Kuhi. 15. He hōʻike hoʻohālikelike o ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna o nā mea unicellular, e hoʻokaʻawale i kēlā me kēia 4 hola.

No ka ulu ʻana o ka poʻe e kū like me kēia kime, pono ka paʻa o ka coefficient, i.e. Eia ka helu maʻamau o nā mamo i kēlā me kēia kanaka (inā r = 0, i.e., ua like ka ulu ʻana me ka maʻi maʻamau, a laila ʻaʻole e hoʻonui ka nui o ka nui).

Wahi a ka waiwai o r, ʻo ka piʻi i ka nui o nā poʻe e hiki ke wikiwiki a neʻe lohi. Ua helu aku ʻo C. Darwin i nā manawa e ulu ai ka nui o nā lehulehu o nā mea ola like ʻole ke hoʻokō ʻia nei kahi hoʻohālike. Wahi a kāna helu, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hua o nā keiki he nui o nā elepani - e hele lūlū ana nā holoholona - e hōʻea iā 19 miliona i 750 mau makahiki. Inā e huli mākou i nā mea ola ʻaʻole ola lōʻihi a hua hou, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā helu. I nā piliselika e hoʻokaʻawale i kēlā me kēia mau minuke 20, hiki i ka biomass ke puka mai hoʻokahi cell bacterial ma hope o 36 mau hola, e uhi ai i ka honua holoʻokoʻa me kahi papa o 30 cm mauʻuʻuku, a ma hope o 2 mau hola me kahi papa o 2 m.

"No ka mea, ʻaʻole i uhi nā mea huakaʻi a me nā elepani i ka honua me kahi papa e hoʻomau nei, ʻike ʻia ke kū maoli o ka ulu ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻōnaehana o nā hanana a ʻaʻole i hiki ke hele mai, akā no kekahi manawa pōkole ia, e hahai ʻia e ka nui o nā helu a hiki i kahi pae hoʻomehana. "(Gilyarov, 1990, p. 77).

Ma ke kūlohelohe, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka nui o ka heluna o nā lehulehu i nā manawa pōkole o ko lākou ola ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi loa, ke hoʻomau mau ʻia nā kumuwaiwai. Pēlā i loko o nā loko o kahi waiʻauʻau i ka puna ma hope o ke kūwī ʻana i ka wai ma loko o ka papa wai o loko o nā wai i nui nā mea kanu. No kēia kumu, ma hope o ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ka wai ua loaʻa ka wikiwiki o ka helu o ka diatoms a me nā algae uliuli. Eia naʻe, pau koke ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai kēia mau waiwai a, ʻoiai, hoʻomaka ka zooplankton e ʻai ikaika i ka algae (ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka hoʻoponopono pono ʻana i ka lehulehu o ka lehulehu "mai lalo" a "luna").

ʻO kahi hoʻohālike o ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka lehulehu i ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka mea e hoʻopiʻi ai i nā mokupuni. No laila mai 25 mau kānaka (4 kāne a 21 mau wahine) lawe ʻia i 1911 i ka mokupuni ʻo St. Paul (ke Bering Sea), ma ka 1938 mau kānaka he 2,000 kaukani i hoʻokumu ʻia. Eia naʻe, a laila e emi ana kekahi helu i hope, a ma ka makahiki 1950 wale nō he 8 mau mea i pakele. ʻO ke kumu o ka ʻohi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka i kahi lewa o ka mea kanu - pili pili phytophage (ʻike i ka 8.3) ma muli o ka emi ʻole o ke hoʻopili ʻekolu i ke kaulahao meaʻai - ka mea hoʻohewa.

Ka hōʻailona ulu o ka ulu ulu ʻana o ka lehulehu, i wehewehe ʻia e ka pihi ʻo S-ʻano (ka ulu wikiwiki - ka wikiwiki wikiwiki - ka wikiwiki wikiwiki, Fig. 16), i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 19 e ka Belgian matematika P.-F. ʻO Verhulstom, a laila i ka 20s. i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻepekema ʻAmelika ʻo R. Perle lāua ʻo L. Reed. P.V. Manaʻo ʻo Turchin i kēia hoʻohālike e hoʻohālikelike i ke kānāwai o ka "pale paʻa i ka ulu ʻana o kekahi heluna kanaka."

Kuhi. 16. ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka. K - helu helu

Hiki i nā kumu kumu no ka hoʻoluliluli ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka lehulehu ka ʻokoʻa: ka ʻona ʻai, ka hopena o ke kulu ʻana (ma nā rodents, ke ʻano o ka nui o ka nui o ka hua.)

