ʻAʻole ʻo kā kāhea wale ʻia nā kāmela nā moku moku wao. Kuhi ʻia kēia mau holoholona e ke ʻano no ke ola ma nā wahi mehameha. No laila, hoʻohālikelike pono lākou no nā huakaʻi lōʻihi i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi o nā wao wela a me nā anuʻo anu. ʻAʻole makaʻu ka lā wela, a me ka pōkole o ka wai iā lākou.
Kamelaki Bactrian a i ʻole Bactrian (lat.Camelus bactrianus) (hānau kāmeka Bactrian)
Loaʻa iā lākou nā umauma pono a pau me nā mea kanu ulu. Hiki i ke kāmela ke noho wai ʻole me ka wai no nā hebedoma ʻekolu, a inā e hele mai ke kahawai wai e ola ana, a laila hiki iā ia ke inu a hiki i 90 lita wai i ka manawa.
I loko o nā pua moena, ʻelua mau pua he ʻekahi: hoʻokahi kāmela humped - dromedary a ʻelua mau kāmela nā wai nui. Ka hopena hope loa i 2 mau ʻano: Bactrian (kāmela home) a me Haptagai (nā kāmele hihiu). He mea maʻalahi ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o lākou: ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka home, a he keʻokeʻo kona ʻōpū, ʻaʻohe ʻōleʻa o ka umauma a me nā kuli mua.
Nā poʻe hoʻohālike
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ka ʻike nui loa ma waena o kēia mau ʻano ka nui o nā humps, akā, ma kahi o kēia, ua nui aʻe ka Bactrian i ka dromedary i ka nui a me ke kūlike o ke kapa. ʻAe, a noho lākou i nā ʻāpana o ka honua. Hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kahi kāmele nui i kālai ʻia i nā ʻāina o ʻAmelika.
ʻIke wale ʻia ʻo Haptagai ma nā wāwae i waena o nā Central and Central Asia, Mongolia a me China. O nā “moku waonahele” āpau, he 90% ka nui o nā kāmelo kūmole, aʻo nā koena kāmelo ʻelua mau kahena he 10%. Nā helu helu ʻeha. ʻO ia ke kumu aʻu i manao ai e kamaʻilio me ka "kaola o ka lua-decker o ka wao nahele", ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Haptagai, ke kokoke loa, ʻoiai e hiki ke hoʻokokoke ʻia ma ka honua.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻepekema mua loa o kēia holoholona no ka mea noiʻi Lūkini N.M. Przhevalsky (1878).
Hoʻaiho
Ma mua, loaʻa kēia mau holoholona i nā ʻāina ākea ākea, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka ʻaoʻao waena o Kazakhstan ma ke komohana a hiki i ka pa nui o ka muliwai Kina Kuneke ma ka hikina. Hiki i kēia mau haptagaya ke loaʻa wale ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi i nā ʻāpana o Mongolia a me Kina. ʻO kēia kēia ka Trans-Altaic o ka wao nahele Gobi, nā kiwi o nā hui a me nā awāwa o Eren a me Shivet-Ulan, a ma Kina paha - ma ka ʻāina o Lake Lobnor.
Kāleka
Ua haʻi mākou i nā hiʻohiʻona laulā o kēia kāmela. E ʻike maikaʻi iā ia. He nui kēia mau holoholona. Hiki i ke paona Bactrian ke piʻi i ka 600-800 kg, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o Haptagai. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mauʻu mai ka 2 a hiki i ka 2,3 m, ke kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ka piko o kahi hiʻu he 2.7 mika. ʻO ka lōʻihi ma waena o nā humps e lawa no ke kanaka e komo me ka hōʻoluʻolu ma laila. No ia, ʻaʻole pono ke ʻano ʻaʻū.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona a pau o ke kūloko a me ke ʻano o ke kāmela i pili me kona ʻano ola. E lawe ma kahi o nā humps, he mau momona momona.
Kūlike ʻole i ka manaʻo pālahalaha nā kumu nā makona e hoʻopiʻi ana i ka wa e pau ai ka wai, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole he “wai” nā humps akā maikaʻi nā "hale kūʻai". No laila, me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka meaʻai a me ka wai, ua lilo nā umauma o nā kāmelo i mea liʻiliʻi, e emi ka paona a kāwili i nā ʻaoʻao. Akā inā hoʻomaha ia iā ia iho a inu i ka wai, ulu maoli ʻo ia i ka nui, ʻoi aku hoʻi i kāna mau hump. Pēlā, e like me ke ʻano o ke ʻano hoʻohālike o ke kāmela momona.
I ka wā wela, hana nā humps i nā uluna wela e pale ʻia, e pale ana i ke kua o ka holoholona mai ka wela o ka lā.
Ma nā kihi waena o Central Asia, ʻo ka hopena o ka mahana ma waena o ka hoʻoilo a me ke kauwela hiki i ka 80 ° C. I ke kauwela, hiki i ke ea ke piʻi i ka +40 ° C, a ma ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo i ka -40 ° C. Akā kahi kāmele nā lua-humped ʻaʻohe ʻōnaehana like. ʻO kahi kapa huluhulu pale ke pale aku iā ia mai ka wela a me ke anuanu. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi a me ka mānoanoaʻoi aʻe ma mua o kahi dromedary, i ke ʻano, he huluhulu haptagai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
I ka wā o ka hoʻoilo, ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo, hoʻomaka e kā nā kāmelo i kā lākou 'aahu hulu melemele "lōʻihi a me ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ia ka manawa i hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ka ʻano like ʻole loa - i kahi kihi ka huluhulu i ka huluhulu, a ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe ua kau ʻia ʻo ia ma nā puʻu nui.
Kamela i ka wā molting
ʻO nā kāmela, ma muli o ko lākou noho ma nā wahi anhydrous a haʻahaʻa paha, ua hoʻohohika piha ʻia me ka nele o ka wai. Ke ola nei lākou i ka wā i hoʻoneʻe ʻia e 40%. ʻOiai ke koena o ka mau momi, e komo pū me nā kānaka, no ka mea, ua lawa ka make a me 20%. ʻO ka mea huna o ke "hoʻopōmaikaʻi" ʻana o ke kāmela aia i loko o kāna mau 'ōpiha e hana i kahi hapa nui o ka wai mai ka wai a hoʻihoʻi i loko o ke kino.
