Aupuni: | Eumetazoi |
Moulou | Kahikaua |
Lāpala: | Pūnaewele |
Kāhea: | Kāleka |
Kāleka, a i ole ʻōpio (lat. Gyps) he ʻano nui nā manu nui o ka ʻohana o ka ʻohana hawk, e pālahalaha ʻia i ka mahana wela o ka ʻōpū ʻākau. Hoʻohālikelike lākou i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa, akā ʻo kēia mau ʻaoʻao ʻelua o nā manu he ʻohana pili ʻole ʻole lāua.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā scavengers maʻamau ma ka plumage pōʻeleʻele, kahi poʻo i unrefined (ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lei unrefined) a me nā ʻēheu lōʻihi a me ka laulā. Loaʻa ʻia ʻo Prey ʻike wale ʻia (ma ka ʻokoʻa, ʻike nā ʻano ʻohu o ʻAmelika). He puʻuhonua ikaika lākou, akā, nā wāwae nāwaliwali, hikiʻole ke ʻae i ka waiwai pio. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona anatomical hiʻohiʻona kahi nui o ka goiter a me nā ʻōpū no ka ʻai ʻana i nā nui o nā meaʻai.
Kuhi pinepine nā ʻano manuahi i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, e ʻimi ana i nā mea pio a nānā i kekahi. Inā ʻike kekahi o lākou i ka meaʻai, e iho ana ia, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe o nā manu e lele ma laila. Mālama pinepine nā hakakā i nā meaʻai ma aneane, akā ʻo kahi hui nui o nā manu e hoʻoweliweli i kekahi mau mea pōʻaihewa. Hoʻopau pinepine ʻia ka meaʻai a lākou e ʻai ai. Hōʻalo ka peʻa a koko mai ke kupapaʻu ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino a kahe mai ke kino o ka ʻāʻī ma kahi hulu ʻulaʻi. Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka nui o ka wai momona o ka gastric cadaveric a me ke kōkua ʻana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā iwi, a me nā bacteria simbiotic i loko o nā ʻāpana o ka pale ʻana i nā mea make huama. Hoʻouluulu nā kuʻuna i nā hulu a laila e make nā radiation ultraviolet i kā lākou plumage.
Nā ʻōpiopio
- ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ( ʻO nā Gyps africanus )
- Kelemana Hōʻuluʻo ( Nā huaʻai kikowaena Gyps )
- Kaukaʻi puaʻa ( Nā kāpili likika )
- Kiele Hoʻokuʻu ( ʻO nā gyps fulvus )
- Kiʻi Kūmole ( Gyps himalayensis )
- ʻĀpio ʻōpio ( Nā hōʻailona hoʻohālikelike )
- ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ( ʻO Gyps rueppellii )
- ʻO Gyps tenuirostris
Ua kapa ʻia nā ʻōhumu ʻo nā manu o nā manu ʻē aʻe o nā ʻōpū subfamily, a me nā ʻano manu ʻānō ʻAmelika.
Nā hiʻohiʻona a me ka noho maʻamau
Kāleka - He nui kēia nui, nā manu hopu. He mea maʻamau ia ke komo pū ʻana me nā ʻelele a nā poʻe holoʻokoʻa he ʻumi a he ʻumikumamālima mau ʻano. E pili ana iā lākou i kēia lā a e kūkā ʻia.
ʻŌpio manu
I nā manu mau ʻōpio No nā ʻoliva kekahi, he mea hoʻomanaʻo nui loa ia na ke ʻano o nā ʻōpio a ʻAmelika, akā ʻaʻole i pili nā ʻepekema i ka hoʻohui ʻana iā lākou ma ka pilina, akā noʻonoʻo lākou he mea kokoke i nā ʻola a me nā kāne ʻumiʻumi.
ʻO nā manu, ma kahi ākea, e pili ana i 60 cm lōʻihi a ke kaupaona nei i ʻelua kilokilo. ʻOi aku lākou makemake e noho i nā kuahiwi, nā wao nahele a me nā uhi kiʻihi, no ka mea e makemake lākou i nā kai a nānā ʻia a puni, mai haʻalele i ko lākou wahi noho a ʻaʻole hoʻi e neʻe.
ʻLeka i loko o ke kiʻi ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa i ka hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona kūpono, ma ka aniani i kau ʻia me ka hulu ʻeleʻele: hina, ʻoniʻoni, ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha, ka lei lōʻihi, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻano hulu, ʻaʻole i uhi ʻia me ka fluff.
He nunui a lākou, ka hoʻokani a, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka mana, beak, goiter kaulana loa, ākea, puni i nā kihi, nā ʻēheu ākea, ke kāʻei ʻili, paʻa a paʻa.
Hāʻawi ka wāwae i ke manaʻo o ka ikaika a me ka puʻupuʻu, akā me nā manamana nāwaliwali ʻaʻole i ʻae i ka mea i lawe ʻia me ka puʻupuʻu a me nā puʻupuʻu pōkole, akā, ʻo kēlā mau wāwae i hiki ke hele wikiwiki a holo i ka holo liʻiliʻi, akā wikiwiki.
No ka ʻohana hawk ka manu i noho ma nā ʻāina me kahi mahana a ʻike ʻia i ka ʻāpana ʻākau. ʻO ka manu nui o ka manu o ka ʻuʻuku i ke kiʻekiʻe e hiki i ka ulu ʻana o ka mika, hiki i nā ehekau ke pili i ka ʻekolu, a ʻo ke kaumaha o ke kino ke hiki ke ʻoi aku ma kahi o ʻumi kilograms.
Puka manu ʻōpiopio manuahi, e noho ana ma ke kūkulu hema hema a me ʻAulopa ʻAmelika, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻāina ma ʻAmelika. I ka huli ʻana o ka meaʻai, hiki iā ia ke lele a hiki i ka 300-400 km i kēlā me kēia lā.
ʻActerlelo ola a me ke ʻano
He manuahi a leleʻole ka manu Vulture, i hiki iā ia ke hana i nā huakaʻi lōʻihi. A ʻoiai lele ka lele a ka ʻōpala, hiki ke piʻi i kahi kiʻekiʻe.
Kūleʻa
ʻAʻole nā manu i loko o ke ʻano o ka palaleka, ma laila, he pāwiʻu a hilahila, akā i ka manawa like e loaʻa ai ka haʻaheo a me ka pilikino kūlohelohe, pinepine e hoʻohuli i ka ferocity.
