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palaunu, a i ole maʻamau, pepeiao (He manu liʻiliʻi ʻo Plecotus auritus) kahi holoholona i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻohana o nā pā maʻamau (Vespertillionidae).

Maʻalahi ka manaʻo e pili ana kona inoa me kahi pepeiao. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua like ka lōʻihi o ka pepeiao o ka nui o ka holoholona. Ke hiamoe nei kēia ʻōpū a hoʻomaha wale paha, e hoʻolei ana i kona mau pepeiao a huna iā ia ma lalo o kona mau ʻēheu.

Noho ka Brown ushanka ma nā ulu coniferous a deciduous ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ko mākou ʻāina, i Siberia Hema a me ka Far East, akā i kēlā me kēia wahi ka hapa o kēia holoholona. Ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, noho lākou ma Portugal, North Africa, Palestine, Iran, Central China.

He mau ʻēheu pōkole ka ushana a me ka laulā, nā ʻēheu e hiki ai i 28 sentimeter. He pālahalaha ka huluhulu a lōʻihi paha. ʻO kona kala ma ke kua mai ke aniani a he brown-brown, ma ka ʻōpū he māmā ia.

ʻO nā meaʻai nui no kēia mau ʻāpana he mau pepeke: nāu, nā pōnati, nā ʻanuʻu. ʻAʻole hopu wale ka ushanka iā lākou, akā ʻohi pū nō hoʻi iā lākou i nā kumulāʻau, hele hewa a hele i nā lālā. Kupanaha nō naʻe ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o kēia holoholona liʻiliʻi i kāna mea make me ka maka ʻole, akā me ka pepeiao nui, me ke kōkua o echolocation. No laila, i nā holoholona, ​​ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka hiki ke hoʻomālamalama a ʻike i nā kani aniani i ka lewa.

Pau kēia ʻai i nā ʻāpana malū a nāʻu pōpoki paha, e kiola ana i kona mau ʻēheu a me ka uhi ʻana o ka maʻi nā pepeke.

He holoholona nocturnal ʻO Brown Ushanka; lele ia e ʻimi ana i ka ʻai i ka pō a me nā holoholona a hiki i ka wanaʻao. I ke awakea, hoʻomaha ka holoholona o kēia holoholona, ​​e peʻe ana i nā puʻupuʻu nui: nā lāʻau a me nā ana. Noho wale ka pepeiao, ʻoiai ʻo kekahi manawa ke hui pū ʻia i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.

Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo, ʻeleʻele nā ​​pepeiao o ka pepeiao. Hiamoe lākou, e like me ke koena o ka papa umu, kū i lalo, e pā ana me ka wāwae hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha i kekahi lālā a pā paha i ko lākou pale. ʻO kekahi manawa i ke waena o ka hoʻoilo, hiki i ka ushana ke hoʻopilikia i kahi mea, a ala ʻo ia i ke ala, ʻaʻole naʻe no ka lōʻihi - hiamoe koke ʻo ia.

Hōʻike nā hua o nā pepeiao o ka pepeiao i ka hoʻomaka o ke kauwela. E like me ke kānāwai, ua hānau ʻia kahi mania liʻiliʻi, hilo a makapō. Hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻo ia i ka makuahine, nāna e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke keiki iā ia a hiki i kona aʻo ʻana e lele kūʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole komo ke kāne i ka hānai ʻana. ʻAe mau nalo aku ka wā e hānau ai ka pēpē.

Kūleʻa nā pepeiao o liʻiliʻi ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina ma mua o ko lākou mau hoahānau makua.

Manaʻo ʻia nā Ushans he mau kānaka pono maikaʻi kēia mau mea, no ka mea, luku lākou i ka nui o nā iniseti e hōʻeha nui i nā lāʻau. I kahi hihiu, noho kēia mau pā nani a ʻumi aʻumi makahiki.

Aia pū ia me nā ʻElima Huli ʻEulopa, nā Puke ʻĀwili o nā Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan a me Tomsk Regions, the Republic of Tatarstan. Mālama ʻia i ka mālama waiwai o Denezhkin Kamen a me ka paka kūʻai ʻo Deer Brooks.

ʻO ke kiʻi iā Ushan bat

Hoʻopau pinepine ʻo ia i nā lālā o nā lāʻau a i ʻole nā ​​paia o nā hale, e hoʻopili ana iā lākou me kona mau manamana lima a ʻohiʻohi i nā iniseti e lawelawe ai iā ia i meaʻai. Ua uhi ʻia ke kino o ka ushana me ka hulu ʻēwe. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o luna he melemele, ʻeleʻele hoʻi ia, a ka ʻulaʻula. A ʻo ka ʻōpū wale nō ka keʻokeʻo.

