He liʻiliʻi ka nui, nā ʻāpana a nui paha. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino 100–290 cm, ka lōʻihi o ka huelo 15-90 cm, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lau ma 62-1-180 cm. He kaumaha ka kino. ʻĀkau ke kua. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka ʻāʻī a me ka mea nui, a ʻoi loa ka ikaika. Nui ke poʻo me ka hōkū elongated. Liʻiliʻi iki a nā maka paha. He laulā, pōkole, lōʻihi a lōʻihi paha nā pepeiao. He pōkole a lōʻihi paha ka huelo. He nānā ʻokoʻa ke nānā aku. Loaʻa iā lāua nā kāne a me nā wahine (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hope). Horn of medium medium - 15-40 cm, pololei a kuhikuhi ʻia i hope. Aia nā pepeiaohao o ka puaʻa ʻAmelika i ka lōʻihi o 35-195 cm, ka laulā ma ke kumu a kūlou i nā pahika ʻulaʻula a i loko, ʻo lākou kahi o ka ʻenekini i ka kūlike, me ka poʻokela o ke kūlohelohe i kuhikuhi i loko. Nui nā loli o nā ʻōpū o ʻAmelika, a hiki ke kūpaʻa ko lākou mau kumu ākea, i kahi lōʻihi mai kahi ʻē aʻe a hui pū ʻia me kekahi, hiki iā lākou ke pōkole a piʻi paha ke kāʻei i ka ʻaoʻao, a i hope a i ʻole a i ʻole a i ʻole, i lalo ke kumu o nā pu . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā hoove ma waena, ākea a ākea a puni, me ka neʻe ikaika ʻana i nā poha (ʻōniʻoniʻo ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika) a i ʻole nā pōkole waena a me nā pōkole ma waena, a ʻo nā keiki hope (anoa).
He haʻahaʻa a haʻahaʻa paha ka lōʻihi o ka hairline, palupalu a pāwili paha, i kekahi manawa i ka hala ʻole ʻana. ʻO kona kala ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal o ke kino o ka anoa ua ʻulaʻula mai ka ʻeleʻele-ʻulaʻula, ka ʻulaʻula mālamalama. He kua uliuli ka hope a me ka ʻōpū o kahi poʻokipiki ʻAmelika, a he ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻeleʻele ka pōmaikaʻi o ʻAmelika.
He pālahalaha nui keʻe, ma Anoa a pōkole a pālahalaha, ʻenekika a me ʻAmelika poʻe koa - elongated Nui nā kumu o ka maka. Hoʻokomo ʻia ko lākou mau ʻaoʻao i nā ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka laulā ma mua. Diploid set chromosom at Anoa 48, buffalo Asia 50, buffalo ʻAmelika 52-54.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ʻApelika, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, ka ʻaoʻao hema o China, ma Kampuchea, Laos ma nā mokupuni o Kalimantan, Sulawesi, ʻ .pilikia. Noho lākou i nā ululāʻau a me nā ulu makamae, e komo ma nā pāpū a ma nā kuahiwi, e piʻi ana i 3000 mau mika ma luna o ke kai. ʻAi lākou i ka hānai nui i nā mea kanu lāʻau, terrestrial, kekaho a me nā akuʻa. Hoʻohe i ke kakahiaka, ke ahiahi a me ka pō. Mālama ʻia lākou i mau pālua a me nā ʻohana ʻohana (anoa) a i ʻole he nui a keu paha nā holoholona (Asian and African buffaloes). Pēlā me he rula, ʻaʻohe mea pili i ka hana hou. Akā ʻo ka hānau ʻana o ka ʻōpio ua paʻa ma ka hopena o ka manawa maloʻo. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hāpaiʻana he 9.5-10 mau mahina (ʻo Anoa a me buffalo ʻAmelika) a he 10-11 mau mahina (buffalo ʻAmelika). Hāpai ka wahine i kekahi, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi i ʻelua mau lā. ʻO ka manawa lactation e mau i 6-9 mau mahina. Hoʻopilikia ʻia ʻo Puberty i nā makahiki 1,5-2.5. Pili ka ola i kahi 20-25 mau makahiki.
anoa - B. depressicornis N. Smith, 1827 (Sulawesi Island),
ʻO ka poʻokela ma Asia - V. athe Kerr, 1792 (India, [Pri Lanka, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, hema Kina, Kampuchea, Laos, Kalimantan a me nā Mokupuni o Filipina),
ʻAiola a ʻApelika - B. Kapuka Sparrman, 1779 (ʻApika).
ʻIke ʻokoʻa nā mea noiʻi like ʻole i kahi ʻano o ka ʻanoʻano. No laila, ʻo Simpson (1945), I.I. Sokolov (1953) a me Heptner (1961) nā mea āpau o luna e pili ana i ka genera hoʻokaʻawale: Apoa N. Smith, 1827, ViBa-lus N. Smith, 1827 a me Syncerus Hodgson, 1847. ʻO ka lehulehu nā mea ʻala a Filipina mai B. agpee i neʻoneʻe ʻia i loko o nā ʻano kūikawā B. mindorensis Heude, 1888, a me nā mea kalaiwa mai ʻāpua mai B. chaffer i loko o kahi ʻano kūikawā B. nanus Boddaert, 1875. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pua nui ʻAsia a loaʻa i nā ʻāina he nui.
Nā ʻ Booklelo Hōʻuluʻulu: he ʻano subspecies o nā ʻano laula o ʻAsia mai ka mokupuni ʻo Mindoro (mai nā pūʻulu o nā mokupuni ʻo Filipina) V. agpee mindorensis Heude, 1888 (ka nui o nā holoholona he 150 i ka makahiki 1971), nā subspecies o nā anoa mai ka ʻāiwa kūlima. ʻO Sulawesi - B. depressicornis depressicornis N. Smith, 1827, a mai nā kuahiwi nui o ka mokupuni ʻo Sulawesi B. d. quarlesi Owens, 1910 (liʻiliʻi ka helu a ua kokoke lākou i ka hoʻopau piha ʻana), a me he hua liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e noho pōʻino ana i ka pau ʻole i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ka nui puaʻa ʻAmelika (ka helu ma India a me Nepal e 1972 he 2000 mau holoholona).
Ke noho maʻamau
Pili ka wai o ke kīhāpai wai i nā kino wai, ʻoiai me ka kū a me ka wai kahe kahe. I ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi, i ka wā maloʻo, ke kāohi puaʻa, a me kekahi manawa kanu iʻa a hiki i 70% o ka pāʻai, a me ka wela wela o ka lā e moe ana lākou, hoʻopolo i ke poʻo i ka ʻōpala wai.