Eia nō naʻe, he kūpono kēia curve, no ka mea, he mea maʻamau loa ia i ʻike ʻia. Loaʻa pinepine pinepine ʻia ma hope o ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna nui o ke kūlou (a hiki i ka palena K e pili ana i ka nui o nā kumuwaiwai), ke emi koke ʻana nō o kona helu ʻana, a laila ulu koke ka lehulehu. No laila, ʻo kona mau kau waiwai, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano hana logistic.

Kuhi ʻia kēlā mau hanana i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, no ka laʻana, ka nui o nā lemona tundra e ʻai ana i ka mosses a me nā lichens. Ke hoʻomau nei lākou i ko lākou ola olakino ma lalo o ka hoʻoilo a ʻai ʻana i kā lākou papa meaʻai me ka nui o ka hoʻa ʻana i ka hana ʻana, a no ka hoʻomaka ʻana e make mai kahi kanaka hānai. Ma hope o ka ulu ʻana o nā mosses, he ulu hou i ka helu o ka lemmings e hoʻomaka ana.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā lehelehe ka nui o ka heluna kanaka ma lalo o ke ʻano o nā kūlana o ke anā, nā parasit a me nā mea kaukō.

Aia kahi koho kūikawā no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka palena o ka lehulehu, i kapa ʻia ʻo "opportunityunistic", i.e. ʻaʻole kūpono i loko o nā kānāwai "pololei" i ho'ākāka ʻia e ka pale a exponential a logistic paha.

Hōʻike ka poʻe ʻikepili (r-strategists) i kahi ʻino i ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai. Eia kekahi, ulu ka ulu ʻana o nā helu ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea hoʻomaha i ka diasporas (e ʻōlelo, he waihona ʻāina o nā hua) e hoʻomaka e ulu, a no ka "kīloi" nui ʻana i ka wā o ka huaʻai (e ʻōlelo, nā lele e lele ana i loko o kahi o nā holoholona). No ka mea palupalu ka hoʻokūkū ma muli o ka nui o nā kumuwaiwai, ua pau kā lākou mau mea nui, make ka lehulehu.

Me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka heluna nui, piʻi ka mea kanu mea hoʻokūkū ma ka hoʻokūkū, akā ʻaʻole i ka ʻokiʻoki pilikino (e like me nā lāʻau violet), a me ka nui o ka poʻe e hoʻemi i nā ʻumi a me nā haneli mau manawa. I ka manawa like, hele nā ​​mea kanu i ka holoʻokoʻa o ke ola holoʻokoʻa a hiki i nā mea kanu.

Ua kapa ʻia ʻo J. Harper (Harper, 1977) i kēia ʻano mālama i ke ʻano o ka nui o ka loina o ka makahiki "palani" a hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hōʻoki ʻia ʻana. Kūkākūkā ʻia kēia mau ʻano ʻelua i ka hakahaka o nā mea kanu i ka hoʻololi ʻana: ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻano lāʻau me ka hoʻolālā lua, inā e hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka lehulehu, ʻo ka nui o nā poʻe a me ka pale ʻana iho i ka wā like me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana iho.

Kahi no ka ʻike i kēia mau hoʻohālike, ua kūkulu ʻia ka pono o ke ʻano o ka lūlū ʻana i nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia. I ka wā mua, me kahi piʻi o ka hua seeding, ulu ka hua, akā hoʻomaka ka hāʻule. Koho ʻia ka helu hua e hāʻawi ana i ka hua nui loa. Akā, i kekahi manawa he mea paʻakikī loa ka mea kanu i nā mea kanu i hiki ai ke kīpē i ka nui o nā weed. Me ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻomehana hānai, ʻaʻole pono kēia.

Kuhi. 17. ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka hua palaoa i ka lulu ʻana ma lalo o ke kūlana kūpono o ka nohona.

1. E wehewehe i ka kumu hōʻike ulu o ka ulu ʻana o ka lehulehu.

2. No ke aha e nānā pinepine ʻole ai ka uluʻana o ka ulu ulu ʻana i nā ʻōiwi kūlohelohe?

3. He aha nā haʻawina o ke ʻano loiloi o ka ulu ʻana o ka lehulehu?

4. He aha nā kumu o ka dinamika o ka lehulehu?

5. He aha nā lāhui i kapa ʻia he kūpono?

7.4. ʻO nā ʻano makahiki o nā heluna kanaka

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana o ka hoʻopulapula inā he ʻano ʻokoʻa nā ʻano nui o ka lehulehu: me ka "hoʻomaka" ʻana o nā lehulehu e noho ana i kahi kaʻawale, a i ʻole ka "neʻe nui" ka iwi nui i ka wā e make ai kekahi poʻe a waiho i kahi hakahaka (ke kūlana o ka "keʻena" i kahi o ka poʻe e waiho ana e uku mau ʻia ana nā lawaiʻa i nā hōʻea ʻana mai. ʻO ka hopena, ma nā ʻōiwi like ʻole me ka helu hoʻokahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano like like ʻole.

