Ua hōʻike aku nā poʻe ʻepekema Lūkini i ka wikiwiki o ka laha ʻana i loko o nā wai o nā wai o nā wai o nā mea ʻona pehu ʻona a Prorocentrum minimum. Hāpai kēia mau mea kanu i nā mea he "red tides" a me "nā ua koko."

Ke hoʻonui wikiwiki nei lākou i ko lākou wahi no ka mea ke ʻano o ko lākou ʻenehana ʻawa e ʻai i nā mea kūlohelohe a me nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā mea make ʻole, wahi a Estuarine, Coastal a me ka Pūnaewele Pūnaewele.

Wahi a Sergei Scarlato o ka Institute of Cytology o ka Lūkini Kūʻai ʻo Lūkini ma St. Petersburg, ʻoi loa ka algae ʻona e hoʻokaʻawale i ka nitrogen i hoʻokahe ʻia i ka wai, a inā lawa, ua maʻalahi lākou e loli i nā mea kūlohelohe a me nā ʻano punahele like ʻole.

Hoʻonohonoho ka poʻe haipule o Sepania a me ke Caribbean, i ka mea i loaʻa i kēia manawa i ka hoʻokokoke maoli ʻana i nā algae ulaula, e noʻonoʻo i nā pili a me nā ua, kau ʻia i ka poni, nā hōʻailona o ka pili o ka hope o ka honua. Eia naʻe, hōʻoia hou ka poʻe ʻepekema: ʻaʻohe mea e like me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻole o ka Honua. Ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka pua a me nā pua o Prorocentrum ka mea i ʻike ʻia.

ʻOiaʻiʻo i ka honua holoholona - iʻa, nā manu, a me nā mikrob - "ʻāwī ʻulaʻula" a me nā "uaʻu koko" he pōʻino loa, no ka mea he microorganism i noho algae huna huna paralysis - brevetoxin a me kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe. Ua wehewehe nā ʻepekema ʻepekema ma kēia ala ua hōʻā ka mea make plankton i nā mea hoʻokūkū me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā kīnā, a hoʻohuli hou iā lākou i meaʻai no lākou iho.

ʻO nā mea ʻona o nā mea momona o ka dinoflagellates Prorocentrum ka liʻiliʻi (ka mea ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻona, akā he make a nā hua ona) a ka poʻe i kū i ka Baltic moana a hoʻololi i nā mea i noho ma mua o ka poʻe aliʻi. Hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻo ia i nā kūlana hou a ma hope o kekahi manawa hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana i nā hōʻiliʻili nui ma nā ʻāpana kahakai, ka mea e poino ai i ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa a me ka hoʻomau ʻana i nā ʻano leʻaleʻa o ka waihona kō. ʻAʻole wale ka poʻe i ka leʻaleʻa e ʻauʻau i ka wai pua, akā hoʻopilikia nō hoʻi: nā mea kanu i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i loko o ka wai ma ke ʻano o ka pua dinoflagellates i hoʻopilikia kino i ke kino kanaka.

Ua ʻike nā ʻepekema Lūkini ka Prorocentrum minimum, kahi i kū koke mai i loko o ke kai Baltic, ua hoʻohiki i ka plankton maʻamau. ʻO nā kolone nui o nā algae ʻulaʻula i hana ʻia i nā wahi i pali o nā kahakai o Baltic a me Russia, e lilo ana i mea hoʻoweliweli i ke olakino kanaka a me ke ola o ke kai kai.

Hoʻopili maʻalahi ke algae i ka hoʻololi i kēlā me kēia hoʻololi a hiki ke noho me ka pohō nui o ka paʻakai wai, e hoʻololi ana i ka metabolism. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ʻike o nā pūhui nitrika inorganic i loko o ka wai, ua huli wale nā ​​mea noho i nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe - i nā wahi hana nui o nā mea ola, ko lākou huahana decomposition, a me nā mea kanu mineral.

ʻO ka loko wai māhuahua Pinkz Masazirgol ma Azerbaijan - hoʻokahi ʻewalu mau loko loko o ka ʻulaʻula.

E hoʻololi nei nā ʻenekema Lūkia i nā kūlana i hoʻonui ʻia ai ka liʻiliʻi o ka Prorocentrum i mea e wānana a hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā algae ʻulaʻula.

I kēia manawa, ua manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema Kelemania i ka hiki ʻana o ka ulu ākea o nā algae ʻulaʻula hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ke aniani o ka honua.

ʻO ka wehewehe a me nā ala o ka hoʻohuli

ʻO algae ʻulaʻula (Rhodophyta) nā mea kanu i loaʻa i ka nui ma nā kino wai kai. Hōʻike nā fossils i nā mea kanu o kēia pūʻulu i noho i ka honua ma mua o 1 mau kālā i hala. I kēia manawa, aia ma kahi o 500 a 1000 mau ʻano ʻano algae ʻulaʻula, ma kahi o ka 200 mauka wai hou.

ʻO nā ʻano nui loa o ka algae ʻulaʻula:

• bangian (bangiophyceae),
• floridea (florideophyceae),
• Anfelcia (ahnfeltia),
• phyllophora (phyllophora),
• porphyra (porphyra),
• gelidium (gelidium).

Algae Red, nona nā ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i ka ʻae ʻīwī na ka chloroplast, ʻaʻole wale i ka chlorophyll pua ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e loaʻa i kā lākou kala ma muli o ka phycoerythrins ulaula, nā phycobilins a me nā carotenoids melemele. Ke kāwili ʻana i kēia mau pigment me ka chlorophyll, kala lākou i ka mea kanu i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o nā ʻulaʻula.

Inā makemake ʻoe i ke wikiō, e kaʻana me kāu mau hoaaloha.

Hiki i nā algae ke komo i kahi ākea nui o nā hihi ultraviolet, i hiki ai iā lākou ke ulu i kahi hohonu o 100 a 500 m. In in water, algae black black due to the kaha absorption of ka lā, a ma ka ʻāina ka ʻulaʻulaʻula.