ʻOkoʻa ka poʻe Scavengers, nona ka ʻōpio, i nā ʻano mai ko lākou mau hoahānau hānau mua, ka poʻe i makemake e ʻimi no nā mea ola, ma ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hōʻailona o ka noho pilikino, ka mea i hōʻike nui ʻia i ka ʻimi no ka ʻai a me ka mahele o ka ʻai, kahi lākou e hōʻike maoli ai i kahi hierarchy koʻikoʻi. ʻAe manu ʻōpiopio a hiki ke mālama ʻia i ka noho pio ʻana, ma nā zoos, kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai nā vaila nui no lākou.
I kekahi mau hihia, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohiwahiwa i nā nū hanu kūikawā, akā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau no lākou, ma luna o kā lākou mau lālā e hoʻoikaika ai i ka paepae me ka pā. Ua ʻimi nā kānaka e hoʻowahāwahā i nā ʻōpio, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ka nui o kēia kūleʻa. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe kekahi ma kekahi mau hihia wale nō ke poʻo pua ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo.
Akā ma ʻAmelika, hiki ke hoʻāʻo ʻia nā ʻepekema ma ka lawelawe ʻana o nā kānaka, e hoʻohana ana i nā hana o nā manu e hoʻoponopono hou i nā pip pipila. Me nā leaka gas kahi paʻakikī i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻano maʻamau, nā ʻohana manu i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i nā lehulehu, no ka mea, e hoʻomanaʻo ana ka mea ʻalaʻala iā lākou i nā ʻano honi o nā ʻami a nā ʻano manu e ʻike mamao aku.
Mea ʻai
Loaʻa ka nui o ka kua o ka ʻāʻī, a ua ʻae ʻo ia e ʻai i ka nui o ka meaʻai. A ʻo ka wai ʻōpū o ka ʻeha ikaika ke hiki iā ia ke palapu i nā iwi o ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. ʻO kēia mau manu he manuahi.
Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopau i nā holoholona decomposed a ʻoluʻolu loa. Ua ʻike ʻo ka kūlohelohe i ka huki mai ka ʻā a me kona koko i hala ke kahe mai ka ʻāʻī o ke ʻā ma ke kolala o ka fluff i ka lepo.
Makemake nui ka ʻūlio i ka ʻai
A i loko o kāna mau umauma e ola i nā maʻi kūikawā e hiki ke hōʻoli i ka mea make cadaveric. I mea e hoʻopale ai i ka plumage, hohola nā kuahiwi i ko lākou mau ʻēheu, me ka hoʻolaha ʻana iā lākou i nā kukuna o ka lā.
ʻAʻole e like me ka ʻōlekaʻAmelika, a he ʻano ʻono maikaʻi ia, ʻimi ka ʻōpala maʻamau i ka mea make me ke kōkua o ka hihiʻo, ke kahe nui ʻana i ka lewa a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā kino o nā holoholona hāʻule. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi i ke regale me nā mamm make make, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e hoʻowahāwahā i nā reptile o nā manu, me kekahi o kona mau hoahānau aloha, a me nā manawa a nā kānaka.
A hoʻokahi wale ke loaʻa ʻana i ka meaʻai, wikiwiki koke kona mau hoahānau ma laila. No kēia kumu, i ka hāʻawi ʻana aku i ka waiwai, loaʻa pinepine lākou i nā hakakā, hakakā a me nā hakakā. Akā inā hui pū nā manu hoʻowahāwahā e kūʻē i kā lākou mau hoa pai, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoweliweli a hoʻokūkū i nā nui nui a ikaika hoʻi e hoʻomaha.
Wahine wahine
Hiki i kēia mau poʻe i nā manu ke hoʻouka i nā mea ola wale nō inā e pōloli nui, akā ke koho pinepine ʻia nā maʻi a nāwaliwali no kēia. ʻOiai manu lele manuʻulu, no kahi kanaka ʻaʻole ia he pōʻino.
ʻO ka pilina a me ka lōʻihi
Hiki i nā manu ke hana i nā moa liʻiliʻi ma kahi o ʻeono mau makahiki ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. I waena o nā ʻuʻulu, he mau hui hewa monogamous, e nānā pono ana ke kāne i ka hoa hoʻokahi wale nō, a ʻo nā mākua e hānai i nā moa.
Hoʻomaka nā pāʻani pāʻani i ka manu ma Ianuali, e hoʻomau a hiki i Iulai. I ka wā o kēia manawa, mālama ke hoahele i kāna mea i koho ʻia, ka mea i ukali ʻia me ka mālama nui, nā hula o ka haʻaina a me ka leʻe i ka lewa.
Hoʻohālike ka nā ʻēheu o ke ʻāʻī
E holo ana nā hoa ma hope o kēlā me kēia, lawe ʻia a wehewehe i nā kaʻe i ka wā e pae ai lākou. ʻIke ʻia kahi lihi ākea i ka hana o nā ʻano like i ka lā Malaki a me ʻApelila No ka kau ʻana i nā hua manu, koho ʻia kahi kahi i ke kiʻekiʻe o kekahi mau mika. Hiki iā ia ke honu a i ʻole nā ʻōpala o nā kumulāʻau i hāʻule a maloʻo hoʻi i nā ʻōpala maloʻo.
ʻO kekahi, koho ʻia nā wahi nūhou no kēia ma lalo o kahi lalo o nā mea kanu, ma lalo o nā pōhaku a ma ke alo o nā pali. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mea i loko o nā hale kanaka i nā pawai o nā hale a i nā hale kūkulu ʻana. Hoʻohana pinepine nā ʻano kuʻuna i nā wahi i mākaukau ʻole a ʻaʻole e hana i kā lākou mau nest, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke wahi like no nā makahiki he nui.
ʻAla Pūnaewele
ʻO ka pinepine, ʻelua mau hua manu i waiho ʻia, akā hoʻokahi paha a ʻekolu. A ʻike ʻia nā moa i kekahi mau pule. Mālama nā mākua iā lākou, ke kāohi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Iʻelua mau mahina ma hope aku, ua holo paʻa nā cubs.
I ka pio, loaʻa paha nā ʻano like ʻole i kēlā me kēia ʻano like ʻole. Loaʻa ke ola ʻo Vulture i kahi makahiki he 40 mau makahiki. Pili pinepine kēlā kanaka o nā ʻano o kēia mau manu i ka mea me kahi kanaka a hiki i ka 50 makahiki.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻeleʻele
ʻO nā ʻalāleʻele ʻeleʻele kekahi o nā manu nui o ka ʻai ma ka honua, i ka lōʻihi e piʻi lākou i 95-120 keneta, a ʻo nā ʻēheu he 2.5-3 mau mika.