ʻAʻole hiki ke koho i ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa o kahi kanaka ma nā ʻano a pau. ʻAʻole paʻakikī ke hana i kēia mau lāʻau no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōhaʻi kūikawā, ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia e kāʻei i kahi kolamu o ka lāʻau - kahi kikoʻī a helu i ka helu o nā apo lāʻau ma luna ona. I loko o kahi kumu lāʻau kūikawā i nā kūlana kūikawā (i.e., me ka bonitet hoʻokahi) hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā makahiki me ke kaulike o 5 mau makahiki ma ke anawa o ka ʻāpana. I nā conifers, hoʻoholo ka makahiki i ka helu o nā whorls o nā wana i luna o ka puʻupuʻu. Eia naʻe, i nā mea kanu, ke hoʻoholo nei i ka nui o ke ʻano he paʻakikī, a no laila ua loiloi ʻia ko lākou "kūlana makahiki"

I nā lāʻau spora kiʻekiʻe (ferns, horsetails, crowns), kahi pae o spora, ulu ulu gametophyte, sporophyte ʻōpio a me nā sporophyte pākeke.

ʻO ka ʻike nui i ka ʻike ʻana i nā moku i pili i nā makahiki o nā mea kanu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e nā huaʻai-demographers (LB Zagolugova, OV Smirnova, LI Zhukova a me nā mea'ē aʻe, papaʻaina 7).

Palapala 7 Ka manawa o ka ontogenesis o nā mea kanu pua (e like me Zhukova, 1987)

Ka helu helu ʻana

Wahi a Mizin, i hoʻokahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, aia he 2-2.2 miliona mau mea ʻoi manu, a i nā manawa ma mua o ka mōʻaukala, ua ʻoi aku nā mea hou aku. I kēia manawa he ʻelua mau subspecies o kēia mau ungrat i kākau ʻia i loko o ka Puke ʻaha o ka Russian Federation, i kekahi mau mea hou aʻe - i loko o nā Puke Red 23 o nā wahi Lūkia. I ka puke hou o ka Leka Hoʻopuka Lūkini, e hoʻonui ʻia ka papa inoa o nā subspecies e koi ai i ka pale kūikawā.

Ua hōʻike ʻo Mizin, ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia kēia mau ʻike honua eaahi, ka mea, e like me nā manawa Soviet, e uhi i nā pae āpau. "Aia kekahi hopohopo o ka nui o ka mea reindeer i loaʻa iā mākou ma luna o ka lehulehu. ʻAʻole mākou e loaʻa i ka ʻike hilinaʻi no kāna helu," i wehewehe ai ʻo ia.

No laila, ma ka māhele ʻo Murmansk ua hoʻi lākou i ka helu aerial i hoʻolālā ʻia i kēia manawa wale nō, ma hope o 15 mau makahiki o ke kohi. E like me ko TASS e kamaʻilio ʻia e Dmitry Kask, ke poʻo o ka ʻoihana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā mea holoholona maoli o ka Ministry of Natural Resources of the Murmansk Region, e hana ʻia kēia mau hana ma ka lā Malaki 2017. "ʻO ka nānā ʻana o ka lewa ua hāʻawi i ke kiʻi piha loa o nā kahu hipa, akā ʻo ka 2001, ma muli o ka loaʻa kālā ʻole, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia," wahi a Kask.

Ma Taimyr wale nō, kahi i lawe mua ai ka helu ea a mua i ka makahiki 1959, i ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka helu o nā holoholona mai ka lewa i mālama ʻia e ka Harvest Service, ka Pūnaewele ʻo Wild Reindeer Migration Alert Service, ka Northern Detachment, Gosokhotnadzor a me nā wahi kūlohelohe. Ke hana ʻole ʻole nei nā loiloi ma kēia manawa ma muli o ka peni ma muli o ke kumukūʻai nui - he hola o ka lele o ka mokulele Mi-8 he 200 tausani mau rubles.

"Ma nā māhele ʻEulopa o ka ʻāina, kahi ulu piha kaumaha me ka mea reindeer e noho ana ma nā ululāʻau. Massive deforestation and unprediseded poaching have led to a emi of number of animals by five to ten times," said Mizin.

