ʻO nā mea mākaʻikaʻi e kipa aku ana i nā mokupuni a me nā ʻāina subtropical ma nā kahakai o ka Pākīpika, ʻAmelika, ʻAmelika, nā loko o ʻAmelika i hōʻino ʻia e nā lāʻau nona nā lei aliʻi, e like me nā mokupuni uliuli, e kū aʻe ma luna o ka wai o ka wai. Ua manaʻo ʻia e haʻalele nā lāʻau i ka ʻāina, pakele mai ka palaualū, wela, ka ʻūʻū ʻana, a i loko o ka hohonu o ke kai. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau ʻano pala i nā mākaʻi.
ʻO ka wehewehe nui
Hiki i kekahi mea like ke ʻike ʻia ma ko mākou ʻāina. Ma nā haʻahaʻa hohonu o nā muliwai like me Kuban, Dniester, Volga, Dnieper, e ulu ana nā ulu lāʻau. I ka wā o ke kahe ʻana o ka wai, hoʻopuhapaha ʻia me ka wai no laila ke kū wale nā poʻo aliʻi i luna o ka ʻihi.
He lāʻau koʻikoʻi nā kumulāʻau, akā he evergreens wale nō. ʻAʻole kēia hoʻokahi ʻano ʻano, ua loaʻa nā ʻepekema i kahi 20 o nā ʻano lāʻau. Hoʻoponopono lākou i ke ola i ka wai, i nā kūlana o nā ebbs mau a me ka kahe. No kā lākou ulu a me kā lākou hoʻoponopono, koho lākou i nā ʻano nā pale i pale ʻia mai ka nalu moana ikaika. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia mau lāʻau i ka 15 m. Ma ke kaila kiʻekiʻe, ʻike wale ʻia kā lākou pihi. Akā i ka hiki ʻana mai o ke kai, hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo pono iā lākou. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o nā māla me nā hua ʻano kūlike o nā ʻano ʻelua.
- ʻO nā wahi pneumatophores he mau aʻa ka maʻi, e like me ka mauʻu, ke kū aʻe ma luna o ka wai a hāʻawi i nā mea kanu me ka oxygen,
- kūlia - iho i lalo i ka "lepo", hoʻopili paʻa ana i ka puʻu, hoʻonui lākou i ka mea kanu ma luna o ka wai.
Hoʻoulu wale nā aʻa lāʻau mai loko mai o ka ʻōpala. Ma nā lālā he nui i loaʻa nō hoʻi nā ʻōnaehana, nā lālā, ma muli o ka mea i loaʻa iā ia ka ulu.
ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau i nā kumulāʻau āpau: ke hele nei ko lākou ola ma ka wai kai, i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā ʻano paʻakai. Me he mea lā he hiki ʻole i ka "noho" ma ia ʻano. Akā ma muli o ka noho ola kino e koi ai i nā māla i ka hana hoʻomohala kūikawā e kānana i ka wai palu. ʻO 0.1% wale nō o ka paʻakai ka mea e komo ai i loko o nā pūpuna o ka mea kanu, akā ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia hoʻi ma nā kima i kau ʻia ma nā lau, e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā aniani keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka papa lau.
ʻO ka ʻāina kahi e ulu ai nā kumulāʻau e ulu ai me ka momona, akā he liʻiliʻi iki ke ea i loko. E alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻolālāʻana o nā maʻi anaerobic, kahi i loko o kā lākou ola e hoʻokuʻu i nā sulfides, methane, nitrogen, phosphates a pēlā aku. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka mea ʻoi nā lāʻau a me ko lākou lāʻau lāʻau i kahi kikoʻī, i kekahi manawa ʻoluʻolu maikaʻi ʻole.
He mau lāʻau anuʻu mauka nā pua. ʻO kā lākou lau i kahi lau ʻulaʻula kukui. Kuhi i ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ea, hoʻāʻo lākou e mālama i ka mea e hiki ai, no laila ua paʻakikī ka ʻili o nā papa. Eia kekahi, 'aʻo lākou' e hoʻokele i kā lākou kūwaho ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ko lākou wehe i ka wā o ke kumukūʻai a me ka photosynthesis. Inā pono, hiki ke loli ʻia nā lau e hōʻemi i ka wahi i hoʻopili ʻia me nā kukui o ka lā.
ʻAno ʻano ʻano
ʻAʻole holo piha ʻia ka ʻōlelo ʻana e ulu nā māla i loko o ke kai. ʻO ka palena o kā lākou wahi ka palena ma waena o ke kai a me ka ʻāina. E like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia ma mua, aia ma mua o 20 mau ʻano o nā mea kanu, ua hoʻohulua i kēlā me kēia ʻano e ulu i lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, ʻokoʻa i ka lōʻihi, ʻike ʻoi i ka wai, hoʻoliʻili ʻia ka ʻāina (ka hele a i ʻole hemahema o ka silt, ke one), a me ka pae wai wai. Kūleʻa kekahi mau māla i ka waiwai o ka waiwai (Amazon, Ganges), e kahe ana i loko o ke kai. ʻO ka hapanui o nā mea kanu nā lālā rhizophores, nona ka lāʻau i ka nui me ka tannin, a laila ke kumu o kona mauʻu kahe ʻulaʻula. Aia lākou ma lalo o ka wai no ka hapa wale o nā manawa a pau. Ke hahai nei lakou.
- Ka mokulele
- lagularia
- hoʻopōmaikaʻi,
- Sonnetariaceae,
- kanalaki,
- myrisin
- verena a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hiki ke ʻike i nā wahi ākea o nā ka nahele ʻoi aku i nā alo wai i maluhia, nā waha o ka wai e kahe ana i loko o ke kai, ma ka lewa a me nā wai kūlaʻi, nā kahakai o ka ʻĀpelika Hema, ʻAmelika, ʻAmelika, Australia, ma nā kahakai o ka mokupuni o Indonesia, Madagascar, Philippines, Cuba.