I ka manawa like, ʻike pinepine lākou i nā rhinos India kahi i waiho mau ai nā rhinos (Kaziranga, Chitwan Park ma Nepal). I kēia manawa, lilo nā mea i aloha ʻia i mea e nānā pono ai i nā ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo a me nā manu ʻē aʻe e noho ana, e noho ana ma ke kua a me ke poʻo o ka holoholona, huki i nā ʻili a me nā meaola ʻē aʻe i waho o ko lākou kaili. ʻO nā mokulele wai ke hana like. Hoʻokumu ka manure i nā momona i nā hana o ka mea kanu kūlohelohe, no laila e kākoʻo ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka lāʻau i loko o nā hale kūʻai i koho ʻia e nā poʻokela.
Mālama ʻia ʻo Buffalos i nā pipi liʻiliʻi, kahi o ka bipi kahiko, ʻelua a ʻekolu mau bipi ʻōpio a me kekahi mau bipi me nā bipi. ʻO ka hierarchy o ka hoʻounaʻana i ka pipi, inā he mau mea lā, ʻaʻole paʻa loa. Mālama pinepine ka bipi kahiko i nā koena o nā holoholona, akā i ka holo ʻana mai ka pilikia, nānā ʻo ia i ka pipi a, me nā pū ʻana o nā pu, hoʻi hoʻi nā bipi. I ka neʻe ʻana, ʻike ʻia kekahi kauoha: hele nā wahine ʻōpio i ke poʻo, nā keiki bipi ma waenakonu, a ʻo nā kahu o hope ke ʻano o nā bipi kāne a me nā bipi. Ma ka hopena o ka pōʻino, mālama pinepine ka poʻe pua i ka māla, e wehewehe ana i kahi ʻaka a ʻo ke kū ʻana, e kali ana ka mea e alualu iā ia ma kona mau ʻaoʻao.
Ka poʻe ʻōpiopio loa i lilo i mau lōkahi no ka mālama pinepine ʻana lākou. Hiki i nā pōpoki manuahi kūwaho kēia mea paʻakikī - ke pīhoihoi lākou i kekahi manawa i kekahi kanaka no ke kumu ʻole.
E like me ka hapa nui o ka poʻe ma kahi o ke kaiapuni, ʻaʻole i pili pū ʻia nā manawa manawa o ka ʻāʻī a me nā kalima i loko o nā pōʻai a Inia. Noho ʻo Pregnancy ma kahi o 300-340 mau lā, ma hope o ka wahine e lawe wale i hoʻokahi keiki bipi wale nō. ʻO nā pua ʻona hou i ʻaʻahu ʻia me ka hulu melemele keʻokeʻo-brown. ʻO 6 mau malama ka momona o ka waiū.
He nui nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka pōʻai. Hiki i ka tiger a me ke leopona ke hoʻoulu i nā keiki bipi a i ʻole nā holoholona liʻiliʻi, akā ʻo ka pākeke pālua ka waiwai nui e like me ka tiger. Akā, nui nā bipi keiki, make mai ka wela a mai nā ʻano like ʻole.
Noho a me nā pilikia mālama i nā ʻano
Noho ʻo nā pōloli Wild Asia ma India, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Laos a me Cambodia, a me Ceylon. Hoʻihoʻi hou i ka waena o ka kenekulia 20, ua loaʻa ka nui o nā pōpoki ma Malaysia, akā i kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻohe holoholona hihiu i waiho ʻia ma laila. Ma ka mokupuni o Mindoro (Philippines) i kahi mokulele kūikawā i noho ai ʻo Iglit i kahi subspecies kūikawā, dwarf i kapa ʻia ʻo tamarau (B. E na. lalaina) Ua make wale kēia ʻĀpana. Akā ʻoi ka nui o ka mōʻaukala o ka noho ʻana o ka puaʻa nui. I ka hoʻomaka o ka makahiki mua BC. e. loaʻa ka poʻokela wai i ka moku ākea mai Mesopotamia a hiki i Kina hema.
Ma ka nui o nā wahi, noho a nā pōpoki i nā wahi palekana i ka hana i ke kanaka a no ka maʻamau ʻole o ka ʻano o ka ʻōlelo. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia ka poʻe wai i loko o Ausetalia i ka kenekulia 19 a ua pālahalaha loa ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāina.
Ma nā'āina Asia, ua emi mau ka nui a me nā helu o nā wai wai. ʻO ke kumu nui no kēia kīhai holoholona, ka liʻiliʻi o ka lawe a lawe ʻia e like me nā pākuʻi koi, akā ʻo ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka noho ʻana, ka lawaiʻa a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā wahi mamao. ʻO nā wahi kahi e noho ai kahi pōloli hihiu i kahi wahi kūlohelohe e lilo a emi iho. ʻO ka mea ʻoiai i kēia manawa, ma India a me Sri Lanka ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka poʻomela a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā paka o ke kaiāulu (ʻo ke kaulana kaulana loa ʻo Kōlei a Kina i loko o ka mokuʻāina o Assam ka nui o nā pōneki. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūlana ma Nepal a me Bhutan.
ʻO kekahi pilikia pilikia ʻē aʻe, ʻo ke kaʻi ʻana ʻana i nā puaʻa maoli me nā mea kīʻaha, ʻo ia ke kumu e pau mālie ai nā holoholona hihiu i kona hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia. Paʻa ʻole ka pale ʻana i kēia ʻike i ka ʻoi loa o kēlā me nā mea nui i nā poʻomela mau ke noho i ka pōʻai a me nā poʻe, a ʻo ia hoʻi, i mālama ʻia ka poʻokela home.
13.10.2019
ʻO ke kīʻaha wai wai Indian, a i ʻole ʻoni wai kai ʻāsia (lat. Bubalus arnee) no kā ka ʻohana Bovidae. ʻO ia ka ʻelele maʻamau o ka genus Bubalus, ke koena o nā ʻano he 3 i loaʻa ma nā kūlana kūlohelohe wale ma nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi ma Asia Hema.
ʻO ka poʻe wai kai Pākīpika (Bubalus murrensis) i noho i ka hema ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Komohana, ua manaʻo ʻia ua hala ʻo 10 mau makahiki i hala.
Ma nā ʻāina nui, ua hoʻokuʻi ʻia kēia holoholona holoholona. He wale wale nō nā kānaka hihiu i pakele. ʻO ka hapa nui paha o lākou i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka puaʻa feral. I India, ua kapa ʻia lākou ʻo Arnie. He pili pili loa lāua i ka pili ʻana i ka poʻi tamarau (Bubalus mindorensis).
Ua ʻōlelo mua ʻia kēia ʻano ma 1792 e ka mea kākau kiʻi ʻo Scottish a ʻo naturalist Robert Kerr.