Ma waho aʻe o nā Urals, ʻo ka hui nui o ka reindeer o ka nui i noho ma kahi o Krasnoyarsk Teritory - ma Taimyr.

"Ke manaʻo nei mākou i nā holoholona ma 400-500 tausani mau poʻo, ma 2000 ka nui o ka poʻe ʻōpio puaʻa i hōʻea i 1 miliona mau poʻo. I kēia manawa, ua kuhi. Inā hoʻomau ke kūlana, i ka 2020, e like me ka wānana. ho'ēmi i ka 150-200 mano o nā kānaka. A eia kekahi, e hoʻēmi ʻia ka hopena hou aʻe o ka mea hou, "wahi a Leonid Kolpashchikov, ka luna o ke keʻena ʻepekema o Taimyr Reserves.

Make ʻo Deer no nā kumu like ʻole: no ka laʻana, i kēia mau makahiki i ka nui o ka nui o nā ʻīlio i ka tundra i hoʻonui nui ʻia, akā ʻo ke kumu nui he poʻo. ʻO 800 mau mea mālama ʻumi ma ke kikowaena 800 tausani kilomita mau kilomita o Taimyr. "ʻAʻole i hiki i nā limahana liʻiliʻi o ka mea hopu manuahi e kāohi i ka lawaiʻa puaʻa lawaiʻa, i mālama ʻia me nā hewaʻole o ka manawa, ka nui a me nā ʻano hana. Ma ka holoʻokoʻa nui, ua pio ke kūlana lawaiʻa i ka manawa like me ka hoʻonui nui o ka hopu manu ʻole ma ke ʻano āpau o ka mea reindeer mai Yakutia a Yamal" - wehewehe Kolpashchikov.

"Ma Yakutia, ka nui o ka lehulehu o Yango-Indigirian ma 80s ua hōʻemi ʻia heʻumi mau tausani i ka 2 tausani holoholona," wahi a Innokenty Okhlopkov, ka mea kākau ʻepekema o ka Institute of Biological Problem of the Cryolithozone.

ʻO Shotgun a me ke kō

Wahi a Kolpashchikov, ʻokiʻoki ʻia ka dee ma Taimyr e nā kahuʻai a me ka poʻe e noho kokoke ana iā Yakutia, mai ka ʻaoʻao hema o Yenisei, mai Evenkia. Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Norilsk wale nō, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka muliwai Yenisei a me nā ahupua o Pihi Putorana, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi o kahi mau tausani hapai e holo pū ana i ka hāʻule.

I ka makahiki 1971-1990, i ka manawa i hoʻonohonoho 'ia ai nā' oihana kūʻai kālā no ka hana o ka reindeer, i loko o Taimyr poachers i hōʻea a hiki i ka 10 tausani holoholona i ka makahiki. I kēia manawa - 45-50,000 keu (hapa hapa o ka nui o nā holoholona i hopu ʻia a make mai nā kumu like ʻole. "Ua laka ʻia ka ʻāpana nui loa o ka pipi, ma muli o ka hopena, ka loli o ka wahine a me ka makahiki o nā ʻano he nui, liʻiliʻi iki nā bipi keiki," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Kolpashchikov.

"Ke hoʻomau nei ka lehulehu ʻo Taimyr i ka luku mau ʻia, mai kā mākou ʻike ʻana. Ua ulu nui ka nui o nā kānaka me nā mea kaua a me nā snowmobiles ma nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hana mau nā hana aihue.

ʻO ka pinepine ʻo ia ka hana ma nā kahawai o ka wai, i loko o ka wai e pale ʻole ʻole ka kahe. Hoʻopokoke nā poʻi i nā holoholona i nā waʻa, e ʻoki ana i nā mea kīʻaha me nā heiʻi a me nā ʻoki, pinepine me ka iwi mua. Make nā kāne hua huahana nui i kēia ʻano hana neʻe.

Wahi a ka ʻOihana Kūmole ʻo Taimyr, mai Pepeluali a ʻAukake 2015, ua lawe ʻia he 61 mau pū o nā pū i manaʻo ʻia he ʻelele mau hale mai ka ʻāina o Taimyr. Ma 2016, aia ma kahi o 20 mau huahana o nā huahana antler e loaʻa ma nā muliwai Khatanga a me Kheta (East Taimyr wale nō). Wahi a Kolpashchikov, ma ka hikina hikina o Taimyr, ʻaʻohe nui o ka nunui manuahi hale, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kiʻi pono ʻole ʻia he hapa o nā antlers i ka lawenaʻa i ka wa puna i ka wā e pāpā ʻia ai ka hopu ʻana.

