Ua hoihoi mau ʻia kēia holoholona holoholona kūʻokoʻa i ka manaʻo o nā poʻe loea, a me nā mea noiʻi kūlohelohe, a, ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi, ʻo nā mea hopu. ʻO ka inoa Latin no ka musk deer Moschus moschiferus ʻo ia ʻo "hāʻawi musk." He musk ia, a i ʻole, me ke kapa ʻia me ke ʻano, "ka ʻala o ka ʻānela," nāna i hana nui i nā mea make o ke mele musk.

Mai ka waena o ka ʻumikūmāiwa ʻumikūmālua, ua emi nui ka heluna o kēia mau holoholona.

I kekahi mau manawa manawa, pōʻino loa ka hopena anthropogenic ma ka musk deer no ke ʻano ʻelua i ka hopena i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hoʻoweliweli o ka hala.

Ma kēia hana, ua lōʻihi ke nīnau no ka wā e hiki mai ana ka musk de modern.

Hiki ke loaʻa i ka pane i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka mele musk.

HE MANAʻI NUI

ʻO ka Musk deer ka mea liʻiliʻi loa i ka artiodactyls ma ka fauna o Lūkia. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia e nā hiʻohiʻona i hoʻoilina ʻia mai kahi ʻano kūpuna kahiko.

ʻOi loa ka lōʻihi o ke kino o nā holoholona makua he 84–94 cm.o nā ʻalā a me nā wahine, e like me nā mea kahiko artiodactyl kahiko, he hakahaka nā pū.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana o nā hiʻohiʻona ka lua kāne i ka kāne kāne, ka ʻulaʻoni a me nā keaka ʻihiʻoni nui, ka mea nona ka 5.0-6.5 cm o ka lehelehe a he mau ʻāpana muske nā ʻano mele wale nō o nā mele musk.

Kūkulu ʻia ka ʻili o kahi huelo, ʻo ka mea huna o nā kāne e hōʻailona ai i ko lākou wahi. ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka anatomy a me morphology o ka musk deer skeleton i hoʻopili ʻia me ka huha ʻana i ka gait. Hōʻike ʻia kēia e ka nāwaliwali nāwaliwali o ke alo o ka ʻala, a me ke kumu o ka vertebrae a me ka ʻōnaehana uila.

Ma ka ʻāpana o Rusia, ʻo ia nā ʻāpana musk deer e pili ana i nā ʻōnaehana mauna o Altai, Sayan, Transbaikalia a me ka Far East. E holo ana ka palena komohana ma ka Yenisei. Aia ka ʻeka muske deer forme i Central Asia.

ʻO nā haʻawina genetic molecular e hōʻike i kahi hoʻokaʻawale mua o nā musk deer fossils mai ka ʻōpala maʻamau o nā artiodactyls. ʻO nā makahiki phylogenetic o nā mea kahiko loa, lōʻihi i lōʻihi o nā mea ruminant o ke aloha e ʻike iā mākou ma ka 26 miliona mau makahiki.

ʻO ka manuʻu o Rūsia a me nā wahi pili i pili wale nō nā genus Musk deer Moschus me hoʻokahi ʻano ʻo Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus, 1758.

ʻO ka kumu kūpono o ka mālama ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai o nā ʻano he ʻano hiki ʻole ka ʻike hohonu o nā kumu e pili ana i ka dinamics o kona nui a me nā kuleana o ke kanaka i kēia kaʻina. HALE LOA

ʻO kā mākou loiloi o nā ʻano craniological (ka nui o ka ʻōpala) e hōʻike nei i kahi kūʻokoʻa nui loa o ka ʻākau a me ke ʻano hema o nā musk deer.

Ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nei kēia mau ʻano i kēia manawa; ʻo ia hoʻi ke noho nei i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa a me nā ʻāpana kime, he kumu no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka mahele o ka ʻĀkia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a me nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka subspesies: Siberian a me Himalayan.

Hoʻokū ʻia ka hui Siberia ʻehā mau subspecies: Siberian, Far Eastern, Verkhoyansk a me Sakhalin. ʻO ka mana o ka māhele subspecies o musk deer e like me nā ʻano morphological a laila hōʻoia ʻia i nā ʻano molekika genetic i loko o ke kāʻei ʻana o ka mitochondrial DNA.

Ma Lūkia, musk deer populasyon ka nahele i ka ulu lāʻau taiga, ʻoi loa ka lāʻau-cedar a me ka puna. He mea maʻamau ʻē aʻe ma nā kaʻe o nā puʻu, kahi e pohō ai nā pōhaku me nā kumu lāʻau a me nā ʻūhā mai nā lāʻau makani.