ʻO ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana o ka waiʻo Buffalos
Ua puka aku nā wai pōʻai wai ma ka Pleistocene Early ma kahi o 1,8 miliona mau makahiki i hala ma ʻAsia, mai kahi e holo mālie ai lākou ma ke komohana. Hoʻokomo ʻia lākou i kahi 6,000 mau makahiki i Kina. Ma hope mai ua hoʻomaka lākou e ulu ma India a me Mesopotamia.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau holoholona ikaika i ka mahiʻai no ka mahi ʻana i nā mahina ʻai, e hana ana i ka waiū a me ka ʻai. Ma muli o ka nui o ka momona momona (e pili ana i 8%), kā lākou waiū, e like me ka waiū o ka pipi, hiki ke mālama lōʻihi iā lākou a loaʻa i kahi waiwai momona. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā pōʻaiola e ko lākou olakino e makemake ai a maʻi a maʻi iki ʻole ma mua o nā holoholona.
Kahi ʻia ka helu o kā lākou holoholona holoholona ma kahi o 150 miliona mau kānaka. I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā keiki mare 70. ʻOi aku paha ma kahi o 45 miliona mau mau wai momona ʻona a me 3 miliona mau o ka ʻiʻo i hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma Asia.
Ke ku nei ʻo ka poʻi Asia ma nā ʻāina he nui a puni ka honua. Ua kaulana lākou i ʻAigupita, Brazil, Australia, Iapana a me nā Mokupuni Hawaiʻi. I ʻEulopa, ua mālama ʻia lākou ma Italia, Romania, Bulgaria a me Hungary.
Kaulana nā holoholona no kā lākou ʻano complaisant. ʻAʻole lākou e hōʻike i ka huhū i nā kānaka a hiki ke hoʻokele maʻalahi ʻia na nā keiki liʻiliʻi.
Kāne hiʻohiʻona
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka wai wai a ʻoi aku ka momona ma mua o nā wai wai, a e kaupaona ana ma waena o 600 a 1,200 kg (1,300 a 2,600 paona). ʻO ka paona awelika o nā pōlio manuahi ʻekolu i lawe ʻia ma ka 900 kg (2,000 paona). ʻO ko lākou poʻo a i ka loa o ke kino mai 240 a 300 cm (mai 94 a 118, i) me kahi huelo mai 60 a 100 cm (mai 24 a 39 paha ka lōʻihi) ka lōʻihi a me ka poʻohiwi kiʻekiʻe mai 150 a 190 cm (mai 59 a 75 i). Hoʻokomo nā kāne ʻelua i nā pūlohi ke kaumaha ma ke kumu a pālahalaha ākea a hiki i 2 m (79 iniha) ma nā kihi o waho, ʻoi aku ka nui o kekahi o nā mea ola ʻē aʻe. ʻEleʻele ka ʻili o ka ʻili - hina i ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka lauoho loloa a me ke kua a kūlou a alakaʻi i ke kua mai ke kua a hala i hope. Aia kekahi pua ma ka lae, a liʻiliʻi nā pepeiao. Pāʻili ka lihi o ka huʻu, nunui ka ʻōhule a pālahalaha aku. Moe me ka gaura, noho lākou, e like me ka nui loa, ola, holoholona kīwaha holoholona hihiu, mai ka manawa like a ʻelua e ʻike ai i ka awelika, inā ʻaʻole ka paona nui, ʻoiai, me kā lākou stocky, ʻoi aku ka pōkole pōkole, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai o ka wai pōʻā ma ka lōʻihi a me ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka gaura.
ʻO ka pākuʻi a me ka noho
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā pōpoki manuā ma India, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand a me Kambodila, me ka heluna ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Myanmar. Ua luku ʻia ʻo ia ma Bangladesh, Laos, Vietnam a me Sri Lanka. ʻO kēia ma muli o nā ʻōpala, nā nāwaliwali a me nā awāwa wai nui.
Ma India, ua pili nā manaʻo i nā wahi e pili ana iā Kaziranga, Manas a me Dibru-Saikhowa National Park, Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary a Bora Chapori Nature Reserve, a me nā mea he nui i pā ʻia i kā lākou mau peke ma Assam, a ma a puni a D'tch Wildlife Sanctuary Memorial in Arunachal Pradesh . ^ E Ha yM. Noho kekahi poʻe liʻiliʻi ma ka Balpakram National Park ma Meghalom a me Chhattisgarh ma ke kahua o Indravati National Park a me ka Udanti Nature Reserve. Hiki i kēia kanaka ke pālahalaha aku i nā wahi kokoke i Orissa. I nā makahiki 1990, hiki paha ma kahi o ka 3,300-3,500 mau pōo holoholona hihiu ma Assam a me nā moku'āina e pili ana o northeast India. I ka makahiki 1997, ua helu ʻia ka helu ma ka liʻiliʻi ma ka 1,500 o nā pākeke.
Manaʻo nā heluna he nui e ola ana me ka nui o nā holoholona a i ʻole nā mea nui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. I ka hala o nā 1980s, ua emi iho ma mua o 100 mau pōloli hihiu i waiho ʻia ma Madhya Pradesh. Ma ka 1992, ua manaʻo ʻia he 50 mau holoholona wale nō i ola ma laila.
ʻO ka hapa wale nō o Nepal e noho ana i kahi hoʻonaʻauao ʻoihana ʻo Koshi Tappu a ulu nui mai 63 mau kanaka i 1976 a 219 mau kanaka i ka makahiki 2009, ua lawe ʻia ka helu hope loa ma 2016, kahi e hōʻike ana i kēia uluʻi i kēia manawa a hiki i ka huina o 432 mau kanaka me 120 kāne, 182 wahine a 130 keiki bipi. Eia kekahi, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe mea leopadi, tiger a Dhole i mālama ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka nui o nā pōʻai kala ma mua o 7%. Ke ulu nui nei ka lehulehu, ke manaʻo nei nā luna kuleana e hoʻokele i kekahi poʻe i nā kahawai o Chitwan National Park ma 2016.
Ma kahi a ma kahi kokoke i Bhutan's Royal Manas National Park, kahi liʻiliʻi iki o ka nui o ka nui o ka ʻehā. ʻO kēia kahi ʻāpana o ka subpopulation e kū mai ana ma Manas National Park o India. Ma Myanmar, nui nā holoholona e noho kūʻokoʻa ana i ka hoʻonaʻauao kanaka e noho ana ma ke kahawai ʻo Tiger Reserve Hukaung.
I Thailand, ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea aloha lapuwale e hele mai i loko o nā kau liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 40 mau kānaka. Noho ka heluna kanaka 25-60 i nā puʻu o Huaikhakhang mai Dekemaba 1999 a hiki i ʻApelila 2001. ʻAʻole nui ka ulu ʻana o kēia lehulehu i ka 15 mau makahiki i hala, a hiki paha i kahi me ka poʻokela home.
He palena iki ka nui o ka poʻe ma Kambila i kahi ʻāpana o ka hikina hikina o Mondalkiri a i ʻole nā mokuʻo Ratanakiri. He liʻiliʻi wale nō paha ka poʻe e noho ana.