ʻO Thalliums o nā mea kanu e hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻano multicellular a he ʻano like:

• kakō
• lau-ʻili
• like ʻole
• lamela.

Hiki ke ulu alaula ke ulu i ka hohonu o 100 a 500m

He inoa inoa ʻole ʻo Red algae no nā ʻelele o kēia keʻena. Ma muli o kā lākou hiki ke mālama i ka sika ulaula (glucose polymer), kāhea ʻia lākou i ka ʻulaʻula me kahi mea mālama. Eia kekahi, aia nā puna o kēia mau mea kanu i nā alakaola polyhydric a me carbon carbon low.

I kekahi mau holoholona (no ka laʻana, ka coralline), ua loaʻa ka magnesium a me ka calcium carbonate, kahi e hiki ai ke hana i kahi kuʻi kūikawā. ʻO nā lāʻau Crimson ka mea e hoʻokumu ai i nā ʻōpala coral. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā nū algae mai nā cellulosic i loko a me nā ʻāpana amorphous o waho mai kahi agar i ke kaʻawale.

Inā makemake ʻoe i ke wikiō, e kaʻana me kāu mau hoaaloha.

Nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoponopono:

1. waiwai. ʻO ka hana hou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā spores flagellate. ʻO kēia kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano he nui red algae,
2. hoʻōla. Hoʻolaha nui nā ʻelele o ka papa o Bagnevic a me Floridian
3. moepolohe. Hoʻomaka ma oog. Hiki i ke kaʻina hana i kahi pōkole e like me kēia: i ka wā o ka ʻōpū o ka wahine ʻōpiopio o ka ogoni e hoʻohuli ai i ka spermatozoa me kahi protrusion kūikawā (trichogyna), ma muli o ka hoʻomohala paʻakikī, hoʻokumu ʻia kahi gonimoblast - kahi hana filamentous mai kahi ulu o nā pua.

Hoʻopuka maikaʻi ke algae maʻa me ka nānāʻole i nā lau, nā mea ulu a me ka moemoe

Ke hoʻohana nei i ka ʻulaʻula

Hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau Crimson ma ka ʻoihana a me ka maʻa. ʻO lākou ka nui o nā huaora a me nā minela, a me ke kumu o ka protein digestible maʻalahi. ʻO nā mea momona momona algae i kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻili ma o ke komo ʻana i ke kaʻina hana o nā membranes cell. Mai ia lākou a huna i ka agar-agar, i hoʻohana ʻia he mea kūlohelohe no ka gelatin.

ʻO nā ʻano o ka algae ʻulaʻula ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana iā agar:

• ceramium
• gracilaria
• Anfelcia
• gelidium.

ʻO nā algae ʻulaʻula he mau huaʻai a me nā minela e hoʻohana ʻia ai i ka kuke ʻana

Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Porphyry red algae ma ke ʻano he huahana meaʻai i nā USA, Korea, Iapana a me China. Hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia kahi kīʻaha lau a ulu i ke ʻano ma ka nui o nā māla kūikawā. Ka waiwai nui o Porphyra i ka provitamin A, ka calcium, ka phosphorus, magnesium, fluorine a me nā vitamin B .. ʻO kēia mau mea e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka pale o nā minerula a kōkua i ka hoʻoikaika i nā pā vascular.

I ka cosmetology, hoʻohana ʻia ka crimson i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā huahana mālama anti-kahiko. He mau antioxidants a pale aku i nā kaʻina o ka oxidative i loko o ke kino. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā carotenoids a me nā polysaccharides i loko o kēia mau mea kanu e hoʻomaʻemaʻe pono i ka ʻili a i kona hopena kiʻekiʻe.

Inā makemake ʻoe i ke wikiō, e kaʻana me kāu mau hoaaloha.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano ʻona like ʻole o ka ʻulaʻula i ka mahiʻai no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka lepo a me ka hānai holoholona. Ma ka ʻāpana o ke kai, hana lākou i ke ʻano o ka ʻai a me ka noho ʻana no ka poʻe hohonu hohonu.

Loaʻa i nā algae ʻulaʻula kekahi o nā waiwaino ka mea ua hoʻohana lākou i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mahina e pili ana. Hoʻokomo lākou i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o nā cell pancreatic, he ʻāpana o ka lāʻau expectorant.

Loaʻa i nā lāʻau Crimson nā ʻano pono like ʻole:

• immunomodulatory
• antivirus
• antimicrobial
• hoʻokūkū maʻi
• antimutagenic
• anti-inflammatory
• antifungal.

Mālama ʻia nā algae a pau i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma muli o nā waiwai anti-inflammatory.

ʻAʻole kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mākaukau i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka jelly, jams a me ka marmalade. Hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ka microbiology no nā lā e ulu ana i nā hua o nā bacteria a me nā fungi a me kā lākou noi ʻana aʻe. He mea nui kēia o Agar-agar i kēia ʻoihana, ʻo ka mea ʻole ia he mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻomohala aku i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hakakā ai i nā pōpilikia.

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kapakai pale no ka lāʻau lapaʻau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka agar-agar.pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia. ʻO ka mea koʻikoʻi nui o nā ʻano o nā chondrus (Irish moss) he polysaccharides i kapa ʻia ʻo carrageenas. Hāpai lākou i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā pūnaʻi maʻi HIV.

Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kapakai momona mai nā lāʻau mai algae aga-agar

Kūpono ma waena o nā hale aʻoaʻo

ʻO ka manawa hou, ʻaʻole i palena ka mālama ʻia o nā mea kanu i ka mālama ʻana i ka iʻa. Ke loaʻa nei ka hoʻolālā Aqua i ke kaulana i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Red algae ma ke ʻano he mea kumu o ka hoʻohuihui o ka aquarium i hāʻawi iā ia i kahi nānā a me ka lewa i nā ʻāina wela. Akā, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻulaʻula ke hoʻokomo pono i loko o ka launa pūlū o nā meaola home. Pono lākou i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā kūlana kūikawā a mālama pono.