Me ka pohō nui o ka pohō, nā kaila o ke koko, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi koho no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka nui o ka nāwī lohi. ʻAʻole e like me nā holoholona he nui, ʻaʻole i kaʻuhane kona kaila ʻaʻī ʻulaʻula, akā i ʻōlohelohe ma ke ʻano, no laila, me ka nunui o ke koko, ʻaʻole maoli ka loli o kona hoʻoili ʻana, no ka mea, ʻaʻole e loli, no ka mea wahī nā puʻupuʻu olakino e hele a hiki i nā mea liʻiliʻi.
I ka mahana wela, aneane ʻole nā kāmelo i ka ea. Hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana o ka hōʻulu ʻana ma hope o ka make wai 41 ° C. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kahe ʻana ma o ka ihu, me ko lākou mālama ʻana i ka poli o ko lākou mau ihu, e wehe ana i ka wā ke kūkaʻi a puka wale nō.
Ke noho maʻamau
ʻAʻole loaʻa i nā kāmela hihiu kahi wahi e noho ai. Hoʻomau mau lākou i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi e helu ana mai ka 5 a 20 mau pahuhopu. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka manu i hoʻokahi kāne kāne a me kekahi mau wahine me kā lākou mau keiki. Aia hoʻi kekahi mau hoa aloha. ʻOi aku ka ʻōpiopio o nā kāne ʻōpio a ʻoi aku ka male o ka wahine ma waho o ka ʻohana, ʻoiai ʻo ia ʻo ka wā hānai.
ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka luhi a me ka lohi, ʻike pono nā kāmele hihiu i nā kahe hāliʻi, no laila e hiki ke hālāwai a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o 3300 mika ma luna o ke kai, ai ka wā wela.
I ka ʻimi ʻana o kahi pū wai inu i hoʻokahi lā, hiki iā lākou ke lanakila ma luna o 80-100 km. A inā e loaʻa ka pahuhopu, a ma ka manawa hiki iā lākou ke inu a hiki i ka 90 lita o ka wai, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wā o mua o lākou e noho me ka wai no ka manawa lōʻihi.
Me ka pōʻeleʻele, hoʻomaka ka pipi i ka hoʻomaha. ʻO nā mea hiki ʻole ke hiamoe, he mau mākeke - nā meaʻai kāʻai.
ʻAʻole kiʻi ke ʻano o kēia mau kāmelo. He haʻahaʻa a ikaika ʻo Haptagai ma mua o Bactrian. I ke kūlana no ka loaʻa o kahi pilikia liʻiliʻi, ua hōʻeha lākou i ka holo. Hiki i ko lākou wikiwiki ke hiki aku i ka 65 km / h. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomohala i kēia wikiwiki i nā wahi pōkole wale.
He ʻeha nā lua o nā kāmelo ʻelua a hiki ke pale i kahi holoholona hoʻowalewale me ka maikaʻi maikaʻi, ʻo ia kahi hoʻohālikelike o nā ʻalā a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa.
Mea ʻai
He liʻiliʻi nā meaʻai ma nā wao nahele a me nā anuina i ka manawa maloʻo, no laila ua ʻoluʻolu nā kāmelo i nā mea kanu i loaʻa ʻole no nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, e like me nā mea kanu melemele. Me kaʻole o nā meaʻai mea kanu, hiki iā lākou ke ʻai i nā iwi holoholona a me nā ʻili, akā ʻike kēia. Ke kaulana nō nā kamelo ʻelua kime hānai no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke inu i ka wai brackish me ka hōʻeha ʻole i ko lākou olakino.
ʻAno hānau
ʻO ka wā he wā paʻakikī. I kēia manawa, lilo loa nā kāne. Hoʻomaka lākou e hūnū nui, e kani nui me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā hakakā nui, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ko lākou mau niho a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā kūoʻi ikaika. I kekahi manawa alakaʻi kēia i ka make o kekahi o nā hoa paio. I kēia manawa, hiki ke pilikia nui ke kāne no nā kānaka, no laila, no nā kumu palekana ua kau ʻia lākou i kahi leʻaleʻa a i ʻole e kau ʻia i nā leka uila. Aia nā hihia i kāʻili ai nā kāmelo holoholona i ka kāne male i ka pipi o kā lākou mau wahine me lākou.
13 mahina ma hope o ka moe ʻana, hānau wale ʻia ʻo 1 cub. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo ka hopena o ka ulu hua i loko o Malaki-ʻApelila. Hānau ʻia nā wahine i ke kū ʻana e like me nā giraffes. He mea paʻakikī ke kāhea hou i kahi pēpē hou. Ua kū kona paona i 45 kg, a ke kiʻekiʻe - 90 cm ma nā poʻohiwi. He mau hola wale nō ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hiki iā ia ke ʻoluʻolu ma muli o kona makuahine.
Mālama ka wahine i ka cub i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mau makahiki. ʻO ka pale ʻO nā kāne a me nā wahine hele i ka manawa like - i ka makahiki o 3-5 mau makahiki.
ʻO nā kāmela kamaliʻi Bactrian
Kuhi ʻia ʻo Haptagai ma ka International Red Book ma ke ʻano he ʻano ma ka hopena koʻikoʻi. I kēia manawa o ka honua o nā kāmele manuahi, ʻaʻole ma mua o hoʻokahi haneri o nā haneli. Ke hoʻomau nei ka emi ʻana o nā helu i ka manawa like e like me kēia manawa, a laila, e like me ka poʻe noiʻi, ma 2033 e nalowale kēia ʻano mai ke alo o ka honua.
E like me nā hana e pale ai a hoʻonui i ko lākou helu i ka ʻāina o Mongolia a me Kina, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā mālama. Eia kekahi, ma Mongolia, aia kahi papahana no ka hoʻouka haptagai i nā aviaries.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Bacterian i ka ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he pack a hoʻolālā i ka holoholona. Nui ka waiwai o kāna ʻai, ka ʻili a me ka waiū. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka Bactrian ke hālāwai i loko o ka pā mokulele a me nā mea lele o nā zoos.
Keʻike nei i ke kumuhana: "Kamelo (lat. Kamelus) he ʻano moʻomeheu o nā mammals o nā kāmela ʻohana (Camelidae) o ka corpus callosum (Camelidae). He mau holoholona nui kēia i hoʻoponopono ʻia no." - ʻcriptlelo:
ʻO Kameleka (Latin Camelus) he henua o ka mammals o nā kāmela ʻohana (Camelidae) o ke corpus callosum (Camelidae). ʻO kēia mau holoholona nui i hoʻoponopono ʻia no ke ola ma nā wahi kuahiwi o ka honua neoneo, nā semi-deses a me nā anuʻu. Kamel pack himal hoʻolilo ma ke ʻano o ke kaumaha i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā ʻāina Muslim. ʻO ka paona o ka mea ʻona i nā wahi like ʻole he ʻokoʻa, ka mīkini ākea (nūnū) pili i ka paona o 250 kg.