Hoʻomaka lāʻau
ʻAʻole kupanaha ke ala o ke hoʻolaha ʻana o nā māla. ʻO kā lākou o ka pauloko ka mea wale nō i uhi ʻia me ka nui o ka ea o ka lewa. Hiki i kēia "hua" ke holo no kekahi manawa ma luna o ka wai, e loli ana i ka nohona inā pono. ʻO kekahi o nā kumulela kahi ala kupanaha maoli loa i ka hana o ka hoʻomaikaʻi, ʻo lākou ka "viviparous." ʻAʻole hoʻokaʻawale kā lākou mea kanu i ka mea kanu makuahine, akā hoʻomaka ka hoʻomōhala i loko o ka pūpū, ka hele ʻana me ia, a i ʻole ka ulu ʻana ma o kāna ʻili.
I ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi laʻana i ka wā ʻōpiopio ke hiki i ka photosynthesis kūʻokoʻa, ʻo ia ke koho i ke kīʻaha ʻbb i ka wā ʻike ʻia ka lepo ma lalo o nā kumulāʻau, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka lāʻau pākeke, hāʻule i lalo a pili paʻa i ka lepo. ʻAʻole mau o kekahi mau pūnāwai, akā me ka kahe o ka wai "hoʻolōʻihi i ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kahele maikaʻi ʻana." I kekahi manawa ua holo lākou ma kahi mamao loa a i laila, i kekahi mau manawa a puni ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, e kali i ka manawa kūpono e lau a maikaʻi loa i ka ulu ʻana.
ʻO ka hakakā no ka mālama i nā nahele
Nui nā ʻano pā kula he mau hiʻohiʻona kūikawā o ka lāʻau: ʻāpana maʻamau, hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī, a pēlā aku. No laila, ʻo ka kamaʻāina kūloko, nā hui ʻEulopa, i hōʻoki loa iā lākou. Hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau no ka hana ʻana i nā pono, nā ʻano hana like ʻole, nā pā hale palapala, e kū pono ana i nā lako. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i kahi o ka emi ʻana o nā ululāʻau mauʻu. Akā lākou he ʻano pale e pale ai i ke kahakai mai ke kai eʻe. I ka huli ʻana i ka luku ʻia e ka tsunami, ka mea ma 2004 i hōʻino ʻia i ka mokupuni ʻo Sri Lanka, ma muli o ka nalowale ʻana o ke ola, ua hōʻike ʻia nō hoʻi nā hoʻokau paʻakikī paʻakikī e pili ana i kēlā mau kauhale kokoke i luku ʻia nā mākaukau.
ʻO kēia manawa, ua hana nā hui kānāwai i nā ʻāina he nui i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hōʻoki ʻana i ka mea kanu, hōʻiliʻili i nā hua kanu a kanu lākou iā lākou iho i nā wahi hou e kūpono no ka hoʻomōhala pono ʻana o nā mea kanu.
ʻAʻole hui wale nā mākele iā lākou iho. Ke ulu wikiwiki nei, pale lākou i ke kahakai mai ka luku. Noho ʻo ia i loko o nā kumu paʻa o nā mea kanu, e hoʻopōmaikaʻi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lepo lepo, keʻa ke kai, ʻike ʻia nā wahi ʻāina hou kahi e kanu ai nā kānaka i nā hua kanu huaʻai, nā pā niu.
Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi ʻano biome i loko o nā mānakau o nā māla. ʻO nā ʻĀkau nui, nā ʻōlelo ʻino, a me kekahi mau ʻano iʻa o nā ʻōpū lau e noho ana i ka wai ma nā aʻa o nā lāʻau. I nā aʻa a me nā lālā haʻahaʻa i hoʻohuihui ʻia i ka wai ua hoʻopili ʻia nā bryozoans, nā ʻōpala, nā mea ʻea, pono e kākoʻo i ka meaʻai maikaʻi. Ma waena o nā ʻāpana pale e kahalaha ana ma luna o ka wai o ka wai, frigates, gulls, parrot, a me nā hummingbirds kūkulu i kā lākou ʻuʻuku.
ʻO kekahi hana pono e hana ai i ka pāpū ko ka lawe ʻana mai i ka wai kai o ka paʻakai o nā metala kaumaha i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko.
ʻO ke kumukūʻai o nā māla
Kukulu kaʻilikai kūʻokoʻa, kahi e haku ai i nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ka nohona o nā ʻano holoholona like ʻole. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana kumu, e ulu ana i lalo o ke kai, e hoʻoohi ana i ka kahe, ma muli o kahi nui o nā ʻōiwi i nānā ʻia i nā wai kahakai. Eia kekahi, ʻo kekahi o nā hana pono o nā lāʻau mangf ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā metala kaumaha mai ka wai kai, no laila ma ka wahi e ulu ai nā kai, e ʻoluʻolu ka wai.
Nui nā ʻano invertebrates, me nā corals kūloko, polyps a me nā sponges, e uhi ana i nā ʻōpū ma lalo o nā ʻāpana malō. ʻO kēia wahi ka mea nui i ulu nui a hāʻawi i nā wahi no ka nui o nā ʻano iʻa.
ʻO ka hana nui o ka pāka e hana ai i ka lepo. Hiki iā lākou ke pale i ka lepo o ka lepo a me ka luku ʻana i nā kahakai e nā ebbs a kahe. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo kēia ma o ka noiʻi ʻana o ka luku ʻana i ka mokupuni o Sri Lanka ma muli o ke kai eʻe o 2004. Wahi a nā noiʻi, ʻo nā wahi o ke kahakai e ulu iki ana nā pulu ʻuʻuku. Ua hōʻike kēia i kahi hopena o nā pāpaho lau nahele i ka wā o nā pōʻino kūlohelohe, kahi, ʻo ka ʻĀkia, e hana pinepine a nā ʻāpana o Asia.