He lōʻihi ka huʻu o kahi o 30-45 kenimika, a me nā ʻēheu - 75-90 centimeter. Hoʻololi ka paona kino mai 4 a 14 paha. Noho ke komohana o nā manu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ko lākou nui. No laila ʻo ka nui o nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele e noho ana ma Sepania e liʻiliʻi ma ka nui o nā ʻalā mai Pokia ma kahi o 10%.
ʻO ka lele o ka manu ke nānā aku a nani loa.
He palaʻai o ka ʻoniʻula polū polu o nā manu o kēia ʻano. ʻAʻole ka pale o luna o ka ʻāʻī a me ke poʻo me ka hulu, akā me ka kala i lalo. Kuhi ʻia ka lalo o nā ʻā o nā hulu ʻulaʻulaʻula e like me ka lei.
ʻO nā ʻēheu he lōʻihi a lōʻihi. ʻO ka ikaika ka beak me nā hāmeʻa nui, ke kala hina-uliuli. ʻEleʻele nā wāwae o nā manu. ʻAno ʻeleʻele ka iris. I nā manu ʻōpio, ʻeleʻele loa ka plumage a me ka beak.
Holo wikiwiki nā ʻano manuʻai, me ka manaʻo nui a paʻa hoʻi. Hōʻalo nā manu i ke kani kūmū, mālie me ka hoʻopunipuni.
ʻO ke ola o nā ʻano ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a me ke kumu o kā lākou meaʻai
ʻO nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōpala kahi mau mea e ʻai ai nā kino o nā mammals liʻiliʻi, nā lau a me nā iʻa. Ke ʻimi nei kēia mau manu nui i ka waiwai mai ka lewa. ʻO ka manaʻo ʻo ia ka meaʻai ma kahi kokoke, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā ʻūlio e ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā duhi, nā ʻīlio a me nā pōʻai.
No ka ʻike ʻana i ke kupapaʻu o kekahi holoholona, hāʻule ka ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele me ka pōhaku, a ʻike i nā kānaka ʻē aʻe, ʻike aku i kēia neʻe, ua holo nui pū i ka waiwai. Ma kahi kokoke i nā loina o nā holoholona nui, a hiki i ka poʻe hōʻiliʻili e hōʻiliʻili ʻia.
ʻO ka ʻili ʻeleʻele kahi ʻike maikaʻi loa.
ʻO ka manuahi ʻeleʻele i ka kūlohelohe e hana i ke ʻano o nā orderlies i ka ulu lāʻau, me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kao manu make. Noho wale kēia mau manu i nā wahi mahana, no ka mea hiki ʻole iā lākou ke hoʻokō i ka ʻai ʻaʻai. ʻAi wale lākou i ke kupapaʻu, a me nā holoholona i ʻuʻuku i nā ʻōpala ʻaʻole pono lākou. No laila, ʻaʻole e hana ʻino nā kolo ʻeleʻele i nā kānaka. Akā, ʻoiai naʻe, ua emi nui ka lehulehu i nā makahiki 200 i hala.
ʻO ke kumu nui no ka emi ʻana o ka heluna o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Ke kanu nei nā kānaka i nā kino o nā holoholona i ka lepo, a ʻaʻole i hoʻolei iā lākou ma ka lepo, me ka hoʻohui pū i nā mea kanu lāʻau a lākou e hoʻohana ai i nā pesticides, kahi e komo ai i loko o nā ʻōpū o nā ʻokiʻoki i ka nahele a make iā lākou.
I kēia manawa, ua lilo loa nā ʻano kuahiwi i kahi ākea loa mai Korea a Pokukala. Aia ka heluna o ka heluna kanaka ma kahi o 5000 poʻe. Akā i kēia mau makahiki he ʻumi i hala ma ʻEulopa ua nui ka mahuahua o kēia mau ʻano, a ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe ke kūlana, e like me ka wā ma mua, e mau nei ke kaumaha.
He loli paha ka plumage o ke kua ʻeleʻele, e hilinaʻi ana ma ka noho ʻana.
ʻAne manu. ʻO ka wehewehe, nā hiʻohiʻona, nā ʻano ʻano, nā nohona a me nā wahi o ka ʻāʻī
ʻAʻole maikaʻi loa nā hiʻohiʻona o nā vultures. He manu neoprene lōʻihi ka manu, ua kuapo nui ʻia, a me ka goiter nui. ʻO ka laulā ākea a me ka laulā ma ka ʻāʻī e hoʻopuni i nā kihi, ua ʻanuʻu ʻia ka lāʻī, paʻa a paʻa i nā manamana lima - pōkole, pāwili liʻiliʻi. Aʻeleʻele ke kala o nā ʻala manu, ʻoi loa ka hina, ʻulaʻula a ʻeleʻele paha.
I ka manawa like, he ʻōwili a me nā manu lele e ʻāʻī. Ua hele a hele wikiwiki lākou, lele maikaʻi. Ua lohi ka lele i ka ʻāʻī, akā hiki i ka manu ke kū aʻe i kahi kiʻekiʻe. He nani nō hoʻi nā maka o nā ʻūkini i kēia mau wahi.
He haʻalulu nā manu a maikaʻi ʻole, palaka a me ka nui o ka manu. Ua ʻike ʻia lākou ʻo kekahi o nā manu ʻinā ʻoi loa.
Nā Mana Neck
ʻO nā ʻano manu he mau ʻāwili maʻamau. ʻAi lākou i ka kino o nā mommals, nui mau ungulates. ʻO ka nui o ka wai o ka gastric e ʻae ai ka manu i ka ʻili ʻana i nā iwi, a me nā microorganisms kūikawā i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻāwili e hōʻoli ai i ka ʻalā cadaveric.
I ka huli ʻana o ka meaʻai, piʻi ka ʻogala i nā kiʻekiʻe mai ka 200 a 500 m. Eia kekahi, ke nānā pono nei ʻo ia i nā manu ʻula a me nā hyena, hiki nō iā ia ke hana koa.
ʻO kahi kino o kekahi holoholona make, ke ʻai ʻia e kahi haneli ma nā haneli he nui. I ka manawa like, hiki iā lākou ke hopu piha i ka lāʻau antelope i loko o 10 mau minuke. Hoʻokahi ʻōpiopio ʻōpiopio a hiki i ka 1 kg o ka ʻiʻo. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻōpala ke hū aku i ka ʻili mānoanoa, akā, ʻo ke ʻano o kona poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī e hiki ai i ka manu ke hoʻopalulu i nā wahī o nā holoholona a me nā puʻupuʻu e pale ʻia.