Kekahi wai poepoe ma Sri Lanka he subspecies migona akā manaʻoʻiʻo he mamo lākou na nā holoholona i hoʻokomo ʻia. He mea ʻole paha ke waiho ʻia nā wai maoli kai maoli i kēia mau lā.
Loaʻa nā kānaka ola ʻē i nā wahi ʻē aʻe ma Asia, ʻAmelika, ʻAmelika, a me Bolivia nā poʻokela kūwaho.
ʻO ka ecology a me ke ʻano
ʻO nā pōʻai wai maoli i ke ao a me ka pō. ʻO nā wahine pākeke a me kā lākou mau'ōpiopio i nā ʻohana he 30 a he 30 mau kānaka nona ka hale mai ka 170 a 1000 ha (0.66 a 3.86 mau kilomita palena), me nā wahi leʻaleʻa, ka hōʻiliʻili, ka pā ʻana a me ka inu ʻana. Ua alakaʻi ʻo Clans i nā bipi kahiko, ʻoiai ke kau pū ʻana nā bipi ma ka hui. Hanakahi mau ʻohana he mau ʻohana 30 a 500 e hōʻuluʻulu ai i nā wahi leʻaleʻa. Hoʻokū ʻōpio nā kāne ʻōpio a hiki i ka 10 mau kānaka, me ka ʻelemakule kāne hoʻokahi kū hoʻokahi, a hoʻolilo i kahi manawa maloʻo ma mua o nā ʻohana wahine. He mau pua lahilahi lākou i ka hapanui o kā lākou ākea, maʻamau ma ʻOkakopa a me Nowemapa. Eia naʻe, ulu ka lehulehu i ka makahiki a puni. ʻAne kāne male me ka wahine o ke ʻohana, kahi e hoʻokuʻi iā lākou. ʻO kā lākou gestation manawa mai 10 a 11 mau mahina, me kahi manawa ma waena o ka hānau o ka makahiki hoʻokahi. Mālama lākou i kahi hua hoʻokahi, ʻoiai he mau ʻina kāhea. ʻO nā makahiki he 18 o nā kāne no nā kāne a ʻekolu mau makahiki no nā kāne. ʻO ka umauma nui loa i ʻike ʻia he 25 mau makahiki ma ka nahele. I ka ulu lāʻau ma Assam, ʻo ka nui o ka pipi mai kahi ʻekolu a 30 paha.
ʻO lākou paha nā mea kanu o ko lākou makemake, e hānai nui ana i nā cereals inā loaʻa, e like me ka lau o Bermuda a Cyperus papau, akā ʻai nō lākou i nā ʻano lāʻau ʻē aʻe, nā hua, a me ka ʻili, ʻo ke kau ʻana ma luna o nā kumu lāʻau a me nā mea kanu lāʻau. Hoʻohana lākou i nā mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi ka laiki, ke kō a me ka jute, i kekahi manawa e hōʻino ʻia.
ʻO nā Tigers a me nā mea ʻai manu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma luna o nā pōpoki poʻokela, a ua ʻike ʻia nā lāʻau ʻeleʻī ʻĀsia e pepehi iā lākou.
Nā Hoʻoweliweli
ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka liʻiliʻi o 50% o ka heluna kanaka ma nā hanauna ʻekolu i hala aku nei e like paha, ke hāʻawi nei i ka hōʻeha o nā hoʻoweliweli, ʻoi paha ka hybridization, ua noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia ʻano e hoʻomau i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO nā pōʻino nui loa:
- ke kaʻa ʻana me nā pōkā nui a me nā poʻomanaʻo a me nā wahi e pale ʻia ana.
- koua holoholona, he mea nui ma Thailand, Kamboila a me Myanmar,
- noho ʻole o ka noho ʻana ma nā wahi wai ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ulu ʻana i ka mahiʻai a me ka ulu ʻana o ka hydropower,
- Wehe ʻole ʻo Wetland ma muli o nā ʻano kikopua e like me nā māhoe ʻōpala a me nā mea kilokilo,
- nā maʻi a me nā pil oki i hoʻouna ʻia e nā holoholona kūloko,
- interspecific hoʻokūkū no ka meaʻai a me ka wai ma waena o ka poʻokio hihiu a me nā holoholona.
ʻO ka mōʻaukala ʻauhau
Pili ʻo Karl Linney i ka binomial Bula bubalis i ka poʻokela i loko ona i kāna wehewehe mua ʻana i ka makahiki 1758. I 1792, ua noi ʻo Robert Kerr i ka binomial Bos arnee i nā holoholona hihiu i loaʻa ma India ʻākau o Bengal. Ma hope mai, lawe nā mea kākau i kahi pōloli hihiu ma lalo o kekahi ʻ .lelo , ʻO Bubalus a i ʻole Buffelus .
I ka makahiki 2003, ua kau ka International Commission ma Zoological Nomenclature Bubalus arnee i luna papa inoa inoa o nā inoa kikoʻī ma zoology Ka ʻike ʻana i ka kaulike o kēia inoa no ka holoholona hihiu. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea kākau i ʻimi i ka hana Bubalus arnee no kahi puʻuwai hihiu kūpono no kahi ʻauhau.
ʻEke wale ʻia nā wahi DNA e loaʻa ana mai nā poʻohiwi hae. Manaʻo ka nui o nā ʻano ʻōiwi i ka progenitor o ka poʻokela domesticated hou, akā he ʻano kūloko ʻano ʻano B. Arnee ʻaʻole maopopo, me ka pili i nā pili iā lākou me ka muliwai ma domesticated a me nā palapala bog.
Kahele
ʻO ka noho noho ʻana o ka arni aia ma India, Thailand, Nepal a me Bhutan. I Kina, nalowale nā lehulehu hihiu i waenakonu o ke kenekulia iwakālua.
Ma kahi o 3,000 mau pōlio wai nui i ola ma India. Noho lākou i loko o nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi i nā hale noho o Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh a me Meghalaya. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike iā lākou me kou mau maka ponoʻī i nā pā makaʻāina o Manase a me Kaziranga, aia ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Assam.
Ma waho o India, ʻaʻole i keu o 1000 arnies i ola. ʻO ka hui ka nui o nā holoholona he 150 ma ke kikowaena Kosi-Tappu ma Nepal.
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Arnies e noho ana ma Sri Lanka i nā kime o nā poʻokela home i holo maikaʻi ʻole i ka kenekulia 19.
ʻAno lawehala
ʻO kēia mau momi mauʻu e holo nei i nā ululāʻau ʻōlau a me nā subtropical, a me nā ʻāina wai a me nā kahawai, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i nā wahi nā kānaka. ʻO ka manawa maʻamau, noho lākou ma nā pāpū he nui a he savannahs, akā pili mau koke i nā kino wai.