4 Kūpono (lat. Scorpiones) arachnids (Arachnoidea), subtype Chelicerata (Chelicerata), ʻano o ka arthropod (Arthropoda). ʻO nā holoholona no kēia kāʻoki i nā hana kūlohelohe maoli wale nō ka loaʻa ʻana i nā ʻāina wela wale nō. Ma ka huina, e pili ana i nā ʻano heʻumi o 1200. I waena o lākou nā arachnids nui loa, e like me ka scorpion imperial Guinean, hiki i ka lōʻihi o 180 mm, a heʻuʻuku loa, he 13 mm wale nō ka lōʻihi
6 Noho ʻo Tarantulas i nā wahi kuahiwi: nā anuʻu, nā wao. I ke ao, hūnā ʻia lākou i loko o nā mink poupū hohonu, ka hohonu o ka hiki o 60 cm.Ae i ka pō, piʻi ka spider i ka ʻaoʻao a neʻe ikaika i ka ʻāina, kaʻai i nā mea inikini. ʻAʻole mākou Tarantulas e hoʻopili i nā ʻupena a hoʻohana wale i ka pūnaewele wale nō he uhi no nā paia mink a i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka honu hua. ʻOiai he mea make ka tarantula venom no kekahi mau holoholona, ʻaʻole ia i pōʻino i ke ola kanaka.
8 Sand efa (ʻ :lelo Latin: Echis carinatus) he nahe ʻona o ka huaʻāina mai ka ʻohana viper. ʻO kekahi mea nui a pau na mea lapuwale. ʻO kahi wale nō o ka huaʻōlelo i hoʻoili ʻia ma ka ʻāpana o ka US US ma Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan a me Tajikistan kahi subspecies o ka Central Asian efa (Echis carinatus multisquamatus), kahi manawa i manaʻo ʻia he mau iwi ʻokoʻa.
10 He nui a ʻehā nā phalanges. ʻO ka phalanx Central Āpika, no ka laʻana, ke lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o 57 centimeter. Hoʻopili ʻia ko lākou kino me nā limahana me nā lauoho lōʻihi. ʻO nā hale ʻokoʻa o ka pedipalps i mua e like me nā manamana lima a e hana i kā lākou hana. Loaʻa nā phalanges āpau a kokoke loa iā lākou a pau nā nocturnal predator. ʻO nā phalanges he carnivorous a i ʻole mana, hana nui i ka termite, nā pōloliʻeleʻele, a me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe, akā hiki ke ʻai i nā holoholona nui, no ka laʻana, ka ʻōpala ..
11 Hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i ke kumuhana: "Desert fauna" i mākaukau ʻia e kahi haumāna 4 "D" haumāna o ke ʻIla ʻOihana Hoʻonaʻauao o Moscow ʻO Lyceum o Istra Skorikov Aleksey Kauka Sokolova Elena Vladimirovna November 2015
ʻO nā kāmelo heʻe i ʻō
He kāmela kamelika (kā camelus dromedarius), a i ʻole dromedar (dromedary), a i ʻole ko Arabian he mau mamalia, kekahi o nā ʻohana kamela (camelidae), nā mea me nā kāmelo ʻelua (Bactrian), no nā kamela kūpono (Latin Kamelus).
I ka wā ma mua, ʻaʻole i helu ʻia nā pipi o nā dromedary hihiu i ka wao nahele o ʻApelika ʻAmelika a me ka Hikina Hikina, akā hiki i kēia lā ke loaʻa nā holoholona hale wale nō. I kēia honua āpau, hana maʻamau ka dromedar ma nā wahi he nui o Asia a me ʻAmelika he holoholona nui no ka lawe ʻana i nā ukana a i ka holo ʻana paha.
ʻAʻole i like me Bactrian, ʻaʻole i ola ka poʻe kūlohelohe i ko mākou manawa. Aia ma Australia wale nō i holo ka lua mau holoholona o nā kāmelo - nā keiki mamao o nā dromedaries i hoʻopuka i nā konohiki ma nā kenekulia 19 a me 20.
ʻO ka inoa "dromedary" mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene, ʻo ia ka "holo". No ka inoa "Arab" mai ka ʻōlelo Arabia, kahi i hoʻopailua ʻia ai kēia kāmela.
Nā hōʻailona waho o nā kāmelo hoʻokahi
ʻAʻole i like me Bactrian, ʻo Dromedars hoʻokahi hump. ʻOi aku lākou ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o kā lāua mau hoahānau ʻelua hānai: ʻo ko lākou lōʻihi i loaʻa i ka 2.3 a 3.4 m, a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe ma kahi maloʻo mai ka 1.8 a 2,3 m ka nui o ka dromedars mai 300 a 700 kg. He pōkole ke kaikuʻu, ʻaʻole lōʻihi ma mua o 50 cm. Ua hoʻohanohano ʻia ka dromedary e nā kiko kikoʻī a me ka wāwae lōʻihi, a ke kāohi ʻia nei kona ʻulaʻulaʻula. ʻO ka huluhulu kekahi o nā kāmela kūkaʻe hoʻokahi i keʻokeʻo, akā i loaʻa nō hoʻi nā ʻano ʻē aʻe: mai ke keʻokeʻo a hiki i ke kala palona. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ke poʻo, ka ʻāʻī a me ke kua hoʻi i uhi ʻia me ka lauoho lōʻihi.
He ʻāʻā lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kāmelo, aia ma luna o kahi poʻo elongated. ʻO ke lehelehe luna he bifurcated, a kuʻi ʻia nā ilihune e like me ke kāmelo ke pani iā lākou inā pono. No nā makahiki he lōʻihi loa kona mau maka kuʻekuʻe. ʻO nā kāmelo kahe nui ka nui i luna o nā kuli, nā wāwae a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino. Ma nā wāwae, e like me nā kāmelo āpau, ʻelua mau manamana wāwae ʻelua, ʻaʻole i lei ʻia me nā pale, akā me nā poʻo callus. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻōpū, e like me nā hoahānau pili pili ʻole, o nā keʻena he nui, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke ʻono ʻana me ka meaʻai kanu.