Inā pili ʻole ʻoe i nā kānāwai no ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu, hiki iā lākou ke ulu i loko o kahi lā o nā lā a e hoʻopiha i ka nui o nā wahi a puni. ʻO kēia ka hōʻailona nui o ka leʻaleʻa i ka aquarium. ʻO nā lāʻau Crimson, ʻo nā mea kanu parasit, hiki ke hoʻomohala i ka lāʻau o nā algae wale nō, akā, ma nā pōhaku a me nā mea hoʻonani ʻē aʻe.

Inā makemake ʻoe i ke wikiō, e kaʻana me kāu mau hoaaloha.

ʻO nā wahi a me nā kūlana ola

Red algae, a ʻulaʻula (Rhodophyta) - ola ka hapanui i loko o ke kai (ʻoi aku ka hohonu ma mua o nā lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo a, ma muli o ka hiki ʻana o phycoerythrin, hiki iā ia ke hoʻohana i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka uliuli i komo i ka hohonu i ka wai i loko o ka wai no ka photosynthesis). . ^ E Ha yM. O nā ʻano ʻāpana o 4000, he 200 wale nō nā mea e noho nei i nā wai wai wai. ʻO nā lāʻau Crimson he hohonu hohonu i ke kai. Hiki iā lākou ke noho ma kahi hohonu a hiki i 100-200 m (a ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻelele ma ka hohonu a hiki i ka 300 a hiki paha i 500 m), akā hiki nō iā lākou ke kūkulu pū i nā kahawai o luna o ka moana, me ka littoral.

Ke hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā algae ʻulaʻula

ʻO ka pōkole ka pupuʻu māmā, ʻoi aku ka nui o kona ikaika, no laila ʻo ka nalu ʻana wale nō me ka puʻupuʻu pōkole, a no laila, me ka ikaika nui e komo i ka hohonu hohonu. ʻO nā pua o nā kōkua o ke algae ʻulaʻula e hoʻonui i ka kiko o ke kukui i hoʻomāliʻi ʻia e lākou ma nā wahi uliuli-ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka uliuli-violet o ke kihi.

ʻO nā mea mua o nā chloroplasts i kaʻaila ʻulaʻula he cyanobacteria. ʻO ka puaʻa photosynthetic nui ka chlorophyll a (ʻāpana polū). ʻO nā puaʻa photosynthetic o ke kōkua: chlorophyll e d (ma kekahi mau pua), nā carotenoids (melemele) a me nā phycobilins (ʻulaʻula - phycocyanin a ʻulaʻula - phycoerythrin). ʻO ka phycobilins, he ʻano protein ia, e hoʻopili i nā koena o ka uliuli a me ka kukui violet, e komo ana i nā hohonu hohonu.

E like me ka loli i ka pāʻana o nā pigy photosynthetic, e loli ke kala o ke ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hohonu: i ka wai pāpaku he melemele-ʻāmaʻomaʻo (i kekahi manawa he uliuli kaila), a laila huli lākou i ka ulaula a, ma hope loa, i ka hohonu o ka 50 m loaʻa iā lākou kahi kala ʻulaʻawa.

ʻIke wale ʻia kēia mau algae ke huki ʻia lākou i ka ʻili. Ma nā hohonu hohonu i ka poʻe like, ʻike lākou ʻeleʻele, no laila e hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi loa lākou i ka hanana māmā a pau ma luna o lākou.

Mea waiwai algae ulaula - kāhea ʻia ka polymer glucose palaka ulu. I ka hoʻonohonoho, kokoke ke pili i ke kālai holoholona - glycogen.

Kahaumakua () ia mau. ke kino o ke ʻano ʻulaʻulaʻula halauhui (filamentous a lamellar), kaʻaila unicellular. ʻO kekahi algae ulaula, no ka laʻana He ʻōpala ke corallins i hana ʻia me ka calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) pe hoʻōla (MgCO 3). Hoʻokomo lākou i ka hana i loko o nā puaʻa.

He paʻakikī a paʻakikī ke kaʻina hana. ʻO ke ʻano o ka moekolohe ʻana he oogamy. ʻO ka loli iki o ka haploid (n) a hoʻoiho ʻia (2n) hanauna, ma ka hapanui o nā mea ulaula, he isomorphic kēia mau hanauna. Loaʻa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hae mele.

ʻO ka hana hou i ka manuahi - hoʻohana ʻia spores i ʻole o ka hae.

ʻO ka hala ʻana o nā palapala flagellum ma nā pae āpau o ka hānau ʻana, he hōʻailona ia o ke algae ʻulaʻula. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ka purplish, like like me kā lākou hoaaloha algae, hele mai i ka poʻe kahiko eukaryotes kahiko, i ka nele i ka flagella. I kēia kumu, maʻamau ke kū i ka purplish i kahi aupuni kūikawā Rhodobionta.

Red algae: kamaʻāina o ke kai, moana a me ... aquariums

ʻIke liʻiliʻi ʻia nā mākaʻina o kēia ʻano mea kanu e ola ana i ka wai i loko o ka wai hou, ʻoiai ʻo ko lākou ʻano kūlohelohe ka wai kaona wai o ka moana a me ka hohonu o ke kai. ʻO ka hapa pinepine, ʻo kēia mau mea kanu i ʻike ʻia no ko lākou nui, akā aia kekahi mea liʻiliʻi kekahi i ʻike ʻia e ka mea noiʻi paʻa wale nō. I waena o kēia ʻano flora i loaʻa:

• unicellular
• lokooga
• pseudoparenchymal.