Hōʻike manu
ʻAʻole maikaʻi loa nā hiʻohiʻona o nā vultures. He manu neoprene lōʻihi ka manu, ua kuapo nui ʻia, a me ka goiter nui. ʻO ka laulā ākea a me ka laulā ma ka ʻāʻī e hoʻopuni i nā kihi, ua ʻanuʻu ʻia ka lāʻī, paʻa a paʻa i nā manamana lima - pōkole, pāwili liʻiliʻi. Aʻeleʻele ke kala o nā ʻala manu, ʻoi loa ka hina, ʻulaʻula a ʻeleʻele paha.
I ka manawa like, he ʻōwili a me nā manu lele e ʻāʻī. Ua hele a hele wikiwiki lākou, lele maikaʻi. Ua lohi ka lele i ka ʻāʻī, akā hiki i ka manu ke kū aʻe i kahi kiʻekiʻe. He nani nō hoʻi nā maka o nā ʻūkini i kēia mau wahi.
He haʻalulu nā manu a maikaʻi ʻole, palaka a me ka nui o ka manu. Ua ʻike ʻia lākou ʻo kekahi o nā manu ʻinā ʻoi loa.
ʻUlturelelo ʻAmelika ʻAmelika (Gyps africanus)
He nui ka nui o ka manu. ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā ʻēheu mai 55 a 64 cm paha, ua loaʻa nā ʻēheu i ka 218 cm. He 24 a 27 cm ka lōʻihi a ka ʻehā. He keʻokeʻo a ʻona paha ke kala he pololi, ua ʻoi aku ka māmā o nā ʻelemakule ma mua o nā ʻōpio. Ma ke kumu o ka ʻāʻī ke kīleʻa keʻokeʻo o lalo. He ikaika ka beak, lōʻihi. ʻO ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī ʻole me ka hulu, ʻeleʻele. ʻEʻeleʻele nā maka. ʻEleʻele nā wāwae.
Ke ʻano nui nei nā iwi ma Sub-Saharan Africa (Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania, Mali, Nigeria, Cameroon, Southern Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, South Angola).
Noho ka manu ma savannas, ma nā pāpū a me nā kumu nahele sparse. ʻO nā mea loaʻa i nā wahi malshy, nā māla mauʻu, a me nā nahele i kokoke i nā muliwai. Noho ka ʻōpio ʻAmelika i nā kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 1,500 m ma luna o ke kai a i luna.
Ke manu nui nei nā manu ʻao ʻAmelika, a hiki ke hele wale ma hope o kā lākou pio.
ʻO Bihal Kaile (Gyps bengalensis)
He manu nunui me ka nui o ka kino e 75 i 90 cm. ʻO nā eheu o 200 a 220 cm.ʻO ka lehulehu o ka wāʻelemakule ma kahi ākea mai 3.5 a 7.5 kg.
I nā ʻōpiopio Bengal nui, heʻeleʻele ka plumage, ʻekeʻeleʻele, me nā pihi kālā ma kona mau ʻēheu. ʻAno ke poʻo a me ke ʻāʻī, aia i kekahi manawa me ka brown. Ma ke kumu o ka ʻili he “kolana” keʻokeʻo. Ke keʻokeʻo ka ʻili. Ke keʻokeʻo nei nā ʻēheu ma lalo nei, i ʻike ʻia i nā lele. Ikaika ka beak, pōkole, ʻeleʻele. ʻEleʻele nā pale, me nā puʻupe ikaika. Kāleʻele ka iris. ʻOi aku ka māmā o nā poʻe'ōpio ma mua o nā pākeke.
ʻO ka noho o kēia mau ʻano ka poʻe India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Iran. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i ka manu ma ka hikina o Asia, ma Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand a me Vietnam. Noho kekahi ʻōleʻa Bengal ma nā pāpū a me nā haʻahaʻa ma waena o nā kuahiwi. Eia kekahi, noho pinepine ʻo ia i kahi kanaka, kokoke i nā kauhale e lilo i kāna kahua forage. Pahu ka manu i nā kiʻekiʻe o 1000 m ma luna o ke kai.
Kiʻi Ka Manaʻo (Gyps fulvus)
ʻO ka loa o ke kino mai 93 a 110 cm, ʻo nā ʻēheu he 270 cm. ʻO ke poʻo liʻiliʻi o ka manu i uhi ʻia me ka keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, ʻoi ka beak. He brown i ka plumage ma ke kino, ma ka ʻōpū o ka māmā, ʻulaʻula. ʻEleʻele nā ʻēheu, aneane ʻeleʻele.ʻEleʻeleʻele nā iris, ʻeleʻele nā wāwae. He māmā nā ʻōpiopio, ʻulaʻula.
Noho ka ʻūlima ma ka'ākau hema o ʻEulopa, ma ka ʻākau a ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ʻAberika a me ʻAsia, kahi e noho ai ʻo ia i nā mauna a i ʻole i ka papa ʻaina a me nā ʻāina semi-wao me nā pōhaku. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia kēia manu ma nā mauna i ke kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 3000 m a i luna.
Hāloa a Himalayan Vulture (Gyps himalayensis)
He manu nui me ka paona ke kino he 8 a 12 kg, ka lōʻihi o 116 a 150 cm, a he mau ʻēheu a hiki i 310 cm. ʻO ke ʻano o ka plumage e like me kahi ʻalaʻula keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, akā i ka laulā nui ka ʻōmole ka manu, ʻaʻole kona "collar" i luna, akā he hulu. ʻO nā manu ʻōpio, ma kahi ʻē aʻe, ʻeleʻele hoʻi.
He mea maʻamau ka ʻano ma nā mauna kiʻekiʻe o nā Himalaya, ma Mongolia, Sayan, Tibet, ma Khubsugul, Pamir, Tien Shan, a me nā Dzungarian a me Zailiysky Alatau (ma nā kiʻekiʻe 2000 ka 5000 m). I ka hoʻoilo, lele i lalo i lalo.
ʻO wai ka poʻe ʻohana ʻahuʻula e ʻaina i ka ʻumiʻumi?
ʻO kahi ʻano manuahi ʻānele mai ka ʻohana o nā manu, ʻaʻole e like me kona mau kaikuaʻana ʻōniʻoniʻo o kēia ʻano, e kāʻei nei i kahi kolula ulaula nani. ʻO ka ʻumi ʻumiʻumi a me kahi pūpū o nā lauoho ʻeleʻele ma lalo o kāna nuku - kahi ʻano ʻumiʻumi. ʻO ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai lākou pēlā. ʻO kahi pākaukau punahele o kēia ʻano manuahi He iwi kēia iwi. Hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā moa me lākou.