ʻO ka bat ka mea maʻamau ma waena ma ka māhele waena a me ka ʻākau o ʻEulopa. Ma Lūkia, ua kahele ʻia ma kāna ʻāpana ʻĀpana, ʻaʻole nā ​​ʻāpana ʻākau. Loaʻa no ia ma ka Leka Hema a me Siberia hema. ʻO nā wahi noho ʻo Ushanka ka conifous a me ka ulu lāʻau hala, nā mauna a me nā neoneo, akā ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi.

Pēlā paha e hālāwai ai kēia mau holoholona liʻiliʻi a noho mākou a puni iā ​​mākou. Eia kekahi, i kahi ma ke ʻano, i ka wā e hele nei i nā huakaʻi holoholo, a aia paha ma ka ʻāina, lele me wehan kokoke. Akā hāʻawi i ko lākou liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nocturnal, ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike iā lākou.

Ke kali nei lākou i ka lā ma kahi o nā kumulāʻau, nā ana, nā mākaʻi, nā puʻu hale o nā hale, kahi a lākou e ʻike ai i ka malu. Noho hoʻokahi wale nō ʻo Ushan, ʻaʻole pinepine i loko o nā pālua a paʻa ʻole i nā hui liʻiliʻi. ʻAi lākou i kahi kokoke i nā hale kiai, ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka nahele a i ʻole kahi puʻu ʻia.

Hoʻokahi manawa hoʻokahi makahiki - i ke kauwela, hoʻonui ka ushanka. Ma ke ala, hānau wale ʻia ka cub, i kekahi manawa - ʻelua. Hānau ʻia nā kamaliʻi, nā pale ʻole a me nā palaka makapō. Kau ka makuahine i kahi pēpē e paʻa mau ana i ka nipple a hiki i ka hiki ke lele.

Ma nā ana , i loko o nā pahu wai a me nā lalo, loaʻa ke keiki i nā wahi mahana, kahi e piʻi ai no ka hoʻoilo a me nā pua.

I ka nahele ushana pōmaikaʻi, no ka mea e hoʻopau iā ia i nā pōʻino pepeke.

Manaʻo wau e nānā iā ʻoe e pili ana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni e pili ana i nā pono kanaka no nā aerodynamic pono o nā ʻalā.

E ʻoliʻoli i kāu nānā ʻana, e waiho i nā ʻōlelo i ka palapala ma lalo nei.

Pōloli maikaʻi ka lele lele ʻana a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, iā mākou!

HoʻopāʻāluaʻO kaʻu wahi holoholona , i mua o ka nui o nā mea hoihoi e pili ana i nā holoholona.

Heʻike kupaianaha ʻo Wushan

nā alakaʻi aupuni a pau no Belarus

ʻO ka ʻohana Smooth-nosed (Vespertilionidae).

Aia nui ia ma Belarus, akā ʻaʻole nui ma nā wahi āpau. Ua ʻoluʻolu ke ʻano. Aia ka palena o Belarus no kahi ma waena o ka ʻāpana o ka Europa i kēia ʻano.

ʻOi ka nui o nā nui ma kahi o ke poʻo hina. ʻO Wingspan 25-29.5 cm, ka lōʻihi o ke kino 3.4-5.4 cm, ʻehā 4.0-5.2 cm, pepeiao o 2.8-4.5 cm, mau kuʻuna 3.8-4.9 cm, kaupaona 4.7-10.5 g.

ʻO ka puʻupuʻu ka palu hulu ka hulu. Kūpele ʻia nā kala i kēlā me kēia ʻano like a me ka hoʻohuli ʻana. ʻEleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha ka kumu o ka lauoho, i ukali ʻia e nā ʻūhā-hina mauʻu a me nā ʻōlelo ʻulaʻula. ʻO ke kua o nā holoholona ma Belarus ka mālamalama hina me ka panina paʻa i ʻike ʻia, a ma mua hoʻi i nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī a me ka ʻōpū. ʻĀnō a keʻokeʻo hoʻi ka ʻōpū. I ka manawa ke loaʻa, ʻike ʻia nā kānaka me ka hulu ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ka leehilahi. ʻO nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio ka ʻōpala a nā kumu ʻōpio ma mua o nā pākeke. I nā poʻe'ōpiopio, ua hōʻike palupalu ke kala melemele i ke kala. ʻAʻole i haʻi ʻia ka mālamalama "kolu" o ka hina hina hina ma luna o ka lauoho ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī.

ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona e hōʻike ana i ka pepeiao o ka pepeiao. ʻO ka waenakonu o ka pepeiao i uhi ʻia me nā pahulima pinepine. He lōʻihi ka haki o ke tragus (a hiki i 1.9 cm) a hiki hoʻi, me kahi kiʻi kikoʻī. ʻOi aku ka māmā o nā Auricles ma mua o nā membranes. Kūpī ka pepeiao, ma nā maloʻo maloʻo kahi maloʻo lākou i ka "tube" a "hipa". Hoʻololi ʻia nā lehelehe i luna o ka muzzle. ʻO ka muzzle ke nānā ʻia mai ka ʻaoʻao mai he pōkole, me ka ihu ikaika nui. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka helehelena māmā o ka muzzle i ʻulaʻula ʻia i ka ʻili. Ma ka nui o ka anteroposterior o nā maka, aia kahi nui, oval tubercle e lawe ana i kahi pūpū lauoho, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka nui o ka maka.

ʻO ka wāwae ka lōʻihi, ʻo kona lōʻihi e kāpae ai i nā ʻōpū he 9-10 mm. ʻO ka lauoho ma luna o nā manamana wāwae o ka wāwae he lōʻihi a paʻakikī, ma ke ʻano o nā bristles. Ma waena o nā kumu o nā manamana lima o ka wāwae, e like me ke kānāwai, ʻike maopopo ʻia nā membrane kiri (i nā poʻe noho ola).

ʻO nā ʻēheu he laulā a pōkole. Hoʻololi a ʻeleʻele paha ka brown Flying. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka membrane caudal i nā wāwae hind i ke kumu o nā manamana lima a waiho i ka muʻalima caudal hope loa. ʻAʻole kūkulu ʻia ka epiblem.

Nā hiʻohiʻona. Hoʻolālā maikaʻi ka ʻili o hope o ka mau ihu, kahi pālei nui i uhi ʻia me ka vibrissae ma luna o ka maka. I ke kala o ka hulu i laila ke kala mau ʻia nā kala a me ka melemele: ke alo a kahi ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula paha, ʻōʻī ke keʻokeʻo. Ma kahi hoʻohālikelike i ka uka hina hina, ʻo ke poʻo o ke kīʻaha mua ke kaha, ʻoi aku ka hope o ka saber, 2.5-3.1 mm ka lōʻihi a me ka lōʻihi o ka wāwae (ke waiho ʻana i nā claws) 9-10 mm.

Ma ka hopu ʻana, hōʻemi huhū ʻia nā mea kīwī brown.

ʻAʻole i okoa ka piʻi o ka hōʻailona o ka hōʻailona ultrasonic o ka pepeiao pepeiao a me ka hina, a ʻaʻole i 3 i nā neʻe pae: 13-15, 35, 50 kHz.

ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui nui i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ushana i loko o Eurasia ka nele o ka hoʻopili ʻana i kekahi puʻukū a me ka hiki ke noho ma nā wahi ākea. Hiki ke loaʻa i nā hale manu, i nā hollows, ma lalo o kahi pāpaʻi, i nā attics, ma hope o nā kī a me nā puka makani.

ʻOkoʻa nā kamaʻoniʻoni o nā pepeiao pepeiao: mai nā ululāhi pale mālama a hiki i

nā ʻāpana o nā hale papaʻa lehulehu o nā kūlanakauhale o kēia wā. Akā ka hoʻokō

Kūkulu kēia ʻano holoholona i kahi o nā mea kanu lapuwale. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā ʻano liʻiliʻi o nā ʻōpala, kēlā me kēia kanaka i ʻike ʻia ma kahi huina ahiahi i kahi kokoke i kekahi o kā mākou kauhale. Ma muli o kona ʻimi kūikawā ʻana a me ka huli ʻana i nā iniseti i nā lei o nā kumulāʻau, a me kahi radius detection liʻiliʻi loa, ka lalo o ka hulu manu ma ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana e ka ʻao a ke kiʻi a me ka hopu ʻana me nā pūnaewele spider. ʻO ke kaha maoli a kiʻekiʻe paha.

I nā lā wela o ke kauwela, aia i ka lālau lāʻau, i nā hale lāʻau, i nā hale manu, e ʻike mua ʻia, i ka lā Malaki ma mua o ʻApelila.