ʻAʻohe! ʻO ka florideas kahi i hoʻohana ʻia i ka kuke ʻana no ka hana ʻana i nā mea gelatinous a hiki i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

1. ʻO Phyllophora kahi ʻano algae kūikawā e ulu a hiki i 50 cm a loaʻa kahi lamellar thallus. ʻO ke anuanu ke kai a me ke kai wela. Hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoili ʻana a me ka loaʻa carrageenin.
2. Gelidium - nā lāʻau algae brown, ʻo ia hoʻi me nā ʻano he 40. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa: kahi māla mauʻu o kahi hale porous-branched, ke kiʻekiʻe o 25 cm.

Red algae i loko o ka aquarium: maikaʻi a maikaʻi paha?

Inā holomua ka ʻōlohelohe a holo pono ʻia, algae e hoʻoponopono i kā lākou ulu a lākou iho. Akā he mea pono ia e hoʻonāukiuki i ka pae kaulike kūpono, waiho ʻia ka "algae invasion". ʻO kēia ka hōʻailona mua i ka aquarist he malfunction i loko o ka ʻōnaehana. ʻO ka palaka e pili ana i ka nui o ka mea o nā kolamu organik, ka kukui a i ʻole ka lūlū ʻana i ka nui o ke kalapona. ʻO ka pilikia ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka flora e hoʻopili i ka pale ʻana o ka papa haʻahaʻa o nā mea kanu olakino - ʻae ʻole lākou i ʻae ʻia e kūkulu.

I mea e hoʻokau ai i ka noho ʻana, pono e kaupalena i nā ʻano ma ke kūkulu ʻana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i kēia i kekahi o kēia mau ala:

1. E wehe i kahi aer a hoʻoponopono i kahi "ʻōpala" ma ka puka kānana. No laila e pau nā mea kanu i ka loaʻa o nā meaʻai.
2. Hoʻopili i ka aquarium me nā holoholona hānai.
3. Hoʻopili pinepine me ka wai hoʻoneʻe i lalo o ka lepo, e hoʻololi ana i 20% o ka wai (o ka nui o ka nui o ka mea aku).
4. Hoʻopili i nā hola awakea - e kōkua kēia i nā mea āpau o nā mea kanu nui.

Ke koho ʻana i nā ala o ka hakakā, pono ia e ʻae i nā mīkini i kūʻai ʻia i nā keʻena kūikawā.

ʻO ka papa ʻo Red Algae ("scarlet") i loaʻa i hoʻokahi mau ʻehā mau tausani a ʻoi aku hoʻi ma mua o ʻeono haneri huaʻōlelo. ʻO nā lunakahiko kahiko i ʻike ʻia ma nā wili ʻo Cambrian he 550 miliona mau makahiki.

Ma muli o ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona, ʻike ʻia nā alga ʻulaʻula i kahi aupuni i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia. In the chromatophores purses, i ka hoʻohui i nā chlorophylls a me nā carotenoids, aia kekahi mau puaʻa hoʻonaninani wai - phycobilins. E like me ka polysaccharide hoʻokoe, hana pono ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Hoʻopili ʻia kāna mau kanu ma waho o nā chloroplast i loko o ka cytoplasm.

ʻAʻohe o nā māka hanohano a me nā ʻili kime. ʻO ka pōkole o kā lākou hoʻolālā e loaʻa i nā hanana ʻekolu. Mai ka zygote (ma hope o ka fusion) ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi mea kanu diploid - sporophyte. Ua haku ia i ka sporo diploid, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka lua o ka hanauna. Ma nā pūpū o kahi sporophyte hou, e hele mai ka meiosis no kekahi manawa a me nā haploid spores i ulu. Kūkulu ʻia ka hanauna ʻekolu mai lākou mai - nā gametophyte laumū gamete e hana ana.

ʻO nā membrane o nā algae ʻulaʻula i nā hemicelluloses a me nā pectins. Hiki iā lākou ke mākaukau nui i ka huki ʻana, e hui pū ʻia ana i loko o ka lehulehu huehue. Hoʻomaʻo pinepine nā kaula o ka thallus (pana) pū me nā mea hina a lilo i mea hoʻopilika i ka pā. I nā kikowaena intercellular a me nā ala he nui weka, phycocolloids i kēia manawa. ʻO kēia mau polysaccharides e loaʻa i kēia lūlū e hoʻohana nui i nā hana kanaka. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa he agaroids, carrageenan a me agar. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā algae ʻulaʻula nui e ka hiki ʻana o nā pā o cell. Hāʻawi kēia ʻāpana i nā ʻoi ʻili.

I kahi helu nui o ka algae ʻulaʻula, ke lawe ʻia nei ka hoʻokumu ʻana o thalli e hoʻohana ana i nā kaula multicellular interwoven. Hoʻopili lākou i ka substrate me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā rhizoids. ʻO ka nui o ka thalli mai kahi mau kenimika mai i kahi mita.

Noho nui a ʻulaʻula i loko o ke kai. Aia nā lāʻau Crimson e hoʻopili mau i nā pūpū, nā pōhaku a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma lalo. I kekahi manawa hiki ke loaʻa nā algae ma kahi hohonu hohonu.

Callitamnion corymbose - maʻamau algae ʻulaʻula. ʻO kēia kumuhana o nā purplish i nā alanilili nani nani a hiki i ʻumi kenimika ke kiʻekiʻe, ʻulaʻula kukui. ʻO kēia mau ʻano lāʻau i paʻa i nā kaula wili.

Nemalion - kahi inoa hou o ke algae ʻulaʻula - e ulu ana ma luna o nā pōhaku kai. ʻO kona mau kaula laula ʻalani e hōʻea i ʻelima kūwaha i ka mānoanoa a me iwakāluakumālima mau keneka.

Ma ke algae o ka genus Delesseria, he like me nā lau ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻulaʻula.