Kanaka manu ʻōlio manu o ka iʻaʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hānai nui ʻo ia i ka kalima, akā inā hele mai ʻo ia ma ke kao a ʻokiʻoki i ʻole kuahiwi a poʻela chamois, hauʻoli ʻo ia e hoʻopau iā lākou.
He ʻumi kanaka manu a hipa paha ʻole.
I kekahi manawa ua ʻaihue ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻumiʻumi i nā keiki hipa mai nā kahu hipa o kona wahi, no ka mea āna i loaʻa ai inoa hou kekahi - keiki hipa vulture.
Neck propagation
Loaʻa nā ʻano ʻo Vultures i ka wīwī e pili ana i 6 mau makahiki. Mālama wale kēia mau manu, a ʻoluʻolu ke kāne i hoʻokahi wahine, a ʻo nā hoa ʻelua e hānai i nā moa.
Hoʻomaka ka wā ulu ma Ianuali a mau i ka Iulai. I kēia manawa, mālama ke kāne i ka wahine, mālama pono nui iā ia, hoʻokipa i nā hula lewa ma ka lepo a ma ka lewa. Hiki i ke kāne a me ka wahine ke holo ma hope o kekahi, a lawe i waho a wehewehe i nā kaʻe i ka wā e pae ai. Hoʻopau maoli ʻia nā manu i ia mau pāʻani i ka lā Malaki a me ʻApelila
No ka waiho ʻana i nā hua manu, koho nā ʻalemai i kahi wahi i ke kiʻekiʻe o kekahi mau mika mai ka lepo. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo kēia kahi hollow a i ʻole i ka lāʻau hāʻule i hāʻule a i ʻole kahi puʻu maloʻo. Holo pū kekahi manu i nā wahi i neʻe ʻia, i uhi ʻia me ka nui o nā mea kanu, ma lalo o nā pōhaku nui a i ʻole ma ka lihi o ka pali. ʻAʻole hopohopo nā ʻano he nui e pili ana i ka pili ʻana i ka hale o kānaka, no ka laʻana, ma nā kahawai o nā hale a i ʻole nā hale mahiʻai.
ʻAʻole kūkulu nā kiki i nā nests iā lākou iho, akā e hoʻāʻo e ʻimi i kahi kūpono kūpono no kēia mau hana, a laila e hoʻohana nā kāne i nā makahiki he nui.
I kahi pākeke, loaʻa i ka wahine ka 1 a 3 mau hua, ʻimi pinepine a ʻoi nā hua i nā hebedoma. E hānai nā mākua i nā keikikāne hou no 2-3 mau mahina, e lawe ana iā lākou i ka meaʻai ma kā lākou goiter nui.
I nā makahiki ʻelua o nā keiki, ua holo piha nā pōloli o ka ʻōpio.
Loaʻa ka ola ʻana o ka ʻōpio i kahi makahiki he 40 mau makahiki. I loko o ke pio ʻana, ua kākau ʻia nā hihia i ola ʻo ia manu ma kahi o 50 mau makahiki.
ʻO ka ʻano maʻamau
Ke lele kēia manu ma luna o ka honua, e nānā wale ʻia ka mea e hana nei i ka honua, akā ʻaʻole naʻe kēia. Maalea ka mea predator he mea kiaʻi pinepine ʻo ia i nā hoahānau, kahi kokoke nō hoʻi ma ka lele manuahi. O ka hiki koke aku la kekahi i ka lepo, no ke koena he hoailona - o ke kanaka make ma lalo malalo iho nei, a hahai pu no hoi lakou. ʻO ka poʻe e pilikia ana, ka pōʻino nui, ʻeha ʻia i ka makewai a me ka pōloli wale hoʻi, ua makaʻu ʻole lākou i nā ʻano manu - ʻaʻole loa lākou e paʻi i kahi mea ola. ʻO kekahi mea ʻē aʻe ua hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe maoli i ka make ma o ke kokoke ʻana a ke kali nei i ka make o ka "ʻaina awakea".
ʻO kekahi kanaka kūʻokoʻa ʻole i ka holoholona a ʻaʻole loa e hoʻomaka lākou i ka ʻai.
ʻO nā ʻike e pili ana i ka manu
- Ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka nui o nā manu, i kēia lā e mālama ʻia ana kēia mau manu. Hoʻopilikia pinepine ʻia nā manu e nā mea pakanā a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ai e ka poʻe i ka mahiʻai. No laila, i nā ʻāina i noho ai nā vultures, ʻaʻole pāpā pinepine ʻia e hoʻohana, no ka laʻana, diclofenac i ka lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau. Hoʻohui wale ʻia ka hopu manu ʻana.
- I nā hana kilokiloʻAmelika Hema, ʻo ka muti o ka uahi ʻana i ka ʻōpū mauʻu kulu ʻōpala e wānana i ka wā e hiki mai ana. I ka manawa o ka Honua ʻAmelika ma ʻAmelika Hema (2010), ua hoʻohana pinepine nā kānaka i kēia ala kahiko no ka wānana i nā hopena o ka hoʻokūkū a ua kokoke lākou i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i ka noho ʻana o nā ʻuʻulu.
ʻO nā ʻokoʻa mai nā ʻano like like
Hiki ke hilahila ʻia ka ʻōpio o loko o ʻAmelika me ʻekolu mau ʻuʻuku ʻē aʻe: ʻo Cape Vulture mai ʻApelika Hema, ʻo Rippel Vulture, e noho nei ma nā ʻaoʻao komohana, waena-ʻākau a me ka hikina o ʻApelika, a me ka ʻaha hulu keʻokeʻo e noho ana ma ka ʻaoʻao Sudan, ʻAsia, Maliʻa, Mauritania a me Senegal.
He ʻoi aku ka nui o ka Cape Vulture, me ka beak e ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi a me ka lei. He mau ʻeleʻele nā maka manu ʻōlehu, nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe, a ma ka lele ma kahi e ʻoi aku ai ka lehelehe i lalo o nā ʻēheu, ʻeleʻele nui nā uhi hulu, a ʻo nā hulu ʻelua ʻāpana o ke kauoha ʻelua e ʻike ʻia. ʻOi aku ka lono o nā manu ʻōpio a ʻoi aku ka lipo hou aʻe, me ka ʻāʻī ʻīkole ulaula.
Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻā o Ruppel ma mua o ka ʻāʻī o ʻAmelika, me ka beak ka nui, me ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi a me ka ʻili hoki. He hiki ʻole iā ia ke hoʻokauhewa i ka ʻāʻī o Rüppel o nā pālule me ka ʻōpio o ʻAmelika, ʻoiai ʻo ka manu ʻōpio a like like like me ia, akā ua māmā a he pu, a me nā maka melemele, ke aniani a me ka hina hina. He mea maʻalahi ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻā o ka Rüppel i ka lele: ma luna o nā hulu ʻeleʻele o ka lele.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ʻeke a griffon, me nā ʻēheu lōʻihi a me ka ʻāʻī pōkole a me ka huelo. ʻĀnila nā maka. ʻOi aku ka māmā o ka maka o ka plumage a ʻoi aku ka ʻulaʻula ma mua o ka ʻāʻī Aferika. ʻEleʻele ka hulu hulu kahe o nā ʻēheu. Loaʻa ka laulā o nā ʻēheu i ka like like me ka ʻōpū, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hulu a me ka huelo.
He aha nā mea e ʻai ai nā manu?
He manu manu ʻaʻai ʻo Vulture, a i ʻole, he ʻoka. Hoʻokomo iki kēia mau manu i nā mea ola, makemake ʻia e ʻai i nā kino o nā holoholona. ʻO kekahi manawa wale nō i ka manawa hōʻeha kaumaha, ʻike ka wiwo ʻole e kūʻē i nā holoholona ola. Eia naʻe, i kēia hihia, hoʻāʻo nā manu e koho i nā mea nāwaliwali nāwaliwali loa ʻole.
Ua ʻike nā ʻepekema ʻepekema i ka hele ʻana o kēia mau manu i ka mea a ke ʻola manuahi i nā loina o nā mammals, akā aia kekahi mau mea ʻaʻole i haʻalele i nā reptiles, iʻa, a me nā hoahānau ona - ʻo nā manu ʻē aʻe. He mea pīhoihoi ia, no ka laʻana ma India, ka ʻūlū me ka leʻaleʻa i nā kino o nā poʻe i kālai ʻia e like me ka mea maʻamau ma hope o ka make i ka muliwai Ganges.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana iā Vulture
ʻO nā hua manu Gyps (vultures, a vultures paha) he mau iwi mai ka ʻohana hawk, i ʻōlelo ʻia hoʻi me nā ʻano manu honua kahiko.. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻohālike lākou i ka ʻAmelika (nā ʻeleʻele o ka Honua Mua) akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ko lākou mau hoahānau. A me nā manu ʻeleʻele hoʻi, kahi o ka ʻohana like me nā manu a ka mea i make i ka genus Aegypius monachus.
Ehia nā manu e ola nei
Ua manaʻo ʻia aia e noho lōʻihi ana kēia poʻe lawehana (ma ke ʻano a me ka hoʻopio), ma kahi o 50-55 mau makahiki. Ua kamaʻilio ʻo Alfred Brem e pili ana i ka launa kupapaʻu o ka ʻūlū keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a me ka ʻīlio kahiko, ka mea e noho pū me kahi kahu ʻihi. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka ʻīlio, hāʻawi lākou i ka pahu, akā ʻo ia, a pōloli hoʻi, ʻaʻole ia i hoʻopā i kāna hoa, make ʻo ia a make i ka walu o ka lā.
Nā ʻano ʻano honu
Hoʻokahi nā huaʻōlelo Gyps i ka 8 mau ʻano:
- ʻO nā gyps africanus - ʻĀpana ʻAmelika,
- ʻO nā kikowaena Gyps - ke kai kūleʻa Bengal,
- Gyps fulvus - pua ʻōpihue,
- Hōʻikeʻike Gyps - ʻili manu Indian,
- ʻO nā kāpena gyps - Cape vulture,
- ʻO nā pāpale gyps ruppellii - ʻO ka ʻōpala ʻo Rippel,
- Gyps himalayensis - hau hōkū,
- ʻO Gyps tenuirostris - kekahi ʻano i manaʻo ʻia he subspecies o nā India.
ʻO Habitat, noho
Hoʻopili kēlā me kēia ʻano pili i kahi ʻano kikoʻī, me ka ʻole o ka waiho ʻana i kona mau palena, e koho ai no ka noho ʻana i ka ʻāina nū ʻokoʻa - nā wao nahele, nā savannas a me nā kiʻi puʻu. Loaʻa ka ʻōpala ʻAmelika i nā pāpū, ma savannas, nā nahele spandse ma ke kūkulu hema o Sahara, a me nā lau nahele, ma nā wahi a me nā nāhelehele kokoke i nā muliwai. Noho ka Gyps tenuirostris i nā ʻāpana o India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar a me Cambodia. Piʻi ka mauna huluhulu H Kumaya (Kumai) i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o Central / Central Asia, e noho ana ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2 a 5.2 km, ma luna o ka piko o ka nahele.
Noho ʻo Vavaleka ma Kōkelika Hema (Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Nepal) a ma kahi ʻāpana ʻĀina Hema. Makemake nā manu e noho kokoke i nā kānaka (a i loko o nā kūlanakauhale nui) kahi lākou e loaʻa ai ka nui o ka meaʻai no lākou iho.
Noho ka ʻōpio kōneʻe i nā ʻaoʻao komohana o India a ma kahi hema hema o Pakistan. ʻO ka ʻahe mau ʻana o Cape Seth ma ke kūkulu hema o ka ʻāina ʻAmelika. Maanei, ma Aferika, akā aia ma ka ʻākau a me ka hikina, e noho ana ka ʻōpala o Rippel.
ʻO ka holopapa ʻo Griffon - kahi kamaʻāina o nā ʻāpana (mauna a me nā ʻāpana) o ʻApelika ʻAmelika, ʻAsia a me Hema. Aia ia ma nā kuahiwi o Kaukusus a ma Crimea, kahi kahi noho kaʻawale kanaka. I nā kenekulia 19, lele nā ʻeleʻele keʻokeʻo mai Crimea a hiki i Sivash. I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia nā ʻalā i nā wahi like ʻole o ka mokuahi ʻo Kerch: ma nā kākana ʻo Karadag a me ʻIleʻele ʻ ,lepaʻa ʻae ʻia, a me nā panee Bakhchisarai, Simferopol a me Belogorsk.
ʻAne Pūʻai ʻAmelika
He manu manu manu nā manu kēia, e ʻimi ana i ka mea ʻai me ka hoʻolālā lōʻihi a kahawai nui.. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā ʻano manuā, ʻaʻole like me nā ʻehā o ka Honua Hou, ka mea i paʻa ʻole i ko lākou ʻano o ka honi, akā me ka maka aniani, hiki iā ia ke ʻike i kahi holoholona e weliweli.