ʻO kekahi pilikia ke ʻano o nā pilikia i ulu i nā ala o ka neʻe ʻana, e hele ana ka mea i ʻike ʻia i nā makahiki he mau kenekulia. ʻAʻole i kūkulu ʻia nā ala, nā pipeline a me nā mea laina laina hou e pili ana i ka "pono" o nā holoholona. I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua kūkulu ʻia nā kāpili a me nā paukū. Holo aku nā poʻe kaʻa i loko o kahi mea pale kuhihewa a make, ʻaʻole i hiki i nā wahi ʻai, a lilo i mea maʻalahi no ka poʻe pōkole.

Ke ola no ka stag

Wahi a Mizin, ʻae ka poʻe loea e ʻo ka nui o ka mea reindeer hihiu "ʻoi ʻia ka hōʻino" ka nui, a e pono ʻia nā hana kūikawā e mālama i kēia holoholona waiwai. "Ma kahi o ke ana kūpono, pono e hōʻemi ʻia nā huaʻōlelo no ka hopu ʻana i ka mea hihiu hihiu. ʻAʻole pono ke alakaʻi ʻia ka holoholona mai ka wā o ka hoʻoilo a hiki i ka hoʻoilo, akā aia nō i nā mahina hoʻoilo," manaʻo ka ʻepekema.

Ua ʻike nā poʻe loea i kahi kaho o ka hana o ka moku'āina i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hopu a me ka hopu ʻana i nā holoholona. Pono e hoʻopaʻa paʻa i ka kaomi o ka hoʻokuʻu i nā laikini a me ka hana holoholona, ​​e hoʻihoʻi i ka ʻōnaehana o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka ʻike pono, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka ʻike ʻana o nā alakaʻi ea āpau o Rūsia, a me ke kāohi i ka hoʻoiho o nā kumuwaiwai a me kona huli ʻana i ka mākeke home.

Wahi a Kolpashchikov, iā Taimyr hiki ke kiʻi i nā kiʻi o nā ʻōiwi nui me ke kōkua o nā mokulele liʻiliʻi a hoʻoholo i ka helu ʻole o kā lākou helu ʻia wale nō, akā ʻo kā lākou makahiki a me ka ʻano hoʻonaninani. Me kēia mau hopena, hiki i nā ʻepekema ke helu i ka helu o nā holoholona ma kahi hoʻohālike i hana ʻia i mau makahiki he mau makahiki.

"I mea e hoʻopakele ai i ka lehulehu o ka Taimyr, pono ia e hoʻonohonoho pono i ka hoʻokele mokuʻāina i ka holo ʻana o ka lawaiʻa, pāpā i ka hoʻohele ʻia ʻana o ka wai.

Kumuhana TASS

Ua hele aku ka mea hoʻolilo Wild ma ka Nenets Autonomous Area ma muli o ka hewa o nā poimana. ʻO ka nui o ka lehulehu o ka mea reindeer o Timan i emi nui ai. Ua ʻike ʻia kēlā kiʻi like me nā mea loea e hoʻokō ana i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana i ka hoʻoilo ma nā wahi hoʻokolokolo ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o ka Nenets Autonomous Area. ʻO kēia loiloi ka mea mua i loko o nā kenekulia. Wahi a WWF, i loko o ka NAO ma 2010 mai ka 4,5 a i 5 tausani mau holoholona, ​​a i kēia manawa ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 500 mau holoholona i koe.

Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka heluna holoʻokoʻa o Timan, a laila ma ka hope o 70-80s o ke kenekulia hope, mai ka 12 a 15 tausani kauka, aia i kēia manawa he hoʻokahi a me hoʻokahi hapa tausani.

Nā wikiō: pane ʻolelo puke - ka lawe pio ʻana - ʻepekema

I Nowemapa, ʻO White Buffalo Corporation, kahi hoʻolālā hana i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā papahana noiʻi holoholona a me nā holoholona hihiu, hoʻolālā e kāpae i ka mea e pili ana i ka 40 keokeo keokeo ʻula e noho nei ma Cincinnati, ʻo ia ka Mount Storm Clifton Park, ma ke ʻano he hebedoma. me ka Laboito Woods Nature Reserve.

Ma Cincinnati, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi papahana e hōʻemi ʻia i ka nui o nā kao keʻokeʻo keokeo.

Ua haʻi aku ke pelekikena o ka hui ʻo White Buffalo, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻo ka helu o ka manu keʻokeʻo ke keʻokeʻo, ma hope o ka hoʻokō maikaʻi ʻana o ka papahana, e hoʻēmi ana ia ma ka 40 pakeneka ma kahi o ʻelua mau makahiki e hiki mai ana.