I nā kai mahana, he mea maʻamau ka lime o ka Corallin genus. ʻO kā lākou thalli e hui pū ana me nā lime a ua hoʻopili ʻia e nā pūlima (me ke ʻano liʻiliʻi o ka lime). Hāʻawi kēia i ka mea kanu, ka mea e kōkua i ka kū i nā hopena o nā nalu a hoʻomohala i nā wahi o ka ʻeʻe ikaika.

Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā lāʻau Crimson e ke kanaka i nā hana waiwai. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, he huahana maikaʻi loa kēia algae ma muli o ke kūmole i ka protein, nā trace element, nā huaora.

I Hawaiʻi, i nā ʻāina o Asia Hikina, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā kīʻaha like ʻole i ka ʻula. E hoʻohana i kēia mau algae i loko o nā kukui a i ʻole maloʻo paha. ʻO nā momona hulupaʻa ʻaina, poni a me nā hānau ʻana ua kaulana loa. ʻIke ʻia kēia mau algae ma nā kai he nui. Ma Iapana, ua ulu nui nā mea kanu lāʻau. Ua kau ʻia nā pōhaku, nā lālā i loko o ka wai pāpaku i ke kaila kahakai, a i ʻole ʻia nā ʻupena kūikawā mai nā kaula ākea a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā pou keleawe. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, ua kau nui kēia mau mea āpau me nā algae.

ʻO ka hana ʻōnaehana

All all eukaryotic algae kēia. Hōʻike ʻia ka paia o ka lālani i ka kiko nui o ka cellulose a i ʻole xylan fibrils a me nā mea amorphous i piha i ka agar, agaroids, carrageenan, aia nā mea e ʻoki ana. I kekahi mau holoholona, ​​ua impregnated ka pā o ka cell me ka calcium a me ka magnesium carbonate, a he nui ka ikaika. No laila ua like ka coralline algae e like me nā corals, no ka mea he caline ka nui o kā lākou mau puhou.

I loko o nā chloroplasts, aia nā kolo, i ka hoʻohui i ka chlorophyll a me ka carotenoids, he nui o nā polū a me nā ʻulaʻula ʻē aʻe e hoʻoholo ai i ke kala o ke algae. Ma kahi o nā mea hoʻonaʻauao mālama, kūpaʻa māka (kokoke i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka glycogen a me amylopectin) i hōʻiliʻili i loko o nā ʻāpana o ke algae ʻulaʻula, e huli ana i ka ʻula i loko i loko o ka wai kai. Nā alikaola polyatomic a me floridoside, kahi hydrocarbon kumu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, mālama ʻia hoʻi i ka sitoplasm.

Hoʻomoe i nā algae ʻulaʻula

Hoʻoulu ka hoʻouka hou ma o ke kaʻina hana mooolelo, vegetative a i ʻole asexual. Hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻano hesese pua e ka spore spore. I ka wā moe kolohe, hui pū nā kāne kāne kāne (spermations) me ke wahine (carpogons). Hōʻike ʻia nā kūmole maikaʻi e loaʻa ana i nā karpospores - ka hanauna hanauna.

Hoʻokūkū nui nā lāʻau Crimson i ke ʻano a me ke ola o ke kai kai. Hoʻohana kēia mau mea kanu i mea ʻai no nā holoholona moana, komo i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kūlohelohe o nā kino wai, a i kekahi manawa hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka flora i kekahi mau wahi.

ʻĀina waiwai

ʻO ka mea nui i ka hana pono he anfelium, helidium, phyllophora, furcelia, nā mea e hāʻawi ana i nā mea gelatinous - agar-agar, agaroid, carrageen. ʻO kekahi algae ʻulaʻula, e like me ka porphyry, ʻai ʻia.

Bangia (Bangiophyceae), he papa o ka algae ʻulaʻula. Loaʻa iā 24 genera, e hui pū ana i ka 90 mau ʻano o ka unicellular a me multicellular, filamentous a lamellar algae, nona nā cell mononuklear, i like ʻole me nā algae ulaula, maʻamau ka hoʻokahi ʻoniʻoni chromatophore me kahi pyrenoid a ʻaʻole i hoʻopili ʻia e nā pores.

Hoʻolaha (Florideophyceae), kahi papa o ka algae ʻulaʻula. Thalli he multicellular, mai mikroskopika a hiki i 0.5 m kiʻekiʻe, mai hoʻokahi laina o nā pūpū a i ʻole ka ʻōnaehana pāpaʻi paʻakikī, hoʻololiorm, lamellar a bushy paha, i ka wā i haki ʻia ai i nā ʻōpala a me nā lau o nā lau; i loko o kahi nui o nā florids, paʻakikī nā thalli mai ka hoʻohemo ʻana o ka paʻakai kalima ma loko o lākou (lithium, etc. .).

Phyllofora (Phyllophora), he ʻanoʻano o ka algae ʻulaʻula. The thallus is lamellar, simple or branched up a 50 cm high. Pākaha ʻia e nā carpospores e hopena ana i ka moekolohe, tetraspores a me nā ʻōpala o thalli, i kekahi mau ʻano sporophyte e ulu ana ma nā gametophytes ma ke ʻano o nā outgrowths liʻiliʻi. Ma kahi o 15 mau ʻano, i loko o ke kai anu a me ka mahana, ma nā'āina o ka USSR ma mua - 5 mau ʻano. Hoʻohana e hana i ka carrageenin waiwai gelatinous.

Gelidium (Gelidium), kahi huaʻai i ke algae ʻulaʻula, aia ma kahi o 40 mau ʻano e noho lā i nā kai mahana. He wahī ʻo ka thallus, gristly, pinepine cirrus-branched, 1-25 cm kiʻekiʻe.ʻO Sporophyte a me ka gametophyte e like like me ka hana. Hāʻawi ʻo Sporophyte i nā tetraspores. ʻO Gametophyte ma muli o ke kaʻina hana pili i nā carpospores. Hoʻohana ʻia ka Gelidium e hana i ka agar agar, ʻoiai hoʻi ma Iapana. ʻO nā ʻāina o ka US US mua i loaʻa ma ka Japanese me Black Seas i nā wahi liʻiliʻi.