Mai ka wā kahiko, ua hoʻohana ke kanaka i nā ululāʻau ala i kumu o ke kumu lāʻau no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale, ka hana ʻana i nā waʻa a me nā mea kani, like pū me ke ʻano o ka hoʻomau. ʻO nā lau kākela he mea mālama holoholona maikaʻi loa, ʻo nā ʻano mea hana hale kahi i hū ʻia mai nā lālā, a he nui ka lāʻau o ka ʻili.
Leʻa ulu lāʻau
ʻAʻole nā manaʻo maikaʻi loa o nā māla e ʻōlelo nei ʻaʻole he mea hoʻoweliweli i ko lākou ola. Ua hōʻailona ʻia i nā makahiki he hala i hala no ka mauʻu e ka hakakā ʻana no ke ola a me ka pono e noho ai. I kēia mau lā, ua kokoke o 35% o nā māla i make a ke hoʻomau mau nei kēia helu. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hana ʻana i nā mahiʻai huluhulu, kahi i kamaʻilio ʻia i ka 70s o ka makahiki o ke au i hala, he mea koʻikoʻi i ko lākou luku. No ka mahi o nā mahi lawaiʻa kūlohelohe, ua kāʻei ʻia nā wahi mākaʻakai, a ʻaʻole i hoʻokele ʻia ka loiloi ma nā pae ʻāina.
ʻO ka mea i hala koke nei, ua hana ʻia nā mea e pale ai i kahi pōʻino o ke kaiapuni a mālama i ka ʻōnaehana ʻoihana pīhoihoi. Ma o nā hana a nā mea hana maʻa, ua kanu ʻia nā kumulāʻau i nā wahi ʻokiʻoki. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo e mālama i nā ulu lāʻau kū hoʻokahi a me nā luna aupuni. Ma loko aʻe o ka Bahamas, ʻo Trinidad a me Tobago, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka pākaukau ʻoi loa ka mea i ʻoi aku ka makemake o ke aupuni kūloko ma mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻia ʻana o nā loko kai. Ke manaolana nei kēia mana maoli o ka maoli e leʻaleʻa i nā maka ʻaʻole wale nō kēia hanauna, akā ʻo kā mākou huaʻāina hoʻi.
No nā hana aʻo, ua noi mākou e nānā ʻoe i ka palapala kiʻi CCTV "Red Mangroves i ka ʻUmi Blue", a me kekahi wikiō ma ka pīpī piʻokeʻo ma ka home.
Ma ka lā 30 o ka makahiki o ka Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Center
Vladimir Bobrov,
Eʻike ai i ka Biological Science,
Institute o Ekology a me Evolution A. N. Severtsova RAS (Moscow)
"ʻĀina" №12, 2017
Ma ke kuikahi o ka intergovernmental ma ka hoʻonohonoho o ka Soviet (kēia Lūkini) Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technology Center (Tropical Center) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lā Malaki 7 Malaki 1987. Ua hana wale ʻia no nā kumu kūpono (e hōʻike ana i ke kūleʻa kūlohelohe o nā lako a me nā mea hana, hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pono palekana pale) , ka ʻōpala a me nā pōʻino o ka pale ʻana i ka ʻenehana, nā loiloi o ka hopena lōʻihi a me nā hopena kaiola e pili ana i ka nui o ka hopu ʻana i ka US Army e hoʻohana ai i nā mea kanu a me nā defoliants i ka wā o nā kaua. s me Vietnam, ka noiʻi ʻana o nā maʻi lēʻeha koʻikoʻi o nā maʻi, a me kekahi mea), akā no ka noiʻi nui ʻana a me ka ʻōlohelohe kūlohelohe. ʻOi aku ka 30 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua loaʻa ka manawa zoologists hale a me nā botanist no ka manawa mua e aʻo i ka makahiki puniʻu o ka nui o ka nui o nā mokulele ma ka honua. ʻO nā haukapila koʻikoʻi a me nā kahua o nā holomua loea zoological a me ka botanical i loko o ka ululāʻau manawaleʻa zonal monalona (hana ma ka zosy ecemastems i hōʻike ʻia i loko o kahi hoʻolaha i hala mua i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka noiʻi ʻana i nā loina Vietnam). Akā aia kekahi wahi ʻoluʻolu ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka aʻo ʻana i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka nānā ʻana i ka hana o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema o Tropical Center ma muli o kāna ʻano ʻōpio ʻaʻole ʻano waiwai i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hana loiloi zonal. E pili ana i nā māla.
Aia ma kahi o nā wahi pili i ka malu o ke kai i pale ʻia mai ka nalu nui o ka nalu e nā mokupuni a i ʻole nā ʻulaʻi ʻala, a i ʻole nā kahawai nui e kahe ana i loko o ke kai a me nā kai, ʻo kekahi o nā ʻano mea kanu ʻano ʻē aʻe i hana ai - nā mākau lāʻau, kāhea ʻia nō hoʻi nā mākaʻi a i ʻole nā māiʻu. ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia kā lākou ʻāpana i nā wahi i hoʻomāliʻiliʻi ʻia e ke kai a nā ʻenekia, kahi e makemake ai nā wai wela i kēia, nā ʻūleʻa e ulu i ka ʻaoʻao o ke Akau a i hema paha ʻo South Tropic. I ka Hemepela Akau, ua lawe ʻia lākou a hiki i Bermuda a me Iapana a hiki i 32 ° C. N, a i Hema - me nā kahakai o ʻAmelika Hema a me Aotearoa a hiki hoʻi i 38 ° S. w lu. Eia nō naʻe, mai ke kahakai, holoi ʻia e ka wai anuanu, ʻaʻole lākou e kau. No laila, ma ke kahakai komohana o ʻAmelika Hema, nona ka hiʻohiʻona e ka mea anuanu o Peruvian hiki i kēia wā, loaʻa nā pihi kahi kokoke i ka ʻokoʻa.