Aia ka papa hana i nā kino kino ungulate (ʻo ka mea mua) a mai nā koena o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. I kaʻaiʻai o ka manuā:
Ma nā kuahiwi a me nā neoneo, hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā manu i nā kaʻe mai luna a i ʻole me nā mea wīwī i hōʻike mai ai ka hunting. I ka lua o nā kūlana, pono nā puka manu e kali i ka holoholona satiated e haʻalele i ke alo. ʻAʻole wikiwiki ke a manu, a inā ua hōʻeha ʻia ka holoholona, kali no kona make kūlohelohe a hoʻomaka wale ʻoe e ʻai.
Nui! Kūlike ʻole i ka manaʻo maʻamau, ʻaʻole e pau ka pau i ka make, lawe lākou i ko lākou make. Inā hōʻike koke ka "kīʻaha" i nā hōʻailona o ke ola, mau ka ʻōpio i ka manawa pōkole, e neʻe ana i ka ʻaoʻao.
Hoʻokahi ka beak i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū o ke kupapaʻu a hoʻopili i kona poʻo i loko, e hoʻomaka ana i ka pāʻina. Ma hope o ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka pōloli mua, huki ka ʻakeke i nā ʻōpū, hoʻohemo iā lākou a ʻai iā lākou. ʻAi ʻia ka ʻai manu a wikiwiki a ka hānai ʻana i kahi anele nui i loko o nā ʻohana he ʻumi ma nā 10-20 mau minuke. ʻO ka pinepine, ua ʻohi ʻia nā ʻano ʻano manu like no ka ʻahaʻaina ma kahi kokoke i kahi nui, no kā lākou ʻano ʻokoʻa.
Hāpai kekahi kekahi i nā ʻāpana haki palupalu (ka pulupulu a me ka offal), nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ma ka paʻakikī (cartilage, iwi, tendons a me ka ʻili). Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻano liʻiliʻi ke hoʻopiʻi i kahi kāikela nui (no ka laʻana, kahi elepani me kona ʻili lolohala), no laila ke kali nei lākou i nā ʻohana nui. Ma ke ala, kahi waiʻona kūlohelohe - wai momona ka hōʻiliʻili i nā maʻi āpau, nā maʻi huapuni a me nā meaʻala - e kōkua i ka pale aku i nā ʻehā kūoʻi cadaveric. Ua hōʻike ʻia ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke hoʻomau ʻia ka pōloli o ka pōloli lohi.
Pahu a keiki
Noho aliʻi ʻo Vulture i ka monogamy - noho paʻa nā kāne i ka make o kekahi o nā hoapili. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻokoʻa i ka fecundity, e hana ana i nā hua i hoʻokahi manawa i hoʻokahi makahiki, a me 2 mau makahiki paha.
I loko o nā ʻōpū e noho ana i ke anima hoʻokaumaha māmā, hāʻule ka wā māla i ka puna mua. Ke hoʻāʻo nei ke kāne e hoʻohuli i ke poʻo wahine me aerobatics. Inā kūleʻa ʻo ia, ma hope o kekahi manawa (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi lā) hua ʻōpio keʻokeʻo i loko o ka nalo, i kekahi manawa me nā pōkā brownish. He pua ʻaʻanū, i kūkulu ʻia ma ka puʻu (pali a i ʻole kekahi lāʻau) e pale ai i nā mea ʻānai, e like me ka lālani o nā lālā pala, kahi a ka lalo e waiho ai me ka mauʻu.
He hoihoi kēia! Hoʻokomo ka makua makua ma ka hana incubation, mau loa 47-57 lā. ʻOluʻolu nā mākua i ka masonry no laila: ʻoiai hoʻokahi manu e noho ana i loko o ka pūnana, ʻo nā kahu ʻē aʻe e ʻimi i ka ʻai. Ke hoʻololi nei ka "kahu", ua huli pono ka hua.
Uhiia i ka pua keʻokeʻo ka pua i keʻokeʻo, e hāʻule ana i ka mahina ma hope aʻe, e hāʻawi ana i ke keʻokeʻo i ka ʻulaʻula. E hānai nā mākua i ke keiki me ka meaʻai semi-diged, e kāpī nei iā ia mai ka goiter. ^ E Ha yM. Noho lōʻihi ka noho aliʻi ʻana ma ka pūnana, e piʻi ana ma luna o ka ʻēheu ma mua o 3-4 mau mahina, akā i kēia manawa ke hōʻole ʻole ka ʻai ʻana i ka makua. E kūʻokoʻa kūleʻa ka ʻōpio ʻōpiopio i loko o ʻeono mahina, a ʻo ka wā ʻōpiopio ʻaʻole i mua o 4-7 mau makahiki.
Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe
ʻO ka ʻenemi kūlohelohe maoli e pili ana i kāna mau ʻai meaʻai ʻai e ʻai nei i nā ʻōpio - nā ʻīlio, nā pua a me nā manu nui. Ke haʻalele nei mai ka hope, hoʻomalu ʻo ka huelo iā ia iho me kahi puʻupuʻu koi o ka ʻēheu, unuhi ʻia i loko o ke kūlana kū. ʻO ka maʻamau ka loaʻa ʻana o ka manu lele i kahi pupuhi maka a hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ka home. Me nā ʻīlio a me nā hyena pono e hoʻomaka i nā hakakā, e pili ana i nā ʻēheu ʻaʻole wale nō, akā he beki ikaika nō hoʻi.
Ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana a me nā ʻano
Ua emi nui nei ka nui o nā ʻehā o ka Honua Mua i nā ʻāpana a pau o nā wahi āpau. ʻO kēia ma muli o nā kumu anthropogenic, ʻo ka hoʻoweliweli loa o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kūlana kūlohelohe ma ka mahiʻai. Ma lalo o nā rula hou, pono e hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā holoholona i hāʻule a kanu ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea i waiho ʻia i nā pā manu. ʻO ke hopena, e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ko lākou kūlana maʻemaʻe, akā ua hoʻopau ʻia ka lako o nā meaʻai a nā manu ʻai nui, me nā ʻano manu. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nui o ka ihu manuahi e hoʻemi ana i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā hui kaiapuni, ʻo Kumai, ʻo Cape a me Bengal hele i kēia manawa. He mau ʻōuli a endangered (e like me ka International Union for Conservation of Nature) ʻo ia kekahi ʻūhā o Aferika, ʻoiai ka pālahalaha ʻana o ka nui o ka heluna a puni ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ma West Africa, ua hāʻule ka nui o nā mea ola e ʻoi aku ma mua o 90%, a ʻo ka huina o nā manu he 270 tausani mau poʻo.