ʻai ma Iapana, Kina, Korea, ma na mokupuni o Oceania a me Amerika. ʻO Porphyry red algae (Fig. 1a) i manaʻo ʻia he mea maikaʻi ʻole; ma Iapana a me USA, ua ulu ʻia nā mea kanu kūikawā.

Kuhi. 1. ʻAmeleka ulaula: a) porphyry, b) anfeltsia, c), ka ʻano like ʻole o nā chondruses

Mai ka lawena ʻulaʻula make agar agar. ʻO Agar-agar kahi kahi o nā pauku momona kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Inā hoʻohui ia i ka wai ma ka awelika o 1:20 - 1:50, i hoʻokumu ʻia kahi jelele (jelly), e hoʻomau ana i kona ʻano a hiki i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe (40-50 °). Hoʻohana ākea kēia waiwai o ka agar agar. ma ka microbiology i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka pāpā kino olakino pono no ke ulu ʻana i nā pōʻino a me nā ʻalā. Inā hāʻule ka pūnāwai hoʻokahi a i ʻole nā ​​huaʻu fungal ma ke pā anu mai ka wai a i ka lewa paha, a laila ma hope o kekahi mau piliona a i ʻole nā ​​mea nānā i ʻike ʻia a kūpono loa nā loiloi. ʻAe kēia iā ʻoe e aʻo i nā microorganism: hoʻoili i kā lākou mau waiwai a koho i ke koho koho. Ma waho o ka media moʻomeheu agarized, ka haʻalele a me ka nānā ʻana i nā pathogens i ka microbiology klinika, ʻo ka loiloi ʻana o ka maʻemaʻe o ka wai, ka wai a me nā huahana huahana, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā wahi o nā microorganism e hana ai i nā antibiotics, enzim, vitamina a me nā mea hana e like me nā biologically ikaika ʻole.

Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Agar-agar i ka ʻoihana meaʻai. no ka hoʻomākaukauʻana i ka marmalade, marshmallow, ice cream, jam-non sugared, ʻole ia i ka lau, ʻaina kahi iʻa a me ka iʻa i loko o ka aniani a no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā wina.

I ka ʻoihana ulu lāʻau nā hua papa a me nā papa me nā antibiotik, nā huaora a me nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe i hoʻokumu ʻia ai i ke kumu, inā pono ka lohi ʻana i kā lākou lohi.

I ko mākou'āina, ʻo nā kumu hana nui no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka agar-agar ka ʻāpana algae anfelcia (Fig. 1b).

Mai ka algae ʻemi halauhau - ʻO ke kāpae ʻana i ka maʻi kalrage (loaʻa i ka maʻi immunodeficiency). ʻO ka waihona waiwai no ka hana ʻana i nā carrageenas ka red algae chondrus ("Irish moss") - ka laiki. 1c, ʻĀpae Red, e like me nā algae ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana i ka mea ʻai holoholona A pehea ʻoihana.

Loaʻa i kahi kala ʻulaʻula nui. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ma mua o 600 genera a kahi kokoke i 5 tausani mau mea kanu o ka mea kanu. ʻO nā ʻelele o kēia hui he porphyry, gracillaria, anfelium. Ua kaulana ʻia nā Fossil red algae mai ka Cretaceous. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ke aniani, ua manaʻo ʻia lākou nā mea kanu mua loa - nā mea mua o nā puka i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia.

Ma aneane nā ʻano ʻeneka a ʻulaʻula, nā mea ʻona wai o ka wai (kai, moana,) he 200 wale nō nā ʻano wai ʻona. Noho nā ka nahele Crimson ma ke kahakai kahakai a ma ka hohonu hohonu (a hiki i 200 m), kahi mau mea pinepine nā ʻano i nā loina kai. Ma nā kai o Lūkini he hapa o 400 mau ʻano.

ʻO nā algae ʻulaʻula lahilahi ka nui o nā mea kanu, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o nā ʻano microscopic. Ma kēia hui i nā ʻano filamentous a pseudoparenchymal, loaʻa nā ʻano unicellular luhi (bapgian). ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona ka hele ʻole o nā palapala parenchymal maoli.

Lō loa . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka thallus o kahi mākaukau maʻamau o ka hui i kahi kiʻi anatomical paʻakikī. ʻOkoʻa ka waihoʻoluʻu o - mai ke aniani ʻulaʻula, nā ʻōpala i nā aniani o ka melemele a me ka bluish-green, ʻo ia hoʻi no ka hui pū ʻana o nā ʻalani like ʻole i nā chloroplasts o nā pū.

ʻO ka hana ʻōnaehana . ^ E Ha yM. All all eukaryotic algae kēia. Hōʻike ʻia ka paia o ka lālani i ka kiko nui o ka cellulose a i ʻole xylan fibrils a me nā mea amorphous i piha i ka agar, agaroids, carrageenan, aia nā mea e ʻoki ana. I kekahi mau holoholona, ​​ua impregnated ka pā o ka cell me ka calcium a me ka magnesium carbonate, a he nui ka ikaika. No laila ua like ka coralline algae e like me nā corals, no ka mea he caline ka nui o kā lākou mau puhou.

I loko o nā chloroplasts, aia nā kolo, i ka hoʻohui i ka chlorophyll a me ka carotenoids, he nui o nā polū a me nā ʻulaʻula ʻē aʻe e hoʻoholo ai i ke kala o ke algae. Ma kahi o nā mea hoʻonaʻauao mālama, kūpaʻa māka (kokoke i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka glycogen a me amylopectin) i hōʻiliʻili i loko o nā ʻāpana o ke algae ʻulaʻula, e huli ana i ka ʻula i loko i loko o ka wai kai. Nā alikaola polyatomic a me floridoside, kahi hydrocarbon kumu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, mālama ʻia hoʻi i ka sitoplasm.