I mea e ʻike pono ai i ka nahele ʻoi aku, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi huakaʻi no ke kahua ʻo Ziwa Biosphere Reserve, aia ma loko o nā palena o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Ho Chi Minh (Saigon) - ʻo ia ka palena nui ma Vietnam, e kū ana i 60 km mai ke kūkulu ʻākau a i ke hema a 30 km mai ke komohana a i ka hikina. Ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Ho Chi Minh, ʻo ia ka keʻena koʻikoʻi o ka Central South o ka Tropical Center, mai ʻaneʻi ua hana mākou i nā huakaʻi huakaʻi i nā wahi kūlohelohe kūikawā e mālama ʻia ai nā haʻawina maʻamau. Ma kēia manawa i hele ai mākou i ka hema, i ke kahakai o ka moana Kina Hema (ma Vietnam i kapa ʻia ʻo East).
Lawe ʻia he ʻelua hola e hele mai ke keʻena nui ma ke keʻena. Me ke ala, pono ʻoe e lanakila i nā alahaka a me nā kahe huakaʻi ma nā kahawai kahe kā ʻo Vam Ko a me Saigon, e kahe ana i ka wai i ke kai. I loko o kahi i waiho ai, noho mākou i loko o kahi hale papaʻa. Hoʻopili nā hale noho a me nā keʻena āpau e nā paepae lāʻau, e kū ana nō hoʻi ma nā ala, no ka mea he paʻa ʻole ka ʻāina lepo ma kēia mau wahi, kahi paʻa ʻole no ka hele ʻana ma ia wahi, ʻoiai ke kahakai holoʻokoʻa, i uhi ʻia me nā ululāʻau, ʻo ia nō e lūlū ʻia i ka wā o ke kahe o kēlā me kēia lā. A eia kahi paʻa i kahi ʻili palaki ʻia. Kaulana loa ka Kan Zyo Nature Reserve no ka mea ʻo ia ka Vietnam ma mua e loaʻa i ke kūlana biosphere. Pēlā, ua ʻike ʻia ka hana a nā mea ʻepekema Vietnam me ka mea i hoʻihoʻi hou i ka ecosystem i pau loa i ka wā o ke kaua me United States.
Hale Kūʻai ma Kan Zyo Nature Reserve
Pōmaikaʻi nā puka kumu lāʻau kumu lāʻau: nā lāʻau i lilo i mau ʻano no nā ʻano he he - Rhizophora, Brugiera, Avicennia, Sonneratia. ^ E Ha yM. Pehea ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā ʻano nui o nā ululāʻau kaiʻai (non-mangrove), kahi i helu ʻia ai nā haneli lāʻau he nui! No nā halona kai a nā halopetes (mai ka ʻ Greeklelo Helene. Αλζ - 'paʻakai' a me ka plantον - 'kanu'), ʻo ia hoʻi, he mau adaptations e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka noho ʻana ma nā waihona i loaʻa ka nui o nā paʻakai. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou e nā lau ʻolima, nā lau maloʻo; ma kekahi mau ʻano, aia nā kohu paʻakai paʻakai ma luna o lākou, e ʻae ʻia ka mea kanu me ka nui o ka paʻakai.
Pahu aku ka mākeke (iluna) a me ka haʻalulu haʻahaʻa. Maanei a ma lalo o ke kiʻi a ka mea kākau
Aia nā lāʻau ma lalo o ka mana mau o ka ebb a me ka kahe, no laila ua hoʻohaumia lākou i kēia hoʻololi o nā kūlana ma ka "waiho" i nā aʻa i kālai ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā hehi. I ke kahe nui, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa o ka ulu lāʻau mai nā mea a mākou e hana pono ai i nā aniani ākea. Ke kahe ʻana o ka wai, ʻā ke nānā ʻo mangawai i kahi ʻano makaʻaka maikaʻi loa - kū nā lāʻau āpau i kēia mau "stilts". Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hana o kēia mau aʻa i hoʻomau ai i ke ʻano o nā kumulāʻau e kekahi o nā loea nui e pili ana i nā mea ulu o nā ʻōpala ʻo G. Walter:
“ʻO ka huaʻā o nā lihi o kēia mau aʻa, mau a pneumatophores, ke pā ʻia me nā lua liʻiliʻi e ʻae ʻia i ka lewa wale nō, akā ʻaʻole i ka wai. I ka wā nui o ka papa nui, i ka hoʻopiha piha ʻia o nā pneumatophores i ka wai, hoʻopau ʻia ka oxygen i loko o nā kikowaena intercellular no ka hanu ʻana, a hoʻoneʻe ʻia ke kōpana, no ka mea, e maʻalahi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana i ka wai, me ka huila. I ka liʻiliʻi ʻana o ka aʻa o lalo ke aʻa ke aʻa ma luna o ka wai, hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke aʻa, a hoʻomaka nā aʻa i ka waiū i ka lewa. No laila, i ka pneumophores he maʻamau ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻike o ka oxygen, nā mea like me ke kani o nā ʻalā "[3, p. 176–178].
Nā kihi o nā lāʻau mangf i ʻike ʻia i ka wai haʻahaʻa
ʻO kekahi hoʻololi ʻē aʻe i ke ola o nā lāʻau mangrove kahi mea ʻike i ka hānau hānau. Kūleʻa pololei kā lākou hua i ka mea kanu (aia nā 0.5-1 m lōʻihi) a laila kaʻawale. Ke hina nei i lalo, a pili pū lākou i ka ulaula me kahi pou nui, kuhikuhi ʻia i lalo i ka wai, a hoʻoneʻe ʻia i nā wahi ʻē aʻe o nā kapakai, kahi e loaʻa ai lākou i ka lepo i nā waikahe. Mai ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea mālama i nā lāʻau mangf i ke kaila o ka wā kai (ma muli o ke kaila o ka ebbs a me nā kahe), hiki ke ʻike i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano nui, ma muli o nā hiʻohiʻona kūikawā o nā noho, kahi nui - ka ulu ʻana o ka paʻakai. ʻO kahi laʻana, nā ʻenehana o ka genus Avicenna ka paʻakai paʻakai ma waena o nā mea kanu a pau loa. Ma kahi'ē aʻe, nā mea kanu o ka uluʻaoʻao Sonneratia Mai ʻae i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā paʻakai ma mua o ka mea kai.