Hoʻopilikia maikaʻi kūpono ʻāina
Hoʻopili i ke anuanu paʻa i hiki i nā kāmelo me kahi e holo ai i nā wahi waonahele. Hiki iā lākou ke hana me ka wai ʻole no ka manawa lōʻihi, me ka ʻike ʻana e mālama iā ia i nā nui ma ko lākou kino.
ʻO nā hana kūikawā i ke kino o nā dromedaries e hōʻemi ana i ka nalowale wai. ʻAʻole i ʻae ʻia ka lole hoʻoneʻe i ka nui o ka evaporation, ka liʻiliʻi loa nā lālulu huluhulu, a hoʻomaka nā holoholona e hoʻomu wale wale nō i ka wela o ka 40-degree. ʻO ke ʻano o ke kāmela ʻo hoʻokahi kāmelo i hoʻohiki nui i ka pō, a i ka lā nui ka ʻōwili ʻana i ke kino, hiki ai i ka holoholona i ka nāhe.
Hiki i nā Dromedaries ke hele me ka wai ʻole no ka manawa lōʻihi (he hebedoma ma lalo o kahi pāʻai a me kekahi mau mahina me ka ʻole o ka ukana). ʻO nā kāmela me ka ʻole he pōʻino iā lākou iho ke ola i ka pohō nui o ka wai, a hiki i ka 40% ma ka nui, akā inu koke lākou i nā kāmela a hiki ke uku hou i ka nui o ka wai wai pau, inā hiki iā lākou ke inu e pili ana i ka 1 hectoliter (100 lita) o ka wai i 10 mau minuke. ʻAʻole hiki i nā momi manu ke hoʻopili i nā “kamela ʻokoʻa” o ke kahe i ka wā pōkole loa. ʻO ke kumu o kaʻai o ka dromedary he maloʻo, pinepine ka mea kanu wana.
Aia ka hump ma luna o nā pūnaʻi o ka momona, kahi o ke kino kāmela e hoʻohana iki ai e hana i ka ikehu. ʻAʻole mālama nā kāmela i ka wai ma loko o ka hump, akā i loko o ka ʻōpū. ʻO nā pua o kekahi kāmela hoʻokahi humped e hoʻihoʻi maikaʻi i ka wai, e waiho pū ana i ka urine. Hoʻopili ʻia nā wai āpau i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā feces ma mua o ke kāpake.
I ka manawa maloʻo nui, hiki i ke kāmelo humped ke nalowale ma mua o 25% o kona paona me ka ʻole o ka make ʻana a me ka pōloli.
ʻOiai ka hiki ke ola maikaʻi i hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i ke anu wela, ka dromedary, ʻaʻole like i ka Bactrian, ʻaʻole i ʻae i nā pulu, no ka mea ua ʻoi aku ka hapa a me ka liʻiliʻi loa.
Kahele
He maʻi maʻamau nā Dromedars ma nā ʻĀpana ʻAmelika a ma waena o ka Middle East a hiki i India. ʻO ka palena hema o kā lākou kahe e pili ana i ka 13 ° ʻākau ʻākau, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe loa o ko lākou wahi i noho ai ʻo Turkestan, kahi e like me Asia Minor, ʻike ʻia lākou me Bactrian. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia nā Dromedars ma Balkans, ma ke komohana hema o ʻApelika, a ma nā mokupuni o Canary.Mai ka makahiki 1840 a hiki i ka makahiki 1907, ua lawe ʻia ʻia lākou i Ausetalia nei, kahi a kēia lā i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a pakele paha. ʻO kēia heluna, ʻo ia ka helu mai 50 tausani a 100 tausani kanaka, ʻo ia wale nō ka lehulehu o ka ʻeka nui i hala i ka honua e noho nei i ka wao. ʻO ka heluna kanaka o nā kāmela me hoʻokahi hūnike i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ala like nō hoʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ʻAmelika Hema, akā ua make ma ka hope o nā kenekulia 19-20. Noho ʻo Dromedar ma nā ʻāina hema ʻē aʻe o ka honua ma mua o Bactrian, akā naʻe ua kū maoli ma Asia Asia.
ʻActerlelo ola a me ke ʻano
Ma kahi manu hihiu, kū nui ke kamelo e noho, akā naʻe, e neʻe mau ka holoholona i nā wahi me nā wahi like ʻole, a me nā wahi i nā pali a i nā ʻāpana nui paha, e hoʻāʻo nei e komo i loko o nā wahi nui, i hōʻailona ʻia. Makemake kekahi ʻo Haptagai e neʻe i waena o nā wai wai lihini, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻouka hou i kā lākou lako wai pono.
Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, mālama ʻia nā kāmelo i nā kahu liʻiliʻi, me ka ʻelima mau kānaka ʻelima. ʻO ke alakaʻi o kēlā ʻano manu like i ke kāne. Ke hōʻike nei kēlā mau holoholona wīwī i ka hana i ke ao, a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pōʻeleʻele, hiamoe ana kā kāmelo i ka hoʻonaninani a hoʻonaninani a ʻano maikaʻi ʻole. I nā wā wikiwiki, hiki i nā kāmelo ke moe i nā lā, a ma nā lā wela e neʻe nei lākou e kūʻē i ka neʻe ʻana o ka makani, kahi mea e hāʻawi ʻia ai i ka thermoregulation maikaʻi, a hūnā paha i nā lāʻau a me nā mea lele. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā mea kūlohelohe e kahi hilahila a me kekahi ʻano huhū i waho o nā kānaka waho, e komo pū ana me nā kānaka.
He hoihoi kēia! A ʻike ʻia kēia hana, e like me ka mea i ka hōkū ʻia i nā hōkū i ka hoʻoilo, hoʻoili kaomi i ka uhi o ka hoʻoilo me nā hooves, a laila hoʻomaka nā kāmelo ma luna o ia pūnaewele, e ʻohi ana i ke koena o ka hānai.
Ke puka mai nā hōʻailona o ka pōʻino, holo ka mau kāmela, me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki i ka wikiwiki a hiki i 50-60 km / h. Hiki i nā holoholona makua ke holo i ʻelua a ʻekolu mau lā, a pau loa lākou. Manaʻo nā loea e hiki ke kūleʻa kūlohelohe a me nā nui he nui e hiki ke hoʻopakele i kahi holoholona make i ka make, ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka noʻonoʻo.