Ke alakaʻi neiʻo Ushans i kahi nohona kūlike a no laila ʻaʻole i ka nui

mau ʻūlū. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā wahine i hana i nā kolone liʻiliʻi ma ka nui o 12-20 mau kānaka i ka wā o ka hānau keiki ʻana a me ka hānai ʻana i nā cubs. ʻO Savitsky et al. (2005) hōʻike i nā kolana o 3-10 pākahi. ʻO nā ʻōpiopio o kēia wā mālama i ka hoʻokaʻawale a hui pū i nā wahine ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻōpio i ke ola kūʻokoʻa i ka hopena o ke kauwela.

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kolone wahine i ka mahina o Mei, a ma Iune i hānau ai kēlā me kēia wahine i ka 1-2 cubs. Loaʻa koke nā pēpē hou. Ma ka hopena o ka hebedoma mua, hoʻomaka lākou e ʻike, a ma hope o 10 mau lā ua uhi ʻia lākou i ka lauoho puʻupuʻu a ke noho mau nei ma ka huu a lele ka wahine i ka wahine. A hiki i kēia wā, hoʻomau mau nā cubs me ko lākou makuahine, e hoʻopili mau ana i ka nipple o ka aniani mummary i ka wā o kāna ʻimi ʻana i nā iniseti. I nā makahiki 6 heʻeono, hiki i nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio i ka nui o ko lākou mau mākua a lilo kūʻokoʻa.

Ke hoʻomaka nei nā pae uwē o nā ushans ma ke ahiahi i ka pō. Hoʻololi ʻē aʻe nā loiloi o ka lele a me ka hopu me nā pepeiao. I ka pili ʻana o kēia mea, he poʻokela kūmole keʻokeʻo i waena o kā mākou mau papa. Lele ʻo ia i ka pō a ao. Noho kahawai, lele nā ​​hele mālie 1-6 m.Mei i kau ka lewa i hoʻokahi wahi, hoʻolālā. I ka wā o ka hopuʻana, noho nui ʻo ia ma luna o ka ʻāina a i ʻole i nā lālā lāʻau, kahi ʻokoʻa loa no nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā ʻāpu, kahi e noho nei nō hoʻi ma ke ʻano loea. Kaumaha ʻo ia, pīhoihoi a lele i kahi mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka lewa, no ka laʻana, he kāwele keʻokeʻo. ʻAʻau, ʻaʻole like me kā mākou mau papa, ʻohi a ʻohi pinepine i nā lei o nā kumulāʻau. Ma kahi hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike, ʻo ka huakaʻi o ka pō o ushana ka like me ka lele ʻana o ka lā pīpī i kaulana ʻia ʻo ia - urticaria.

E hānai ana i kekahi o nā mea inikini liʻiliʻi a me ka nui. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka waiwai i hōʻiliʻili ma nā lau, nā lālā, nā lau, nā ala. No laila ka nui o nā mea holo ʻole i kāna meaʻai: spider, centipedes, larvae of hantu, pushers, butterflies. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mea nui no ka ushana ka mākā, ʻo ka mea nui ka scoops. Akā ma ka laulā, ʻoi aku ma kahi o 99% o kāna meaʻai i nā mea inu nā pepeke.

ʻO ka lua ʻokoʻa o ka ʻoha ʻo kāna pono kūʻokoʻa. Ma muli o ke kīkī, he ʻano pōpō nui (scoop, hawthorn), ʻaʻole ʻai ke ushana i ka lele, akā lawe ʻia ka pā i ka "papa ʻaina" kuʻina: a puʻuhonua o ke veranda, he beam, kahi o ke kaila o ka pā hoʻokani pila, a. Noho mālie ʻia ka noho ʻana, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā manamana lima o nā wāwae hind, ka pepeiao pepeiao i ka mea pono e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana o ka mea i make: nā ʻēheu, nā manamana lima, a me nā ʻāpana antennae ʻole. ʻO nā papa ʻaina me nā kīʻaha o ka pepeiao he mau loa. ʻO ka mea i ʻike ʻia, no ka papahele o nā hale ʻole, nā ʻēheu ʻūlū o nā ʻano manu like ʻole, me nā mea diurnal, ʻo ia wale nō ka hana a nā wāwae a me nā niho o nā pepeiao. Hoʻohana nui ʻo Wushan i nā nests o nā manu manuʻa e ʻoki ai i kāna mea pio i ka Iulai-ʻAukake.

