho ma hope, e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mammals mua i ʻelua mau pūʻulu - cuneotheriid a me morganukodontid.
ʻO ka laina ʻē aʻe, i kapa ʻia ka pantotherium, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i ka wikiwiki e loli nei i nā kūlana ola. ʻO ka waho, ua like lākou i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi e hānai i nā iniseti, hua a me nā hua o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. No kēia manawa o ka nui o ko lākou lolo, ua liʻiliʻi ka nui, akā ua ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hope o ka wā Mesozoic i hoʻoholo no kēia ʻano, e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia i ʻelua mau ʻano kūʻokoʻa - ka kiʻekiʻe o ka placental a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Cretaceous, ua loaʻa nā holoholona placental. E like me ka hōʻike hou ʻana o ka moʻomeheu o ka mau momi, ua kūleʻa nei kēia ʻano.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mommals kahiko i nā holoholona o kēia manawa
Noho nā Beetles ma mua o ka Triassic Upper. ʻIke ʻia nā koena o nā momi kahiko i nā waihona Jurassic.
Ma hope mai, ua ʻōhala mai nā maʻi a me nā manu marsupial i nā holoholona tuberculous-toothed. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manawa Cretaceous, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka placental, hana i ka laina o nā cetaceans a me nā mea hao. ʻO nā mea nāna i hānai i nā mea ulaula ua nui nā laina: nā kaukau, nā primates, nā neurites, a pēlā aku. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā holoholona ʻōiwi predatory, ka ulu ʻana o kekahi ʻano kūlohelohe kūʻokoʻa, kahi i hāʻawi ai i nā holoholona predatory a me ka wahaheʻe. Mai ka mea ʻōpiopio kahiko, ua ʻano ʻia nā ʻano creodonts, nā pinnipeds, mai nā una mua - artiodactyls, artiodactyls a me proboscis. I ka pau ʻana o ka manawa Cenozoic, ua noho nā mamental placental i nā niche maoli. O kēia mau mea, 31 nā holoholona i hoʻokumu ʻia, 17 nona kēia mau lā.
ʻO ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo kahiko nā mea hānai i nā pepeke. I waho, ua like lākou i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi e hiki ai ke noho ma ka ʻāina a me nā kumulāʻau. Ke hoʻomaka nei nā Insectivores ma waena o nā kumulāʻau, ma ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o nā limu o ka mommals, e hoʻomaka ana e hoʻolālā, a ma hope e lele, ka hana ʻana i kahi neʻe ʻana o ka ʻalā. Hoʻonui ka nui o nā palapala i ka nui, ka mea e ʻae ai iā lākou e hele huni no kahi pāʻani nui, kahi e ʻae ai iā lākou e hana i kahi papa o nā creodonts. I ka wā i hala, ua hāʻawi lākou i nā kūpuna o nā holoholona o kēia wā mai ke kauoha ʻo Garnivora. ʻO nā kahe wai momona i ʻike ʻia e ke ao nei ma Neogene.
Ma nā Paleogene, hana i nā mea kālai ala ʻelua mau laina laina like: nā pinnipeds a me nā mammary predatory henua. Noho nā pinnipeds i nā kino wai a lilo i aliʻi no ke kai.
ʻO kekahi mau lunakahiko o nā creodonts, ka mea i hoʻololi maoli i kā lākou maʻamau maʻamau no ka meaʻai mea kanu, lilo i nā kūpuna no ke ea air, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā una ka ʻōpū.
Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Eocene, nā kūpuna o nā rodents, aardvarks, primates a me nā neurotubes i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā insectivores a hoʻokumu i nā ʻano kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa.
Ke hoʻomau nei ka ulu ʻana o nā manu a me nā momi i ka manawa Cenozoic. Hōʻike nā pua mua, kahi mea nui i loko o ka meaʻai o nā mommals i kēlā me kēia lā. Hoʻololi mau ka Ecology, nāwale holoholona i kūpono ʻole i nā nohona ola hou. Ua hiki i nā manu a me nā momm kahiko nā pahuhopu i ka hoʻonui ʻana a nalowale maloʻo, a ʻo kā lākou hua me kēlā me kēia hanauna hou i lilo i ulu a kūpono. Akā ʻo ke kaʻawale o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā konikona i hana i nā wahi kaʻawale mai nā koena o ka honua, kahi i noho ai nā ʻano mua o nā holoholona no kahi lōʻihi loa.
I ka wā hānau ʻana o ka marsupials, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Australia mai nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. No ka wā lōʻihi, neʻe aku ʻo ʻAmelika Hema mai North. Ma muli o kēia, ua ulu kūʻokoʻa nā manu ola e noho nei ma kēia ʻāina.
ʻO ka niche maoli o ʻAmelika Hema i noho no ka marsupials, ka mea, ma muli o ka nele o ka hoʻokūkū, hoʻomau i ka hoʻomohala ʻia. Mai nā mea ola karnivorous ʻaʻole iʻoi aku i ka nui o ka waihona i kā lākou mau ʻāpana, ua huli lākou i mau holoholona nui, i ʻike ʻia he mau tiger-toothed saber.
I ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka papa mammalian, puka mai nā ʻano nui o nā anteater, nā armadillos a me nā sloth. Ua paʻa ka paʻa ʻana o ka marsupial a me nā mamental plenta i ka hopena o ka Pliocene. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi isthmus, e hoʻopili ana i ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻEkelika ʻO ka manawa mua loa i ka manawa lōʻihi loa, hui pū nā holoholona ma ke kūkulu hema i ko lākou mau hoalauna ʻākau. ʻO ka hope ka mea i hoʻomohala ʻia, no laila ua maʻalahi lākou e hoʻopau i nā marsupial a me nā memulates. ʻO nā mea lima waiwai loa a nā ʻikepili i hiki ke hele ma mua o ka ʻāina ʻākau, a hiki i ka ʻāina o Alaska.
Ma ka'āina o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, nā pae a pau o ka ulu ʻana o ka mammals i hele i nā holoholona ungulate a me nā elepani. Mahalo i nā paleontologists, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā lio, ka mea nui i hana ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ua loiloi hou ʻia i ka kikoʻī hou aku. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ko lākou mau kūpuna he hyracoteria a i ʻole eogippus, nona ka hoʻoilo ʻia ma ka Paleocene manawa. ʻO nā mea ʻai he gyracoterium he pīpī koʻikoʻi o nā kumulāʻau, a ua wikiwiki loa kā lākou neʻe ʻana i ka wahi e puni ana.
Ua hiki i nā pā kula kahiko ka lio no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai ma ke kīwī ʻana i nā kumulāʻau a me nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio, akā, e kāʻili mālie i nā ʻāina ākea. Hoʻopaʻa ʻēheu kekahi o nā ʻano o nā ʻano ʻano i nā palahalaha ākea, e mālama ana i ka nui o ka pony. Kūkulu lākou i kahi holoholona hipparionic, kahi e hoʻopuʻi a puni nā ʻāina āpau o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO ke kumu o kā lākou meaʻai he mea kanu ʻōpio a me nā lau i nā lāʻau a me nā mea kanu lāʻau. Ua loaʻa iā lākou nā hoʻokūkū ma ke alo o nā rhinos liʻiliʻi me nā wāwae lōʻihi, ʻaʻole i hiki i kekahi kanaka ke kū i ke kūʻē o ka lio a lilo ʻole.
ʻO ke koena o nā rhinos e like me nā hippos i kēia manawa. Aia nā ʻano he nui i ulu nui ʻia. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o lākou ʻo ka Baluchiterium - ʻo ka momi nui loa i loaʻa mua i ka Honua. Hoʻoulu ka ulu o nā mea ʻelele o nā ʻano i like me 6 mau mika, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke hele i nā lau a i nā lālā o nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe.
ʻAʻole iʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻokumuʻana o nā elepani. Ua kū i kā lākou hana hope ʻana i ka wā Neogene.I kēia manawa, hoʻomaka nā wai Cenozoic o nā kūpuna elepani e ʻoki i ka meaʻai ʻokoʻa - mua a hoʻi hope, e neʻe ana i kahi ʻaoʻao. He loli koʻikoʻi ia i ka masticatory mea hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona kaulana o ke ao poʻo.
Ua lilo ka Cretaceous i wahi kahuli no ka puʻuwai haʻahaʻa. Hōʻike lākou i 80 miliona mau makahiki i hala, a ua like ko lākou helehelena me nā holoholona o kēia wā, e like me nā tarsiers a i ʻole lemurs. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Paleogene, ua hoʻomaka ko lākou hoʻokaʻawale i lalo o nā ʻelele haʻahaʻa a me nā humanoid. Ma kahi o 12 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kū mai ʻo ramapitek - ʻo ka moʻo mua ka nui o ke ʻano like o nā kānaka. ʻAno nā wahi noho ai a me ʻAmelika.
5 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻike mua ʻia ka Australopithecus mua i ʻApelika - nā hoa pili kokoke o ka lāhui, aia mau ka primati, akā ʻike i ka hele ʻana ma nā wāwae ʻelua a hoʻohana i nā mea hana i hana ʻia i ka home i kēlā me kēia lā. Ma kahi o 2500000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻomaka lākou e huli i nā hana o ke kanaka, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā kino kūʻokoʻa o Australopithecus i loaʻa e nā paleontologists ma East Africa. ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Paleolithic i haʻalele i kāna hōʻailona ma ka mōʻaukala me ka mea i kū mua ʻia ka poʻe mua i kēia manawa.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui o nā aliʻi o ka honua holoholona
Mahalo i kaʻanakala, ua loaʻa ka mammals i ka papa kiʻekiʻe o nā vertebrates, i noho i ka papa nui i loko o ke aupuni holoholona. Pono kā lākou hui āpau e nānā pono:
- ʻO ka Thermoregulation o ke kino, ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi mahana mau o nā ʻano holoʻokoʻa. Maʻa kēia i hiki ai i nā mammals ke hilinaʻi ʻole i kekahi kūlana i ke ʻano.
- ʻO nā holoholona kahi ola kekahi olaola. I ka hapanui loa, mālama lākou i kā lākou keiki keiki, mālama pono i nā pēpē a hiki i kekahi makahiki.
- ʻO ka pūʻulu mammalian wale nō ka holomua o ka ʻōnaehana. Hāʻawi kēia hiʻohiʻona i ka pili o nā mea āpau o nā kino a me ka hana kūpono i nā kūlana kūlohelohe.
ʻO kēlā mau ʻano maikaʻi e hōʻoia i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mamalia i ka ʻāina, i ka wai a me ka lewa. ʻAʻole i hiki i ko lākou mōʻī ke hele aku i ka ʻāina Antartika. Akā hiki i laila ke hoʻokō i nā leo o kēia mana ma ke alo o nā kohola a me nā sila.