Nipa palm - kahi hui maʻamau o ka honua kanu kīhai
Hoʻopili i nā lāʻau mangf maʻamau, ʻike kēia ʻano ʻihiʻenehana e ia me kahi mea kanu kūpono e like me ka nipa mangrove (Nā poʻe pīpī Nypa) mai ka ʻohana lāʻau pāma (Arecaceae), ka mea e hoʻopalapula ai i nā mānoanoa ākea e piʻi ana no nā haneli mau haneli ma nā ʻāpana ʻāina a me nā kaila wai silika mai Sri Lanka a Australia. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o ka nipa ka mea ʻokoʻa: ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana e nā pua nani o nā lau ʻona mālamalama me nā petioles cylindrical ikaika. He kūlana koʻikoʻi ʻo Nipa i ke ola o ka poʻe ʻōiwi. Hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka waina, ka kō, ka waiʻona, ka paʻakai, ka aila. ʻO nā lau nipa he mea waiwai maikaʻi o nā paia, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā lau ʻōpio no ka ulana, a ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pahu maloʻi ma ke ʻano he ʻala a me ka pae no ka nū lawaiʻa.
ʻO nā mākeke he ʻano o ke ao me nā ala kūikawā o ka mea kanu a me nā ola holoholona i kūʻokoʻa ʻole iā ia. I nā mākela mau "nā alanui kūlike" o ka ʻāina a me ke kai kai. Ma nā pāpale o nā kumulāʻau, ulu nā poʻe i ka nahele i ke kai, ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā ʻōpala i ka ʻāina a lākou e neʻe ai, a hiki i ka ʻai ʻana o ka wai, nā holoholona moana.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka holoholona hihiu loa ma ka ʻūhā haʻahaʻa, i ka nui o nā hua he nui ke kuhi. Ma kēia mau kumu nā ʻano iʻa like ʻole e hoʻolilo i ka manawa (ʻo ka lōʻihi o ko lākou mau kino ʻaʻole i 25 cm) me ke poʻo nui, me mau makaʻi like ʻole me ka ʻaka, ka poʻe mākeke palaki.Periophthalmus schlosseri), nā māka o ka ʻohana o ka inoa like (Periophthalmidae) o ke ʻano o ka perciformes (Perciformes). ʻO ka mea kupaianaha loa ʻo kēia mau iʻa e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa o kā lākou manawa ma ka ʻāina. Hiki iā lākou ke assimilate i ka oxygen ʻaʻole wale i ka wai, me ke kōkua o nā hōʻea, akā, ʻo ka leʻa pololei hoʻi mai ka lewa hau - ma o ke ʻili a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi i kahi kuhi hanu suprajugal kūikawā.
Ma ka nui o nā haʻalulu haʻahaʻa, ʻike ʻia nā mea lele lapalapa i nā wahi a pau i mākaukau. Ke hilinaʻi nei i nā loina pectoral, e like me ka ʻōpala, lele koke ka iʻa ma ka silt a piʻi i luna i nā lāʻau mangf, no laila hiki iā lākou ke kolo aku i ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu kanaka. ʻAno hilahila loa nā poʻe leleʻe, a hele wale mai ke kanaka, nalowale koke i loko o ka mink. Ka pale ʻana (ka hina hina-brown me nā wahi pōʻeleʻele) e ʻae iā lākou e pale iā lākou iho mai nā manu ʻānai. ʻO ka lurking ma luna o kahi mea, he mea lahilahi a he mea paʻakikī loa ia e ʻike ai, no laila e hui pū ʻia me nā ʻano maʻamau. ʻO ka pōʻino nui no ka maulele lapuwale e hōʻike ʻia ana e nā ʻona, e kāwili ana i ka ʻulu a me ka hopu ʻana i nā iʻa i ke ahi me ka beak lōʻihi.
ʻO nā bipi pāwi i nui loa ʻia ma Kan Zyo e like me nā neʻe hālapa ma waho a ma ka ʻano.Boleophthalmus boddarti) mai ka ʻohana goby (Gobiidae), kahi mea e noho like nei.
Noho ʻia ka ʻōhulu moana o ka moana kai (me nā mokulele) e nā holoholona ulu, nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā mea e ulu ana. Uca), ka mea e pili ana i ke kauoha o nā decapods (Decapoda) o ka papa o nā crustaceans (Crustacea). He liʻiliʻi kēia (shell lapalapa 1-3 cm) nā pulu e noho ana ma ka ʻāina silika ma nā kolana nui: ma ka ʻaoʻao square hoʻokahi mau manawa he 50 a ʻoi aku paha o kā lākou mau lua, aia ke pākahi hoʻokahi i kēlā me kēia. Kupanaha kēia mau holoholona i nā kāne, me ko lākou clproportionately claw, hana i ka ʻōpū hoʻowalewale i ke ʻano, e ʻokiʻoki me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa. I nā kāne, hoʻāla maoli ka hoʻonaninani o ke cawle i kahi nui i ke kala o ke kāhea, a me ka ʻāina, kahi e ʻike nui ai i nā neʻe o ka claw. ʻO ka mea mua, ma ke ʻano o kēia mau kāne e hoʻoweliweli i nā kāne ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ana iā lākou e noho ana kēia ʻāpana, inā ʻaʻole e hoʻolohe kekahi kāne i ka ʻōhala a hele mai i ka ʻāina o kekahi, e kū mai kahi hakakā ma waena o ka mea nona a me nā malihini. ʻO ka lua, i ka wā moe, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā neʻe o nā kāne i ka wahine.
ʻO ka hapanui ka nui o nā mea ʻapopo, he nui nā mea ʻike i nā holoholona (mollusks, echinoderms), hoʻoheheʻe a ʻāʻī paha i kā lākou mea pio me nā ʻōpala, a laila e kāohi iā ia me ka ʻūlū a ʻai ʻia. I ka pilikia o ka pōʻino, holo malū nā kili āpau a peʻe koke i nā pā hale, a ʻike lākou i kahi kanaka ma kahi mamao o 10 m a hōʻike i ko lākou hoalauna e pili ana i ka pōʻino, ka ʻoki ʻana i nā kīkaʻi ma ka ʻāina. Loaʻa ka hōʻailona ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole ʻike nā mau puhikahi.