Ma Yakutia a ma North-East East o Rūsia, noho nā holoholona i nā wao coniferous māmā mai Daurian larch, a me ka pōkole poplar-willow ulu me nā kumu o ka lālau a me ka mauʻu rhododendron i ulu.

ʻO ka Musk deer ka hana wale nō i ke ahiahi a i ka pō. Hōʻike ʻia ka hana o kēlā me kēia lā i ka loli o nā kūlana hoʻomaha loa (hoʻomaha a hiamoe a moe ma kahi moe) a me nā ʻano o nā ʻano e pili ana i ka hānai, nā nohona, nā hana hou, nā keiki wahine hou, etc.

I ka Pōʻalua a me Kepakemapa, ʻo nā manawa lōʻihi loa ia ma ka pō pōkole i hana ʻia mai 20:00 a 23:30, a me ke kakahiaka - mai ka hola 5 a i ka hola 7:00. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻohuli ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana ma kahi manawa o ka lā (16:00), a ua pau i ka kakahiaka ke kakahiaka, ma ka hola 9: 00–9: 30.

I ka wā hānai ʻana o nā pēpē, ua piʻi a hiki i nā pōpoki he ʻumikumamālua i ka lā o nā wahine a ʻumi a hiki i ʻumi i ka poʻe o nā kāne ʻelua me ke ʻano nui o ke kauwela.

ʻO ka hana nocturnal o nā holoholona no ka lōʻihi loa i pale i nā kānakaʻepekema mai ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻa pono ʻana i ka ʻano o musk deer. ʻO ka nānā waleʻana o nā holoholona i ka pio a me ka mea kūlohelohe e hiki ai iā mākou ke kiʻi i kahi kiʻi holoʻokoʻa o nā mea ola o nā ʻano.

ʻO ka ʻeneke Musk kahi mea kūʻai aku i ka mea hānai e waiho ana ma lalo o ka ulu lāʻau. ʻO ke kumu o ke kīʻaha ʻoi i hana ʻia i ka lāʻau me nā lichens terestrial, ʻo ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ke kauwela. Hiki i nā lichens ma ka helu hiki ke 99% o ka meaʻai musk deer hoʻopau.

I ka hoʻoilo, nā holoholona, ​​ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā laikini, hoʻopau i nā pulupulu ahi, nā lau malo a me ka nāhelehele, i kekahi manawa ke kālai ʻia mai lalo o ka hoʻoilo ma ka ʻōhulu maloʻo i mālama ʻia, kā lākou makemake nui i ka wā hoʻoilo.

I ka manawa o ke kauwela-kauwela, kahi mahele nui i ka meaʻai i ka mea kanu mau lāʻau, lau lau o nā lāʻau a me nā lāʻau.

I ka 80% o nā hihia, hānai nā kāne musk deer i ka wā e hoʻokele ana i ko lākou mau wahi, e ʻohi ana i nā laikini mai ka leheʻe o ka hau (lepo) a i ʻole mai nā lālā i hāʻule i ka wā o ke neʻe. ʻO nā wahine a me nā keiki bipi ʻōpiopio pinepine (mai ka 35% a 65% o ka hānai) e ʻai i nā laikini mai nā lāʻau a me nā mea kanu lāʻau.

No ka hapanui o nā kānaka musk deer e noho nei ma ka palena o Lūkia, e hōʻike ʻia ana nā lā hoʻomaka a me ka hopena o ka wā moe. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻike ʻia ka lāhui ma Dekemaba - Ianuali, ʻoi aku ka nui ma Pepeluali - Malaki.

ʻAʻole pōkole ʻo Gon, a ʻo ke ʻano o ka estrus (estrus) o nā wahine, i ka wā e hele ai nā ʻaina āpau, pono i nā hola 12-24 wale nō. ʻO ka hana koʻikoʻi i ka moʻo ʻana o ka hana musk deer e hīmeni ʻia e nā honi o ke kelepona prepuce o nā kāne, i kapa ʻia ʻo nā mea lawehala.

ʻO nā mea huna o kēia kīʻaha a me nā hōʻailona o ka urinary, ka mea e lawe ai i ka ʻōpū o musk, he hopena hōʻeuʻeu i ka pilikino pili o nā hoa hana, a ma ka ʻano, e hoʻokū i ka estrus i nā wahine, a laila e hōʻoia pono ai i ka kūleʻa o nā hua.