Hana ka hala ma ka hapalua lua o ʻAukake a hiki i ka hopena o Kepakemapa. I loko o kēia manawa, ke leʻaleʻa nei nā kāne o ka ushana, a me nā kāne ʻē aʻe o nā ʻāpana like ʻole o kā mākou pā panu, e lele lele i loko o nā puka aniani o nā hale noho a me nā ʻōhua i ka pō.

Ke aʻo ʻia nei i nā hihia o ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻeke ma nā ʻōpala like ʻole, ʻaʻohe i ʻike ʻia nā koena o ka mehana i nā koena o ka ʻai o nā manu ʻānai.

ʻO Brown Ushanka - kahi mau mea hoʻopili, ʻaʻole loa i hana i nā mokulele nui. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka mamao ma kahi e lele ai ka ushan ma ʻEulopa he 66 km wale nō. Hiki i kēia mamao me ka wehan ke lele i nā hola 2-3.

E hiamoe ana ʻo Ushan i nā crevice a i ʻole hāmeʻa, e hōʻike ana, e kau ana mai kahi lūlū haʻalulu a paʻa pono i kona mau pepeiao i lalo o nā ʻēheu e lulu ana. ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli o ka ushans ma mua o ka hānau ʻana he mea kupanaha.

No ka hoʻoilo, ua hūnā ka ushan i nā pale palekana: i loko o nā hale hana, nā hale liʻiliʻi, nā ʻeleʻele hohonu, nā ʻila o nā apo kūlima i nā luawai hohonu. ʻO ka mahana māla hoʻoilo maikaʻi loa he + 4 ° C, i.e. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o nā hale manamana i ko mākou mau kauhale. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo ka ʻānela ushana hibernates e hāmama ana, e hoʻopili ana i nā paia, ka paia o ka papa o ke kahua. I kekahi manawa he nui i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka papa liʻiliʻi, akā moeʻae ʻo kēlā me kēia i ka huna, no ka peʻe ʻana, no ke ʻano, ma hope o ke kani ʻana o ka stucco ma ka paia. I Kekemapa - Ianuali, ua ʻike ʻia nā kānaka kū hoʻokahi o ka mehana i ka hoʻoilo ʻana i nā kumulāʻau i Belovezhskaya Pushcha i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai ka ea me kēia manawa mai ka -3.7 ° a -7.6 ° C. Hoʻokumu ʻo Banding i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka ushan ma nā wahi like i ka hoʻoilo, me ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi hōʻuluʻulu ma nā wahi e hiki aku ai i kahi 2 a 30 km mai nā hale mālama kauwela.

ʻO ka kūleʻa a me ka hoʻoilo maʻamau i kā mākou ʻauʻau e mālama ana i nā wahi i pale ʻia me kahi mahana mau loa a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe. Akā, ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi, aia ka liʻiliʻi o kahi kahe wai-drip: mai ka hoʻokele ʻana ma nā papa malulu (metala, pia) a mai ole ka papa wai. He mea nui ka wai no ka hoʻoilo i nā kānaka e ala hū. I ka manawa like, kekahi mau keʻena hoʻoilo o ushana, no ka laʻana, i loko o nā hale hoʻokaʻao pilikino a me nā hale kūʻai kolamu kolepa ʻaʻole i nā wahi wai i loko o ka wai. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka hiki ʻana i ka make nui o ka ushanka e hoʻohemo ma laila ma o ka huki ʻana i ka wai o nā wai kanu i hoʻopau ʻia a me nā hua kanu.

No laila, ʻo nā hulu manu kaomi, aia i waena o kā mākou mau pūʻulu "nui" maikaʻi loa o nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me nā ʻōnaehana o ke kaiāulu, e ulu pono i nā helu. Akā, no nā kumu maopopo ʻole, ʻo ka nui o kēia mau ʻano e hele mālie nei a hoʻomau mau nei. I Ukraine, ua hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻia ka ushana coklat no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i loko o ka hoʻopuka hou ʻana o ka Puke Red National.

ʻO Brown Ushanka ka mea e paʻa ai ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ola ma waena o nā ʻopa Pākehā. I ka makahiki 1990, ua wili ʻia kahi wahine 30 mau makahiki i hala. I ka laulā, he mea kupaianaha ke ola o nā ʻōpū. ʻOi aku paha inā noʻonoʻo ʻoe i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka nui me mākou, no ka laʻana, he kiʻina hale wale nō ka makahiki 1-3.