Hoʻonui ka wai poʻi i ka nui o ka lā i ka wai. Ma hope o ka lawe ʻana i nā kaʻina wai, makemake lākou e hūnā i ke ʻōpala kahakai, i uhi ʻia me ka mānoanoa o nā ʻōpala. Hiki i kēia mau kaʻina hana ke hōʻoki i nā huaʻalā hoʻonāukiuki a me nā maʻi āpau ʻē aʻe. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana, kāohi ka lepo i kahi ʻōpala paʻakikī, kahi make o ka nui o nā pōpoki.
Ma nā mauna, ʻike ʻia nā pōnoi ʻenehana i waena o nā ululāʻau i ke kiʻekiʻe he 2500 m ma luna o ke kai.
Noho lākou i nā pūʻulu ʻohana o nā holoholona 15-25. I ka manawa hui pū lākou i nā ʻohana a i luna o 120 mau kanaka, nona ka wahine a wahine a me kā lākou mamo. ʻO nā kāne ʻōpio, a hiki i ka wā ʻōpiopio, e hui pū me nā pihi kalepa he 10 mau bipi.
Noho ka poʻe ʻelemakule kahiko i kahi kaawale hoʻohanohano. Hoʻokomo pū nā male ʻo nā wahine i ka wā ulu a hoʻokuʻu ʻia iā lākou ma hope o ka hana aloha ʻana.
Noho kēlā me kēia ʻohana he home no 200 a 1000 ha. E pili paha nā papa.
Weliweli nā poʻe wai kūlohelohe i loko o ka nahelehele i ka poʻe a maʻa mau ke holo e ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe he mau kau kahiko kahiko. ʻAe hele pinepine lākou i ka pale ikaika a ʻo lākou ka mea mua e holo ai i ka hoʻouka kaua.
Ua ulu ka holoholona i ke ʻano o ka ʻono a me ka makemake makemake. He nāwaliwali ka ʻike kikoʻī a ke hana nei i ka lua.
Mea ʻai
ʻO ka ruminants, ʻĀnō e hānai wale i nā meaʻai kanu. ʻO kā lākou papa kai ka mea nui o ka mauʻu a me nā mea kanu aku. ʻO ka manawaʻai, ua ʻai ʻia nā hua lau a nā ʻōpala o nā hua lāʻau.
Hoʻokomoʻo Artiodactyls i nā pō o ke ao. ʻO ka nānā pinepine ʻana o ka meaʻai ma nā muliwai a me nā loko. Hele i kekahi manawa hele i ka māla mahiʻai a hōʻeuʻeu iā lākou iho me ka palaoa.
ʻAno hānau
I nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka poperty ma ka makahiki 18-24 mau mahina, a i nā kāne ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope. ʻO ka mākele e hele ma hope o ka ua nui. Hiki mai nā bipi i nā wahine a hoʻoholo i kā lākou mākaukau no ka moe ʻana i ka honi, ʻā ʻana o ko lākou pīpī a me nā ʻano pili.
Noho ke kiaʻi ʻana ma kahi o 320 a 340 mau lā.
Hāpai ka wahine i kekahi, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi loa nā keiki bipi. Ma hope koke o ka hānau ʻana, haʻalele ʻo ia i nā bipi a loaʻa kahi wahi i mālama ʻia e ka māla nui a nā lāʻauahi lāʻau.
Hiki i kahi pēpē keiki hou ke kū aʻe ma kona mau wāwae a ma hope koke o kona hānau ʻana, e hahai i ka makuahine. Ua loaʻa iā 35-40 kg. I nā mahina heʻeono 6-8, e hānai nā keiki bipi i ka waiū umauma. I ka pau ʻana o ka waiū hānai, ua huli ʻo ia i ka meaʻai paʻa.
ʻO keʻano
ʻO ka lōʻihi lōʻihi o ke kino he 240-300 cm. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maloʻo he 150-180 cm.ʻO 60-90 cm ka lōʻihi o ke huelo o 60-90 cm. ʻO ke kaupaona mai ka 800 a 1200 kg. Ua ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine ma kahi o nā kāne. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā holoholona homesticated i kahi liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku ka māmā i mua o kā lākou mau holoholona hihiu. Ma ke kumu maʻamau ke kaupaona nei lākou 300-600 kg.
He poʻo hina ke kapa ʻaina, ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha. Pahu ʻia ka huelo me kahi palaʻai palaʻai. Hiki i nā pāloko home ke hoke keokeo keʻokeʻo, beige a i ʻole nā kala ʻulaʻula a me ke keʻokeʻo-ʻulaʻula.
Aia nā pepeiao liʻiliʻi ma hope o nā pepeiaohao ma nā ʻaoʻao o kahi poʻo liʻiliʻi a me ka elongated. Loaʻa nā kāne ʻelua i nā puʻupuʻu convex i nā ʻaoʻao. Kūleʻa lākou i kekahi manawa. I ka ʻāpana kolepa, aneane like ʻole nā pepeiao i ka like. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā keikikāne ma mua o nā wahine.
ʻO nā laulā he ākea loa. Hoʻopiliʻia lākou no ke neʻe ʻana ma ka ʻāina palupalu.
Loaʻa ke ola ola o kahi pōʻai wai India ma ka 30 makahiki.
Pili a me ke kanaka
ʻO nā poʻe wai i hoʻokū ʻia ʻia mai ka wā kahiko. ʻOkoʻa kekahi ʻōlio pōʻaiapuni mai kahi hihiu i ke ʻano he kalima, he pōkole (ʻoi aʻe) nā pepeiaohao, a me ke kino - he ʻono nui loa kona ʻōpū, a ʻoi aku ka wela o ka nui o ka nui.
ʻO nā mea loiloi home kekahi o nā holoholona holoholona nui ma nā ʻāina o Asia Hema, ʻAmelika, Hema hema, a me nā mokupuni o ka mokupuni ʻo Malay. Nui nā mea kerili home ma nā ʻāina o ka hema o ʻEulopa, a ʻoi hoʻi i Italia, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai, ʻike ʻia, me nā ʻ Arablelo Arabia i nā makahiki 8 - 9 mau kenekulia. ʻO nā mea halekikola home i lawe ʻia mai i Iapana, Hawaii, a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. He nui nā pōʻaiapuni i loko o Sudan a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka ʻĀpana ʻAulika a ma ka mokupuni o Hawaiʻi. Ua lōʻihi lākou i ka kanu ʻana i nā pōʻai i ka Caucasus. Eia pū kekahi, ke kīleʻa ʻia nā pōpoki ma nā wahi ʻo Transcarpathian a me ka ʻāina Lviv ma Ukraine.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka poʻokela ma ke ʻano he papa hana lima, ʻoiai inā hoʻoliu nā mahi ʻai, a ʻo ka pipi waiū, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o nā mea hoʻohālikelike, he nui ka manawa ma mua o ka pipi waiū. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka momona momona ma mua o ka waiū o ka bipi. ʻO ka ʻiʻo o ke kalo, ʻo nā keiki bipi paha, he paʻakikī loa, no laila ke kaʻa ʻole ʻia.