Ma lalo o ka nohona o nā kānaka hānai i lalo o nā kānaka, a wikiwiki koke nā holoholona manuahi e alakaʻi i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā kūpuna. Hiki i nā pākeke a makua maikaʻi loa ke noho hoʻokahi. ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manawa hoʻoilo he hoʻomaʻamaʻa paʻakikī no nā kāmelo, kahi paʻakikī loa ke neʻe i ka hau. I waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka haʻalele ʻana o nā ʻūlū maoli i nā holoholona like ʻole ke hiki ʻole ke ʻohi ka meaʻai mai lalo o ka hoʻoilo.
Ehia mau kāmela e ola ai
I nā kūlana maikaʻi, hiki i nā kāmela ke ola ma kahi o ʻehā mau makahiki, akā, ʻoi aku ka mana o ka ola maʻa mau ʻia o nā mea hoʻohālike piha. I waena o nā Haptagai hihiu mau kanaka lehulehu loa, ʻo kona makahiki he kanalima mau makahiki.
Nā ʻōpū Kamela
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano o nā kāmelo i nā ʻano ʻelua.
Hoʻokahi nā kāmelo nā kāmelo (dromedaries, dromedaries, Arapi) - Kamelus dromedarius, a hiki i kēia lā wale nō i ke ʻano loea, a maikaʻi pū kekahi i hōʻike ʻia e nā poʻe feral lua-ʻelua. ʻO ka Dromedary, ua unuhi ʻia mai ka Helene he "holo", a kapa ʻia nā "holoholona" ma muli o ka poʻe noho e loaʻa nei i Arabia.
ʻO Dromedars, a me Bactrian, he lōʻihi lōʻihi a kapa ʻia nā wāwae, akā me ke kūkulu slimmer. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻohālikelike me nā kāmelo ʻelua ʻekeʻahu, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kāmelo ʻekepili hoʻokahi, no laila ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka pākeke ma mua o 2.3-3.4 m, me kahi kiʻekiʻe ma ka maloʻo o 1.8-2.1 m. 300-700 kg.
He poʻomanaʻo nā Dromedars me nā iwi facial elongated, kahi poʻo convex, a me kahi kiʻi hunchbacked. ʻO nā lehelehe o ka holoholona, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lio a i nā holoholona, mai hoʻoikaika ʻole. Ua hoʻonui ʻia nā pipi, a ʻo nā lehelehe haʻahaʻa i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia saggy. ʻO ka ʻāʻī o nā kāmelo hoʻokahi humped ka hiʻohiʻona ʻia e nā ʻiʻo maikaʻi.
He hoihoi kēia! Pā liʻiliʻi ka liʻiliʻi o ka mane ma ke kihi o ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka ʻōpū o ka lula, a ma kahi ʻāpana pōkoki e loaʻa ana i lalo, a hiki ma waena o ka ʻāʻī. Ma nā lāʻau lima, kūʻokoʻa ka ʻaoʻao. Ma ka wahi o nā ʻūhā poohiwi aia kahi kilokilo, aia ke ʻano o "epaulettes" a hōʻike ʻia e ka lauoho lauoho lōʻihi.
Eia nō kekahi, ʻo kā kāmeloʻeleka humped ʻokoʻa i kā lāua mau hoa ʻelua i pīhoihoi a ua paʻakikī maoli nō ka ʻae ʻana i ka puhalihi liʻiliʻi. Eia nō naʻe, pohō ka lole o ka dromedaries, akā ʻaʻoleʻuʻupuʻu a he mamao loa. ʻO ka hulu o ka kāmela kūpehe hoʻokahi i manaʻo no ka hoʻomehana ʻana a kōkua wale i ka pale ʻana i ka pohō nui.
Ma nā pō anuʻo, ua emi nui ka nui o ke kino o nā kāmela humped hoʻokahi, a ma lalo o ka wā e hoʻomehana mālie ai ka holoholona. ʻO ka lauoho lōʻihi e uhi i ka ʻāʻī, ke kua a me ke poʻo o kahi kāmela hoʻokahi-humped. Kūpono ka poʻe Dromedaries, akā aia nā ʻelele o nā ʻano me ka ʻulaʻula uliuli, ʻulaʻula-hina a ʻulaʻula paha.
ʻO nā kāmelo Bactrian, a ʻo Bactrian (Camelus bactrianus) ʻo ia nā mākaʻi nui loa o ka hanana, ʻo ia nā holoholona nui nā holoholona nui no ka nui o nā lāhui Āhia. ʻAe nā kāmelo Bactrian i ko lākou inoa iā Bactria. Ua loaʻa kēia wahi ma ka'āpana o Central Asia no ka hoʻonoho ʻana i nā kāmelo ʻelua mau ʻāpana. Eia kekahi, aia kekahi laʻana o nā mākaʻi o nā kāmelo ʻelua hūlū, i kapa ʻia ʻo Haptagai. He mau haneli mau kanaka i kēia mau lā e noho ana ma Kina a me Mongolia, kahi lākou i makemake aku ai i nā ʻāina kūlohelohe kūpono ʻole.
ʻO nā kāmelo Bactrian kahi holoholona nui, nunui a koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino maʻamau o kekahi pākeke o kēia ʻano he hiki i ka 2.5-3.5 m, me kahi kiʻekiʻe i loko o 1.8-2.2 mika. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka holoholona, me nā ʻōpū, hiki i ka 2.6-2.7 m.ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka ʻāpana o ka huelo i pinepine pinepine ʻia ma waena o 50-58 cm.ʻO ke ʻano he kānāwai, ka nui o ka momona o nā kāmelo male bactrian ka lōʻihi ma 440-450 a 650-700 kg. ʻO ke kāne maikaʻi hānai i ke kāmela o kahi hua momona maikaʻi a Kalmyk koʻikoʻi, hiki ke kaupaona ʻia mai ka 780-800 kg i hoʻokahi tonona, a ʻo ke kaumaha o ka wahine kaʻi pinepine ma waena o 650-800 kg.
ʻO nā kāmelo Bactrian kahi kino kino, a me nā wāwae lōʻihi. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā Bactrian e kahi ʻāʻā lōʻihi a me ka ʻūhā, a he mua kahi wailua i lalo, a laila kū hou. Ma muli o kēia hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻonohonoho o ka ʻāʻī, ua kūpono ke poʻo o ka holoholona i ka laina me nā poʻohiwi. Aia nā humps o nā māka o kēia ʻano a pau mai kekahi i kekahi me kahi mamao o 20-40 cm. Hoʻohana ʻia ka wahi ma waena o lākou i kapa ʻia, a e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i wahi e kanu ai kekahi kanaka.