E akahele ka pāpū - he nui nā mea hahai ma aneʻi. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo kēia mau mea crabeater macaques (Macaca fascicularis)) - nā heihei he nui, a hiki i ka lōʻihi o 65 cm, me kahi ngaki keʻokeʻo a me ka ʻūlū ʻana ma nā pākeke a me kahi ʻoi lōʻihi, a i ka hapalua mita. Ke hele koke ʻoe i luna o ka pā e hoʻopuni ana i ka pale, e ʻike koke ʻoe iā ʻoe iho e hoʻopuni ʻia e nā puke hamamous. Akā mai hopohopo, nānā nui lākou, ʻano maʻamau lākou i hanai ʻia i nā wahi, no laila hele lākou i ka poʻe malihini kipa, a ʻo kekahi poʻe ke hoʻāʻo nei e lele ma luna o ko lākou poʻohiwi. Akā ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻalo, mai haʻalele i kahi kāmela a i ʻole nā aniani paha i ka papa - e ʻaihue lākou iā ia manawa koke nō, a ʻaʻole e uku ka ʻākena i nā mea i nalowale. Noho ka poʻe mōʻaukala i nā ʻohana he nui, alakaʻi i ka ola olakino a me ka terrestrial. ʻO ka hana i nā puke ma kēlā me kēia lā. ʻAi lākou i kaʻai o nā mea kanu, a me nā holoholona like ʻole, me ia mau vertebrates liʻiliʻi. Ua loaʻa i kēia mau inoa i ko lākou inoa no ke kumu: nā Kapu i ka hānai ʻia. Kele ʻia nā ʻōlio Crustacean e neʻe ana i ka ʻāina i ka wā e noho ana ma luna o kahi kumulāʻau, ma nā kapa kahawai o ke kai paha. A laila hele pono lākou i lalo i ka ʻili a kahawai a hiki i nā ʻāpana me kahi pōhaku ma ko lākou mau lima, nāomi i ke kani ʻana o ka mea ʻalupalu a me kā lākou ʻai.
Helu-ʻai ʻaihā. I ka wahi i mālama ʻia nei, ʻaʻole makaʻu iki kēia mau holoholona i ka poʻe malihini.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma ke ʻano he herpetologist, makemake nui wau i nā reptile. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka waiwai nui o ka herpetofauna "Kan Zyo" i nā kumu kūloko aia i loko o ka pūnao zonal. Ma "Kukfyong" (ʻo ka waiwai nui loa e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻano ʻano like ʻole o nā wai kūloko o North Vietnam) he 24 mau mea, ma "Kat Tien" a me "Fukuok" (mālama kūlohelohe o South Vietnam) - ʻoi aku ma mua o 20 mau ʻano [6, 7]. Ke Kan Zyo, akā, nā holoholona līpika wale nō i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ke ola ma nā ʻekena ʻokoʻa like ʻole, me ke ʻano anthropogen, ʻike wale ʻia ma ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa (a maʻamau pinepine ma loko o Asia Hema. ʻO nā hale geckos mai ka huahele Hemidactylus noho lākou i ka nui o nā hale a me nā ʻōpala o nā kumulāʻau. Kākoʻo Gecko (Gekko gecko) kokoke iki (ʻoiai ke kiʻekiʻe o nā kiʻekiʻe o Vietnam) e hāʻawi ana i ko lākou alo me kahi hea o ka "ta-ke, ta-ke." Mai Laulau (ʻO Calotes versicolor) - nā kānaka noho o nā wahi kua'āina o Vietnam - me ka nānā nui, noho pono ma ke ala o nā ala lāʻau e hoʻopili ana i nā hale. ʻO nā ʻāpana like ʻole o nā manu ʻōiwi o ka ʻāina, ka ʻohana o nā mea ʻilima - scincidae (Scincidae) - ma Kan Zyo hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā ʻāpana o nā lā o nā lā i hana ʻia i ke ola e pili ana i ke kanaka mai ka ʻano iho Eutropis, me he mea la e kū ikaika nei ma luna o kekahi ʻāpana ʻokoʻa. Ua kamaʻilio wau e pili ana i nā mea kuahiwi o kēia mau ʻano, ko lākou ola a me nā ʻano i loko o kahi hoʻolaha i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i Vietnam.
Halot Halelu (hema) a lōʻihi o ke kao kiʻekiʻe o ke kaona
Noho nā ʻōwili o nā ʻano ʻelua ma Vietnam: ua hoʻopili ʻia (Crocodilus porosus) a me ka Siamese (C. siamensis) ʻO ka ʻikihū ka mea nui loa (a hiki i 7 m ka lōʻihi) ke ʻelena o ka neone a me kekahi o nā mea i puhi ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke ola ma nā wai paʻakai. Hiki i kēia mea ke hoʻoweliweli a nui i nā hōʻuluʻulu ipo, aia kekahi mau manawa i ʻike ʻia ai kēia mau ʻauwaʻa i ke kai, he haneli haneli mai ke kahakai kokoke loa. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kahe i ka Siamese ma mua o kona kaū e noho ana, ʻaʻole aʻoi aku ma mua o 3 m lōʻihi. ʻAʻole ia e ʻaʻio i ke kai, akā hiki ke ʻike pinepine iā ia ma nā pihi o ka kahawai Can Zyo.
ʻO nā Buaya Siamese. Ma ke kikowaena kikowaena Can Zyo, hiki ke nānā ʻia lākou i loko o kā lākou wahi kūlohelohe.