ʻO kahi puaʻa puaʻa nui me nā pū nui he mau kono aloha ia no kahi holoholona. Eia nō naʻe, ma ka hapanui o nā ʻāina i ola ai nā pōlio hihiu, e ʻae ʻia ana e paʻa ʻole ʻia. ʻO kahi wale nō ʻo Australia, kahi o ka make nui he holoholona mālama holoholona nui. ʻAi ke kīleʻa ma kahi ʻeha, a ʻo ke ʻehaʻeha he pōpilikia. No laila, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kaua nui caliber no ka huki ʻana, ma ka mea maʻamau ʻaʻole i emi iho ka .375 N & H Magnum a i ʻole .416 Rigby.
Kahi helu
Aia a he 6 mau ʻano hoʻohālikelike o ʻAmelika, kahi mea noiʻi like ʻole e hāʻawi i kahi kūlana ʻōnaehana like ʻole. I kēia manawa, ʻike nui ʻia he 4 subspecies o ka nui ʻōlio puaʻa Asia. Bubalus arnee, a ua manaʻo ʻia ke ʻano hoʻopukapuka manuahi he mau iwi ʻē aʻe Bubula bubalus me ka mea ʻē ʻokoʻa i kahi ʻano like ʻole:
- Bubalus arnee arnee (= B. bubalis arnee) - ʻĀsia ʻĀsia a me Nepal,
- Bubalus arnee fulvus (= B. bubalis fulvus) - nā subspecies nui loa, Assam a me nā wahi kokoke.
- Bubalus arnee theerapati (= B. bubalis theerapati) - nā ʻaoʻao komohana a me nā ʻaoʻao hema o ka Indeina Peninsula,
- ʻO Bubalus arnee migona (= B. bubalis migona) — He wai ʻauʻau wai Ceylon , mokupuni o Sri Lanka,
- Bubula bubalus - ka mea i ka inoa o ka poʻokela ma Asia, nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "type like stream", he 50 chromosome,
- Bubula bubalus var. kerouna - He ʻano kūikawā, ʻo ka "ʻano ʻona" o ke kīʻaha mokuahi ʻĀina, he 48 mau chromosome.
Nā ʻike maoli
- ʻO ka ʻōpiopio mozzarella kaulana o Italia e like me ke ʻano kūpono no ka ʻinekō momona.
- Ma India, kahi o ka pipi no ka hapanui o nā kānaka he holoholona kapu a ʻaʻole i make i ka make no ka ʻai, ua kūʻai aku ʻia, akā naʻe, hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi pinepine i ka pipi a me ka veal. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻano hoʻohuli e ka pili o ka hoʻomana i nā mea make nui, no laila, ma lalo o ka inoa inoa momona, kūʻai aku lākou i kekahi mea wale nō. Ka mea ʻokoʻa mai ka pipi maoli i ka ʻiʻo, ʻokoʻa ka pipi a ʻoi aku ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka pipi.
- I kahi o nā wahi ma Asia Hema (kahi mau wahi o Vietnam, Thailand, Laos), nā pāʻani kīkela punahele e loaʻa ka hoʻouluulu kīʻaha pōʻai.
Kūpono ʻia nā bipi kiʻekiʻe loa no nā hoʻokūkū no ka manawa lōʻihi, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia a momona hoʻi i ke ʻano kūikawā. Hana ʻia ke kaua me ka ʻole o ka launa ʻana o ka poʻe - lawe ʻia nā kau i ka pūnaewele i kekahi me kekahi a me ke hoki, a hiki i kahi e holo aku ana mai ke kahua kaua a hōʻike ʻia paha nā hōʻailona o ka pio (no ka laʻana, ua hāʻule i ka wāwae o ka mea lanakila). Lele loa ke kaua ʻana - ʻaʻole nā mea make maoli i hōʻino kekahi i kekahi. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo hoʻi ka hakakā poʻokela i lilo i mea kaulana i nā poʻe mākaʻikaʻi.
Nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe:
Nā ʻōpio kahiko kahiko e ulu nei
E Ala Zmeyevogorsk
Kahiʻu ulu lāʻau ʻo Grachevskaya
ʻOihana Kumulapule "Kumysnaya Polyana"
Laau Lingonberry Sukhodol
Nā ululāʻau pā ʻĀpiha Agarevskie
Mua Kahua Kahuna
Leau nahele o ke Kaiapela Teplovsky
Ke kanu lāʻau ma ke ala
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao "Side Cottage"
Forest Lokhovskaya cottage
Elnik a kokoke iā Kamenka
Mau ʻōpua ʻo Ursa
ʻO Golitsyn pae pae mua
Nā māla lau nahele Sukhokarabulak
Hū Waihona Suhodol
Papa ʻāina ʻo Golitsyn
ʻO nā wahi ʻono maikaʻi loa ma ka māhele Saratov
K kanu kanu ʻia ma Bazarny Karabulak
ʻŌpio ʻōpiopio ma ka puʻu Klyuchevskaya
Me nā kumulāʻau Bazaar-Karabulak
Nā ʻano ʻona
ʻO ka puaʻa liʻiliʻi, a i ʻole poʻiweʻa (lat.Ictiobus bubalus) - kahi ʻano iʻa ka wai wai i ka huaʻāina ʻo Iktiobusy o ka ʻohana Chukuchanov. ʻO waho, ua hoʻohālikelike lākou i ke kalapu, ke kalepa kālā a i ke kālai kālā. I ka huina o ka huahelu ʻelima mau ʻano o nā iʻa ʻAmelika ʻAmelika o ka ʻohana Chukuchanov. I kekahi mau manawa lawaiʻa e mālama i kahi crossian maʻamau nui he trofi, akā ʻo ka manawa pinepine ia he iktiobus, a i ʻole ke kolo, he iʻa i kuhi ʻia i loko o nā kino wai ma Lūkia. ʻAʻole ia he hoahānau i kekahi lāʻau crossian a i ʻole nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana cyprinid, ʻoiai ua like like ia me lākou. I nā 70s ma USSR, hoʻāʻo lākou e hoʻohua i kahi puaʻa liʻiliʻi (Ictiobus bubalus), a me nā pua uliuli (Ictiobus niger). Mai ka makahiki 1971, hoʻāla ʻia kēia iʻa ma Goryachy Klyuch broiler iʻa, a laila hoʻāʻo ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā loko i loko o nā loko, a me nā kahe me nā Kuibyshev a me Saratov. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i lau a ka puaa me mākou - a nalowale hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole, akā ʻaʻole pono ia e hua na mea i loiloi maoli. ʻOiai ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o kāna poʻe lahilahi i ka nui, e hōʻea i ka nui kūpono, akā ʻo kēia iʻa e makemake e noho i loko o nā loko wai a me nā loko me ka wai mahana a hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā maʻi like ʻole. Ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi, hiki iā ʻoe ke hopu i kēia iʻa mai iā mākou a hiki i kēia lā, ma ka hema. Ua hui ka poʻe lawaiʻa ma ka Volga i kekahi manawa me nā moho poʻokela, e lawe ana iā lākou no nā kea nui. ʻOiai pili ʻole kēia malihini malihini ma waho o ke kalima crossian a hiki ʻole ke hoʻokahū ʻia me ke kaleka crucian, ʻoiai ʻo ka iʻa o kekahi ʻohana ʻē aʻe ia cyprinids, akā ʻo Chukuchans.