ʻO ke kaanā maʻamau mai ka pelu interhump a hiki i ka lepa o ka honua, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, he 170 cm ka nui e hiki ai i kekahi ke piʻi i ke kua o nā kāmela ʻelua mau kahe, ka kuli ka holoholona a kū paha i ka lepo. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka wahi e kū ana ma ke kāmela ma waena o nā puʻu ʻelua i piha ka nui o nā waihona momona, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka poʻe pākeke a nui hoʻi ka hānai.
He hoihoi kēia! ʻO nā kāmele Bactrian, he aniani kapa māmā, ʻo lākou ka meaʻoi loa, ʻo ka nui o lākou ka hapa ma mua o ka 2.8 pakeneka o ka heluna kanaka.
ʻO nā hōʻailona nui o ka momona a me ke olakino o ke kāmelo ʻelua humped e hōʻike ʻia e elastic, evenly kūpa humps. ʻO nā holoholona ʻili he mau puʻilima ʻo ia kekahi a lō ʻihi loa i nā ʻaoʻao, no laila ke kau nei lākou i kahi nui i ka wā e hele ana. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kāmeʻa a ʻelua mau ʻōhua i kahi ʻōpala ākea a mānoʻowai hoʻi me ke kapa o kahi undercoat i ulu maikaʻi ʻia, kahi kūpono no ka holoholona i ke ola i nā kūlana climatic Continental paʻakikī, ke ʻano like i ka manawa lōkiki sultry a me ke anuanu.
He mea pono ia i ka hoʻoilo kino ma ka hoʻoilo o nā holoholona i ka hoʻoilo, ua hoʻohiolo pinepine ka kolu o ka thermometer ma lalo o ka minuke 40 mau kekelona, akā hiki i ke kāmoe ʻelua mau hala i mau ʻeha a me ka ʻeha a me ka maʻalahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i ke ʻano ka hulu manu. ʻO nā lauoho o ke kapa e loaʻa nā kūlohelohe kūloko, kahi e hoʻemi nui i ka thermal conductivity o ka pulu. ʻO ka lauoho keʻokeʻo o ka undercoat e mālama maikaʻi i ka ea.
ʻO ka lōʻihi lōʻihi o nā lauoho o ka Bactrian he 50-70 mm, a ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka spine cervical a me nā kihi o nā puʻu he lauoho ia, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka manawa o ka lōʻihi ma mua o kahi hapaha mika. Kūleʻa ka huluhulu loloa loloa i waena o nā poʻomanaʻo o nā ʻano ʻano i ka wā o ka hoʻoilo, no laila i ka hoʻoilo ke ʻano like nā holoholona like. I ka pūnāwai, hoʻomaka nā wai e wili, a hāʻule ke kapa i ka puʻu. I kēia manawa, loaʻa i ka holoholona kahi hiʻohiʻona pono, palaualelo a ʻoliʻoli hoʻi.
ʻO kā maʻamau no nā kāmeka ʻelua humped ke kala kala ʻulaʻula me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ikaika. ʻO kekahi mau kanaka he wahi ʻeleʻele a ʻoluʻolu paha, i kekahi manawa he ʻulaʻulaʻula.
ʻO Habitat, noho
Hoʻōla pālahalaha nā kālaola no nā ʻōhua like ʻole, a i nā ʻōpala maloʻo. ʻAʻole hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēlā mau holoholona like ʻole i ke kūlana anu loa e pili ana i ka noho ʻana a i ka noho ʻana ma nā wahi kuahiwi. ʻO nā mea kāmela manu home i kēia mea maʻamau i nā wahi he nui o Asia a me ʻAmelika.
ʻImi pinepine ʻia nā Dromedaries ma ka ʻĀkau o ʻAmelika, a hiki i kekahi hapa hema hema, me ke kaʻi ʻana ma Arabia Peninsula a ma waena o Asia. I nā makahiki ʻumikūmāiwa ʻumikūmākahi, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kēlā mau holoholona i Australia, kahi i hiki koke ai iā lākou ke hoʻohālikelike i nā kūlana kime maoli. A hiki i kēia lā, he kanalima tausani o kēlā mau holoholona.
He hoihoi kēia! Kālana nui nā Bactrian i nā ʻāina e holo ana mai Asia Minor a hiki i Manchuria. I kēia manawa, aia ma kahi o ʻumikumamāwalu miliona mau kāmela ma ka honua, a ma kahi he ʻumikumamāhā miliona mau kānaka i noho ma ʻApelika.
Ma Somalia i kēia lā, aia ma kahi o ʻehiku miliona mau kānaka, a ma Sudan, ʻoi aku paha ma mua o ʻekolu miliona mau kāmela. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hala nā dromedary wild e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, i ka hoʻomaka o kā mākou manawa. ʻO ko lākou home kupuna nui loa e hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻaoʻao kūkulu ʻĀina o ke kūloko ʻo Arabia, akā i kēia manawa ʻaʻole i kūpaʻa ʻia ʻo ia nō nā kūpuna i noho dromedaries a i ʻole he kūpuna maʻamau me Bactrian. ʻIliʻili ʻo M.
ʻO Przhevalsky ma ka huakaʻi no ka Asia i ka manawa mua i ʻike i ka noho ʻana o nā kāmelo hihiu ʻelua o ka Haptagai. ʻO ia ka mea i loaʻa iā ia i kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole ia i hōʻoia, no laila hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia.
Aia ka nui o nā lehulehu ʻo Bactrian i kēia lā wale nō ma ka moku ʻo Xinjiang Uygur Autū a ma Mongolia. I laila, i ʻike ʻia ka helu ʻana o nā kānaka hehele wale nō, a ʻo ka nui o nā holoholona i loko o lākou i kēia manawa he mau tausani hoʻokahi kanaka. I kēia manawa, ke nānā nei nā pilikia e pili ana i ka acclimatization o nā kāmela manu bactrian ma ke kahua kīhāpai ʻo Yakutsk Pleistocene.