Hoʻokani ke kime i ka hana like me ka keka e kani ai ka rula. ʻIa ka ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka helehelena, akā pehea ka hoʻōla ʻana i nā pōkole estrous a hoʻopaʻa i ka heluhelu ʻana o nā wahine no ka pālule.

No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka musk holoholona no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā lāʻau tinctures, a ʻānō nui kēia i nā mea momona a me nā homeopathy.

ʻO ka mea nui e hoʻopili i ka pakū ʻana o ke ola musk deer ke kumu kahiko o nā ʻano. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia holoholona kona palena makahiki. I ka huli ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano manu a he pūʻulu o nā ʻano he me he lōʻihi o ka wā e hoʻonui ai, ʻo ia, e like me nā paleontologists, mai 5 a 7 miliona mau makahiki.

No laila, e like me kēia ʻōlelo ʻana, ua lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka lāka musk i ke laina o ka pōmaikaʻi, i hoʻopau i ʻehiku a i ʻewalu miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ke manaʻo nei e hopohopo nei lākou no ka hoʻopulapula ʻana e pili ana i nā mea hoʻoponopono.

PHOTO E VLADIMIR Prikhodko

ʻO ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka mōkī musk no ka musk e pono ke hoʻomaopopo i ka lua o ke kūlana koʻikoʻi no ke ola ʻana o nā ʻano. ʻAʻole ia e pili i nā kaʻina evolutionary a i ʻole hoʻokūkū interspecific.

I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kahi mea anthropogen kūpono loa kēia e hiki ke hoʻēmi ʻia a me ke kāpae ʻia hoʻi ma o ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻano he nui e pale ai i ka kuʻaki musk.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, noho ʻia ke kolu o ka wahi i loko o kā mākou papa papa inoa e ka hiki ke luku ʻia ʻana o nā laikini i ka hopena o nā hoʻoheheʻe o ka honua, kahi e hōʻeha ai lākou E hoʻoholo ka mea i koho ʻia i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka musk deer i kahi kokoke loa.

KĀNANA helu

ʻO nā loli lōlika i ka nui o nā holoholona he laha ākea i ka hana, kahi i hala ma mua i pau i ka pauʻana o nā holoholona. No laila, ma ka waena a me Late Miocene, aia ma kahi o ʻewalu mau ʻano ʻano musk deer kahiko loa.

ʻO ke kumu o kā lākou hoʻopau ʻana, e like me ka paleontologists, ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano ʻōiwi i alakaʻi i nā loli honua i ke ʻano o nā mea kanu a me nā ʻona ʻāina. Me ka hiki ʻana mai o ke kanaka, ua hikiwawe ka wikiwiki o nā holoholona.

ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻōiwi ʻōpiopio o ka ʻohana musk deer kaona ma kahi o 11 miliona mau makahiki; ua pau me ka mālama ʻana i hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano lā - musk deer.

Ke lilo nei i nā mea kūʻai aku holoholona, ​​hoʻomau mau ʻia kēia holoholona i nā moʻo holoholona. I ka makahiki 1997, ua huki wau i ka pilikia o ka hōʻemi pōpilikia ma ka helu o nā kuahi musk ma Rūsia, e kuhikuhi ana i nā hana lawaiʻa archaic e hoʻopau i ka spatial a me ke ʻano ethological o nā ʻano a ua alakaʻi i ka poaching ākea.

Loaʻa nā kumuwaiwai iʻike ʻia e hōʻike ana i ka hōʻemi o nā poʻomanaʻo a me nā lehulehu o nā musk deer i ke kenekulia 19. Ma nā hana kiko o kona nui, ua hoʻokaʻawale mākou i nā mea ʻelua i uku ʻia ma muli o ka lawaiʻa ʻana o nā holoholona, ​​ka mea i lilo ka mana koʻikoʻi.

ʻO ka nui o nā ʻano (250,000 mau kānaka) i ka kenekulia 19 i ka makahiki 1845, a ukali ʻia e kahi hōʻeha ʻopala i nā kumu o musk deer (a hiki i 10 tausani mau kanaka i ka makahiki 1880) i hoʻokahi manawa pōkole.

I ka wā hana, ua ʻike ʻia nā manawa lōʻihi o ka ulu ʻana o ka nui o nā lehulehu, a ʻo nā palena o ka nui (200 tausani kanaka) ua loaʻa wale i ka makahiki 1989.