Hoʻomoe i nā algae ʻulaʻula . ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻoulu ka hoʻouka hou ma o ke kaʻina hana mooolelo, vegetative a i ʻole asexual. Hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻano hesese pua e ka spore spore. I ka wā moe kolohe, hui pū nā kāne kāne kāne (spermations) me ke wahine (carpogons). Hōʻike ʻia nā kūmole maikaʻi e loaʻa ana i nā karpospores - ka hanauna hanauna.

Hoʻokūkū nui nā lāʻau Crimson i ke ʻano a me ke ola o ke kai kai. Hoʻohana kēia mau mea kanu i mea ʻai no nā holoholona moana, komo i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kūlohelohe o nā kino wai, a i kekahi manawa hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka flora i kekahi mau wahi.

ʻĀina . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka waiwai nui, he algae mai kēia keʻena, e like me ka anfeltia, phylloflora, helidium, furcelium, kahi e loaʻa ai nā mea hana jelly-hana - agar-agar, carrageenne, agaroid. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano ʻulaʻula e ʻai ʻia (porphyry, gracillaria).

Ma nā hohonu hohonu, hiki i 250 mika, ulu lākou ʻĀpeka ulaula kāhea ʻia ulaula . ^ E Ha yM. I ka hui pū ʻana me nā corals a me nā iʻa kukui ʻono, nā ʻano ʻāpana manu like ʻole i hoʻokumu i ka nani kūʻokoʻa o ka honua lalo. He mau algae nō kēia mau mea nui, akā naʻe, no ka laʻana, he algae ʻaole mikroskopika hoʻi i ka papa bangian.

No ke aha e hiki ai ke ulu algae ulaula i ka hohonu nui? Ua nīnau ʻia kēia nīnau ma ka hōʻike ma ka biology. Hiki i ka pigment Redlu i ke algae ke ulu i nā hohonu hohonu phycoerythrin . ^ E Ha yM. Mahalo iā ia, i ka wā o ke kiʻi photosynthesis, ʻona ʻulaʻulaʻula i ke kāla o ke kīleʻomaʻo, uliuli, biru-violet o nā kiko. ʻO kēia mau hihiu, ʻaʻole like me nā ʻulaʻulaʻula, e hiki ke komo i ka hohonu i ka pou wai.

Hōʻike ʻia ka algae ʻo Red redga e ka sporless asexual reproduction, me ka sex reproduction (oogamy), a me ka mea kanu huaʻai ma nā ʻāpana o ka thallus i kekahi manawa i loaʻa.

ʻO ka algae kaila i loko o phyllophora, porphyry, gracillaria, poultry, chondrus, nā mea āpau ma kahi o ʻelima mau kauhā.

Poni - he pelekau pāpaʻi a ihi a ʻāpana paha i ka hapalua mika. No ia, ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili wahine wale nō keʻano. ʻAʻohe cell germ male i nā flagella (sperm). Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i kēia, ʻoiai ma kahi hohonu ma lalo o ka kolamu wai he paʻakikī ke neʻe me ke kōkua o kahi flagellum.

Paʻa i nā kaulahao meaʻai, hopena i ke ʻano

1. Kahi nui algae e hoʻokumu ana i ka phytoplankton, a i loko o nā moana o Arctic he 20-30 miliona mau mea pākahi ma ka 1 cubic mika wai. ʻO kēia ka huahana mua ka mea i hoʻokumu i ke kumu o ke kaulahao meaʻai.

2. lawelawe ʻo Phytoplankton i meaʻai no ka zooplankton (nā huahana kūloko), ka mea i ʻai ʻia e ke kai moana, e like me nā kohola. ʻO ka mea mahalo, i ka wā o ka holo ʻana i ka lāʻau Kon-Tiki, ua hoʻi ʻo Tur Heyerdahl i ka ʻono plankton “ʻono” a loaʻa ka momona a me ka momona.

3. Māhuahua nā algae i wahi no ka iʻa a me nā holoholona moana ʻē aʻe a he meaʻai nō hoʻi nā lākou. Laminaria, no ka laʻana, ʻai i kahi urchin moana me ka leʻaleʻa.

4. Algae saturate ka nui a me ke aniani me ka oxygen.

5. Eia naʻe, i ka wā o ka laha ʻana o nā algae (no ka laʻana, ʻo ka chlamydomonas) i ka wā i kapa ʻia ʻo "ka pua" o ka wai, ua pā ka maʻi oxygen i loko o ka wai a hoʻomoʻa ʻia ka wai me nā toxins. Mai ka nele o ka oxygen, make ka poʻe noho ma ka muliwai.

Mea waiwai no ke kanaka

1. ʻAi ʻia nā algae ma nā wahi he nui i kau mau makahiki. Nui nā melemele a me nā algae ʻulaʻula, e like me ka kelp, undaria, porphyry, hijiki (a me ka sargassa maʻamau).

2. Red algae - kahi kumu o ka iodine, inā paha kekahi mau holoholona i momona iā ia.

3. Hāʻawi kekahi i nā algae ulaula he kumu agar-agar - he ʻano mea ʻili i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka ʻoihana confectionery, i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā pōpilikia, etc.

4. Ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā algae, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka wai o ka wai mai ka fluorine, nitrogen, etc., a me ka ea mai ka carbon dioxide (chlamydomonas, chlorella, euglena i kūleʻa i kēia).