Kamel Diet
ʻO nā kāmela nā mākaʻi o nā ruminants. Hoʻohana ʻelua nā ʻano ʻelua i ka solyanka a me ka wormwood, a me ke kāla kamela a me nā saxaul no nā meaʻai. Hiki i nā kāmela ke inu i ka wai paʻakai, a ʻo nā kinakona a pau i loko o ke kino o nā holoholona i mālama ʻia i loko o ke kaena o ka mū o ka ʻōpū. Loaʻa nā ʻelele a pau o ka subpus callosum maʻa maʻalahi i ka dehydration. ʻO ka punawai nui o ka wai no ke kāmelo ka momona. ʻO ke kaʻina o ka mea kau kau i hoʻokahi haneli momona o ka momona e hiki ke loaʻa ma kahi o 107 g o ka wai a me ke kaikona.
He hoihoi kēia! He mau makaʻala a mālama ʻole hoʻi nā kāmele nā holoholona, no laila makemake lākou lākou e make mai ka wai ʻole o ka wai a me ka ʻai, ʻaʻole hoʻi e hele kokoke loa i nā poʻe.
ʻOiai i nā kūlana o ka nele o ka wai, ʻaʻole palalū ke koko o nā kāmelo. Hiki i nā holoholona no ke kelepona corpus ke ola no nā hebedoma ʻelua me ka wai ʻole ma ka wai a me ka mahina hoʻokahi mahina ʻole. ʻOiai ʻo ia mau ʻano kūlohelohe maʻamau, i kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāmela holoholona ma mua o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe ma kahi o nā holoholona e ʻike nui ʻia. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia kūlana ma ka ulu ʻana o ka wao nahele e nā poʻe me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kaila wai kūlohelohe hou.
Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe
I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole e loli o waena o ka tiger a me nā kāmela, akā i ka manawa ma mua, ua nui ka nui o nā tiger i hoʻopilikia wale nō i ka holoholona hihiu, akā i nā holoholona nō hoʻi. Ua kahele ʻia ʻo Tigers ma ke ʻano like me nā kāmele hihiu ma kahi o Lake Lob Nor, akā ua nalo i kēia mau ʻāina a ma kahi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. ʻAʻole i mālama ka nui nui i ka Bactrian, no laila, ʻike maopopo ʻia nā hihia i ka wā i haki ʻia ai nā kāmele, hemo i loko o kahi quagmire o ka paʻakai paʻakai. ʻO nā hoʻouka a me nā tiger pinepine i nā kāmele i mālama i ka home he kumu nui ia o ka hōʻino kanaka i nā wahi kāmela lehulehu.
He hoihoi kēia! ʻO nā maʻi maʻamau o nā kāmela e loaʻa i ka trypanosomiasis a me ka influenza, nā kāmela kamela a me nā echinococcosis, a me nā mea hoʻonā.
ʻO kekahi ʻenemi hewa ʻē aʻe o ke kāmela ʻo ia ka wolf, kahi e hoʻoneʻeneʻe ai i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka nui o nā mea i ʻike ʻia. No nā kāmelo domesticated, lawe pū ka wolf i kahi pōʻino nui, a ua loaʻa kahi ʻelele nui o ka subp corpus callosum i kahi mea hoʻomaka maoli no ka makaʻu kūlohelohe. I ka kūʻē ʻana o nā ʻīlio, ʻaʻole i hoʻāʻo nā kāmelo e pale iā lākou iho, kāhea nui lākou a uapo a hāwili i nā kiko o ka ʻōpū. ʻO nā ʻolua wale nō paha i hiki ke hōʻeha ʻia i ke kino o kahi holoholona - nā kāmelo, ma ia mea, e hōʻike ana i kā lākou kuleana ʻokoʻa loa.
Ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana a me nā ʻano
ʻAʻole e like me nā kāmelo a me nā hāmole, kahi i nalo aku ai mai ka nahelehele i ka wā prehistoric a ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa i loko o nā ʻano kūlohelohe wale nō nā holoholona hihiu lua, ua ola nā ʻelua ʻelua hūnū i loko o ka nahele.
He hoihoi kēia! Hoʻokaʻa ʻia nā kamelo Wild i ka International Red Book, kahi i kau ʻia ai ka māhele CR i ia mau holoholona - kahi ʻano pili i ka pilikia koʻikoʻi.
Eia nō naʻe, ua lilo nui loa nā kāmelo ʻelua mau ʻeke nunui i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia hope, a no laila, ua kau lākou i kēia mau lā. Wahi a kekahi hōʻike, ʻewalu mau wahi kāmela mauʻu i waena o nā mammons i hopohopo ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻoweliweli.
Kamelo a me ke kanaka
Ua lōʻihi ka hale o nā kāmela i nā kānaka a ua hoʻohana ikaika ia i nā hana ʻoihana:
- «Nar"- kahi holoholona nui, kahi kaupaona hoʻokahi. Ua loaʻa kēia kīleka ma ke kāʻei ʻana i kahi pua nui one-humped me kā kāmela Kazakh ʻelua i kāʻili ʻia. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o kēlā me kēia kanaka e hōʻike ʻia ana e ka hele ʻana o kekahi nui, me he mea lā he mau pālua o nā ʻaoʻao, hump. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Naras e nā kānaka ma muli o nā ʻano waiū kūpono. ʻO ka hoʻohiki wai ʻana o ka mea hoʻokahi i kēlā me kēia makahiki he ʻelua tausani lita,
- «Kama"- kahi hiila kaulana i loaʻa ma ke ala ʻana i ke kāmela-dromedary me kahi llama. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēlā holoholona like me ka ulu haʻahaʻa ma waena o ka 125-140 cm a me ke kaumaha haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ka nui o ka 65-70 kg. ʻAʻohe hump manula maʻamau i nā kam, akā he holoholona maikaʻi loa ia e lawe ai, ma muli o ka mea e hoʻohana ikaika ʻia ʻo ia kahi ʻeke ma nā wahi e hiki ʻole ai ke lawaiʻa,
- «Inera", Or"Nā loko"- nā kāne nui i hele pū me kahi kapa nani. Ua loaʻa kēia kīleka ma ke kaomi ʻana i kahi kāmela wahine ʻo Turkmen pua me ka male kāne,
- «Jarbai"- aneane hiki ʻole i ke ākea a me nā mea leʻaleʻa ʻē aʻe, kahi i hānau ʻia ma muli o ke kao ʻana i nā ʻōmole e holo ai i nā kāmole a
- «Kurt"- kahi pua ākea a kaulana loa i loaʻa e ka moe ʻana i kahi wahine wīwī me ke kāmela kāne male o ka ʻohana Turkmen. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka holoholona e nā hua waiū maikaʻi, akā ʻo ka waiū i loaʻa ka haʻahaʻa o ka momona
- «Kaspak"- kahi palapala hiehie kaulana loa i loaʻa e ka mare ʻana i kahi kāne Bactrian me kahi wahine ʻo Nara. Hala ʻia kēlā holoholona ʻoi loa ia e loaʻa i ka waiū kiʻekiʻe a me ka nui o nā ʻiʻo,
- «Kes-nar"ʻO ia kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau i loaʻa ma o ke kā ʻana ʻana i kahi kaspak me kahi kāmē o ka ʻohana Turkmen. ʻO kekahi holoholona nui loa e pili ana i ka nui a me ka hoʻopono waiū.