I kēia lā, ua hōʻike ʻia ka musk deer range e ʻelua mau wahi kaona: ka ʻākau (nā mauna o Altai, Sayan, Eastern Siberia, ka Far East, Mongolia) a me ka ʻaoʻao hema (Korea, Kina, Himalaya). I ka wā ma mua, ua pili kēia mau ʻāpana a kūkulu i kahi ʻāpana i ke kaʻina ʻana o nā ʻano. HALE LOA MALEYEV

ʻO nā kumuwaiwai hou o nā mele musk ma Rūsia he 25-30 tausani kanaka, kahi kokoke i ka huli o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pau ʻana o nā ʻano. ʻO nā palena o ka ulu ʻana i ka makahiki 19 a me 20 mau mea kokoke i ka heluna kanaka, ka mea ua hoʻopau i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ulu waiwai ma muli o ka heluna o nā wahi āpau kūpono i waena o nā holoholona.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka emi ʻana o nā pōpilikia ma ka nui o nā ʻano i mua a i nā makahiki 90, ʻaʻole ia no ka lehulehu o ka lehulehu, i.e. overpopulation o nā holoholona he mea koʻikoʻi nui mea.

ʻO ka pālahalaha ākea ākea a me ka hala o ka makahiki o ka musk deer e hoʻohana ana i nā kaula he mea nui ia e hōʻemi ai i kona helu ʻana i ka manawa o ka milleni, a ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano i kēia manawa.

E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o kā mākou papa noiʻi, kahi mamao loa mai ke kaʻina loiloi a selection the extraction o musk deer alakaʻi i ka hoʻohemo ʻana o ka hua hānau (wahine a me nā kāne territorial) a me ka hapanui o nā ʻōpio mai nā ʻōiwi kūlohelohe.

I kā mākou mau koho, ʻo ka huakaʻi nui o ka luku ʻana i kēia mau diemeke ua ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1992-11995. Ma kēia manawa pōkole wale nō me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻōpiopio, ma kahi o 60% o nā ʻōiwi maoli o nā ʻano mea like i hoʻopau ʻia.

Hōʻike ka helu helu haole ʻē aʻe i ka dinamics o ka nui o ka poʻe musk deer ma nā ʻāina e pili ana (Kina a me Mongolia) i like me ka hoʻolalelima like ʻana, a ua ʻike ʻia nā mea noiʻi haole i ka hoʻēmi ʻana o ka helu o kēia mau kaomi i nā mea anthropogen - ka poʻo a me ka luku luku ʻana.

No laila, i ka 60s, ua hoʻemi ʻia nā kumu o ka musk deer ma Kina e 50% no 10 mau makahiki, ma ka 80s ka wikiwiki o ka hāʻule ʻana, a ʻo ka heluna o nā ʻano i hāʻule e 50% i ʻelima mau makahiki. Ma Mongolia, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka musk deer no nā makahiki he ʻumi, a ua lilo ka poaching i mea e hoʻoholo ai i ka nui o ka dinamics o nā kānaka lehulehu i kēia ʻāina.

Hōʻike ka loiloi o ka emi ʻana o ka helu o ka musk deer e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano ʻoihana kūʻai aku i ka manawa pōkole - ma 5-10 mau makahiki wale nō, ʻoiai ka lōʻihi o 100-120 mau makahiki e hoʻihoʻi hou i nā kumuwaiwai i kā lākou pae kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.

Ke hoʻopau nei i nā kīkaha musk deer. Altai, ka waha o ka wai o Shavly, 1999. PHOTO V.S. LUKAREVSKY

I mea e hoʻopakele ai i ka mele musk, ua hoʻopuka kekahi mau kumuhana o ka Russian Federation i nā pale paʻa ʻole i kona hopu ʻia ʻana, ʻaʻole naʻe kēia i hāʻawi i kahi hopena kūpono ma muli o ka nele o ka pale kūpono o nā puʻupaʻa mohala ma ka ʻāina.

No ka laʻana, ma ka Altai Republic, kahi i ka manawa mai ka 2009 a me ka 2014 kekahi moratorium hou ma ka hopu ʻana i ka nui o musk deer, ua hoʻolilo ʻia kona waiwai i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma muli o ka hoʻomakeke nui a hōʻemi ʻia mai ka 3.0 a hiki i 1.5 tausani
pakahi.

Ke ʻano haki neʻe ʻia me ka neʻe ʻia ʻana ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka ʻanohele o nā ʻano: ma nā mauna Sayan, Transbaikalia a me ka Far East. Ma muli o ka hapa nui o ka nui o nā wahi Lūkia (Altai Territory, Altai Republic, Kemerovo Region, Republic of Khakassia) musk deer i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā kikowaena Red Books.