He hoihoi kēia! ʻO ka hana o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ke kanaka ka mea e hoʻopiʻi ai no ka hoʻēmi ʻana o ka ʻōpio o Aferika, me ka kūkulu ʻana o nā kūlanakauhale / kauhale hou ma ke kahua savannah, kahi e waiho ai ka mamulate i ka mammals.
E ʻimi ʻia nā ʻōpū no ka poʻe kamaʻāina e hoʻohana iā lākou no ka hana mau voodoo. Loaʻa ʻia nā poʻe ola e kūʻai aku ai ma kahi ʻē aʻe.. ^ E Ha yM. Ua make pinepine nā ʻōiwi ʻAmelika mai kēia manawa uila, e noho ana i nā wili ma lalo o ka puʻu kiʻekiʻe. Ua make nō nā ʻūhā o Aferika mai nā mea make i ka lāʻau make pesticides (no ka laʻana, ʻo ka carbofuran) a i ʻole hoʻi diclofenac i hoʻohana ʻia e nā holoholona koa e mālama i ka pipi i loko o ko lākou kino.
ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe e hina lō ana nā helu ma kahi ʻeleʻele pihi keʻokeʻo. Ua manuahi pū ka manu mai ko lākou ʻano kanaka maʻamau a nele i kāna ʻai maʻamau (ungulates). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike ka International Union for Conservation of Nature i ka pili ʻana o ka mea ʻano, e hoʻowahāwahā ana i ka liʻiliʻi o kona hoʻopuni a me nā ʻoihana. I ko mākou ʻāina, he mea ʻilihune keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, ʻo ia ke kumu i kiʻi ʻia ai i ka ʻaoʻao o ka Red Book of the Russian Federation.
ʻUlturelelo Indien (Gyps tenuirostris)
He manu lele nui, e like like me ka neʻe a me ka ʻōpio India. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kona kino mai 80 a 95 cm. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka plumage, he ʻeleʻele ke poʻo. ʻAʻole hulu ka lōʻihi o ka lei.
Loaʻa ʻia nā ʻano ma India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar a me Cambodia.
Hoʻaiho
ʻO nā hale noho kaulana kahi punahele, nā pāpū, a me nā nahele ulu. Hiki ke loaʻa i nā ma nā wahi kahawai, nā lāʻau a me nā ulu lāʻau nāu ma kahi o nā muliwai. ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā manu e noho ana ma nā lāʻau. ʻAʻole noho nā kolo o ʻAmelika i nā ulu lāʻau ikaika. Noho lākou i kahi kokoke me nā mammals nui, nā kahu manu, kokoke kokoke i kahi kahu hipa a kokoke i nā kahu hipa. E haʻalele nā manu i nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale nui. Noho ka hapanui ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1,500 m ma luna o ke kai, akā ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau manu ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 3,000 m ma Kenya a me 3,500 m ma ʻAsia.
Nā Moho
He manuʻaka a helu manu paha nā manu. I ka huli ʻana o ka meaʻai, hiki i nā manu makua ke lele ma waena o nā ʻāina ākea i kēlā me kēia lā. Ke neʻe nei i kahi hou e neʻe nei ma muli o ka hiki ʻana o nā pua o ka lewa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike ʻana i kahi nui o ke kamaʻi a ma muli o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ua. Aia ma ʻAwelika Hema, ʻekolu mau manu kani ʻelemene i neʻe aku i wahi hou ma kahi mamao o 67–362 km, a ʻewalu mau manu ʻōpio - ma 117–980 km !.
Helu
ʻOiai ka manaʻo o ka ʻōpala o Aferika i loaʻa a loaʻa pinepine i ka ʻāina ākea o ʻApelika, e like me ka International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), he mau mea e pau ka hopena. Kahi ʻia ka helu o nā poʻe ma kahi o 270 tausani.Ma West Africa, ua hōʻole ka nui o ka poʻe ma mua o ka 90%, i ka emi ʻana o ka nui ma Ghana, ʻo Niger (ʻaʻohe manu i kū mai i loko o ke kahua kūloko mai ka makahiki 1997), ʻo Nigeria (ʻaʻohe nānā mai ka makahiki 2011), Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia a me Kenya (ma ka lāhui Masai Mara ua emi iho e 52% i nā makahiki 15 i hala iho nei. Akā ma kahiʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe ka paʻa o ka helu o kēlā me kēia kanaka ma ʻAitiopa, Tanzania a ma ʻAmelika Hema, kahi e helu nei ka helu o nā manu ma kahi o 40 tausani kanaka. ʻOiai he mea ʻole ka hoʻoweliweli a ka ʻōpio o Aferika i ka pau ʻole, aia i nā pilikia a heʻe paha ka nui o kēia mau manu.
ʻO kekahi o nā kumu o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka nui o nā kānaka i ka mea anthropogenic - ke emi mau nei nā wahi a me nā wahi no ka ulu ʻana o nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale, a me lākou ka helu o ka ungulates, kahi kumu nui o ka meaʻai no nā vultures, e hoʻoemi ana. Ua make nā hua manu o Aferika ma muli o nā puka uila e neʻe nei i nā laina. Eia kekahi, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā hihia o ka make ʻana o nā ʻōpio o Aferika ma ke ʻano o ka make ʻana, ka mea i loaʻa ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā pesticides pakanu (e komo pū ana me ka carbofuran) e ke kanaka, me ka muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka diclofenac no nā kumu lāʻau - ka lāʻau lapaʻau ʻaʻole pōʻino no nā holoholona, akā ʻōpio. Ua ʻimi ʻia nā ʻūkū o ʻAmelika i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia nā hana e like me ka voodoo. Ua hoʻopaʻa pū ʻia nā helu kumu o ke kūʻai ʻana aku i nā manu ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā ana palekana
ʻO nā helu ʻānele o ʻAmelika e nānā mau ʻia. Mālama kēia holoholona i kekahi mau wahi. Ke ʻike nei ka poʻe i nā pōʻino o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā poʻomanaʻo e kāohi i nā pōpoki. ʻAʻole pāpā ʻia ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau ʻona a me nā diclofenac i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Ke hana ʻia nei nā ʻano hana like ʻole e hoʻonaʻauao i ka lehulehu no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā pōʻino o ka make ʻana o ka manu ma muli o ka mea ʻono a manuʻai paha no lākou.