ʻO nā iktibuses ka thermophilic, kūpono nā loko wai no ko lākou noho, ka wai kahi e hoʻomehana maikaʻi ai. Ma nā loko wai a me nā loko he i ʻike ʻole ʻia ka lehulehu. ʻIke nui ka poʻe kūleʻa i nā loko lepo. Ma nā loko wai a me nā loko e noho ai ka māla kala a me nā mea peʻa, ʻaʻohe ʻoluʻolu ʻole nā iʻa. Pānaʻi pinepine ʻo ia e ka lerneosis. ʻO ka momona o ka ʻiʻo i helu ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe. Hōʻike ʻia ka iʻa ma nā momona momona kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻano haole o nā ʻāina ʻē. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā cyprinids, mea paʻa ka ʻike o nā iwi liʻiliʻi i ka pulp. Loaʻa ka maikaʻi o ka poʻohiwi i nā huaʻeha o ka gastronomy, ʻaʻole like me ke kāla pipi, ka pāpaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ma luna o ka ʻōpū, nā pālima liʻiliʻi e hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka neʻe a me ka pakele nui, ma muli o ia e mālama hou no ka lōʻihi a lawe ʻia ma nā lōʻihi lōʻihi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kuke i nā ala like ʻole i ka pipi kalima a me nā iʻa wai ʻole me ka ʻiʻo lau. Hoʻokomo ʻia, ʻā ʻia, hoʻomoʻa, ulu. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohui i kou pepeiao a hana i kahi balyk maikaʻi loa.
ʻO ka lōʻihi loa o ke kino he 90.9 cm, ke kaupaona a hiki i ka 31.4 kg. Loaʻa ka ola i kahi o nā makahiki 14. Ua like ke ʻano o ke ʻano pōpoki me kahi kaʻa kalaiwa. Hoʻopili ʻia ke kino i ke kāʻei ʻia, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao, kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hope i kikoʻi iki ʻia, i mua o ka puʻu dorsal ikaika paʻa i ka wā hope ma ke ʻano o ke keel. Kūpono nā poʻo o kēlā me kēia kanaka. Hoʻohālike ia i nā poʻo o ke poʻo kalepa kala. Ua nui nā maka. Ua liʻiliʻi ka waha, kokoke i ke kiko. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka fin dorsal, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kāna mau māmā 6-7 ma mua o nā mea āpau a pau, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka ʻaoʻao fin. ʻAno ke kala: ʻokoʻa a ke kua a me nā ʻaoʻao ʻeleʻele a i ka hina hina, me ke aniani a ke keleawe keleawe paha, hina ka ʻōpū, keʻokeʻo, hina nā poli i ka kala, like like me ka kala me ke kalepa.
Aia ka wai hohonu, kahe kahe, hoʻomaʻemaʻe a maʻemaʻe i nā wai nui. E hoʻomau i ka haki nui, akā ua ʻike ʻia nō nā lunakahiko a me nā loko wai e kau ai ka wai. Hoʻopili nui ka mea kanu i nā mea ola benthic. Ma kahi o plankton, hānai ia i nā diatoms a me nā algae, nā koina pepeke, nā crustaceans liʻiliʻi, nā bivalves, a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopau ka hapa nui i nā iʻa i ka nui o ke koikoi detritus, i komo me ke one ke komo ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana ʻana.
Hiki i nā kamaliʻi nā wā puberty i ka makahiki o 4-5 mau makahiki me ka lōʻihi o ke kino ʻoi aku ma mua o 41 cm, nā wāhine - i 6 mau makahiki a keu paha, me ka lōʻihi o ke aniani he 44 cm. I nā kūlana pōʻino, ʻaʻole kupu ʻole nā wahine i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Kūpono ʻia nā kuhi ʻana mai Malaki a hiki i Kepakemapa, a me kahi kiʻekiʻe ma Iulai. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea kīwī i nā kahu kāne nona ka 2-3 kāne a me 1 wahine. Ma hope o ka wahine hoʻokahi wale nō kāne, mālama ʻia ke koena ma ka lōʻihi a kokoke i ka wai o ka wai, e kaʻi aku i ka hope dorsal. Hiki i nā kūpale ke hana i nā kī ākea i nā ʻaoʻao, hana i kahi ʻano kihi i ka ʻaoʻao, e like me ka "ʻano pāʻani" o nā kīloʻi.
ʻO ka palupalu o nā wahine he 200-290 tausani mau huaole, ma nā wahine iʻoi aku ma mua o 80 cm lōʻihi - ʻoi aku ma mua o 500 tausani mau hua. Hoʻokahi kekaho o ka wā hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka wai pāpaku, ʻo ka maʻamau ma nā wahi me nā mea kanu kai. Heʻuʻuku ka liʻiliʻi o Caviar, ʻākekika, o ka paʻa mau o ka paʻa. ʻO nā loea no ka spawning kekahi mau mea paʻa ma lalo o ka wai. Hiki i nā wahine ke kuʻi i nā ʻāpana o nā mea kanu (nāʻaila, toljak, nāʻuhele wai), nā pōhaku, a me nā hana hydraulic. Pulu ʻo Caviar i lalo a i ʻole ka lāʻau i nā mea kanu. I ka mahana o ka wai o 21.1 ° C, e hānai ana ka lūlū i nā lā 4 ma hope o ka hoʻomakeʻa. Hōʻike ʻia ka hana ma hope o ka hatching, piʻi a hou hou i lalo. ʻO ka papaʻai ʻana o nā ʻōpū o kā lākou ʻāpana haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka iʻa hoʻokahi makahiki i piha me ka wai piha, nā huaʻai, a me ka manawa phytoplankton; i ka makahiki mua o ke ola, ulu ka ʻōpio ulu i ka lōʻihi o 10 cm. Aia ma nā makahiki he 3 i ka kanu ʻana, hiki i ka nui o nā iʻa me 1-2 kg. Me ka hoʻokūkū kūlohelohe o kahi waihona kālā, hāʻawi kēia i ka loaʻa wikiwiki i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā cyprinids a i ʻole nā mea kala kālā. ʻO ka paona o nā paila ʻōpio hiki ke piʻi aku ma mua o 2,5 kg, a ʻo ke kaumaha kiʻekiʻe he 30 kg. Hiki i nā iʻa kīleʻa i nā nui nui (a hiki i 1 m mau loa) a hōʻike i kahi kiʻi maikaʻi a ʻoiai ʻōpio.