Hoʻohana ikaika ka kanaka i ka waiū kamela a me ka momona, me ka ʻai o ka poʻe ʻōpio. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka huluhulu kamelo maikaʻi, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā lole mahana, i nā lole, nā pale, nā kāmaʻa a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e pono ai ka poʻe, i ka waiwai nui i kēia lā.
ʻAno lawehala
ʻO Dromedars e hana i ke ao. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kāmela e noho ana i loko o ka nahele no nā hui harem i kahi hoʻokahi kāne, hoʻokahi wahine a me kā lākou hua. Hoʻokomo pinepine nā keikikāne i nā pūʻulu o nā papa mele, ʻoiai, he paʻa no ka manawa pōkole. Kekahi mau manawa i loaʻa i nā hakakā ma waena o nā kāne (ka pōoʻi a me nā pana) kahi i hoʻoholo ʻia ai ka kuleana o ke alakaʻi i ka hui.
Nā kime manu
Ma kahi hea i noho ai ka dromedars hihiu a i ka wā i lilo ai lākou i maopopo ʻole ai. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o nā fossil i loaʻa, a no ka hiki ʻole o ke kaʻa kaua ʻana i Dromedars a me Bactrian, ua ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi mau zoologist e like ʻole i ka Dromedars hihiu. Eia naʻe, aia kekahi mau hōʻike e ʻōlelo i nā ʻano loina kahiko o kēia mau holoholona. Kuhi ʻia kēia mau kiʻi ka ana i ʻekolu tausani mau makahiki i hala ma ke kūlohelohe o Arabia, e hōʻike ana i ka hopu ʻana no nā kāmele mohalike, a me ka ʻaha haʻahaʻa o ka dromedar i loaʻa ma ke komohana hema o Saudi Arabia, ʻo ia ka makahiki o ʻehiku mau tausani mau makahiki, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka domestication kāmelo. Ma ko Pleistocene, noho paha lākou ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a hiki i ka 3000 BC. e. ʻO kekahi mau manawa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kekahi i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe Camelus thomasi. Ua make loa nā dromedars ola a puni ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ko mākou wā.
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ʻoi loa ʻo Australia i ka nui loa o nā kāmele hihiu. Hoʻopau lua kēia mau holoholona. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kāmela iā Ausetalia i ke kenekulia 19 i mea e hoʻoponopono ʻia ai nā holoholona hihiu i ke aniani. Mai ia manawa, ua holo ka nui o lākou i ka hihiu, a ua māhuahua ka nui o nā bipi ma muli o ka nele o nā holoholona hihiu ma ia wahi. ʻO kēia, e like me ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā kelepona a me nā mea ʻēheu komo ʻē aʻe i loko o Ausetalia, hoʻopilikia maoli ʻia i ke kaola o ka pīpī o ka ʻāina, e huli nā kāmelo mai nā mea kōkua i nā mea make a ʻo ia hoʻi, i loko o nā ʻenemi a nā kānaka a me nā holoholona kūloko.
Nā Dromedaries i loko
Ke hoʻōla ʻia ka Dromedars, hiki ʻole ke haʻi pono a hiki i kēia lā. Aia wale no ka ʻike wale nō i ke kaʻina hana i hoʻokele ʻia ma ka Pae Kūʻai Arab, a ua like paha a puni ʻo ke kolu mau kenekulia BC.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo mua e pili ana i nā kāmela kamaliʻi ma ka obelisk o ʻAsuria, ma kahi o ka papa inoa o nā poʻe i komo i ke kaua ʻo Karkar ma 853 BC. e. aia nā kue o 1,000 mau kāmela kaʻahele Arabian. Loaʻa ʻia nā kiʻi o nā mea holo like ʻole ma nā mea hoʻomaha ma Nimrud o ka manawa Ashurbanipal (661-631 BC) E hōʻike ana i ʻelua mau mea holo kāmela i hoʻouka ʻia me nā kakaka. ʻO ka mua o lākou ka mea i noho mua i ka hoʻokele o nā kāmela, aʻo ka lua e huli a kāʻei i nā koa wāwae ʻAsuria. Hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi kāmelo me ka like me ka loʻi, akā i kaohi, e like me kēia lā, e ka lāʻau. ʻO nā kāwele e pili ana i ka umauma a me ka lā o ka holoholona i pili i ka lika.
Ma ke ʻano he holoholona liʻiliʻi, pālahalaha dromedar ma hope loa, i ʻole e hala ma mua o ka hapalua o ka millennium BC mua. Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ko mākou wā, ua hoʻomau mau nei kona pae, e komo me ka neʻe o nā wahi he nui. I kēia mau lā, ʻokoʻa nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā kāmela hoʻokahi-humped, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me nā ʻano hana like ʻole. ʻO nā kāmela no ka lawe ʻana i nā ukana, ka holo lio, ka hoʻokūkū, nā kuahiwi a me nā kāmela māmā, a me nā ʻano hoʻohalike, ʻokoʻa.
I kēia manawa, hoʻohana mau nā dromedaries i mau holoholona aʻai (maʻamau ka lawe ʻana i 150 kg o nā mea lawe) a me nā holoholona e holo ana, a i nā kime hala ʻole e kū nei mai North-West Africa a i Central Asia a me nā Arabian Peninsula, hoʻolako lākou i ka poʻe i ka poʻe me ka waiū, ka ʻiʻo a me ka hulu.
Ma kekahi o nā aupuni o ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika, a ʻo Aulalia hoʻi, nā mokulele ma luna o nā kāmelo hoʻokahi huke ua kaulana loa, i kekahi mau ʻāina kūikawā i hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōiwi kūikawā.