Ua pau ka mālama ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano manu āpau o ko ka honua honua, a ma nā ʻāina a pau e noho ai lākou, mālama ʻia kēia mau holoholona e ke kānāwai. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa a me Vietnam. Ma ka nahele, aneane ʻaʻohe poloka i laila, noho lākou i ka ʻāina ma ke kīhāpai, kahi e ʻae nei lākou no ka ʻoni o nā malihini, a e kiʻi i ka ʻili no nā ʻano hana like ʻole (wallets, key rings, etc.). Akā ʻo ke kanu kūlohelohe Kan Zyo kekahi o nā wahi liʻiliʻi loa ma Vietnam kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā alapiʻi ʻaʻole ma muli o nā alakaʻi i nā lehelehe ma luna o nā poʻo o nā malihini, akā naʻe i ko lākou wahi kūlohelohe. Ua maopopo ke alo o ka lakou i pae ai i ka pan o ka alaloa, aole lakou e ooka ia oukou ma ka moku palupalu. Eia nō naʻe, i nā wahi he nui, ka pā hale lāʻau (ka like me ka pili ʻana i nā hale noho) e kau ʻia ma luna o nā wahi kiʻekiʻe, kahi hiki iā ʻoe ke hele, a nānā aku i nā buva mai kahi mamao a ʻaʻole makaʻu i kou ola.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nahele ʻoi aku me ka ululā o ka ʻōpala ma nā ʻano momona o nā manu a me nā pua. Akā ʻokoʻa ʻo kāna honua a me ke kipa ʻole ʻana i kēia ʻano leʻaleʻa kūlike, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻōlelo me ka maopopo ʻole: "ʻAe, ua heluhelu wau i ka" Jungle Book "".
Ua kākoʻo ʻia nā haʻawina kula ma ke kahua o ke Kan Zyo Nature Reserve e ka Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technology Center.
Palapala palapala
1. ʻO Bocharov B.V. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana o ka Tropcenter. M., 2002.
2. Bobrov V.V. i ke Aupuni o nā Flying Dragons // Nature. 2016, 8: 60–68.
3. Walter G. Nā wahi hoʻohālikelike a me nā subtropical // Vegetation o ka honua: nā ʻenemi a me ka physiological. M., 1968, 1.
4. Shubnikov D.A. ʻO ka ʻohana o nā poʻe holina silty (Periophthalmidae) // Kahua Kahua. I 6 t. Ed. T. S. Russ. M., 1971, 4 (1): 528-529.
5. Bobrov V.V. Lizards o Kukfyong National Park (ʻAmelika Vietnam) // Sovr. herpetology. 2003, 2: 12–23.
6. Bobrov V.V. Hōʻailona o ka manuahi o nā mōlani (Reptilia, Sauria) o nā ʻano ʻihi o nā ʻano ʻona o ke Komohana o Vietnam // Studies of the terrestrial ecosystems of Vietnam / Ed. L.P. Korzun, V.V. Rozhnov, M.V. Kalyakin. M., Hanoi, 2003: 149–166.
7. Bobrov V.V. Lizards of Phu Quoc National Park // Nā mea hoʻomohala a me ka noiʻi botanika ma ka mokupuni o Phu Quoc, Vietnam Hema. Ed. M.V. Kalyakin. M., Hanoi, 2011, 68–79.
8. Dao Van Tien. I ka ʻike ʻana o nā mau turikini Vietnamese a me nā crocodiles // Pākuʻi ʻo Chi Sinh Vat Hoc. 1978, 16 (1): 1–6. (ma Vietnamese).
Hohonu i loko o ka mākaukau
He kumumanaʻo ʻo Mangrove flora: he kanahiku mau ʻano lāʻau i loaʻa i nā ʻohana he ʻikuono ma waena, aia ma laila ka palemila, pua, holly, plumbago, acanthus, myrtle a me nā luna o kaʻala. He ʻokoʻa ko lākou kiʻekiʻe: hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke kanu haʻalulu haʻahaʻa, a kiʻi i nā lāʻau lāʻau, a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o kanaono mau mika.
No nā poʻe noho o nā kahakai o nā kahakai, nā māka nui i nā hale kūʻai, nā māka kūʻai, a me nā hale kūʻai lāʻau.
Ma ko mākou honua honua, ua lawe ʻia ka nui o nā wahi ʻoi aku i ka ʻĀkia Hema Eia nō naʻe, aia nā ʻānela i kēia mau wahi i ka honua. Ma ka hapanui lākou e loaʻa ʻole ma mua aʻe o ke kanakolu kūlima mai ka ʻenekula, akā aia kekahi mau mea kūikawā paʻa ʻē aʻe ua hiki ke hoʻāla iā lākou i ke ʻano mahana. ʻO kekahi ʻano o nā ʻano mākaukau e ulu a ākea loa mai ka lā hau ma aneʻi.
He hanana koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi nā palahala: ma kahi a lākou e ulu ai, hoʻoponopono maoli lākou i nā kūlana kūloko. He kaona kumu paʻakikī loa kēlā me kēia pahuhopu a me kahi mea kūlike i ka kānana, i ʻae ʻia i ka ʻāina oversaturated me ka paʻakai. Ma waho o kēia ʻōnaehana, paʻakikī ka ola i ka pākaukau i ke koina liʻiliʻi. Nui nā mea kanu ke loaʻa i nā aʻa ʻeha-pneumatophores e komo ai ka oxygen. Hoʻohana ʻia nā aʻa ʻē aʻe "stilted" a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kākoʻo ʻana i nā mea hoʻokele hoʻomalulu haʻalulu. Mālama ka ʻōnaehana kaha ikaika i ka ʻōkohu i lawe ʻia e nā wai me lākou, ʻaʻole i ʻae nā ʻōpala lāʻau a me nā lālā lāʻau i nā nalu ke kai e neʻe i kahakai.
Hana kahi mau pua i kahi hana kūʻokoʻa - hana hoʻomohala honua. Ua ʻike pū ʻia nā nuku o nā ʻĀpana ʻAmelika i kekahi mau ʻano puaʻa me ko lākou kūpuna ʻo Giyapara. Wahi a kekahi moʻolelo kahiko ua neʻe ʻo ia a puni ka silt likc a hoʻōla ka honua i ke ola me kahi mele.