Noho ke ʻano o ka iʻa a puni ma ke ʻāpana a hiki ke hopu ʻia e kekahi mau mea hana. Loaʻa ʻia ka puaʻa i nā ala like ʻole e like me ka crucian carp. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā iʻa mai ka lalo. ʻO ka pōpoki maikaʻi maikaʻi loa e kū mai i ka lawaiʻa o ke kauwela me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kakahiaka kakahiaka a i ke komo ʻana i ke ahiahi. Hoʻohana lākou i nā ʻauka, nā lāʻau lawaiʻa a me nā mea hānai lawaiʻa no ka lawaiʻa. ʻOi aku ka mālama o ka iktiobus ʻeleʻele a mālama i lalo o nā ʻāpana o ka wai, no nā mea lawaiʻa lawaiʻa ma ke kalepa a i ke kolo.ʻO ka puna wai, ke kauwela a me ka hāʻule ʻana nā kau i ka wā i hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hele i ka lawaiʻa no ka lawaiʻa. I kahi huaʻōlelo, hiki ke hui ʻia i nā lā mahana wale nō, ʻo ia ka manawa maikaʻi loa no ka lawaiʻa ʻana ka manawa kauwela. ʻO ka manawa i ke kakahiaka ʻoi loa ke kakahiaka a i ke ahiahi paha, akā ʻo ka ma ke kauwela ka mea e weliweli ia lā. I ka pūnāwai a me ka līkela, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e hele i ka lawaiʻa i ka lā e hoʻoheʻe ai ka lā i ka wai. Loaʻa ka pili ʻana i ka pō i kēia manawa. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻaʻole paʻa kēia ʻano ika i ʻike ʻia, ʻoiai ka mea o kāna hana a me ke kaʻina hana ʻai e pau.
Wahi a nā poʻe loea, ʻo ka ala maikaʻi loa e hopu ai i ka pōpoki he māka lawaiʻa a kēlā me kēia - ʻo ka mākeke maʻalahi akā paʻa. No ka lawaiʻa, hoʻohana ʻia kahi lāʻau lawaiʻa 5-6 m m a i hoʻolako ʻia me ka laina lawaiʻa 0.1-0.2 mm mānoanoa me nā kaula i helu ʻia 12-14 Mai poina e pili ana i ka leʻaleʻa, ka mānoanoa i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia ka 0.10-0.12 mm. Koho ʻia ka kaila o ka laina lawaiʻa e kau ʻia ma luna o ke kaiāhu: no ka mea nui ka wai ʻino e ʻoluʻolu nui, ʻoiai no ka holo wikiwiki ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka makemake i ka brown. Akā inā ikaika ka loulou, a laila ʻaʻole i kūpono ka ʻaeʻa o ka lawaiʻa i ka pahu. Pono ka pakanā o ka nui o ka nui a me ka puka ʻana, no ka mea i hana ʻia nā ʻaoʻao ākea nui me ka nui o ka wai o ka wai, ka hopu ʻia ʻana o nā poʻi ma mua. Loaʻa i nā kinikini koaloʻai ia mau ʻano kūʻokoʻa: pinepine ka pae ma ka ʻaoʻao a laila hele i ka ʻaoʻao a hele paha i ka ʻaoʻao a i ʻole pololei ʻoe - eia ʻoe pono ʻole e kuhi hewa ʻole me ka wā paʻa. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, he ʻona kūpono ka nui o ka iʻa, no laila e hiki ke hoʻopili pono i ka maunu a lele a puni iā ia i kahi lōʻihi. Mai hahae i ka pahu waii, me ka mea e hoʻonui ai i kēia mau manawa e hele mai ana ma muli o kahi hihiki o ka waha. Pono pono e huki i kahi mea paona koʻikoʻi, akā, nīmū ke wikiwiki ʻana i ka lawaiʻa i ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana. I ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa me kahi puaʻa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka lāʻau o ka milo, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ia mau mea ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ma kahi o 2,7 m, ʻo ka hōʻike ʻana e pili ana i ka 60 g a me kahi mea hānai e kau ana a hiki i 20 g.
ʻO ka pōpoki he iʻa launa naʻu, akā ʻo ke kumu kai o kāna meaʻai he zooplankton, no laila he mau ao honua no kā crossian carp me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ke kahe koko, nā ʻawaʻawa a me nā maggots e like me ka pain. No ka pua hoʻolima, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana: puaʻa, nā ʻōpala lepo, i palaoa a pāpaʻi ʻia i ka palaoa, palaoa, bale, oatmeal, semolina. Manaʻo ʻia e hana ʻia ka meaʻai ma ke ʻano o nā pōpō palepa paliki, nā mea maʻamau o ka hoʻokō ʻia me ka hoʻokolohua. Pono ke akahele poʻokela i ka mālama ʻana i ka wā e hana ai ka paʻu, ʻoiai inā kokoke loa ka iʻa i ka ihu, a me ka ʻala ʻia o ka wai hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā. Hiki ke hoʻololi koke i nā ʻō i nā wahi, no laila, pono ʻoe e hoʻihoʻi mau i kā lākou nānā. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hoʻolei pinepine ʻia ka maunu e hiki ke hoʻoweliweli i ka ʻohana nimble no kahi manawa lōʻihi. Hiki i ke kao i koho pono ʻia o ka hānai e mālama ai i kona ʻano ma hope o ka mākū a ʻaʻole pulu i ka lalo. Inā, ma kahi o ka kumulāʻau, nui nā loko iʻa liʻiliʻi i loko o ka loko wai, e manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui i ka nui o nā pōpō, ke ʻole i ka hewa o ka hui o ka liona. E like me ke keokeo crucian, ʻike maoli ʻia ka poʻokela i nā mea hoʻohui i hoʻohui ʻia, i kekahi manawa e hoʻonui ai i ka hiki o nā meaʻai hoʻohui. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole ia e pono i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pena loina - pane maikaʻi ka iʻa i nā ʻāpana o nā huahana kūlohelohe. Pono wale nō e nānā i kekahi meʻe, ʻo ka manaʻo i hiki mai me ka manawa, ʻoiai he lawaiʻa kuʻi hou e pono i ka ʻāpono "ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hiamoe ma mua o ka hiamoe".