Hoʻomaopopo nā luna o ke kaiāulu a me nā luna āpau e pili pono ana ka kaila o ka kaohi o ka nui o nā ʻano pili i ka noi ʻana no musk i ka mākeke honua. Mai ke kau makahiki a hoʻonui, ulu ke kumukūʻai o nā moku cabaret.

I kēia manawa, ʻo kona waiwai ma ka mākele ʻeleʻele e loaʻa iā 25 tausani rubles. Ke koi nei ka noi nui no ka musk kūlohelohe i ka poʻe hopu i ka holoholona me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o kēia ʻano.

ʻO ka hala ʻole o ka manu musk ma ka hana lawaiʻa e lawaiʻa i nā holoholona i mālama i nā wahi kūlohelohe kūikawā, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻano (mai 30 a 70%) i nā wahi āpau o kekahi mau hoʻohele.

E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o kā mākou noiʻi kula, ʻo nā wahi nui o Gorny Altai, Irkutsk Oblast a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe, i noho mua ʻia e ka musk deer, i kēia manawa ua nalowale lākou i ko lākou helehelena, i hōʻoia ʻia e ka haʻalele ʻana o nā holoholona holoholona i nā ala hoʻoilo.

ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka dinamika o nā kānaka musk deer kanaka e hāʻawi i ke kumu e hoʻohuli ai i kēia hopena: ʻo ka nui o nā ʻano o nā ʻano ma Lūkini i hōʻea i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi, ma hope e pili ana ka wānana.

ʻO kahi wanana maikaʻiʻole i ka mokuʻāina o nā kumu waiwai i hāʻawi ʻia e kekahi loea i nā wild wild wild, ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻO Danilkin. Wahi a kēia mea kākau moʻolelo, aneane pau nā ʻano ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma Rūsia i ke kūlana kaumaha, a he nui nā ʻano manu ma ka palena o ka luku.

Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili i loaʻa iā mākou ma muli o ka nānā ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai o nā lā hou o ka ʻekaʻena musk Far Far mus ma mua o 2,5 tausani mau kānaka, ʻo Verkhoyansk - 1.5 tausani holoholona.

Sakhalin musk deer, ka helu o ka helu ʻole o ka 300 o nā mea pākahi, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o kahi mauʻu a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka Red Book of the Russian Federation.

ʻO ka hopena ākea ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i ke kūlana i kēia manawa ua pōʻino. Ke paʻa mau nei ka pale ʻana i ka musk deer ma Lūkini. He maikaʻi ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻano holoholona ʻano. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā subspecies i hoʻokahi kekona a i ʻole ka palena ʻē aʻe.

No ka mālama i ka mōlia musk i ka manu o Lūkia, pono pono e lawe i kekahi mau hana wikiwiki.

• Ke hana nei i ka moʻo moʻomeheu-Lūkini o musk deer.
• ʻO ka hoʻolauna ʻana i kahi papa hoʻokae ma ka lawe ʻana i kahi musk de Russia ma Rusia no kahi mau makahiki 15. E hoʻomaopopo o nā ʻāina āpau o nā ʻano o nā ʻano (China, Mongolia, India, Nepal, etc.) i hoʻolauna i nā hoʻopaʻi kānāwai ma ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana i nā mele musk.
• ʻO ka pau ʻana o ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana o nā palapala ʻae a ke keʻena aupuni CITES i Lūkini no ke kahe ʻana i nā kukuna cabaret.
• ʻO ka hōʻano hou o ke ʻano kuʻuna o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai o nā ʻano: he haʻalele i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā holoholona a hoʻololi i ka mahiʻai ʻana o musk deer for musk.

Pono e hoʻohui ʻia me ka hoʻohui pū ʻana o ka loiloi i ka ʻai e hoʻohana ai i nā wīwī e hoʻowalewale i ke ola ʻana o musk deer e like me kahi mea hōʻeha ma muli o ka nui o kona waiwai a me ke ʻano kūlike o ka hana lawaiʻa i ʻōlelo ʻia.

Pono e ʻike pono i nā mākaʻi a me nā luna e make nā mea kime musk i nā loina e ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā mea wānana. No ka mālama ʻana i kēia ʻano ʻōpiopio kahiko, pono e lawe i kekahi mau hana no ka pale aku a hoʻihoʻi i nā kumuwaiwai i ka helu kumu o 1989.

No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia pahuhopu, pono ka hana ʻōnaehana ma mua o nā makahiki he umi.