Ke hoʻomaka nei ko mākaʻi mākaʻi i kā lākou māla puaʻa i loko o ka mākeke kula Hawaiʻi ʻo Bako
ʻO nā primates o kēia ʻano mea hihiu e like me ʻewalu mau kānaka wale nō, a noho wale lākou ma ka mokupuni ʻo Kalimantan. Ua lilo ka nahele nui i home no nā holoholona he nui no ka holoholona - mai nā tigers formidable a me nā kolamu phlegmatic i nā hummingbird fragile.
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ʻO ka nīnau no ka mālama ʻana i nā nahele ʻoi aku ka hānai i ka makahiki 2004, ma hope o ka hopena o ke kai eʻe ʻia ma ke Kaiʻula. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia nā mākaukau e lilo i ka wai kūlohelohe e pale ai i ke kahakai mai nā nalu nui, e hōʻemi ana i ka pōʻino a hiki ke mālama ola ʻana. Me he mea lā paha e lawa kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pale i nā pākaukau, kahi i lōʻihi no ka pale ʻana o ke kanaka.
ʻO Sundarban Forest ma kahakai o ka Pāpā ʻo Bengal e lawelawe ana i kahi wai kahe. ʻO kēia ka māka nui o ka pawa ma ka honua (ma kahi o 10,000 mau kilomika square) e loaʻa ma Bangladesh a me India. Kāohi ʻia hoʻi nā māhini i ka hiʻona o ka lepo a hoʻopaʻa i nā waihona wai wai.
Ua hahai mau ʻo Bangladesh i kahi kulekele ʻoi ala. ʻO kēia ʻāina ʻilihune ma nā kahakai o ke kai ʻo Bengal me ka lehulehu o 875 mau kānaka no ka kilomika kilometre holoʻokoʻa ʻole i ke alo i mua o ke kai a no laila ua noho ai nā kaila, ʻoi aku paha ma mua o nā mokuʻāina. Ma ke kanu ʻana i nā māla i nā Ganges, Brahmaputra a me Meghna deltas, e puka ana i ka Himalaya, ua loaʻa ma Bangladesh he nui a keu he ʻeka mau ʻāina o nā ʻāina hou i nā kapakai. Ma mua, ʻaʻole ia i ʻike i kekahi e kanu i nā kālaiʻu - ua ulu kūʻokoʻa lākou i laila mai ka wā kahiko. Hoʻokaʻa ʻia nā kapa paʻakikī i loko o ka puʻu ʻo Ganges me Sundarban, ʻo ia hoʻi "ʻo ka ulu lāʻau maikaʻi." ʻO kēia lā ka wahi e mālama ai i ka nahele ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nahele ma ka honua.
Ma nā kihi poʻo o ka ulu lāʻau, ulu nā lāʻau i kahi kokoke i kekahi, e hana ana i kahi labyrinth paʻakikī. Aia kekahi o lākou i ka ʻumikumamāwalu mika ke kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo ka "papa" o kēia hoʻolālā ka hana ʻana i ke ʻano o kahi a me nā aʻa o ka hanu. Pōlohelohe e like me nā puʻukū like, kū aʻe nā aʻa mai ke aniani he kanakolima kenimika. Hoʻopili nui lākou a hiki i kekahi manawa i hiki ʻole ke kau wāwae ma waena o lākou. I nā wahi ākea, ua loaʻa nā ʻano lāʻau semi-deciduous o nā mākele - ua huli i ko lākou mau lau ma mua o ka ua nui. Holo i kahi kākā sika pipi i ka malu o nā lei. Aia naʻe, hoʻopuka ʻo ia i ka hopohopo, lohe ʻana i nā ʻikepeke o nā kime - he hōʻailona kēia o ka pōʻino. Woodbeckers scurry i nā lālā i luna. Piʻi nui nā pahu i nā lau i hāʻule. Eia kahi noho pōkole ma luna o kahi lālā, ua kāhea ʻia i ka uwē Sundarban. ʻO ka hina hina, me nā lepa o nā keʻokeʻo ke keʻokeʻo, wehe mau ia a hoʻopili i nā ʻēheu.
Ke hina nui ka pōʻai, piha ka nahele i nā kani, akā me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pouli e hōʻoluʻolu nā mea a pau. ʻO Makou ka haku. Ma ka pō, noho aliʻi loa ka ʻoni ma ʻaneʻi. ʻO kēia mau nahele ka puʻu hope loa, nā holoholona hopu a me nā home no ka tigal Bengal. Wahi a ka moʻomeheu kūloko, kona inoa maoli - bagh - ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia: ke hele mau mai ka tiger i kēia kāhea. Ua kapa ʻia nā holoholona ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ia a "makuahine." ʻAkaihaka ʻae, haku o Sundarbana.
ʻO kēlā me kēia makahiki, kahi hapa o miliona miliona Bangladeshis, me ka hala ʻole o ka huhū o ka "ʻanakē o ka tiger," hele mai i Sundarban nani no nā makana makana i hiki wale ke loaʻa ma kēia. Hōʻike nā lawaiʻa a me nā lumberjack, hele mai nā mea hoʻohuihui no nā lau niu no nā paia, a hele wale nā mea ʻili meli. I loko o nā hebedoma, noho nui kēia mau limahana hana i ka pākaukau e hōʻiliʻili liʻiliʻi ma kahi liʻiliʻi o nā waihona waiwai o ka nahele a kōkua i kā lākou hana ma ka mākeke.
Nui ka waiwai o Sundarbana i nā waiwai ʻē aʻe. Kahi me nā mea nui o ka lawaiʻa a me nā huaʻai, nā kumuwaiwai maka no nā lāʻau, nā ʻano ʻona like ʻole, ua hoʻowalī ʻia ka kōpala maʻa, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau me ka wahie. Maanei hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i kekahi mea, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻāpana no ka hana ʻana i nā pia a me nā paka.