5. Algae ka mea pili meaʻai: spirulina, kelp, fucus, ulva, chlorella a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Nā palapala like

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka home o ke alga ʻulaʻula, kā lākou pigmentation a me ke kaʻina hana o ke kahe ʻana o ka lā. Characterization o nā hua hoʻohui o nā algae ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka hoʻomohala paʻakikī o ka zygote i hoʻokumu ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻomakeʻa, a me ke hoʻokumu ʻana o karpospores.

hoʻohui ʻia 03/29/2012

Ka helu ʻana o nā mea kanu haʻahaʻa. ʻO ke ʻano a me nā ʻano o nā huakini, kā lākou kuleana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke ʻano. ʻO ka wehewehe o nā keʻena o ka uliuli-green, diatom, brown and red algae. Nā hiʻohiʻona o kā lākou hoʻonohonoho a me ka hana hou, nā nohona, ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi.

pepa pepa, hoʻohui ʻia 02/11/2014

ʻO Thallus kaʻenehana ʻekena ʻulaʻula. Hoʻoulu i ka lau - ma ka wāwahi o ka thallus. ʻO kahi kaʻina moola ʻoogamous. Isomorphic a i ʻole heteromorphic diplo-haplobiont hoʻoilo. ʻO ka mea nui ka huahana penggalena polysaccharide i ke kīwī ʻulaʻula.

Abstract, hoʻohui ʻia 01/08/2009

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā algae laumaila he mau hui o nā mea kanu haʻahaʻa. ʻO Habitat o algae ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO kā lākou hoʻopaʻi, ka hoʻolālā a me nā ala o nā pono o ka meaʻai, ka hoʻopihapiha. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o nā ʻano mea maʻamau o ka iʻa o ke kai o Iapana.

Abstract, hoʻohui ʻia 02.16.2012

ʻO Algae nā mea kanu haʻahaʻa loa i helu ʻia i ka spore-form. ʻO ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o ka algae ma muli o ke kloropileta, ʻo kā lākou hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea kanu pono kūpono mai nā mea inorganic. ʻO ka Habitat a me nā hua kanu algae.

Abstract, hoʻohui ʻia 16 Dekemaba 2009

Nā hiʻohiʻona biology o ke algae, kā lākou hana anatomical.ʻO ka hana hou ʻana o ka lau nonicellular. Nā alakaʻi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka algology i noi ʻia. ʻO ka kumu a me ka'ūhumu o nā algae, kā lākou hui kūlohelohe. Alū no o nā mea ʻola no ka wai, hau, hau.

hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike ma 11/25/2011

ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o algae i loko o nā pūʻulu hoʻonohonoho o ka pae kiʻekiʻe loa, kona hui me ke ʻano o ke kala a me nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona. Pūneʻa huaka o ke algae. ʻOsene a me ka moekolohe hana algae. Nā mea like a me nāʻokoʻa ma waena o ka melemele-ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā lau melemele.

Abstract, hoʻohui ʻia 09/06/2011

ʻO Algae ma ke ʻano he ʻelele nā ​​kumuhana photoautotrophic o ko mākou honua, ko lākou kumu a me nā pae hoʻomohala. ʻO nā kumu a me nā ʻano kumu no ka pono algae. ʻO ka hana hou ʻana i kā lākou ʻano like i ka ulu palu ma o ka mea kanu, asexual a me ka male ʻana o ka male.

Abstract, hoʻohui ʻia 03/18/2014

Koiā kelepona ʻōwili ʻōiwi o kahi waihona waiwai. Ka helu ʻana o nā algae, kā lākou lawe i ka hohonu, ka hoʻoili a me ka hana i ka biogeocenoses. Lilo ʻia he algae e nā kānaka. ʻO nā lau ʻāpala, asexual, sex reproduction. Nā hui o ka lepo algae.

hōʻike, hoʻohui ʻia 02.19.2013

Soil algae ma ke komo ʻana i nā hana kūkulu ʻāina. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana a me keʻano o ka hoʻopili o ka hui o nā algae o nā keʻena Cyanophyta. ʻO ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻopuʻi ʻana i nā algae uliuli-ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o ka hoʻopihapiha a me nā mea kikoʻī o Cyanophyta.

ʻO Algae nā mea kanu o kahi kauoha haʻahaʻa, nona ka ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā lua, a ke noho nei pū ka manu i ka wai wai. ʻOkoʻa ke kala ʻana, e like me nā mea kanu. ʻO ke kumu o nā multicolor o nā mea kanu, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka chlorophyll wale nō, akā nā ʻano ʻano like pū like ʻole. Hiki ke like aku ke ʻano o nā algae: ʻo kahi kolu i loko o ke ʻano o ka mucus, ka ʻōpala mossy, nā mea kanu lōʻihi a i ʻole nā ​​hana paʻakikī e like me ka pala.

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ʻO ka algae ʻulaʻula nui nā mea kanu kai multicellular. ʻEke wale nō ʻano ʻano purplish i ʻike i nā wai wai hou. Nani loa nā algae ʻulaʻula unicellular.

ʻO ka nui o nā pēpē he maʻamau mai loko o kekahi mau kenimika a hoʻokahi mika ka lōʻihi. Akā i waena o lākou aia nā ʻano microscopic. Hoʻopili i nā chlorophyll, loaʻa i nā peka algae ʻulaʻula a me nā pigments ʻulaʻula. Ma muli o ko lākou hui ʻana, ʻokoʻa ka like o ke kala o ka ʻulaʻulaʻula i ka ʻulaʻula ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka melemele a me ka melemele.

ʻOkoʻa loa, he ʻokoʻa ala alaula.

Ke kai, loaʻa nā algae ʻulaʻula i nā wahi āpau i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia lākou i nā pōhaku, nā pōhaku, nā mea hana, a me kekahi manawa i nā algae ʻē aʻe. Ma muli o kaʻoiaʻiʻo hiki i nā puaʻa ʻulaʻula ke hopu i kahi liʻiliʻi loa no ka māmā, hiki i ka ʻulaʻula ke ulu i kahi hohonu. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma kahi hohonu o 100-200 m. Phyllophora, porphyry, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e pālahalaha ʻia i nā moana o ko kākou ʻāina.